Chapter 12drzini.weebly.com/uploads/2/2/5/0/22500652/bentley5_ppt...Named for principal commodity from China ! Dependent on imperial stability ! Overland trade routes from China to

Chapter 12

Cross-Cultural Exchanges on the Silk Roads

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Long-Distance Travel in the Ancient World

n  Lack of police enforcement outside of established settlements

n  Changed in classical period q  Improvement of infrastructure q  Development of empires

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Trade Networks Develop

n  Dramatic increase in trade due to Greek colonization

n  Maintenance of roads, bridges n  Discovery of monsoon wind patterns n  Increased tariff revenues used to maintain open

routes

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Trade in the Hellenistic World

n  Bactria/India q  Spices, pepper, cosmetics, gems, pearls

n  Persia, Egypt q  Grain

n  Mediterranean q  Wine, oil, jewelry, art

n  Development of professional merchant class

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The Silk Roads

n  Named for principal commodity from China n  Dependent on imperial stability n  Overland trade routes from China to Roman

empire n  Sea lanes and maritime trade as well

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The Silk Roads, 200 B.C.E.-300 C.E.

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Organization of Long-Distance Trade

n  Divided into small segments q  Trade done in stages

n  Sea trade q  Malay and Indian mariners q  Persian, Egyptian, Greek

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Cultural Trade: Buddhism and Hinduism

n  Merchants carry religious ideas along silk routes n  India through central Asia to east Asia n  Cosmopolitan centers promote development of

monasteries to shelter traveling merchants n  Buddhism becomes dominant faith of silk roads,

200 B.C.E.-1000 C.E.

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The Spread of Buddhism, Hinduism, and Christianity, 200 B.C.E.-400 C.E.

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Buddhism in China

n  Originally, Buddhism restricted to foreign merchant populations

n  Gradual spread to larger population, beginning fifth century C.E.

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Buddhism and Hinduism in SE Asia

n  Sea lanes in Indian Ocean n  First century C.E., clear Indian influence in

southeast Asia q  Rulers called “rajas” q  Sanskrit used for written communication q  Buddhism, Hinduism increasingly popular faiths

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Christianity in Mediterranean Basin

n  Gregory the Wonderworker, central Anatolia, third century C.E.

n  Christianity spreads through middle east, north Africa, Europe

n  Sizeable communities as far east as India n  Judaism, Zoroastrianism also practiced

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Christianity in Southwest Asia

n  Influence of ascetic practices from India n  Desert-dwelling hermits, monastic societies n  After fifth century C.E., followed Nestorius

q  Emphasized human nature of Jesus

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Spread of Manichaeism

n  Mani a devout Zoroastrian (216-272 C.E.) n  Viewed himself a prophet for all humanity n  Influenced by Christianity and Buddhism n  Dualist

q  Good vs. evil q  Light vs. dark q  Spirit vs. matter

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Manichaean Society

n  Devout: “the elect” q  Ascetic lifestyle q  Celibacy, vegetarianism q  Life of prayer and fasting

n  Laity: “hearers” q  Material supporters of “the elect”

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Decline of Manichaeism

n  Spread through silk routes to major cities in Roman empire

n  Zoroastrian opposition provokes Sasanid persecution q  Mani arrested, dies in captivity

n  Romans, fearing Persian influence, also persecute

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The Spread of Epidemic Disease

n  Role of trade routes in spread of pathogens n  Limited data, but trends in demographics

reasonably clear n  Smallpox, measles, bubonic plague n  Effect: economic slowdown, move to regional

self-sufficiency

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Epidemics in the Han and Roman Empires Empires

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Internal Decay of the Han State

n  Court intrigue n  Problem of land distribution

q  Large landholders develop private armies n  Epidemics n  Peasant rebellions

q  184 C.E., Yellow Turban uprising

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Collapse of the Han Dynasty

n  Generals assume authority, reduce emperor to puppet figure

n  Alliance with landowners n  200 C.E., Han dynasty

abolished, replaced by three kingdoms

n  Immigration of northern nomads increases

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Sinicization of Nomadic Peoples

n  Social and cultural changes to a Chinese way of life

n  Adapted to the Chinese environment q  Agriculture

n  Adoption of Chinese names, dress, intermarriage

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Popularity of Buddhism and Daoism

n  Disintegration of political order casts doubt on Confucian doctrines

n  Buddhism, Daoism gain popularity n  Religions of salvation

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Fall of the Roman Empire: Internal Factors

n  The “barracks emperors” n  235-284 C.E., twenty-six claimants to the throne,

all but one killed in power struggles n  Epidemics n  Disintegration of imperial economy in favor of

local and regional self-sufficient economies

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Diocletian (r. 284-305 C.E.)

n  Divided empire into two administrative districts n  Co-emperors, dual lieutenants

q  “Tetrarchs” n  Currency, budget reform n  Relative stability disappears after Diocletian's

death, civil war follows n  Constantine emerges victorious

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Fall of the Roman Empire: External Factors

n  Visigoths, influenced by Roman law, Christianity q  Formerly buffer states for Roman empire

n  Attacked by Huns under Attila in fifth century C.E.

n  Massive migration of Germanic peoples into Roman empire

n  Sacked Rome in 410 C.E., established Germanic emperor in 476 C.E.

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Germanic Invasions and the Fall of the Western Roman Empire, 450-476 C.E.

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Cultural Change in the Roman Empire

n  Growth of Christianity q  Constantine’s vision, 312 C.E. q  Promulgates Edict of Milan, allows Christian practice q  Converts to Christianity

n  380 C.E., Emperor Theodosius proclaims Christianity official religion of Roman empire

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St. Augustine (354-430 C.E.)

n  Hippo, north Africa n  Experimented with Greek thought, Manichaeism n  387 C.E., converts to Christianity n  Major theologian

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The Institutional Church

n  Conflicts over doctrine and practice in early Church q  Divinity of Jesus q  Role of women

n  Church hierarchy established q  Patriarchs, bishop of Rome

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