Chapter 28 Presentation Copy

7/28/2019 Chapter 28 Presentation Copy

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The Islamic Empires

The Ottomans, Safavids, &

Mughals


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All three dynasties retained political

and cultural traditions that theirancestors had adopted while

leading nomadic lives on thesteppes, but they also adapted

readily to the city-based agricultural

societies that they conquered.


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About the mid-seventeenth century,

however, they all began toweakenby the mid-eighteenth

century the Safavid empire had

collapsed, and the Ottoman and

Mughal realms were rapidly falling

under European influence.


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Ottoman Empire

1289 - 1923

Military Expansion:

Osman & ghazi Light cavalry & volunteer infantry

Devshirme & Janissaries

Mehmed II conquers Istanbul Suleyman the Magnificient

Demonstrates naval power


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The Ghazi is the instrument of the religion

of Allah, a servant of God who purifies theearth from the filth of polytheism; the

Ghazi is the sword of God, he is the

protector and the refuge of the believers.If he becomes a martyr in the ways of

God, do not believe that he has died--he

lives in beatitude with Allah, he haseternal life.


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Safavid Empire

1501 - 1722

Founded by Shah Ismail

Twelver Shiism: Twelve infallible imams (religious leaders); last

imam would one day return to rule

Qizilbash (red heads)

Defeat at Battle of Chaldiran: Ottomans rely on firearms; Safavids refused

Empire revitalized by Shah Abbas the Great 1588 - 1629


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Mughal Empire

1526 - 1858

Babur conquers Northern India

Akbar (1556 - 1605) Architect of Mughal Empire

Centralized administration

Conquered Kingodm of Vijayanagar

Muslim background, though tolerant of Hinduism Sikhism & Divine Faith

Aurangzeb (1659 - 1707) Reigned during height of empire

Persecuted Hindus


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Despite many differences, there were striking

similarities in the development of Ottoman, Safavid,

and Mughal societies. All relied on bureaucraciesthat drew inspiration from steppe traditions of Turkish

and Mongol peoples as well as from the heritage of

Islam. They adopted similar economic policies andsought ways to maintain harmony in societies that

embraced many different religious and ethnic

groups. Rulers of all empires also sought to

enhance the legitimacy of their regimes by providingfor public welfare and associated themselves with

literary and artistic talent.


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Emperors & the State

Emperor exerted absolute power

Devotion to Islam fueled expansions

Jihad

Steppe traditions lead to succession

problems

Entirely patriarchal, yet royal women

enjoyed privilege & authority


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Agriculture & Trade

Introduction of Columbian Exchange lacked

dramatic effect

Popular Imports: Coffee, Sugar, Tobacco

Popularity of coffeehouses

All populations slowly increased Participated in global trade networks

Mughals less concerned with trade than others


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Religious Affairs

Religiously diverse, yet dominated by Islam Did not require conversion

Dhimmi

Jizya

Millet

Only Muslims held powerful political posts

Devout Muslims feared tolerant policies Mughal India

Hindu & Muslim tensions


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Cultural Development

Public works projects & scholarly

development = Enhanced prestige

Ottomans = Suleymaniye mosque

Mughals = Fatehpur Sikri & Taj Mahal

Safavids = Isfahan


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The Islamic empires underwent dramatic

change between the sixteenth andeighteenth centuries. The Safavid empire

disappeared entirelyMughal India

experienced provincial rebellions andforeign invasions. By the mid-1700s it was

falling under British imperial ruleEuropean

and Russian states placed political, military,and economic pressure on the shrinking

Ottoman realm during the 1700 & 1800s.


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Political Decline

Incompetent rulers & succession

problems leads to:

Political corruption

Economic instability

Religious tensions

Mutiny of military


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Economic & Military Decline

Economics:

Europeans come to dominate trade

Military & bureaucracy expenses swell

Military:

Economic issues hinder technological

development Neglected to keep pace with European

technology


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Chapter 28 Presentation Copy

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