Chapter 3 3.pdfChapter 3 Anatomy and Physiology of Speech. 2 ... Respiratory Physiology ... Tonsils Tongue. 13 10/10/05 ComD 250 13

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Chapter 3

Anatomy and

Physiology of Speech

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Speech Process

Respiration Phonation Articulation Resonance

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Respiratory System

1. Nasal cavity2. Oral cavity3. Pharynx4. Larynx5. Trachea

16-20 incomplete rings6. Lungs

Bronchialveoli

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Alveoli

www4.tpgi.com.au/.../body/respiratory.htmlwww.doctorslisted.com/images/

300 million minute pits per lung70 square meters (size of tennis court)Exchange between blood and oxygen-rich air in lungs

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Diaphragm

Primary muscleof respiration

whyfiles.org/204endurance_training/2.html

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Expiration &Inspiration

•not talking–12 times per minute–2.5 second phase (both)

•talking–2 to 3 second inspiration–up to15 second expiration

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Respiratory Physiology

• 500 to 750 cubic centimeters per cycle (tidalair/volume)

• 3500 to 5000 cubic centimeters (vital capacity)– spirometer– 1000 less for adult females over adult males)

• 1000 to 1500 cubic centimeters (residualcapacity)

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Phonation

Hyoid bone Thyroid cartilage Arytenoid cartilages Cricoid cartilage Trachea

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Phonation - Larynx

http://ww2.med.jhu.edu/voice/larynx.html

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Phonation - Larynx

http://ww2.med.jhu.edu/voice/larynx.html

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Phonation - Larynx

Pitch (frequency) Length Thickness Degree of tension

Loudness (volume) Duration of closed

phase

http://www.aos-jax.com/nrml_lar.htm

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Vocal Tract

Mandible Lips Alveolar ridge Teeth Hard palate Soft palate Uvula Tonsils Tongue

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Articulation

www.mouth-cancer-symptoms.com/

Articulators lips teeth (central and lateral incisors), canine/cuspid, 1st premolar (bicuspid), 2nd premolar (Bicuspid), 1st, 2nd and 3rd molar. hard palate soft palate tongueOther landmarks uvula tonsils

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Resonance - Oral Cavity

www.drsinha.com/tonsillectomy.htm

•oral cavity–Tongue Musculature

•intrinsic muscles - changes shape of tongue•extrinsic - changes in tongue position

–Mandibular Movement•elevators•depressors•protractor

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Resonance - Nasal Cavity

www.ghorayeb.com/CleftPalate.html

•nasal cavity–soft palate or velum–raises to close off nasal cavity–muscles to elevate and depress

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www.cortexity.com:8080/nicksblog/

Resonance - Pharynx

Nasopharynx Oropharynx laryngopharynx

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Resonance - Larynx

www.phon.ox.ac.uk/~jcoleman/phonation.htm

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Articulatory Physiology

Vowels Shape of cavity

Consonants Voicing Place of production Manner of production

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The Nervous System andSpeech Production

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synapse

motor orefferentnerve

sensory or afferent nerve

composed of billions of individual cells (neurons) and their supportive tissuecell bodydendrites - short extensions around cell bodyaxon - long extensionend brushes - numerous branches which allow a synapse

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Nervous System

http://medicalimages.allrefer.com/large/central-nervous-system.jpg

•central nervous system (CNS)–brain–spinal cord

•peripheral nervous system (PNS)–voluntary

•cranial nerves•spinal nerves

–involuntary•autonomic nervous system

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MajorRegionsof theBrain

http://w3.aces.uiuc.edu/AnSci/BSE/Figures/CNS_parts_85_rgb.jpg

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The Brainhttp://laxmi.nuc.ucla.edu:8888/Teachers/pphelps//Published_Trays/PS107-Fall98-Lec2/slide_9.html

http://www.gen.umn.edu/courses/1135/lab/brainlab/braindevelopment.html

Major embryonic areas of the brain.•Forebrain•Midbrain•Hindbrain

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The Forebrain - Cerebrum

http://www.newhopeforparkinsons.com/images/brainillustration2.gif

laxmi.nuc.ucla.edu:8888/.../slide_21.html

•cerebral hemispheres–cortex

•outermost few millimeters•dark in color (gray matter)

–nerve tracts (white matter)•projection fibers (from cortex down)•association fibers (front to back)•commissural (between hemispheres)

•basal nuclei or ganglia–gray matter deep within the hemisphere

•roll in cordination–athetosis (slow, writhing, snakelike movements)–chorea (jerky purposeless movements)

•thalamus (walnut shaped)–synthesizer and relay center–regulates water balance, sleep and consciousness, body temperatureand food intake

•olfaction center

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Hemispheric Specialization

http://images.encarta.msn.com/xrefmedia/aencmed/targets/illus/ilt/T012861A.gif

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Landmarks

http://photos1.blogger.com/img/281/4281/320/Brain%20-%20Lobes.jpg

•Frontal Lobe•Parietal Lobe•Occipital Lobe•Temporal Lobe•Lateral Fissure (deep)•Central Sulcus (shallow)•Precentral Gyrus (motor cortex)•Postcentral Gyrus (sensory cortex)

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Specialization for Speech

1. Auditory area2. Visual cortex3. Wernicke’s Area4. Broca’s Area5. Motor cortex

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Midbrain (mesencephalon)

http://www.mhhe.com/socscience/intro/ibank/ibank/0009.jpg

•cerebral peduncles (paired, short thick stalks)•descending and ascending fiber tracts•connect cerebrum with hindbrain•centers for motor coordination

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The Hindbrain

http://www.mhhe.com/socscience/intro/ibank/ibank/0012lll.jpg

•cerebellum (little brain)–integrating and coordinating center

•maintains muscle tone•posture•equilibrium•muscle coordination

–ataxia•pons (bridge)

–tranverse white fibers (cerebellum)–longitudinal white fibers (medulla and cerebrum)

•medulla oblongata–continuous with spinal cord–all ascending and descending nerve tracts of spinal cord

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Cranial Nerves

I. OlfactoryII. OpticIII. OculomotorIV. TrochlearV. TrigeminalVI. AbducensVII. FacialVIII. AcousticIX. GlossopharyngealX. VagusXI. AccessoryXII. Hypoglossal

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Spinal Cord and Nerves

Gray matter in center(H)

Ventral (motor) horns Dorsal (sensory)

horns Reflex arc