Chapter 3 Evolution of Telecommunication

8/4/2019 Chapter 3 Evolution of Telecommunication

1/50

The Evolution ofTelecommunications

Technology and PolicyChapter 3


2/50

Objectives

In this chapter, you will learn to:

Describe the growth of telecommunications technologysince the late 19th century

Identify key inventions and their current equivalents intelephony technology

Explain the impetus for and impact of AT&Ts divestiture

Discuss how government has influenced the way in whichconsumers obtain telecommunications services

List current policy trends that affect thetelecommunications industry


3/50

Evolution of TelecommunicationTechnology

Todays telecommunication

technologies have evolved from the

earliest smoke signals to almostinstant global transmission of largeamounts of data.


4/50

Early Signaling and Telegraphy

Semaphore - a type of signaling, in which visual cuesrepresent letters or words.

Morse code - the transmission of a series of short andlong pulses (dots and dashes) that representedcharacters.

Duplexing - simultaneously transmitting a signal in both

directions along the same wire.

Multiplexing - simultaneously transmitting anindeterminate number of multiple signals over one circuit.


5/50

Early Signaling and Telegraphy

1856 - Western Union Telegraph Company was founded.

1861 Over two thousand telegraph offices operatedacross the United States.


6/50

Telephone Technology


7/50



8/50

Infrastructure

Wires criss-crossing cities and states andterminating in several exchanges or central offices.

Exchange was also known as a switching point becausethe device used to open and close a circuit is known as aswitch.

Operators would connect the circuits and complete

the call for the subscriber.

Subscribers refers to a telephone company customer


9/50


1878- The first telephone exchange opened in NewHaven, Connecticut.

Connected 21 separate lines.


10/50


In 1889 Almon Strowger developed theautomatic switch called the step-by-step.

In 1896 he replaced the button-pushingmethod with a rotary dialer.


11/50


In 1913, N.J. Reynolds, a Western Electricengineer, developed a better automatic switch,the crossbar switch. It used a grid of horizontal

and vertical bars, with electromagnets at theirends. The horizontal bars could rotate up anddown to connect to specific vertical bars and thuscomplete circuits.

Original version could complete 10 simultaneousconnections.

By the 1970 a single crossbar could connect 35,000connections.


12/50


In the mid-20th century AT&T integratedelectronics into crossbar switches

1965 first electronic switching system wasused

Handled up to 65,000 two-way voice circuits.

Until 1970 all telephone switches depended ona continuous physical connection to completeand maintain the call.


13/50


1976 New electronic switching devicewas put into service.

Time division switching - a transmissiontechnique in which samples from multipleincoming lines are digitized, then each

sample is issued to the same circuit, in apredetermined sequence, before finallybeing transmitted to the correct outboundline.


14/50


Space division switching - manipulating the physicalspace between two lines, thereby closing a circuit toconnect a call.

Local switching center (often called a local office) - aplace where multiple phone lines from homes andbusinesses in one geographic area converge andterminate.

Tandem switching center - an exchange where linesfrom multiple local offices converge and terminate.

Toll switching center - an exchange where lines frommultiple tandem switching centers converge andterminate.


15/50



16/50

Wireless Technology

Telegraphs and telephones are examples ofwireline, or wire-bound technology, becausethey rely on physically connected wires to

transmit and receive signals.

Wireless technology - relies on theatmosphere to transmit and receive signals.


17/50

Wireless Technology

Examples of wireless technology

Phones

Radios

Televisions Satellite communications


18/50

Wireless Technology

1894- Italian physicist Guglielmo Marconi amethod of transmitting electromagnetic signalsthrough the air.

His invention relied on an induction coil.


19/50

Wireless Technology

Induction coil is made by winding wire in a either one or multiplelayers around a metal rod to form a coil then applying a charge

Charged wire induces an electromagnetic field that generatesvoltage

Marconi connected an induction coil to a telegraph key. Eachtime the key was pressed the coil discharged a voltage throughthe air between to brass surfaces

Metal filings in a glass cylinder became charged and cohered.The length of time they cohered translated into short and long

pulses.

Pulses were relayed to a Morse code printer.

Marconi invention used the same type of signals sent andreceived by a telegraph.


20/50

Wireless Technology

Vacuum tube - a sealed container made of glass, metal,or ceramic, that contains, in a vacuum, a charged platethat transmits current to a filament.

Audion - patented in 1907by DeForest, is a type ofvacuum tube that contains an additional electrode in themiddle of the positive and negative electrodes.

Boosts or amplifies a signal.

First instants of signal amplification and it formed the basisfor all subsequent radio and television advances.

1912- Edwin Armstrong improved the Audion. Hediscovered that by feeding the signal back the tube thepower of the Audion could be increased.


21/50

Wireless Technology

Continued experimentation resulted in theinvention of Frequency modulation.

Frequency modulation is technology used in FMradio and other forms of wireless technology.

In Frequency modulation one wave containingthe information to be transmitted (for example, on

a classical FM radio station, a violin concerto) iscombined with another wave, called a carrierwave, whose frequency is constant.

Frequency is the number of times each second that asine wave completes a full cycle.


22/50

Wireless Technology

The advent of FM radio afforded the best clarity ofall wireless technologies then available.

Walkie-Talkies use frequency modulation

1946- Bell Laboratories connect the first wirelesscar phone to the St. Louis network.

1962- Telstar Satellite successfully transmittedtelevision and telephone conversation across theAtlantic for the first time.


23/50

Wireless Technology

Geosynchronous - means that satellites orbitthe earth at the same rate as the earth turns.

Uplink - a broadcast from an earth-basedtransmitter to an orbiting satellite.

At the satellite, a transponder receives theuplink, then transmits the signals to anotherearth-based location in a downlink.


24/50

Wireless Technology


25/50

Early Computing

1822- Charles Babbage father of computing

Computing - the automatic manipulation of input based on

logical instructions.

Difference engine - an English mathematics professor,proposed an automated calculating machine as large as alocomotive and powered by steam.

Herman Hollerith - used his punch card invention to found theTabulating Machine company which later became known asInternational Business Machines (IBM).


26/50

Early Computing

Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer (ENIAC) - amultipurpose computer so large that it required its own 30 foot by 50foot room.

ENIAC was first used to assist with ballistics calculations.


27/50

Early Computing

Memory - in the mid-1940s, a U.S. scientistnamed Jon Von Neumann designed a computerthat was capable of retaining logical instructions

for use at any time, even after the computerhad been turned off, then on again.

UNIVAC (Universal Automatic Computer) -

the first computer designed for business (andnot merely scientific purposes), becameavailable in 1951.


28/50

Early Computing


29/50

Early Antitrust Measures

In 1877 Bell and two other men formed the Bell Telephone Company.

After acquiring dozens of new patents from other companies andexponentially increasing its value, the Bell Telephone Company becameAmerican Bell in 1880.

In 1882, American Bell gained a controlling interest in the WesternElectric Company, and together, they became known as the Bell System.

In 1885, American Telegraph and Telephone (AT&T) was incorporated asa subsidiary of the Bell System, with the aim of constructing a long

distance telephone network and providing long distance service (to BellSystem subscribers only).

By 1899, AT&T bought out American Bell and became the parentcompany of the Bell System.


30/50


Until 1984, AT&T consisted of the following:

AT&T, the parent company and long-distance

provider 22 Bell Operating Companies (BOCs), the telephone

companies that provided local service in differentregions of the nation

Western Electric, the manufacturing arm of the

company

Bell Telephone Laboratories, the research anddevelopment arm of the company, responsible forinnovation and new technology


31/50


Kingsbury Commitment - fearing that the governmentmight use its antitrust laws against it, AT&T approachedthe U.S. Department of Justice in 1913 with a proposalfor reducing its monopoly.

As a result of the Kingsbury Commitment, AT&Tfunctioned as a regulated monopoly from 1913 to 1984.Being a regulated monopoly meant that although AT&Twas allowed to provide services without any competitors,it was subject to a great deal of constraints dictated bythe government


32/50

The Communications Act of 1934

From 1910 to 1934, the Interstate CommerceCommission (ICC) regulated telegraph and radioservice.

In 1934, Congress passed the Communications Actof 1934, which established the FederalCommunications Commission (FCC), state PublicUtilities Commissions (PUCs), and initial guidelines

for the telephone industry.

The Communications Act of 1934 also put into lawthe provisions of the Kingsbury Commitment.


33/50

Challenging the Monopoly

Hush-a-Phone decision - a Supreme court ruling thatallowed "foreign attachments," or devices that were notmanufactured by AT&T to be affixed to AT&T

telephones.

However, the Hush-a-Phone decision did not allow othercompanies equipment to interconnect with AT&T lines

Carterfone decision was named after a means ofconnecting private, radio controlled telephone to the localtelephone lines which was invented by Tom Carterthesame man who invented the Hush-a-Phone device.


34/50



35/50


The restriction against interconnecting to AT&Ts

telephone network was challenged in 1965 andeventually lifted in 1968 through the Carterfone decision.

In 1969, a company called Microwave CommunicationsInternational (MCI) began carrying business phone callsover a private microwave link between St. Louis, Missouriand Chicago. Because MCI didnt use the Bell System, it

did not have to pay AT&T for use of its infrastructure.


36/50

AT&T Divestiture

The Modified Final Judgment (MFJ) -accompanied by over 500 pages of instructionsdetailing exactly how AT&T should be divided.

The Justice Departments primary goal for

breaking up AT&T was to spur innovation andcompetition in a field that would prove even

more vital in the latter part of the century than ithad in the first.


37/50

AT&T Divestiture

As part of the MFJ, AT&T was forced to divide.

From the 22 former Bell Operating Companies that providedlocal phone service and phone directories, the MFJ created

seven Regional Bell Operating Companies (RBOCs).

The business that AT&T kept was separated into two divisions:AT&T Technologies, which handled the innovation andproduction of new technologies, and AT&T Communications,

which handled long distance phone service.

The research and development business, formerly BellLaboratories, became Bell Communications Research(Bellcore) and was jointly owned by the new RBOCs.


38/50

AT&T Divestiture


39/50

AT&T Divestiture


40/50

AT&T Divestiture

Until the divestiture of AT&T, the distinction between localservice and long distance service was not clear.

In the MFJ, Judge Harold Greene subdivided each RBOC

region into Local Access and Transport Areas (LATAs),roughly equivalent to area codes at that time.

Phone service within a specific LATA was known as intraLATAservice.

Companies that supply local, or intraLATA telephone service areknown as local exchange carriers (LECs).


41/50

AT&T Divestiture


42/50

AT&T Divestiture

InterLATA - a service that allowed for calls betweenLATAs was known.

Interexchange carriers (IXCs) - another name forInterLATA service providers. Examples of IXCs includeSprint, MCI (now WorldCom), and AT&T.

Equal access - requiring local phone companies to

provide equal access to their facilities meant that AT&Tno longer had an unfair advantage over new competitorsin long distance services.


43/50

The Telecommunications Act of1996


44/50


The Act codified requirements for the interconnection of alllocal exchange carriers. These policies included:

Interconnecting with other service providers and not imposing anybarriers to interconnection

Enabling nondiscriminatory resale of their services to competitors

Providing number portability, or the ability of telecommunications

service users to retain their same telephone number withouthampering the quality, reliability, or convenience of their phoneservice

Allowing competitors to access and connect to their facilities


45/50


To increase competition in local phone service, theAct placed the following requirements on all ILECs:

Negotiating interconnection agreements in good faith

Providing competitors with the same type and quality ofaccess to their facilities that they themselves could obtain attheir cost

Providing competitors with access to subscriber information,

such as telephone numbers and billing data

Offering nondiscriminatory, wholesale prices fortelecommunications services to all competitors


46/50



47/50



48/50

Emerging Technologies

At this time, Congress is debating a bill that wouldremove all long-distance and high-speed Internet accessservice restrictions on RBOCs.

One issue that the RBOCs continue to battle is theaccess fees applied to each connection with a customeror another carrier.

Lawmakers argue everyone should share the burdenthrough some type of tax whether on service or equipment.

In 1999, Congress mandated cable service providers toallow any Internet company to distribute content over itsinfrastructure without any extra cost


49/50

Emerging Technologies

Digital Divide difference between the haves andthe have-nots. Those who have access to theinformation superhighway and at what cost.

Recent Bills in Congress Enhancing rural internet access

Efficient allocation of phone numbers

Methods for ensuring privacy in wireless technology

Measure to guard against excessive consolidation oftelecommunication companies.


50/50

Summary

In 1837, Samuel Morse invented the telegraph, which consistedof an electromagnet and a hand-operated switch, known as akey, to alternately open or close an electrical circuit over a wire.What he transmitted was a series of short and long pulses (dotsand dashes) that represented characters, known as Morse code.

To connect multiple subscribers, Alexander Graham Belldevised the telephone exchange, where subscriber linesterminated and operators connected the circuits to complete acall.

The first computer designed for business (and not merelyscientific purposes), the Universal Automatic Computer(UNIVAC) became available in 1951.

Chapter 3 Evolution of Telecommunication

Documents