Psychology in Action States of Consciousness
Dec 14, 2015
Psychology in Action
States of Consciousness
Lecture Overview
Understanding Consciousness
Sleep and Dreams
Psychoactive Drugs
Healthier Ways to Alter Consciousness
Understanding Consciousness Consciousness: an
organism’s awareness of its own self and surroundings
Mental Imaging We can use our conscious mind to “zoom in”
on an image.
Lets try it….
Close your eyes.
Picture a cat.
The Non-conscious Process
The non-conscious mind is great at multitasking. -chewing gum and walking -autonomic processes of body being in a coma
Conscious Mind
Conscious: what we are aware of
Preconscious memories: Information that is not currently in consciousness, but can
be recalled voluntarily.
Unconscious: Cognition (thought) without awareness. Can you be made aware of some thoughts that influence
behavior I am late for my blind date that my friend is making me go
on
Understanding Consciousness Alternate States of Consciousness (ASCs): mental states, other than ordinary waking consciousness, found during sleep, dreaming, psychoactive drug use, hypnosis, etc.
One Volunteer: Speak continuously for one minute
about anything that comes to your mind. DO NOT think about a white bear, however.
Results
This experiment was done with college students. The vast majority of them could not speak for a minute without talking about the white bear? Why?
Trying to suppress a thought, or keep it out of your mind can result in an obsession over the very thought you seek to escape. Yet, when you do not try to sensor your thoughts, but let them wonder, unwanted and unpleasant thoughts often become less prominent.
Sleep and Dreams: Circadian Rhythms Circadian Rhythms: biological
changes occurring on a 24-hour cycle Our energy level, mood, learning,
and alertness all vary throughout the day.
Sections of the hypothalamus called the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) and the pineal gland regulate these changes.
Melatonin- hormone released when we sleep
Sleep and Dreams: Circadian Rhythms (Continued)
Disrupted circadian rhythms from shift work, jet lag, and sleep deprivation may cause alterations in mood, concentration, motivation, attention, and motor skills.
Pause and Reflect:
Critical Thinking
What happens to humans and other animals while we sleep and dream?
Sleep and Dreams: Stages of Sleep NREM (Non-Rapid-Eye-Movement) Sleep:
Stage 1 (lightest sleep) Stage 2 (deeper sleep) Stages 3 and 4 (deepest sleep)
REM (Rapid-Eye-Movement) Sleep: Light sleep (also called paradoxical sleep)
Originally psychologists thought we slept because our neurons disconnected from each other causing us to simply “drift off.”
In reality, we do not have complete answers as to what causes us to sleep.
Sleep and Dreams: Stages of Sleep (Continued)
NREM (non-REM) sleep: includes Stages 1 through 4 involves lower-frequency brain waves,
decreased pulse and breathing, and occasional, simple dreams
serves a biological need (NREM needs met before REM needs)
Sleep and Dreams: Stages of Sleep (Continued) REM (Rapid-Eye-Movement) sleep:
also known as paradoxical sleep. involves high-frequency brain waves,
increased pulse and breathing, large muscle .
serves a biological need. may play a role in learning and
consolidating new memories.
Sleep and Dreams: Stages of Sleep in a Typical Night
Sleep and Dreams: Research
The EEG, EOG, and EMG are common tools for sleep research.
Sleep and Dreams: Stages of Sleep & Brain Waves
Pause and Reflect:
Check & Review Judging by the
cat’s posture, can you identify the photo showing REM sleep?
Sleep and Dreams: Over the Life Span
Sleep and Dreams: Average Daily Hours of Sleep for Different Mammals
Sleep and Dreams: Why Do We Sleep?
Repair/Restoration Theory: sleep helps us recuperate from daily activities
Evolutionary/Circadian Theory: sleep evolved to conserve energy and as protection from predators
Cognitive Theory: dreams improve information processing
Sleep DeprivationEffects of Sleep Loss
• Fatigue• Impaired concentration• Depressed immune system• Greater vulnerability to accidents• Sleep-Deprivation Psychosis:
• Confusion, disorientation, delusions, and hallucinations that occur because of sleep loss
Epworth Sleepiness Scale
• 0= would never doze• 1= slight chance of dozing• 2= moderate chance of dozing• 3= high chance of dozing
1. Sitting and reading2. Watching TV3. Sitting inactive in a public place, ex: class4. As a passenger in a car for an hour without a break5. Lying down to rest in afternoon6. Sitting and talking to someone7. Sitting quietly after lunch8. In a car, while stopped in traffic
Sleep and Dreams: Sleep DisordersTwo major categories:
1. Dyssomnias: problems in amount, timing, and quality of sleep
2. Parasomnias: abnormal disturbances during sleep
Sleep and Dreams: Three Forms of Dyssomnias
Insomnia: persistent problems in falling asleep, staying asleep, or awakening too early
Sleep Apnea: repeated interruption of breathing during sleep
Narcolepsy: sudden and irresistible onsets of sleep during normal waking hours
Sleep and Dreams: Narcolepsy in Dogs
Sleep and Dreams: Sleepwalking/Somnambulism:
The sleepwalker can walk, talk and see, but will have little or no memory of the event when they wake up.
(REM) sleep behavior disorder Is manifested by vivid, often frightening dreams
associated with simple or complex motor behavior during REM sleep.
Patients appear to “act out their dreams,” in which the exhibited behaviors mirror the content of the dreams, and the dream content often involves a chasing or attacking theme.
Sleep and Dreams: Two Forms of Parasomnias
Nightmares: anxiety-arousing dreams occurring near the end of sleep, during REM sleep
Night Terrors: abrupt awakenings from NREM sleep accompanied by intense physiological arousal and feelings of panic
Sleep and Dreams: Why Do We Dream?
Psychoanalytic Theory: dreams are disguised symbols (manifest versus latent content) of repressed desires and anxieties
Biological Theory (activation-synthesis hypothesis): dreams are simple by-products of random stimulation of brain cells
Why we don’t remember our dreams: For us to remember something it needs to be
repeated over and over to enter our long term memory store and yet we do remember snippets of our dreams which is usually enough for us to get the gist of what the dream was about
The manifest content is the actual literal subject-matter of the dream, while the latent content is the underlying meaning of these symbols.
Dreams Why do you have dreams that seem random? Typically the first dream connects with events from
the previous day. Later dreams tend to build on a theme in the previous dream.
Often times, the final dream is remembered most vividly, but has very little to do with the previous days events, or events that lay ahead.
Lucid Dreams Person feels fully awake within the dream and feels
capable of normal thought and action Activation-synthesis: Our brain’s attempt to make
sense of random neural firings in various parts of our brain.
Truth About Dreams
Despite his theories there is no solid evidence to support Freud’s interpretations of latent dream content.
Dreams, do however, vary by age, gender and culture.
Children are more likely to dream about animals that are large and threatening, while adults dream more about pets.
Women are more likely to dream about men and women; men are more likely to dream about men.
Psychoactive Drugs
Psychoactive Drugs: chemicals that
change conscious awareness, mood, or perception
Psychoactive Drugs: Important Terms
Addiction: compulsion to use a specific drug or to engage in a certain activity
Drug Abuse: drug taking that causes emotional or physical harm to the individual or others
Psychoactive Drugs: Important Terms (Continued)
Tolerance: decreased sensitivity to a drug brought about by its continuous use
Withdrawal: discomfort and distress experienced after stopping the use of addictive drugs
Psychoactive Drugs: Four Categories 1. Depressants:
1. Depressant drugs reduce neural activity and slow body functions.
Common depressants are– Alcohol
– Barbiturates– Opiates
ALCOHOL• Most used psychoactive drug in
Western societies• Although used in moderation, about 14
million Americans have problems with alcohol
• Men are three times more likely to be problem drinkers
• Highly addictive
ALCOHOL• Even moderate amounts can affect
– Perception– Motor processes– Memory– Judgment– Visual acuity– Depth perception– Cognitive functioning
• Overall effect is to calm the nervous system• Sometimes perceived as a stimulant because
it relaxes inhibitions
Psychoactive Drugs: Depressants (Continued)
Psychoactive Drugs: Stimulants
2. Stimulants: – excite the CNS to
increase bodily processes (e.g., caffeine, nicotine, cocaine, ecstasy, amphetamines, methamphetamines
You’ll know how methamphetamine destroys the teeth and gums of chronic users.
Psychoactive Drugs: Opiates3. Opiates:
1. act as an analgesic or pain reliever (e.g., morphine, heroin)
Psychoactive Drugs: Hallucinogens
4. Hallucinogens:
produce sensory or perceptual distortions called hallucinations (e.g., LSD, marijuana)
Club Drug Alert!
Popular “Club Drugs”: Date Rape Drug
(Rohypnol) MDMA (Ecstasy) GHB (Gamma-
Hydroxybutyrate)
Psychoactive Drugs: How They Work Step 1). Alter the production or synthesis of
neurotransmitters.
Step 2). Change the storage or release of neurotransmitters.
Step 3). Alter the reception of neurotransmitters.
Step 4). Change the deactivation (block the reuptake or break-down) of excess neurotransmitters.
Healthier Ways to Alter Consciousness
Meditation: group of techniques designed to refocus attention, block out all distractions, and produce an ASC
HYPNOSIS
Hypnosis Hypnosis is a social interaction in which one
person (the hypnotist) suggests to another person (the subject) that certain perceptions, cognitions or behaviors will spontaneously occur.
Does it work? To a degree everyone is suggestible 20% are highly suggestible The real power of hypnosis is not in the hypnotist,
but in the subject’s own openness to suggestion.
http://youtu.be/KMowzG885c8
Healthier Ways to Alter Consciousness
Hypnosis is used to treat chronic pain, severe burns, dentistry, childbirth, psychotherapy.
Pause and Reflect:
Why Study Psychology?
You’ll recognize the following myths about hypnosis:
1. Forced hypnosis
2. Unethical behavior
3. Exceptional memory
4. Superhuman strength
5. Fakery