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CHAPTER 5 BEAMS Prepared By Ahmed F. Hassan Professor, Steel Structures and Bridges Structural Engineering Department Structural Engineering Department Cairo University
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Page 1: CHAPTER 5 BEAMS - UniMasr.com€¦ · CHAPTER 5 BEAMS Prepared By Ahmed F ... (Si l(Simple or Bi‐Ail)Axial) yShear Force ((yUsually associated with the ... resist bending moment

CHAPTER 55BEAMS

Prepared Byp yAhmed F. HassanProfessor, Steel Structures and BridgesStructural Engineering DepartmentStructural Engineering DepartmentCairo University

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I. INTRODUCTIONBeams are structural members subjected to:B di    (Si l    Bi A i l)Bending moment (Simple or Bi‐Axial)Shear Force (Usually associated with the ( ybending moment)T iTorsion

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I. INTRODUCTIONI. INTRODUCTIONMoment and shear result from l d   li d  l loads applied normal (perpendicular) to the longitudinal (perpendicular) to the longitudinal axis of the beam.

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I INTRODUCTIONI. INTRODUCTION

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I. INTRODUCTIONIf this transverse If this transverse load does not pass through the h   t   f shear center of the cross section, t e c oss sect o ,Torsion occurs. 

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I INTRODUCTIONI. INTRODUCTIONBeams are designed to meet the Beams are designed to meet the following requirements:STRENGTH Cross section must safely resist bending moment and shear force resist bending moment and shear force 

STABILITY Cross section must be safe i t l l b kli   f  t  d l t l against local buckling of component and lateral 

torsional buckling

SERVICEABILITY deformation should not exceed certain limits

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II APPLICATIONSII. APPLICATIONSPurlins supporting roof covering materialpp g gGirts supporting side covering materialFloor Beams to carry RC slabs in buildingsFloor Beams to carry RC slabs in buildingsFrame Girders (ignore normal force)Crane Track GirdersCrane Track GirdersStringers and X‐girders for bridge floors

Beams can be simply supported, continuous, or t  f   fpart of a frame

System can be different is both directions X, Y (U   f Ti   d )(Use of Tie rods)

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II APPLICATIONSII. APPLICATIONS

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II APPLICATIONSII. APPLICATIONS

Page 10: CHAPTER 5 BEAMS - UniMasr.com€¦ · CHAPTER 5 BEAMS Prepared By Ahmed F ... (Si l(Simple or Bi‐Ail)Axial) yShear Force ((yUsually associated with the ... resist bending moment

II APPLICATIONSII. APPLICATIONS

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III CROSS SECTIONSIII. CROSS SECTIONSInertia is an important factor (in Inertia is an important factor (in axially loaded members, area is the important f t )factor)

UPN     IPE/IPNGood for 

HEA/HEB/BFIGood for Bi‐

Cold Formed SectionsGood for moment about 

moment about major axis Mx

axial Moment Mx & My

major axis Mx for light elements (Purlins and Girts)

Page 12: CHAPTER 5 BEAMS - UniMasr.com€¦ · CHAPTER 5 BEAMS Prepared By Ahmed F ... (Si l(Simple or Bi‐Ail)Axial) yShear Force ((yUsually associated with the ... resist bending moment

III CROSS SECTIONSIII. CROSS SECTIONS

Built‐Up SectionsGood for Bi‐axial Moment Mx & My

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IV. SERVICEABILITYDeflection Limitations

d fl l dExcessive deflections can cause non‐structural damage to finishing materialsB d Bad appearanceFear / non‐confidence of occupantsM lf i  i   i   iMalfunction in equipment operationEgyptian Code limits the Live Load deflection to the following (clause 9 1 3 ):following (clause 9.1.3.):Beams carrying Plaster or Other Brittle Finish SPAN

All Other Beams

300

200SPAN

Crane Track Girders200

800SPAN

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IV. SERVICEABILITYStiffness Limitations

d h ff f bTo reduce the effect of vibrationsThe following limitations shall Preferably be applied to th  b  h i ht (E ti  C d  Cl   )the beam height (Egyptian Code Clause 9.2.1.):

Floor Beams

24SPAN

Floor Beams subject to shocks and vibrations (Crane track girders)

Roof Purlins20

SPAN

SPANRoof Purlins40

SPAN

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V. STRENGTHThree failure modes:YieldingLateral Torsional Buckling (LTB)Lateral Torsional Buckling (LTB)Local Buckling

The allowable stress in bending is the SMALLER of the Three failure modesSMALLER of the Three failure modes

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V. STRENGTH ‐ YieldinggThe stresses should not exceed the yield stress of the material by a reasonable factor of safetyof the material by a reasonable factor of safety.

Material F (t/cm2)Material FY  (t/cm )

t ≤ 40‐mm 40‐mm < t < 100‐mm

Mild Steel (St. 37) 2.4 2.15

High Grade Steel (St. 52) 3.6 3.35

The factor of safety is not constant for all cases (Depends on whether the section is cases (Depends on whether the section is Compact or Non‐Compact)

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V. STRENGTH ‐ LTBLateral Torsional Buckling is a global buckling phenomena for beams loaded buckling phenomena for beams loaded about their major axis.LTB involves:Vertical deflectionVertical deflectionLateral deflectionfTorsional rotation

Page 18: CHAPTER 5 BEAMS - UniMasr.com€¦ · CHAPTER 5 BEAMS Prepared By Ahmed F ... (Si l(Simple or Bi‐Ail)Axial) yShear Force ((yUsually associated with the ... resist bending moment

V. STRENGTH ‐ LTBFor a simply supported beam with uniform bending  the lateral torsional buckling bending, the lateral torsional buckling critical moment is:

242WYTY IIEKGIEM ππ

+= 42uu

cr LLM +=

E, G = Young’s and Shear Modulus of beam materialIY = Moment of Inertia of the section about Y axisKT = St. Venant Torsional ConstantIW = Warping ConstantL  U t d l th  f C i  flLu = Unsupported length of Compression flange

Page 19: CHAPTER 5 BEAMS - UniMasr.com€¦ · CHAPTER 5 BEAMS Prepared By Ahmed F ... (Si l(Simple or Bi‐Ail)Axial) yShear Force ((yUsually associated with the ... resist bending moment

V. STRENGTH ‐ LTBFor beams with different loading and support conditions, the lateral torsional buckling critical conditions, the lateral torsional buckling critical moment is:

242 IIEKGIE4

24

2

2

u

WY

u

TYbcr L

IIEL

KGIECM ππ+=

Uniform Torsion (St. Venant)

Warping Torsion

Cb= Factpr for loading and support conditions

22

21, fff LTBallowable +=

b p f g pp(Table 2.2 ECP – Table 5.2 Prof. Bahaa Mashaly Text Book)

For unequal end moments without transverse loads

3.23.005.175.12

2

1

2

1 ≤⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛+⎟⎟

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛+=

MM

MMC b

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V. STRENGTH ‐ LTBAf

f CA

f ×800

bu

f CdL

f ×=1

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V. STRENGTH ‐ LTB A

For shallow thick flanged section:

Af

bu

f CdLA

f ×=800

1

For deep flanged Thin Section

L 2

⎟⎞

⎜⎛ ⎞⎛

Y

b

T

u

Y

bY

b

YT

u

FC

rL

FCF

C

FrL

f 1888410176.1

64.0 52 ≤≤

⎟⎟⎟⎟⎞

⎜⎜⎜⎜⎛

×

⎟⎠⎞⎜

⎝⎛

−=

bub F

CLCf 1881200022 >×⎞⎛

=

⎟⎠

⎜⎝

YTb

T

uFr

rL

f 22

⎟⎠⎞⎜

⎝⎛

  di   f  ti   b t  i   i  f     ti  rT = radius of gyration about minor axis for a section comprising the compression flange plus 1/6 of the web area

Page 22: CHAPTER 5 BEAMS - UniMasr.com€¦ · CHAPTER 5 BEAMS Prepared By Ahmed F ... (Si l(Simple or Bi‐Ail)Axial) yShear Force ((yUsually associated with the ... resist bending moment

V. STRENGTH – Local BucklinggThe various steel sections are classified as one of the f ll ifollowing:

Compact Can reach the plastic moment without local buckling

N CNon‐Compact Can reach the yield moment without local buckling

Slender Local buckling occurs prior to reaching yield moment

Photos

Page 23: CHAPTER 5 BEAMS - UniMasr.com€¦ · CHAPTER 5 BEAMS Prepared By Ahmed F ... (Si l(Simple or Bi‐Ail)Axial) yShear Force ((yUsually associated with the ... resist bending moment

V. STRENGTH – Local BucklinggσY

432

1 1

εY

1

2

4F = σYF < σY

34321

4Point 1 = (stress < yield, strain < yield)Point 2   Yield Moment (Non Compact section) 4Point 2 = Yield Moment (Non‐Compact section)Point 3 = (stress = yield, strain > yield)Point 4 = Plastic moment (Compact section)

Page 24: CHAPTER 5 BEAMS - UniMasr.com€¦ · CHAPTER 5 BEAMS Prepared By Ahmed F ... (Si l(Simple or Bi‐Ail)Axial) yShear Force ((yUsually associated with the ... resist bending moment

V. STRENGTH – Local BucklinggCompact b 58

Table 2.1 ECP or Table 5.1 Prof. Mashaly text book

p

Non‐Compact

Yf Ft≤

Yf Ftb 64

Stiffened Flange subjected to CompressionYf

Rolled Welded

Compact

Non‐Compact

YYf For

Ftc 3.159.16

b 2123

Un‐Stiffened Flange subjected to CompressionNon Compact

YYf For

Ftb 2123

Compact

Non Compact

Yf Ftb 127

b 190

Stiffened Web subjected to Bending

Non‐CompactYf Ft

b 190≤

Page 25: CHAPTER 5 BEAMS - UniMasr.com€¦ · CHAPTER 5 BEAMS Prepared By Ahmed F ... (Si l(Simple or Bi‐Ail)Axial) yShear Force ((yUsually associated with the ... resist bending moment

VI. ALLOWABLE STRESSESAllowable Bending Stress depends on section l ifi ticlassificationCompactN CNon‐CompactSlender (not covered in this course)

Shearqall. = 0.35 FY

Page 26: CHAPTER 5 BEAMS - UniMasr.com€¦ · CHAPTER 5 BEAMS Prepared By Ahmed F ... (Si l(Simple or Bi‐Ail)Axial) yShear Force ((yUsually associated with the ... resist bending moment

VI. ALLOWABLE STRESSESTo qualify as compact section:

( )Must satisfy Local buckling limits (c/tf & d/tw)Must satisfy the following LTB limits:

bY

f

Y

fu C

FdA

Fb

L1380

&20

≤ Except box sections (other equations)

Section must be symmetric about the two axesI‐Shapes bent about minor axis, rectangular, and solid bars  0.72 FY

To qualify as non‐compact section:

Other Sections 0.64 FY

Must satisfy Local buckling limits (c/tf & d/tw)ALL UPN sections are Non‐Compactp

All non‐compact sections 0.58 FY or Fall., LTB (whichever is smaller)

Page 27: CHAPTER 5 BEAMS - UniMasr.com€¦ · CHAPTER 5 BEAMS Prepared By Ahmed F ... (Si l(Simple or Bi‐Ail)Axial) yShear Force ((yUsually associated with the ... resist bending moment

VII. ACTUAL STRESSESActual Bending Stress:

X fMf ≤Uni‐axial bending .allX

Xact f

Zf ≤=

01≤YX MMfBi‐axial bendingActual shear Stress:

0.1,,

≤+=MyallY

Y

MxallX

Xact fZfZ

f

QShear in minor axis (I‐shape) .

,, all

netweb

Yacty q

AQq ≤=

QShear in major axis ., 5.1 all

flange

Xactx q

AQq ≤=

In web area calculations:•For rolled sections use full section height•For built‐up sections use web height

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VII. ACTUAL STRESSESFor combined bending and shear:

22 1.13 allactactequ fqff ≤+=

This s found at support of continuous beams

.... allactactequ fqff

pp

Page 29: CHAPTER 5 BEAMS - UniMasr.com€¦ · CHAPTER 5 BEAMS Prepared By Ahmed F ... (Si l(Simple or Bi‐Ail)Axial) yShear Force ((yUsually associated with the ... resist bending moment

VIII. ACTUAL DEFLECTIONActual deflection is computed for Live Load onlyFor simply supported beam under distributed load:

LL Lw5 4

δ

For simply supported beam under concentrated load:X

LLLLact IE384, =δ

p y pp

LLact IELP

48

3

, =δ

For other loading conditions:Get equivalent distributed load that gives the same M  then 

XIE48

Get equivalent distributed load that gives the same Mmax,LL , then estimate the deflection fro the distributed load case

8 M2max

.8

LMwequ =

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