World Regions in Global Context: World Regions in Global Context: Peoples, Places, and Environments Peoples, Places, and Environments (3 (3 rd rd . ed) . ed) Sallie A. Marston, Paul L. Knox, Sallie A. Marston, Paul L. Knox, & Diana M. Liverman & Diana M. Liverman Chapter 3: Chapter 3: The Russian Federation, The Russian Federation, Central Asia, and the Central Asia, and the Transcaucasus Transcaucasus Robert M. Arthur Robert M. Arthur
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World Regions in Global Context:World Regions in Global Context:Peoples, Places, and Environments (3Peoples, Places, and Environments (3rdrd. ed). ed)
Sallie A. Marston, Paul L. Knox, Sallie A. Marston, Paul L. Knox, & Diana M. Liverman& Diana M. Liverman
Chapter 3: Chapter 3: The Russian Federation, Central The Russian Federation, Central
Asia, and the Transcaucasus Asia, and the Transcaucasus
Robert M. ArthurRobert M. Arthur
The Russian Federation, Central The Russian Federation, Central Asia, and the TranscaucasusAsia, and the Transcaucasus
Vast Territory, Sparsely PopulatedVast Territory, Sparsely Populated Arctic Sea to the North, Pacific to the East, Arctic Sea to the North, Pacific to the East,
Mountains to the South & Europe to the WestMountains to the South & Europe to the West
Environment & SocietyEnvironment & Society Northerly SituationNortherly Situation Most Ports IceboundMost Ports Icebound Many Rivers:Many Rivers:
• Lena, Kolyma, Ob’, Yenisy, Amur, Dnieper, Don, & VolgaLena, Kolyma, Ob’, Yenisy, Amur, Dnieper, Don, & Volga Largest Land MassLargest Land Mass
The Russian Domain
Physiographic RegionsPhysiographic Regions
Main Regions: Russian Plain, Urals, West Siberian Plain, Main Regions: Russian Plain, Urals, West Siberian Plain, Central Siberian Plain, Desert Plateaus of Central Asia, Central Siberian Plain, Desert Plateaus of Central Asia, & the Southern Mountain Rim& the Southern Mountain Rim
Physiographic RegionsPhysiographic Regions The Russian The Russian
PlainPlain• Sedimentary Sedimentary
DepositsDeposits• MarshyMarshy
West Siberian West Siberian PlainPlain• Extremely Extremely
FlatFlat• Poorly Poorly
DrainedDrained• Mostly Mostly
InhospitableInhospitable• Oil & Gas Oil & Gas
ReservesReserves
Physiographic Physiographic RegionsRegions
Central Siberian Central Siberian PlateauPlateau• UpliftingUplifting• HillyHilly• GorgesGorges
The UralsThe Urals• North-SouthNorth-South• Old, ErodedOld, Eroded• Heavily Heavily
Which region is most likely to be dominated by chernozem soils?
Agricultural LandscapesAgricultural Landscapes
Georgia (Caucasus Region)
Wheat in Ukraine
Natural LandscapesNatural Landscapes
Semidesert & DesertSemidesert & Desert• Central AsiaCentral Asia• Boulder Strewn LandscapesBoulder Strewn Landscapes• Salt PansSalt Pans• Nomadic PastoralistsNomadic Pastoralists• Kara-Kum (Black Sands) and Kyzl-Kum (Red Sands)Kara-Kum (Black Sands) and Kyzl-Kum (Red Sands)
Subtropical ForestSubtropical Forest• Western GeorgiaWestern Georgia• Adjoining the Black SeaAdjoining the Black Sea
Environmental Issues – Overview
Environmental HistoryEnvironmental History
Mismanagement of Natural ResourcesMismanagement of Natural Resources• Failure to control pollutionFailure to control pollution
deforestation, overuse of pesticides, soil erosion, air deforestation, overuse of pesticides, soil erosion, air & water pollution, diversion of rivers& water pollution, diversion of rivers
Environmental Issues (cont’d)Environmental Issues (cont’d)Impacts of Soviet Industrialization and Resource Extraction
Environmental Environmental DisastersDisasters
Chernobyl – 1986Chernobyl – 1986• Nuclear MeltdownNuclear Meltdown• 3000 sq. km. dead trees3000 sq. km. dead trees• 25% of Belarus 25% of Belarus
• dropped 33 ft. due to dropped 33 ft. due to irrigationirrigation
• monoculturemonoculture
Lake BaykalLake Baykal World’s deepest lake – 1615 metersWorld’s deepest lake – 1615 meters 20% of all freshwater20% of all freshwater 25 – 50 million years old25 – 50 million years old 2500 plant & animal species2500 plant & animal species
• 75% unique to the lake75% unique to the lake Problems:Problems:
• Over fishingOver fishing• PollutionPollution
DDT, PCB’s, dioxinsDDT, PCB’s, dioxins
• Irkutsk DamIrkutsk Dam Raising water levelRaising water level
The Russian EmpireThe Russian Empire
Principality of MuscovyPrincipality of Muscovy• 5790 sq. km. In 155790 sq. km. In 15thth. C, 22 million sq. km. By 1914. C, 22 million sq. km. By 1914• 1552 Ivan the Terrible defeats Tartars at Battle of Kazan1552 Ivan the Terrible defeats Tartars at Battle of Kazan• Beginning of the RomanovsBeginning of the Romanovs
Peter the Great (1682 – 1725) Catherine the Great (1762 – 1796)Peter the Great (1682 – 1725) Catherine the Great (1762 – 1796)
Russian ExpansionRussian Expansion
Desire for more Land & Subjects Desire for more Land & Subjects • Also a warm water portAlso a warm water port
Expanded territory contiguousExpanded territory contiguous• Ukraine, Lithuania, Belarus, The CrimeaUkraine, Lithuania, Belarus, The Crimea• Finland, Georgia, ArmeniaFinland, Georgia, Armenia• Central Asia in the mid 18Central Asia in the mid 18thth. C.. C.• Far East in late 18Far East in late 18thth. C. C• Trans-Siberian Railway – 1904Trans-Siberian Railway – 1904
Reverse the flow of riversReverse the flow of rivers
Cold WarCold War• Alternative to Alternative to
CapitalismCapitalism• Nuclear ArsenalNuclear Arsenal• Space RaceSpace Race• Threat to US Threat to US
HegemonyHegemony
Breakup of the EmpireBreakup of the Empire
Economic Stagnation in the 1970sEconomic Stagnation in the 1970s• Failure to deliver consumer goodsFailure to deliver consumer goods• Populace becoming informed of consumerism Populace becoming informed of consumerism
Shift to capitalism after 70 years of Shift to capitalism after 70 years of central planning is very problematiccentral planning is very problematic• Inefficient industriesInefficient industries• Poor infrastructurePoor infrastructure• Weak & Disorganized EconomyWeak & Disorganized Economy
Requires:Requires:• Civil CodeCivil Code• Banking SystemBanking System• ModernizationModernization• Reorienting economy to the World SystemReorienting economy to the World System
Population and Population and SettlementSettlement
- European Core
- Siberian Hinterlands
- Railroad Lines
PopulationPopulation
Low DensitiesLow Densities 232 Million232 Million Highest Highest
Densities in the Densities in the Southeast – Southeast – Armenia & Armenia & GeorgiaGeorgia
Reasonably High Reasonably High densities in densities in Wooded Steppe Wooded Steppe Region – Around Region – Around MoscowMoscow
Population DynamicsPopulation Dynamics Slow GrowthSlow Growth 1990s – Began to 1990s – Began to
Political MotivesPolitical Motives• Directed migrationDirected migration• Gulag ArchipelagoGulag Archipelago• RussificationRussificationNovosibirsk
Russians in UkraineRussians in Ukraine
Cultural Coherence and DiversityCultural Coherence and Diversity
Dominance of Slavic peoplesDominance of Slavic peoples
Russian empire expansionRussian empire expansion
Linguistic DiversityLinguistic Diversity
Ethnic and Religious Ethnic and Religious DiversityDiversity
Minority Evenki
Russian Orthodox Church
NationalismNationalism
Local NationalismLocal Nationalism• Separation & IrredentismSeparation & Irredentism• Trouble spots in North Caucasus (Chechnya, Ossetia), Trouble spots in North Caucasus (Chechnya, Ossetia),
Transcausus (Armenia, Azerbaijan), and Central Asia (Tajikistan)Transcausus (Armenia, Azerbaijan), and Central Asia (Tajikistan)
NationalismNationalism
Mikhail Gorbachev - Mikhail Gorbachev - 19851985• perestroiyka perestroiyka • glasnostglasnost• Combined with federal Combined with federal
government made government made break-up easierbreak-up easier
Chechen succession Chechen succession announced announced immediatelyimmediately• Russian Federation Russian Federation
has interest in oil fields has interest in oil fields & refining& refining
• Warfare ensued and is Warfare ensued and is continuingcontinuing
Market Forces Have Emphasized Regional DifferencesMarket Forces Have Emphasized Regional Differences Winners:Winners:
• Gateway Regions Gateway Regions (Transportation & Communication Hubs)(Transportation & Communication Hubs)
• Natural Resource Regions Natural Resource Regions (Oil & Gas)(Oil & Gas)
• Rich Agricultural Regions Rich Agricultural Regions (Soil, Climate, Capital)(Soil, Climate, Capital)
• High-Tech RegionsHigh-Tech Regions (Research & Military Facilities) (Research & Military Facilities)
Losers:Losers:• Areas of armed conflictAreas of armed conflict• Resource Poor Regions, The PeripheryResource Poor Regions, The Periphery• ““Smokestack” Industrial Regions Smokestack” Industrial Regions (declining heavy industries)(declining heavy industries)
Core RegionsCore Regions The Central RegionThe Central Region
85% Urban85% Urban
• Historic CoreHistoric Core Central GovernmentCentral Government
• Centered on MoscowCentered on Moscow• Major contributor to Major contributor to
Famous for its Famous for its Architecture, Urban Architecture, Urban Design & ArtDesign & Art
St. Petersburg, RussiaSt. Petersburg, Russia
Secondary CoreSecondary Core The UralsThe Urals Extensive Natural Extensive Natural
Resources:Resources:• Iron Ore, Many MineralsIron Ore, Many Minerals
Energy – Coal, Oil & Gas Energy – Coal, Oil & Gas Established 1920’sEstablished 1920’s
• Central PlanningCentral Planning• Expanded in WW IIExpanded in WW II• Key Military RegionKey Military Region• 20 million people20 million people• 75 % Urbanized75 % Urbanized• Heavy IndustriesHeavy Industries
Problems:Problems:• Decline of heavy IndustriesDecline of heavy Industries• ObsolescenceObsolescence• PollutionPollution