10-501-101Medical Terminology 1 Endocrine System Medical Terminology Chapter 17.

10-501-101 Medical Terminology 1

Endocrine System

Medical Terminology

Chapter 17


Function The endocrine system cooperates with the

nervous system to regulate body activities. This is accomplished by endocrine hormones that affect various processes throughout the body, such as growth, metabolism, and secretions from other organs.


Anatomy and Physiology The endocrine and nervous systems work

together to maintain homeostasis Homeostasis is a relative constancy in the

internal environment of the body Nervous system communicates with the

endocrine system through nerve impulses.


Anatomy and Physiology Endo – inside Crine – to secrete Endocrine System composed of :

Many glands scattered throughout the body

Glands secrete hormones (chemicals) into the blood stream


Anatomy and Physiology A gland is an organ that has specialized cells that

secrete or excrete substances that are not related to the gland’s ordinary metabolism

Endocrine Secrete hormones into the bloodstream Exocrine Have ducts that enable them to empty secretions

onto an internal body surface (sweat gland)


Anatomy and Physiology Dysfunction in hormone production Hypersecretion Excess secretion Hyposecretion Deficiency in secretion

Target organ


Anatomy and Physiology Hormones Proteins Steroids

Sex hormones Those secreted by the adrenal cortex


Anatomy and Physiology Location of endocrine glands Pituitary gland (Hypophysis)

Base of the brain

Adrenal gland Above the two kidneys (suprarenal)

Ovaries and testes Pelvic region


Anatomy and Physiology

Location of endocrine glands (cont.) Pineal gland (shaped like a pine cone)

Posterior part of the brain

Thyroid Front of the neck

Parathyroid Embedded on the posterior surface of the thyroid gland

Pancreas (Islet of Langerhans) ULQ abdomen


Anatomy and PhysiologyKey Word Parts

Aden(o) Gland Adren(o), adrenal(o) Adrenal gland Gonad(o) Gonad Mamm(o), mast(o) Breast



Pancreat(o) Pancreas Parathyriod(o) Parathyroid glands Pituitar(o) Pituitary gland Thyr(o), thyroid(o) Thyroid gland



Andr(o) Male or masculine Calc(i) Calcium Gigant(o) Large Gluc(o) Glucose



Glyc(o), glycos(o) Sugar Insulin(o) Insulin Iod(o) Iodine Ket(o) Ketone Lact(o) Milk Trop(o) To stimulate



-crine Secrete -dipsia Thirst -physis Growth -tropic Stimulating -tropin That which stimulates



Pituitary Supplies numerous hormones that act directly on

cells or stimulates other glands that govern many vital processes.

Hypophysis cerebri (under the cerebrum) Some hormones released in response to the

nervous system Many endocrine glands respond to hormones

secreted by the pituitary gland The Master Gland



Posterior pituitary Neurohypophysis Hormones stored in axon endings and are

released when a nerve impulse travels down the axon

Anterior pituitary Adenohypophysis Release of hormones is controlled by regulating

hormones produced by the hypothalamus



Posterior pituitary hormones Kidneys Breasts Uterus

Anterior pituitary hormones Many hormones, several of which act on other

endocrine glands causing them to secrete hormones



Hypothalamus (Neurohypophysis) Plays an important role in hormonal

regulation Antidiuretic hormone Oxytocin Synthesized in the hypothalamus Transported to the neurohypophysis for

storage Released through nervous stimulation



Antidiuretic hormone Affects the volume of urine secreted Acts on the kidneys to reabsorb water from

the urine, producing concentrated urine Absence of this hormone results in passage

of large amounts of dilute urine Tea, coffee, and water act as diuretics Diuretics prescribed for people with edema



Oxytocin Released in large quantities just before a

female gives birth Causes uterine contractions Acts on mammary glands to stimulate the

release of milk



Adenohypophysis Regulated by the hypothalamus which

produces regulatory and inhibitory hormones which stimulate or inhibit the secretion of hormones

Hormones travel through the bloodstream and bring about changes in other organs, often another endocrine gland



Growth hormone (GH), Somatotropin (STH) Stimulates body growth

Melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH) Promotes pigmentation and controls the amount

of melanin produced

Lactogenic Hormone (LTH), prolactin Causes milk production by the mammary glands



Gonadotropic hormones Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) Lutenizing hormone (LH)

Stimulate the ovaries and testes



Adrenal gland – medulla Receives direct nervous stimulation

Adrenal gland – cortex Stimulated by the adrenocorticotropic hormone

(ACTH) brought by the circulating blood Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH),

thyrotropin Causes the glandular cells of the thyroid to

produce thyroid hormones



Thyroid Regulates body metabolism, normal growth and

development, and the storage of calcium in bone tissue

Thyroxine, T4

Triiodothyronine, T3

Synthesized by the thyroid using iodine

Thyrocalcitonin (TCT), calcitonin Homeostasis of the blood calcium level



Mammary glands Milk producing glands of the breast Each breast contains 15 to 20 lobes of

glandular tissue that surround the nipple Lactogenesis

Production of milk

Lactation Secretion or ejecting of milk



Tactile stimulation of the nipple Impulses from the nipple go to the

hypothalamus Hypothalamus stimulates the release of

oxytocin by the pituitary gland Causes contractions that eject milk from the

breast



Gonadotropic Stimulating the gonads FSH

Stimulates the ovaries to secrete estrogen and acts on the follicle

Stimulates the production of sperm in the testes LH

Stimulates ovulation and production of progesterone in the female ovary

promotes the growth of the interstitial cells of the testes and the secretion of testosterone



Reproduction becomes possible during puberty Onset is triggered by the hypothalamus and the

anterior pituitary Male sex hormones, androgens (mostly

testosterone) Ovaries

Estrogen

Testes Testosterone



Adrenal glands Outer cortex

Mineralocorticoids (aldosterone) Glucocorticoids (cortisol and cortisone) Androgens and estrogens

Inner medulla Epinephrine Norepinephrine



Mineralocorticoids Increases water retention by changing sodium and

potassium reabsorption in the kidney tubules

Glucocorticoids Increases blood glucose levels; inhibits inflammation and

the immune response

Androgens and estrogens Secreted in small amounts that the effect is generally

masked by ovarian and testicular hormones



Andr(o) Male or masculine Androgenic Producing masculine characteristics

Masculine characteristics in females may become apparent after menopause



Adrenal Medulla Epinephrine (adrenaline)

Stimulates the heart

Norepinephrine Blood vessel constrict

Together they prepare the body for strenuous activity

Fight or flight hormones



Pineal gland Exact functions have not been established Evidence that it secretes melatonin Diminishes around the age of 7 Melatonin

Regulatory function in sexual development Influence the sleepiness/wakefulness cycle and

mood Decrease in skin pigmentation



Homeostasis Direct nervous stimulation

Adrenal medulla Secretion of hormones in response to other

hormones TSH from anterior pituitary causes the thyroid to secrete

thyroid hormones A negative feedback mechanism

Interaction between pancreatic hormones and the concentration of glucose in the blood



Pancreas Exocrine Secretes digestive enzymes that are carried

through a duct to the duodenum Endocrine Secretes hormones into the blood

Glucagon Insulin



Glucagon Increase blood glucose levels Secreted in response to a low concentration of glucose in

the blood Prevents hypoglycemia (less then normal amount of sugar

in the blood

Insulin Promotes the uptake and utilization of glucose for energy Secreted in response to a high concentration of glucose in

the blood



Parathyroid Secretes parathyroid hormone Increases blood calcium levels Antagonistic to calcitonin secreted by the thyroid

gland



Stomach Gastrin Pepsin

Small intestines Stimulate the pancreas and gallbladder

Thymus Thymosin

Heart Atria produces atriopeptin

Placenta HCG, estrogen, progesterone



Prostaglandins Localized, immediate, and short term effect

on or near the cells where they are produced Smooth muscle contractions Involvement in blood clotting Many aspects of pain and fever


Diagnostic Tests and Procedures

Palpation Only thyroid and male gonads can be

palpated Assessed for:

Enlargement Bulging Difference in size Checked for masses



Physical indications of endocrine disorders Unusually tall or short stature Coarseness of facial features Edema Hair loss Excessive facial hair in females



Laboratory studies Urine tests Blood tests

Growth hormone Gonadotropins (FSH and LH) Other hormones



MRI Identify tumors involving the pituitary gland or

hypothalamus Thyroid function

TSH Thyroxine T3

Radioactive iodine uptake Thyroid scans



Parathyroid PTH Calcium Phosphate ACTH

Computed Tomography (CT) Tumors of adrenal gland



Pancreatic function Blood tests

Fasting blood sugar (FBS) Glycosylated hemoglobin HbA1C

Oral glucose tolerance test Urine tests

Sugar – glycosuria Ketones – ketonuria



Computed Tomography (CT) To identify pancreatic tumors or cysts Breasts

Self breast examination Mammography Mammogram


Pathologies

Adenopathy Any disease of a gland Pituitary dysfunction

Hyposecretion Hypersecretion


Pathologies

Diabetes insipidus Deficiency of ADH Polyuria Polydipsia

Syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion (SIADH)

Usually develops in association with other diseases


Pathologies

Hypopituitarism Decreased activity of the pituitary gland Deficient in one or more pituitary hormones Insufficient growth hormone in childhood Dwarfism Deficiency in somatotropin Pituitary dwarfism


Pathologies

Adult atrophy of the pituitary gland State of ill health Malnutrition Wasting (pituitary cachexia) Hyperpituitarism Increased pituitary activity


Pathologies

Overproduction of growth hormone during childhood

Gigantism Hypersecretion of somatotropin Pituitary gigantism Adult excessive growth hormone Acromegaly Enlargement of the extremities


Pathologies

Thyropathy Any disease of the thyroid gland Inflammation Enlargement Hyposecretion Hypersecretion


Pathologies

Thyroiditis Inflammation of the thyroid Hyperthyroidism

Excitable, nervous Moist skin Rapid pulse Increased metabolic rate Weight loss Exophthalmos


Pathologies

Graves’ disease Hyperthyroidism Exophthalmos Goiter

Thyrotoxicosis (Thyroid storm) Fever Fast pulse Hypertension Gastrointestinal symptoms Agitation Anxiety


Pathologies

Hypothyroidism Decreased activity of the thyroid gland

Childhood (Cretinism) Arrested physical and mental development

Myxedema Adult hyposecretion of thyroxin and T3

Water retention Edema


Pathologies

Hypoparathyroidism Below normal level of parathyroid function Hypocalcemia

Hyperparathyroidism Abnormally increased activity of the parathyroid Hypercalcemia


Pathologies

Hypogonadism Decreased functional activity of the gonads Adrenopathy Any disease of the adrenals Adrenomegaly Enlargement of one or both adrenals


Pathologies

Hyperadrenalism Increased secretory activity of the adrenals Cushing’s syndrome – hyper secretion of

the adrenal cortex Increased blood glucose levels Edema Masculinization in female individuals


Pathologies

Hypersecretion of androgens or estrogens before puberty

Androgenital syndrome Males

Rapid onset of puberty and sex drive

Females Masculine distribution of body hair develops and the

clitoris enlarges and takes on the appearance of a penis


Pathologies

Hirsutism Excessive growth and male distribution of

body hair in the female Andropathy Any disease peculiar to the male gender Gynecomastia Excessive growth of male mammary glands


Pathologies

Hypoadrenalism Decreased adrenal activity Hyposecretion No significant effect Hypersecretion Continued fight or flight mode


Pathologies

Addison’s disease Hyposecretion of the adrenal cortex

Dehydration Low blood glucose levels Bronzing of the skin General ill health


Pathologies

Pancreatic cancer Pancreatitis Inflammation of the pancreas Hypoinsulinism Deficient secretion of insulin by the

pancreas


Pathologies

Diabetes Mellitus Resistance to insulin Deficiency or complete lack of insulin secretion

Hyperglycemia Greater than normal blood glucose level

Polyphagia Polyuria Polydipsia


Pathologies

Diabetes Mellitus Type I Type 2 Gestational


Pathologies

Type I Genetically determined Absolute insulin deficiency

Type 2 Genetic and environmental contributing factors Aging, obesity

Gestational Recognized during pregnancy Disappears after birth


Pathologies

Complications of Diabetes Diabetic neuropathy Heart disease Diabetic nephropathy Diabetic retinopathy Peripheral vascular disease


Pathologies

Hyperinsulinism Excessive insulin in the blood Hyperinsulinism results in hypoglycemia Hypoglycemia Below normal blood glucose level


Pathologies

Mammalgia Mastodynia Mastalgia Breast pain Fibrocystic breast disease Single or multiple benign cysts Mastocarcinoma – Breast cancer The most common cancer among women in the

U.S.


Pathologies

Mastitis Inflammatory condition of the breasts Occurs frequently in lactating women Typically bacterial infection If untreated an abscess may develop


Surgical & Therapeutic Interventions

Pituitary tumor Surgery Radiation Administration of deficient hormones Hyperthyroidism Surgery Radioactive materials Antithyroid drugs



Adrenalectomy Excision of an adrenal gland



Diabetes Treatment Administration of insulin or oral agents

Subcutaneous injection Insulin pump

Proper diet Exercise



Hypoglycemia Administration of glucose

Breast cancer Lumpectomy Radiation therapy Chemotherapy Hormone manipulation Mastectomy (surgical removal of the breast)



Mastoptsosis Sagging or prolapsed breasts Mastopexy Surgery to correct pendulous breasts (breast lift) Mammoplasty Plastic surgery of the breast

Augmentation mammoplasty Reduction mammoplasty


Class ExercisesChapter 17


Define the Terms Aden(o) Gland Hypercalcemia Increase blood calcium Goiter Enlarged thyroid Gonad(o) Ovaries, testes


Define the Terms Trop(o) To stimulate Mast(o) Breast Lact(o) Milk Ex(o) Outside


Define the Terms End(o) Inside -crine To secrete Tetra- Four Home(o) Sameness, constant


Write the Meaning For Thry(o) Thyroid gland Tetra- Four Mast/o Breast Pro- Before or for


Write the Meaning For Mamm/o Breast Andr/o Male or masculine Exo- Outside or outward Adren/o Adrenal gland


Give Definitions for the Following Adrenalin?o Adrenalin -tropic Stimulates -tropin That which stimulates -physis growth


Give Definitions for the Following Iod/o Iodine Gigant/o Large Megal/o Large Macr/o Large


Give Definitions for the Following Gonad/o Gonad Home/o Sameness


Write Definitions for the following Terms Andromegaly Enlargement of the adrenal glands Androgenic Producing masculine characteristics Homeostasis Stability in the normal body state Periadenitis Inflammation of tissues around a gland


Write Definitions for the following Terms Gonadal Pertaining to the ovaries or testes Hypercalcemia Excessive calcium in the blood Hypothryoidism Decreased activity of the thyroid gland


Write Definitions for the following Terms Enlargement of the adrenal glands Adrenomegaly Producing masculine characteristics Androgenic Stability in the normal body state Homeostasis Inflammation of the tissues around a gland Periadenitis


Write Definitions for the following Terms Decreased activity of the thyroid gland Hypothyroidism Excessive calcium in the blood Hypercalcemia Pertaining to the ovaries and testes Gonadal


Write Definitions for the following Terms Mastopexy Surgical correction of pendulous breasts Exophthalmos Abnormal protrusions of the eyeball Periadentitis Inflammation of tissues around a gland Homeostasis Stability of the internal functions of the body


Write Definitions for the following Terms Pancreas The gland where insulin is produced Gonadectomy Excision of the ovaries or testes Hypogonadism Decreased functional activity of the gonads


Write Definitions for the following Terms Diabetes mellitus A disorder of carbohydrate metabolism

characterized by hyperglycemia and glycosuria Cachexia A condition of ill health, malnutrition and wasting

Colostrum The cloudy fluid secreted by the mammary gland

that serves as a reservoir for milk


Write Definitions for the following Terms Duct The dilated portion of a vessel in the mammary

gland that serves as a reservoir for milk Periappendicitis Inflamed condition of the appendix and its

surrounding tissues Gynecomastia Excessive development of the male breasts


Write Definitions for the following Terms Fibrocystic breast disease A disorder characterized by single or

multiple benign tumors of the breast Glands Structures that have the ability to

manufacture chemical substances that are discharged and used in some other part of the body


Give Definitions for the Following Terms Lactation Secretion of milk Mammogram Film produced in a diagnostic procedure that

uses x ray to study the breast Augmentation mammoplasty Plastic surgery to increase the size of the

breast


Give Definitions for the Following Terms Mastectomy Removal of a breast Target gland/organ The organ or structure towards which the

effects of a hormone are directed Goiter An enlarged thyroid


Give Definitions for the Following Terms Lactogenesis Production of milk Androgenic Producing masculine characteristics Diuretic pertains to increasing urination Exocrine Gland that has ducts and empties its

secretions onto an internal or external surface


Give Definitions for the Following Terms Hormones The chemical secretions of endocrine glands Pituitary The master gland Oxytocin A pituitary hormone that stimulates uterine

contractions and milk ejection


Give Definitions for the Following Terms Mammalgia or mastodynia Painful breast Hirsutism Abnormal hairiness


Define the Following Terms Hepatitis Inflammation of the liver Pericerebral Around the rain Peripancreatitis Inflammation around the pancreas Mastoptosis Sagging breasts


Define the Following Terms Thyroid Gland secretes thyroid hormones Thyrotropin Stimulates the synthesis and secretions of

thyroxine Thyroxine Iodine containing hormone secreted by

thyroid gland


Define the Following Terms Cachexia General ill health and malnutrition, marked by

weakness and emaciation or excessive leanness caused by disease or lack of nutrition

Hypopituitarism Decreased activity of the pituitary gland Hormones Come from endocrine glands secreted into the

blood stream


Define the Following Terms -physis Suffix means growth Pro- Prefix means before Adrenal glands Located above each kidney secretes

steroids epinephrine and norepinephrine


Define the Following Terms Hyperglycemia Above normal blood sugar Glycosuria Sugar in urine Polydipsia Excessive thirst Polyuria Frequent urination Hyperinsulinism Excessive insulin in the blood


Define the Following Terms Exophthalmos Abnormal protrusion of the eyeball Adrenomegaly Enlargement of the adrenal gland Mastodynia Painful breast Anti-diuretic hormone Affects the volume of urine excreted


Define the Following Terms -tropin Suffix means that which stimulates Somatotropin Substance that stimulates body’s growth Andropathy Any disease peculiar to males Homeostasis Stability in the normal body parts


Define the Following Terms Gonadotropin Substance that stimulates the gonads Thyrotropin Substance that stimulates the synthesis and

secretion of thyroxine Hypogonadism Decreased functional activity of the gonads

with deterioration of sexual development


Define the Following Terms Gonadopathy Any disease of the ovaries and testes Gonadectomy Removal or excision of ovaries or testes Periadenitis Inflammation of tissues around a gland Androgenic Producing masculine characteristics


Write Medical Terms for the Following Hemorrhage from a breast Mastorrhagia The organ or structure toward which the

effects of a hormone are directed Target gland/organ An enlarged thyroid Goiter

10-501-101Medical Terminology 1 Endocrine System Medical Terminology Chapter 17.

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