Chapter 33 - Dr. Zini's SITEdrzini.weebly.com/uploads/2/2/5/0/22500652/bentley5_ppt...Beginning of media age n Availability of cheap newspapers n Little accountability n Awkward pressure

Chapter 33

The Great War: The World in Upheaval

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Immediate Origins of World War I

n  June 28, 1914, assassination of Archduke Francis Ferdinand (1863-1914)

n  Sarajevo, Bosnia-Herzegovina q  Occupied by Austro-Hungarian empire 1878, annexed

1908 n  Ferdinand in favor of greater Serbian autonomy

q  Not enough for Serbian extremists

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Gavrilo Princip

n  Bosnian Serb (1894-1918) n  One of seven assassins

q  First balked, second bungled, attempted suicide n  Princip shot Ferdinand and expectant wife Sophie

as couple went to hospital to visit victims n  Princip swallows ineffective cyanide; captured by

mob and tortured n  Too young to be executed, sentenced to 20 years

in prison, dies of tuberculosis 3 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Outcome of Princip’s Bullet

n  First conflict of global proportions n  Conservative estimates of 15 million dead

(5 million non-combatants), 20 million injured n  End of four empires, rise of nine new countries n  Massive global economic dislocations n  End of Europe’s domination of globe

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n n 

Culmination of competing nationalisms q  Especially in south, eastern Europe n  Especially in south, eastern Europe

n q  Especially between Britain and Germany Rivalry among empires

Especially between Britain and Germany n 

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Competing Nationalisms

Inevitable outcome of French revolution n n  Self-determination and independence movements Self-determination and independence movements

q q 

q  Belgium, 1830 Unification of Italy, 1861 q q 

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Nationalism in Multi-National Empires Empires

Austro-Hungarian empire q  South Slavs

n  Russian empire q  Poles, Ukrainians, Baltic states

n  Ottoman empire q  Greeks, Serbians, Romanians, and Bulgarians Greeks, Serbians, Romanians, and Bulgarians

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Rivalry Among Empires

n n  Dominance of British empire declining q  Dominance of British empire declining q  1870, 32% of world industrial output (Germany 13%)

q n  Drops to 14% by 1914

n q  Germany latecomer, but aggressive

q 

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Naval Competition

n n  Arms race between United Kingdom and Arms race between United Kingdom and Germany to control seas

Germany to control seas n 

Decisive for control of trade routes in case of war n 

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Role of Public Opinion

Beginning of media age n  Availability of cheap newspapers n  Little accountability n  Awkward pressure on politicians

q  Sacrifice diplomatic expediency for public support Sacrifice diplomatic expediency for public support

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Inflexible Diplomatic Alliances

n  Agreements of mutual defense Agreements of mutual defense n 

Chain reaction for global war n  Triple Alliance n  Triple Alliance

q 

Germany and Austro-Hungarians (1879), joined by Italians 1882

n  Triple Entente Russia, France, and the United Kingdom

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Concerns of the Entente

Cultural similarities of Germany, Austro-Hungary n n  Worries over two-front war

Worries over two-front war

Worries over English domination of the sea n 

n  Worries over English domination of the sea n interference over Austrian Balkan policies

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Concerns of the Alliance

Russia worried about strong German-Austro-Hungarian alliance

n  United Kingdom concerned with maintaining balance of power

n  France worried about hostilities with Germany n  Military pact signed, summer 1914

q  Reciprocal treaty obligations Reciprocal treaty obligations

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Mutually Threatening War Plans

q  French “Plan XVII” Heavy emphasis on rapid offensives n 

German Schlieffen plan q 

Fear of encirclement q 

France to be defeated swiftly, then attention turned to Russia

n 

Conditional on mobilization of enemy forces n  Conditional on mobilization of enemy forces

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The Chain Reaction

23 July, Austrians issue ultimatum to Serbs 23 July, Austrians issue ultimatum to Serbs

n 

28 July, Austrians declare war n 

29 July, Russia mobilizes to defend Serbia n 

31 July, Germany issues ultimatums to Russia, France n 

1 August, Germany declares war on Russia; France mobilizes n 

3 August, Germans declare war on France, invade Belgium n 

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War of Attrition

n n 

West: three years of stalemate q 

Trenches from English channel to Switzerland East: more movement, treaty of Brest-Litovsk in n 

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New Military Technology n  Barbed wire, machine gun n  Gas

q 

n 

Mustard gas: 800,000 casualties Gas

q 

First used by German troops, 1915 q 

Mustard gas: 800,000 casualties n  Tanks

q  Initially effective, but ground quickly lost to reconnaissance

counterattacks n Airplanes q 

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Brutality of New Warfare

280,000 German casualties q  Less than 160,000 bodies recovered

n  The Somme, British gain few thousand yards q 

q 

420,000 casualties q 

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The Great War in Europe and Southwest Asia, 1914-1918

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Total War: The Home Front

n  Implications of modern industrial war: concept of a “home front”

n  Government takes command of economies n  Women in the workforce

q  TNT poisoning: yellow skin, orange hair n  Bombing of civilian areas by zeppelins

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War Propaganda

n n  Maintenance of public support for war Maintenance of public support for war n n  Untruths Untruths n n 

Irony: Disbelief of WWI propaganda makes belief

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Global Involvement

Importation of troops from colonies q  United Kingdom: Australia, New Zealand, Canada q  Gallipoli

n  Japanese designs on China with distraction of European powers q  Twenty-one secret demands Twenty-one secret demands

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Collapse of the Russian Empire

n  Germany smuggles Lenin into provisional Germany smuggles Lenin into provisional government in Russia

n  November Revolution, creation of the USSR n  Treaty of Brest-Litovsk cedes Poland, Baltic

countries, Ukraine to Central Powers countries, Ukraine to Central Powers

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U.S. Enters the War

n  U.S. and the war economy q  Sale of goods to the Allies q  Debts to American banks q  U.S. neutrality a mirage

n  German blockade of British overseas trade n  Submarine patrols n  Sinking of Lusitania, May 7, 1915

q  1,198 lives lost (128 U.S.) q  Carried munitions

n  U.S. declares war April 1917 24 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Defeat of the Central Powers

n  Fall of 1918, exhaustion of Central Powers troops n  Bulgaria, Ottomans, Austro-Hungarians, Germans

surrender n  Armistice: November 11, 1918

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The Paris Peace Conference

n  Dominated by France, Great Britain, and the United States n  Dominated by France, Great Britain, and the United States q 

No Central Powers representation n q  Woodrow Wilson’s Fourteen Points A dictated peace n 

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Territorial Changes in Europe after the Great War

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The End of the Ottoman Empire

n  Treaty of Sèvres (1920) removes Balkan and Arab provinces, allows for European occupation of south and east Anatolia

n  Mustafa Kemal (Atatürk) leads uprising against sultanate, creates Republic of Turkey

n  Allies recognize republic in Treaty of Lausanne (1923)

n  Intensely secular government, women’s rights

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Territorial Changes in Southwest Asia after the Great War

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The League of Nations

n  League of Nations created by diplomats in Paris n  42 original member-states, 26 non-European n  Application of Wilson’s concept of “self-

determination” n  Mandate system created to control formerly

colonized areas

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