Chapter 4 consciousness, sleep, dreams, hynosis & drugs notes

Chapter 4: Consciousness, Chapter 4: Consciousness, Sleep, Dreams, Hypnosis & Sleep, Dreams, Hypnosis & DrugsDrugs• Consciousness- Awareness of Consciousness- Awareness of

everything going on around a person everything going on around a person at any given moment, which is used at any given moment, which is used to organized behavior including to organized behavior including thoughts, sensations and feelingsthoughts, sensations and feelings

• Waking Consciousness- Thoughts, Waking Consciousness- Thoughts, feelings & sensations are clear and feelings & sensations are clear and organized and the person feels alertorganized and the person feels alert

ConsciousnessConsciousness• Altered States of Consciousness- Altered States of Consciousness-

Shift in the quality or pattern of Shift in the quality or pattern of mental activity as compared to mental activity as compared to waking consciousnesswaking consciousness– Thoughts are fuzzy, less alert, thoughts Thoughts are fuzzy, less alert, thoughts

take bizarre turnstake bizarre turns– Drive to work, but don’t remember how Drive to work, but don’t remember how

you got thereyou got there– Driving and on cell phone as dangerous Driving and on cell phone as dangerous

as drinking and drivingas drinking and driving

Consciousness: Altered Consciousness: Altered StatesStates• SleepSleep

– BiologyBiology•Sleep is a biological rhythm-natural cycle the Sleep is a biological rhythm-natural cycle the

body MUST go throughbody MUST go through•Circadian Rhythms- The 24 hour sleep-wake Circadian Rhythms- The 24 hour sleep-wake

cyclecycle

– HypothalamusHypothalamus•Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)- internal clock Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)- internal clock

that tells when to sleep and wakethat tells when to sleep and wake– Sensitive to lightSensitive to light– Tells pineal gland to release melatonin to make feel Tells pineal gland to release melatonin to make feel

sleepy or stop melatonin to wake upsleepy or stop melatonin to wake up– Serotonin and body temperature are correlated Serotonin and body temperature are correlated

with sleepwith sleep– SCN may be responsible for resetting the biological SCN may be responsible for resetting the biological

clock to 24 hours everydayclock to 24 hours everyday

HypothalamusHypothalamus• The price of not sleepingThe price of not sleeping

– Microsleeps- brief seconds of sleepMicrosleeps- brief seconds of sleep•May be the cause of many car accidentsMay be the cause of many car accidents•Makes doing minor tasks very hardMakes doing minor tasks very hard

– Sleep deprivation- Significant loss of sleep Sleep deprivation- Significant loss of sleep that causes lack of concentration and that causes lack of concentration and irritability problemsirritability problems•Actually lose more information staying up and Actually lose more information staying up and

studyingstudying•Symptoms- droopy eyes, inattention & Symptoms- droopy eyes, inattention &

irritabilityirritability•Even only 6 hours of sleep is equivalent to no Even only 6 hours of sleep is equivalent to no

sleep for 2 days!sleep for 2 days!•Those sleep deprived totally for 3 days were Those sleep deprived totally for 3 days were

not aware of their impairmentnot aware of their impairment

HypothalamusHypothalamus• Adaptive theory of sleepAdaptive theory of sleep

– Sleep patterns are developed to avoid Sleep patterns are developed to avoid predatorspredators

• Restorative theory of sleepRestorative theory of sleep– Sleep is necessary to restore chemicals Sleep is necessary to restore chemicals

and repair cells in the bodyand repair cells in the body

• How much sleep is needed?How much sleep is needed?– Varies according to age and personVaries according to age and person

Quiz 4-1Quiz 4-1

Stages of SleepStages of Sleep• Rapid Eye Movement (REM)- Eyes move Rapid Eye Movement (REM)- Eyes move

rapidly, typically dream stagerapidly, typically dream stage– Body move littleBody move little

• Non-REM Sleep (NREM)- Deeper more Non-REM Sleep (NREM)- Deeper more restful sleeprestful sleep– Body is free to moveBody is free to move

• Beta Waves- Awake=very fast and smallBeta Waves- Awake=very fast and small

• Alpha Waves- Sleepy=very slow and Alpha Waves- Sleepy=very slow and largelarge

• Theta Waves- More sleepy=slower and Theta Waves- More sleepy=slower and largerlarger

Stages of SleepStages of Sleep• Non-REM stage one: Light SleepNon-REM stage one: Light Sleep

– If awakened will not think they were asleepIf awakened will not think they were asleep– Hypnagogic images- flashes of light/images that seem Hypnagogic images- flashes of light/images that seem

realistic, may be cause for “ghost/alien” sightingsrealistic, may be cause for “ghost/alien” sightings– Hypnic Jerk- Body jerks awakeHypnic Jerk- Body jerks awake

• Ancestors slept in treesAncestors slept in trees

• Non-REM stage two: Sleep SpindlesNon-REM stage two: Sleep Spindles– Body temp drops, heart & breathing slowsBody temp drops, heart & breathing slows– Theta waves predominantTheta waves predominant

• Non-REM stage three and four: Delta WavesNon-REM stage three and four: Delta Waves– Delta waves predominantDelta waves predominant– Deepest stage of sleepDeepest stage of sleep– Bodies lowest level of functioning, hard to awakenBodies lowest level of functioning, hard to awaken– When body growsWhen body grows– Boys experience more sleep disorders than girls due to Boys experience more sleep disorders than girls due to

testosterone which causes boys to sleep deepertestosterone which causes boys to sleep deeper

REM SleepREM Sleep• After being in stage 4 for some time the After being in stage 4 for some time the

sleeper will progress up to stage 3, then 2 sleeper will progress up to stage 3, then 2 and finally the body temp will rise, and finally the body temp will rise, breathing slows and deepens and move to breathing slows and deepens and move to REM sleepREM sleep

• 90% of dreams take place in REM sleep90% of dreams take place in REM sleep

• Dreams do occur in NREM sleep, but they Dreams do occur in NREM sleep, but they are regular thoughts and not as vividare regular thoughts and not as vivid

• REM paralysis- The body cannot move REM paralysis- The body cannot move during this type of sleepduring this type of sleep

• Physical stress= more NREM sleep longerPhysical stress= more NREM sleep longer

• Emotional stress= more REM sleep longerEmotional stress= more REM sleep longer

REM SleepREM Sleep• REM Rebound- If do not get enough REM REM Rebound- If do not get enough REM

sleep, will make up for it the next nightsleep, will make up for it the next night• Adult REM Sleep- Spend 20% of sleep in Adult REM Sleep- Spend 20% of sleep in

this stage, EEG readings not the same as this stage, EEG readings not the same as infants, and cannot move bodyinfants, and cannot move body

• Infant REM Sleep- Spend 50% of sleep in Infant REM Sleep- Spend 50% of sleep in this stage and can still move the bodythis stage and can still move the body

• Infants do not dream in this stage b/c Infants do not dream in this stage b/c busy making neural connectionsbusy making neural connections

• Infants sleep for brain developmentInfants sleep for brain development

Sleep DisordersSleep Disorders• REM Behavior Disorder- Mechanism REM Behavior Disorder- Mechanism

that prevents person from moving that prevents person from moving doesn’t work and may act out doesn’t work and may act out nightmaresnightmares– Generally found in men over 60Generally found in men over 60

• Stage 4 sleep disordersStage 4 sleep disorders– Sleepwalking (somnambulism)- hereditary Sleepwalking (somnambulism)- hereditary

and found more in male children. May just and found more in male children. May just sit up in bed or even eat food from the sit up in bed or even eat food from the fridge. Lack of sleep may induce this fridge. Lack of sleep may induce this behavior and may wake them upbehavior and may wake them up

Sleep DisordersSleep Disorders• Night Terrors- Person screams out or even Night Terrors- Person screams out or even

runs without waking up during deep sleepruns without waking up during deep sleep– Rare, and found in childrenRare, and found in children– Generally do not remember the night terror Generally do not remember the night terror

episodeepisode– Night terrors occur in NREM sleep and Night terrors occur in NREM sleep and

nightmares in REM sleepnightmares in REM sleep

• Insomnia-Inability to get to sleep, stay Insomnia-Inability to get to sleep, stay asleep, or get quality sleepasleep, or get quality sleep– Psychological CausesPsychological Causes

• Worry, trying too hard to sleep, anxietyWorry, trying too hard to sleep, anxiety

– Physical CausesPhysical Causes• Too much caffeine, indigestion, aches and painsToo much caffeine, indigestion, aches and pains

Sleep DisordersSleep Disorders• Ways to sleepWays to sleep

– Limit caffeine, take pain meds, don’t eat Limit caffeine, take pain meds, don’t eat what causes indigestion, deal with what causes indigestion, deal with anxieties, go to be only when sleepy, anxieties, go to be only when sleepy, only sleep in bed, regular bedtime, don’t only sleep in bed, regular bedtime, don’t take sleeping pills, don’t drink alcoholtake sleeping pills, don’t drink alcohol

Sleep DisordersSleep Disorders• Sleep Apnea- Stop breathing for 30 Sleep Apnea- Stop breathing for 30

sec or moresec or more– Associated with snoring, causes heart Associated with snoring, causes heart

problemsproblems– Obesity is a cause Obesity is a cause – TreatmentsTreatments

•May lose weight, use nasal opening devices, May lose weight, use nasal opening devices, CPAP-Continuous positive airway pressureCPAP-Continuous positive airway pressure

– Found in infants-immature brain stem Found in infants-immature brain stem (SIDS)(SIDS)

Sleep DisordersSleep Disorders• Narcolepsy- Person falls immediately Narcolepsy- Person falls immediately

into REM sleep without warning in into REM sleep without warning in the daytimethe daytime– Cataplexy- loss of muscle tone from REM Cataplexy- loss of muscle tone from REM

paralysisparalysis•Dangerous if standing up and fallDangerous if standing up and fall

•Excessive daytime sleepinessExcessive daytime sleepiness

Quiz 2Quiz 2

DreamsDreams• Freud’s Freud’s Interpretation of DreamsInterpretation of Dreams

– Conflicts, events and desires are Conflicts, events and desires are represented symbolically in dreamsrepresented symbolically in dreams

– Manifest Content- What the dream Manifest Content- What the dream actually entailsactually entails

– Latent Content- True meaning in dreams Latent Content- True meaning in dreams expressed in symbolsexpressed in symbols

DreamsDreams• Activation-Synthesis Hypothesis- A Activation-Synthesis Hypothesis- A

different kind of thinking that comes different kind of thinking that comes from past experiences and memoriesfrom past experiences and memories

• Signals sent from Pons to the Cortex Signals sent from Pons to the Cortex to explain activity of brainto explain activity of brain

• Frontal lobes are shut down during Frontal lobes are shut down during dreams causing bizarre and dreams causing bizarre and unrealistic dreamsunrealistic dreams

• Dreams can have meaning based on Dreams can have meaning based on person’s reality and emotionsperson’s reality and emotions

DreamsDreams• Activation- information-mode model Activation- information-mode model

(AIM)- brain uses info to create (AIM)- brain uses info to create dream material so real life can dream material so real life can impact what we dream aboutimpact what we dream about

• What do people dream about?What do people dream about?– Days occurrencesDays occurrences– Men dream about men and women Men dream about men and women

dream about bothdream about both– Men are aggressive in dreams and Men are aggressive in dreams and

women are victims in dreamswomen are victims in dreams– Culture impacts dreamsCulture impacts dreams

Quiz 3Quiz 3

Altered States: HypnosisAltered States: Hypnosis• Hypnosis- state of consciousness in Hypnosis- state of consciousness in

which a person is especially which a person is especially susceptible to suggestionsusceptible to suggestion– 4 steps always present when hypnotizing 4 steps always present when hypnotizing

•Person told to focus on what is being saidPerson told to focus on what is being said

•Person told to relax and feel tiredPerson told to relax and feel tired

•Person told to let go and accept suggestions Person told to let go and accept suggestions easilyeasily

•Person told to use vivid imaginationPerson told to use vivid imagination

– Only 80% can be hypnotized; day Only 80% can be hypnotized; day dreamers, fantasize, vivid imaginations dreamers, fantasize, vivid imaginations are easily hypnotizedare easily hypnotized

HypnosisHypnosis

• Hypnotic susceptibility- Degree to Hypnotic susceptibility- Degree to which someone is a good candidate which someone is a good candidate for hypnosisfor hypnosis

• Person being hypnotized is really in Person being hypnotized is really in controlcontrol– Must be willing to be hypnotizedMust be willing to be hypnotized

• Basic suggestion effect- Subject Basic suggestion effect- Subject blames the hypnotist for controlling blames the hypnotist for controlling actionsactions

HypnosisHypnosis• TheoriesTheories

– Hypnosis as DissociationHypnosis as Dissociation•Hypnosis worked only on immediate part of Hypnosis worked only on immediate part of

mind, hidden part was aware (driving and mind, hidden part was aware (driving and not remembering how you got there)not remembering how you got there)

– Hypnosis as Social Role-PlayingHypnosis as Social Role-Playing•(Social Cognitive Theory)(Social Cognitive Theory)

– People are not in an altered state, but playing the People are not in an altered state, but playing the role of what is expected from a hypnotized personrole of what is expected from a hypnotized person

– People may not even realize they are not People may not even realize they are not hypnotizedhypnotized

Quiz 4Quiz 4

Psychoactive DrugsPsychoactive Drugs

• Psychoactive Drugs- alter thinking, Psychoactive Drugs- alter thinking, perception, and memoryperception, and memory– Were first used to help peopleWere first used to help people

•Surgeries, deal with pain, insomnia, ADDSurgeries, deal with pain, insomnia, ADD

– When abused or misused they are very When abused or misused they are very dangerousdangerous

– May cause psychological/physical May cause psychological/physical dependencedependence

Psychoactive DrugsPsychoactive Drugs

• Physical Dependence- Body becomes Physical Dependence- Body becomes unable to function normally w/out the drugunable to function normally w/out the drug– This is addictionThis is addiction

• Drug Tolerance- Larger doses are needed Drug Tolerance- Larger doses are needed to get the same effectto get the same effect

• Withdrawal- Symptoms are present when Withdrawal- Symptoms are present when not taking the drugnot taking the drug– Headaches, nausea, irritability, pain, shaking, Headaches, nausea, irritability, pain, shaking,

high blood pressurehigh blood pressure

Psychoactive DrugsPsychoactive Drugs

• Psychological Dependence- Think the Psychological Dependence- Think the drug is needed to continue feeling of drug is needed to continue feeling of emotional or psychological goodnessemotional or psychological goodness– Person Person thinksthinks he/she needs it he/she needs it– This addiction can last foreverThis addiction can last forever

Stimulants “Uppers”Stimulants “Uppers”• Drugs that increase the functioning of the Drugs that increase the functioning of the

nervous system (Heart and brain speed up)nervous system (Heart and brain speed up)

• Amphetamines- Stimulants that are made in Amphetamines- Stimulants that are made in labslabs

• EX. Benzedrine, Methedrine & DexedrineEX. Benzedrine, Methedrine & Dexedrine

• Methamphetamine “Crystal Meth” used for Methamphetamine “Crystal Meth” used for recreationrecreation

• Truck drivers may use stimulants to drive Truck drivers may use stimulants to drive longerlonger

• Overweight people use to lose weightOverweight people use to lose weight

• Does not give “extra” energy, but uses all the Does not give “extra” energy, but uses all the energy the person has= they will “crash”energy the person has= they will “crash”

Stimulants “Uppers”Stimulants “Uppers”• AmphetaminesAmphetamines

– SymptomsSymptoms•Nausea, vomiting, high blood pressure & Nausea, vomiting, high blood pressure &

strokesstrokes

– Amphetamine Psychosis- Person Amphetamine Psychosis- Person becomes delusional and paranoid from becomes delusional and paranoid from taking large doses of amphetaminestaking large doses of amphetamines

– Violence is commonViolence is common

Stimulants “Uppers”Stimulants “Uppers”

• Cocaine- Natural drug from cocoa Cocaine- Natural drug from cocoa leavesleaves– Produces feelings of euphoria, power, Produces feelings of euphoria, power,

energy, and pleasureenergy, and pleasure– Deadens pain and suppresses appetite Deadens pain and suppresses appetite – Was used by doctors and dentistsWas used by doctors and dentists– Was present in Coca-ColaWas present in Coca-Cola– May die from convulsions the first useMay die from convulsions the first use– Mice would give selves cocaine instead Mice would give selves cocaine instead

of eating and drinking to the point of of eating and drinking to the point of deathdeath

Stimulants “Uppers”Stimulants “Uppers”• Cocaine withdrawalCocaine withdrawal

– Mood swing into depression, tiredness, Mood swing into depression, tiredness, nervousness, inability to feel pleasure & nervousness, inability to feel pleasure & paranoiaparanoia

– Signs of physical dependenceSigns of physical dependence•Compulsive use- can’t say noCompulsive use- can’t say no

•Loss of control- If available must use it, to Loss of control- If available must use it, to point of exhaustionpoint of exhaustion

•Disregard for the consequences of use- Disregard for the consequences of use- nothing else mattersnothing else matters

Stimulants “Uppers”Stimulants “Uppers”• Nicotine- Active ingredient in tobaccoNicotine- Active ingredient in tobacco

– Gives the smoker a “rush” when inhaledGives the smoker a “rush” when inhaled• Increases: heart beat, blood pressure. Increases: heart beat, blood pressure.

Releases adrenalin, reduce stressReleases adrenalin, reduce stress

•Was first used as insecticideWas first used as insecticide

•More addictive than heroine or alcoholMore addictive than heroine or alcohol

•Delayed smoking- delay the first cigarette Delayed smoking- delay the first cigarette more and more each day, eventually do not more and more each day, eventually do not smokesmoke

Stimulants “Uppers”Stimulants “Uppers”• Caffeine- Stimulant found in coffee, tea, and other Caffeine- Stimulant found in coffee, tea, and other

plant based substancesplant based substances– Helps maintain alertness and increase effectiveness of Helps maintain alertness and increase effectiveness of

pain relieverspain relievers• Replaced the use of cocaine in medicinesReplaced the use of cocaine in medicines

– Drinking coffee will cure drunkenness is mythDrinking coffee will cure drunkenness is myth• Wide awake drunkWide awake drunk

• Barbiturates- depressant drugs that induce sleep Barbiturates- depressant drugs that induce sleep (sedative)(sedative)– Known as major tranquilizersKnown as major tranquilizers– Overdose can lead to death when breathing and heart Overdose can lead to death when breathing and heart

stopstop– Highly addictive and easy to gain toleranceHighly addictive and easy to gain tolerance– Drug interaction- when several drugs are combined and Drug interaction- when several drugs are combined and

generally causes deathgenerally causes death• Alcohol and barbiturates can be deadlyAlcohol and barbiturates can be deadly

Stimulants “Uppers”Stimulants “Uppers”• Benzodiazepines (Minor Benzodiazepines (Minor

tranquilizers)- Drugs that lower tranquilizers)- Drugs that lower anxiety and reduce stressanxiety and reduce stress– Valium, Xanax, Halicon, Ativan and Valium, Xanax, Halicon, Ativan and

LibriumLibrium– Addictive and deadly when combined Addictive and deadly when combined

with alcoholwith alcohol– Rohypnol- “date rape drug”= person Rohypnol- “date rape drug”= person

becomes unconsciousbecomes unconscious

AlcoholAlcohol• A depressant made from fermented or A depressant made from fermented or

distilled vegetablesdistilled vegetables– Risks to heart, brain & liver along with Risks to heart, brain & liver along with

loss of job, work time & economic stabilityloss of job, work time & economic stability– Alcohol abuseAlcohol abuse

•Binge drinking- drinking 4-5 drinks w/in short Binge drinking- drinking 4-5 drinks w/in short amount of timeamount of time

•Alcoholism signs- drunkenness, drinking in Alcoholism signs- drunkenness, drinking in A.M., guilty feelings, drinking to recover, A.M., guilty feelings, drinking to recover, drinking alone, blackouts, lying about drinking, drinking alone, blackouts, lying about drinking, passing outpassing out

•Korsakoff’s Syndrome- Dementia from vitamin Korsakoff’s Syndrome- Dementia from vitamin B1 deficiency from lack of eating foodB1 deficiency from lack of eating food

AlcoholAlcohol• Pregnant women should not drink-Fetal Pregnant women should not drink-Fetal

alcohol syndrome & mental retardationalcohol syndrome & mental retardation

• Alcohol increases risk of bone density loss Alcohol increases risk of bone density loss and heart diseaseand heart disease

• Alcohol confused as a stimulant because Alcohol confused as a stimulant because of “happy feelings”of “happy feelings”– This relieves inhibitions- keep a person This relieves inhibitions- keep a person

following social rulesfollowing social rules– Alcohol induces the release of GABA Alcohol induces the release of GABA

neurotransmitters which slow down brain neurotransmitters which slow down brain functionfunction

– Women’s bodies process alcohol differently Women’s bodies process alcohol differently than menthan men

NarcoticsNarcotics• Suppress the sensations of pain, slow Suppress the sensations of pain, slow

down nervous systemdown nervous system

• All narcotics are derived from opiumAll narcotics are derived from opium

• Opium- substance from opium poppyOpium- substance from opium poppy

• Paregoric- form of opium used for Paregoric- form of opium used for teething infantsteething infants

• Morphine- narcotic used to treat severe Morphine- narcotic used to treat severe painpain– Still used by doctors in small, controlled Still used by doctors in small, controlled

dosesdoses– ““God’s own medicine”God’s own medicine”

NarcoticsNarcotics• Heroin- Extremely addictive narcoticHeroin- Extremely addictive narcotic

– Inhibits the production/release of Inhibits the production/release of endorphins which block painendorphins which block pain

– When in withdrawal there is no When in withdrawal there is no protection from the pain so they want to protection from the pain so they want to use againuse again

– Methadone is narcotic used to wean Methadone is narcotic used to wean person off of heroin because it is not as person off of heroin because it is not as addictiveaddictive

CuesCues• People, places, things that make a People, places, things that make a

person want to start using again- person want to start using again- classical conditioningclassical conditioning

• Behavioral therapyBehavioral therapy– Contingency management therapy- Earn Contingency management therapy- Earn

vouchers for non-drug usevouchers for non-drug use

HallucinogensHallucinogens• Hallucinogens- cause false sensory Hallucinogens- cause false sensory

messages, altering the perception of messages, altering the perception of realityreality– Synesthesia- sensory distortions; colors Synesthesia- sensory distortions; colors

have sounds, sounds have smells, ecthave sounds, sounds have smells, ect– Two types of hallucinogensTwo types of hallucinogens

•ManufacturedManufactured– Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD)- Ergot fungus Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD)- Ergot fungus

found on grainsfound on grains May have a “bad trip”May have a “bad trip” May make poor decisions or not notice dangerMay make poor decisions or not notice danger

HallucinogensHallucinogens• ManufacturedManufactured

– Phenyl cyclohexyl piperidine (PCP)-Phenyl cyclohexyl piperidine (PCP)-animal tranquilizer with effects of animal tranquilizer with effects of stimulant, depressant, narcotic or stimulant, depressant, narcotic or hallucinogenichallucinogenic

– MDMA (Ecstasy)- stimulant and MDMA (Ecstasy)- stimulant and hallucinogenic effectshallucinogenic effects•Dehydrates body and raises temp.Dehydrates body and raises temp.

•Drink lots of water, but not too much- may Drink lots of water, but not too much- may disrupt salt content in body and regular disrupt salt content in body and regular body functionsbody functions

HallucinogensHallucinogens• Non-manufactured Non-manufactured

– Though found in nature, still very Though found in nature, still very dangerousdangerous

– Mescaline- made from peyote cactus Mescaline- made from peyote cactus buttonsbuttons•Used by Native Americans for out of body Used by Native Americans for out of body

experienceexperience

– Psilocybin- Found in mushroomsPsilocybin- Found in mushrooms•Used by Native AmericansUsed by Native Americans

•Not physically addictive, but may be Not physically addictive, but may be psychologicallypsychologically

HallucinogensHallucinogens• MarijuanaMarijuana

– Mild hallucinogen derived from hemp Mild hallucinogen derived from hemp plant (cannibus sativa)plant (cannibus sativa)

– Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)- Active Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)- Active ingredientingredient

– May experience mild euphoria, relaxation, May experience mild euphoria, relaxation, altered sense of time, visual distortionsaltered sense of time, visual distortions

– Higher doses may cause hallucinations, Higher doses may cause hallucinations, delusions and paranoiadelusions and paranoia

– Not physically addictive buy are Not physically addictive buy are withdrawal symptoms of irritability, withdrawal symptoms of irritability, memory difficulties, sleep problems and memory difficulties, sleep problems and increased aggressionincreased aggression

HallucinogensHallucinogens• Psychological addiction is evidentPsychological addiction is evident

• More carcinogens than cigarettesMore carcinogens than cigarettes

• Can cause breathing difficulty, lung Can cause breathing difficulty, lung cancer, asthmacancer, asthma