Chapter 24

Chapter 24Chapter 24

Industrialization & Industrialization & Imperialism: The Imperialism: The Making of the Making of the European Global European Global OrderOrder

Characterizing the New ExpansionCharacterizing the New Expansion

1450-17501450-1750 Motivated by spice Motivated by spice

trade (profit motive)trade (profit motive) Expansion was gradualExpansion was gradual European enclaves European enclaves

existed along coastsexisted along coasts Indirect rule Indirect rule

(subjugated local (subjugated local rulers)rulers)

Little to no influence Little to no influence on local cultureon local culture

1750-19141750-1914 Motivated by Motivated by

competition (empire competition (empire motive)motive)

Expansion is rapidExpansion is rapid Europeans move inward Europeans move inward

to rule whole countriesto rule whole countries Direct ruleDirect rule Heavily influenced the Heavily influenced the

“inferior” local cultures “inferior” local cultures (taught European (taught European languages, customs etc)languages, customs etc)

Shift to Land Empires in AsiaShift to Land Empires in Asia

1818thth century European presence in century European presence in Asia is characterized by:Asia is characterized by:• Trade companies who wanted trade Trade companies who wanted trade

rights, not territoryrights, not territory• Profit motives, not territorial acquisitionsProfit motives, not territorial acquisitions• Leeway on how to interact with nativesLeeway on how to interact with natives• Slow communication with Slow communication with

directors/rulersdirectors/rulers

What is Imperialism?What is Imperialism?

Traditional definition: one country’s Traditional definition: one country’s dominance over the political, dominance over the political, economic and social lives of otherseconomic and social lives of others

Here it refers to efforts of capitalistic Here it refers to efforts of capitalistic states in the west to seize markets, states in the west to seize markets, raw materials, investment raw materials, investment opportunities outside the west.opportunities outside the west.

Thus, at the start of this period it’s a Thus, at the start of this period it’s a purely purely economiceconomic motivation. motivation.

So is it purely economic?So is it purely economic?

No—economic wealth coincides with:No—economic wealth coincides with: National glory!National glory! Political statusPolitical status Balance of power politicsBalance of power politics

Change in motives= change in tacticsChange in motives= change in tactics Before: dealt w/independent statesBefore: dealt w/independent states

Where are the exceptions to this Where are the exceptions to this rule (independent states)?rule (independent states)?

A place on the verge of collapse, A place on the verge of collapse, like…….like…….

INDIAINDIA A place where the economic interest A place where the economic interest

was was intense, intense, like….like…. LATIN AMERICA & EAST INDIESLATIN AMERICA & EAST INDIES A place lacking in central authority, A place lacking in central authority,

like…like… NORTH AMERICA & PHILIPPINESNORTH AMERICA & PHILIPPINES

Find ‘em! Name the colonized Find ‘em! Name the colonized countries in 1900.countries in 1900.

The World in 1900The World in 1900

How Do You Justify Colonial Rule?How Do You Justify Colonial Rule?

Pseudoscience (Social Pseudoscience (Social Darwinism)Darwinism)

Might Makes RightMight Makes Right Moral JustificationMoral Justification In the long run….In the long run….

CulturalCultural

Questions for your groupQuestions for your group

Is the human condition universal, or Is the human condition universal, or are we so shaped by our geography are we so shaped by our geography and history that we are destined to and history that we are destined to be distinct?be distinct?

Is it possible that cultures in Africa & Is it possible that cultures in Africa & Asia are so different that they could Asia are so different that they could never be persuaded to transform never be persuaded to transform along western lines?along western lines?

How do these issues apply to 2012?How do these issues apply to 2012?

Java: The European PrototypeJava: The European Prototype

Java (island in Indonesia) Java (island in Indonesia) Dutch begin as vassals to the sultans Dutch begin as vassals to the sultans

of Mataram—later they support rivals of Mataram—later they support rivals in the sultan’s overthrowin the sultan’s overthrow

The price for their support= direct The price for their support= direct administration of spice islandsadministration of spice islands

Becomes the model for Europeans—Becomes the model for Europeans—use military superiority to create use military superiority to create alliances, gain influence, and later, alliances, gain influence, and later, total control.total control.

British Rule in IndiaBritish Rule in India

Similar to Dutch approach in JavaSimilar to Dutch approach in Java First Phase: British East India Co. First Phase: British East India Co.

meddles in local disputes, gains meddles in local disputes, gains allies, uses Indian allies, uses Indian sepoyssepoys to gain to gain truest of Indian princestruest of Indian princes

Second Phase: British move from Second Phase: British move from being pawns of Indian princes to being pawns of Indian princes to being their most serious rivals.being their most serious rivals.

British Rule in India (con’t)British Rule in India (con’t)

Turning point: Battle at Plassey Turning point: Battle at Plassey (Robert Clive)(Robert Clive)

Differences from the Dutch:Differences from the Dutch:• British Raj gain control b/c of global British Raj gain control b/c of global

battles with the French; not inland raidsbattles with the French; not inland raids• British owe victories as much to Hindu British owe victories as much to Hindu

financial backing and key Indian financial backing and key Indian defections as to superior defections as to superior technology/fighting skillstechnology/fighting skills

Consolidation of British RuleConsolidation of British Rule

Third Phase: Final advance into war-Third Phase: Final advance into war-weakened Indiaweakened India• Mughal empire falling apart; regional Mughal empire falling apart; regional

rulers struggle on their ownrulers struggle on their own• British expansion centers from three British expansion centers from three

cities: cities: Madras, Bombay & CalcuttaMadras, Bombay & Calcutta• These cities become These cities become presidenciespresidencies, ,

where the bulk of British territory lieswhere the bulk of British territory lies• Regional rulers who are allies to the Regional rulers who are allies to the

British rule British rule princely statesprincely states

Why India LosesWhy India Loses

Same old problems:Same old problems:• Regionalism means a lack of national Regionalism means a lack of national

identity (makes it hard to unite and identity (makes it hard to unite and drive out the British)drive out the British)

• Old hatreds between rulers (especially Old hatreds between rulers (especially Hindu vs. Muslim) run deeper than Hindu vs. Muslim) run deeper than hatred of Britishhatred of British

• Ordinary Indians preferred better pay Ordinary Indians preferred better pay and better technology under British ruleand better technology under British rule

The Growth of the British Empire in India,From the 1750s to 1858

Early Colonial Society in India and Early Colonial Society in India and Java (until 19Java (until 19thth c.) c.)

Native social systems were left Native social systems were left largely undisturbed (Europeans largely undisturbed (Europeans placed themselves on top of pre-placed themselves on top of pre-existing social structure)existing social structure)

Adaptation (clothing, housing) was Adaptation (clothing, housing) was necessary for the new tropical necessary for the new tropical climateclimate

Lack of European women leads to Lack of European women leads to mixed marriages with Asian womenmixed marriages with Asian women

Social Reform (early 19Social Reform (early 19thth c.) c.) 1818thth c.= c.=NabobsNabobs symbolic of rampant symbolic of rampant

corruption of trade companiescorruption of trade companies• Parliament (Lord Cornwallis) reforms IndiaParliament (Lord Cornwallis) reforms India• Utilitarians & Evangelicals promote Western Utilitarians & Evangelicals promote Western

values as key to reformvalues as key to reform• Westerners focus on elimination of cultural Westerners focus on elimination of cultural

practices like practices like satisati 1919thth c.=Laws passed (sati outlawed) c.=Laws passed (sati outlawed)

• Indian reformers (Ram Mohun Roy) bolster Indian reformers (Ram Mohun Roy) bolster support for Western reformssupport for Western reforms

• British policies are a watershed moment British policies are a watershed moment for world history—they signify the new for world history—they signify the new balance of power and a new way of balance of power and a new way of looking at the world. looking at the world.

Industrial Rivalries & the Partition of Industrial Rivalries & the Partition of the Worldthe World

Early 19Early 19thth c. = Britain dominates (due to c. = Britain dominates (due to superior naval power)superior naval power)

Late 19Late 19thth c. = Belgium, France, and the c. = Belgium, France, and the heavily industrialized Germany and USA heavily industrialized Germany and USA challenge British controlchallenge British control

Political = intense rivalry; territory = Political = intense rivalry; territory = powerpower

Economic = colonies seen as security for Economic = colonies seen as security for economic downturnseconomic downturns

Social = colonies seen as “safety valves” Social = colonies seen as “safety valves” for potential social unrest for potential social unrest

Colonial Wars and ImperialismColonial Wars and Imperialism

Scientific discovery/technology Scientific discovery/technology leapfrogs Europeans over othersleapfrogs Europeans over others• Advanced weaponry, communication, Advanced weaponry, communication,

transportation and metallurgytransportation and metallurgy Tech. advantage makes it impossible Tech. advantage makes it impossible

for native populations to resist—wars for native populations to resist—wars are lopsided despite fierce native are lopsided despite fierce native resistanceresistance

Patterns of DominancePatterns of Dominance

Two types of colonies prevail in 19Two types of colonies prevail in 19thth c. c. Tropical Dependencies (Africa, Asia & Tropical Dependencies (Africa, Asia &

South Pacific)South Pacific)• Small numbers of Europeans ruling over large Small numbers of Europeans ruling over large

native pop. native pop. Settlement Colonies (N. America & Settlement Colonies (N. America &

Australia) Australia) • Mass migrations of European settlers who Mass migrations of European settlers who

made colony their home. Create made colony their home. Create White White DominionsDominions as native populations were as native populations were dispersed/decimated.dispersed/decimated.

Colonial Regimes/ Social Colonial Regimes/ Social HierarchiesHierarchies

Java is model for India; India model for Java is model for India; India model for Africa & Asia Africa & Asia • Europeans exploit divisionsEuropeans exploit divisions• European settle mainly in large cities/towns European settle mainly in large cities/towns

and administer gov’t through thousands of and administer gov’t through thousands of native subordinatesnative subordinates

Major DifferencesMajor Differences• Higher education NOT promoted in AfricaHigher education NOT promoted in Africa• Language skills left to Christian missionariesLanguage skills left to Christian missionaries

Social Relations Between Colonizer Social Relations Between Colonizer and Colonizedand Colonized

White racial supremacy White racial supremacy becomes the normbecomes the norm• European scholars use European scholars use

science to “prove” racial science to “prove” racial and moral superiority of and moral superiority of the Westthe West

Increasing tension seen Increasing tension seen as intermixing between as intermixing between cultures is looked down cultures is looked down uponupon• Europeans live separate Europeans live separate

from nativesfrom natives• Laws restrict mixed Laws restrict mixed

marriages marriages

Analyze the CartoonAnalyze the Cartoon

Analyze the CartoonAnalyze the Cartoon

Methods of Economic ExtractionMethods of Economic Extraction

Some things don’t change (Western rulers Some things don’t change (Western rulers helped by native subordinates)helped by native subordinates)

Drive to increase production but lower Drive to increase production but lower costscosts

Colonies become increasingly dependent Colonies become increasingly dependent • Sources for cash cropsSources for cash crops• Remain underdevelopedRemain underdeveloped• Rely on colonial power for manufactured goodsRely on colonial power for manufactured goods• Punished for not meeting quotas (ex.—Punished for not meeting quotas (ex.—

Belgium’s Congo known as the “heart of Belgium’s Congo known as the “heart of darkness”)darkness”)

Settler ColoniesSettler Colonies

Variety of patterns of control Variety of patterns of control establishedestablished

Settler colonies vary widelySettler colonies vary widely• Early settled areas impacted by Early settled areas impacted by

epidemic diseaseepidemic disease• Older areas see more culture Older areas see more culture

transmittedtransmitted• Some places resist; other do notSome places resist; other do not

South AfricaSouth Africa

Dutch presence (Boers) enslaves Dutch presence (Boers) enslaves native people (Khoikhoi)native people (Khoikhoi)

1850s= Dutch Republics established1850s= Dutch Republics established• Transvaal & Orange Free StateTransvaal & Orange Free State

1790s= British fight for control 1790s= British fight for control • Great Trek (move inland creates clashed Great Trek (move inland creates clashed

with Bantu peoples)with Bantu peoples)• Boer War (1899-1902) after diamonds Boer War (1899-1902) after diamonds

and gold are discoveredand gold are discovered

The Partition of Africa between c. 1870 and 1914

Pacific TragediesPacific Tragedies

Areas claimed by Europe, Japan or Areas claimed by Europe, Japan or USUS

Similar experience to Native Similar experience to Native Americans Americans • No immunity to diseases (isolation)No immunity to diseases (isolation)• Vulnerable to outside influences, which Vulnerable to outside influences, which

often led to social disintegrationoften led to social disintegration

New Zealand & HawaiiNew Zealand & Hawaii

New ZealandNew Zealand 1790s, first Europeans1790s, first Europeans Alcoholism, Alcoholism,

prostitution spreadprostitution spread Maoris adopt firearmsMaoris adopt firearms 1850s = time of change1850s = time of change

• British farmers, herders arriveBritish farmers, herders arrive• Maoris pushed into interiorMaoris pushed into interior• Adopt European cultureAdopt European culture

HawaiiHawaii James Cook opens Hawaii to James Cook opens Hawaii to

the Westthe West Prince Kamehameha Prince Kamehameha

convinced that convinced that Westernization/military aid, Westernization/military aid, would help him unify his would help him unify his kingdomkingdom

Disease devastates populationDisease devastates population Huge influx of Asian workersHuge influx of Asian workers

/American settlers/American settlers Push for annexationPush for annexation Real imperialism comes later, Real imperialism comes later,

when in 1893, last ruler when in 1893, last ruler deposeddeposed

1898, annexed by United 1898, annexed by United StatesStates

Global ConnectionsGlobal Connections Understand the importance and Understand the importance and

implications of this chapterimplications of this chapter• Industrialization and advances in science and Industrialization and advances in science and

technology catapult the West ahead of the rest technology catapult the West ahead of the rest of the worldof the world

• Thus creates an important new mindset among Thus creates an important new mindset among the West—that it is their God-given right to the West—that it is their God-given right to colonizecolonize

• Colonization itself moves from an indirect form Colonization itself moves from an indirect form to a direct form, changing/destroying native to a direct form, changing/destroying native culture and supplanting the “superior” western culture and supplanting the “superior” western cultural modelscultural models

• The West will dominate the next two centuries The West will dominate the next two centuries of history for much of Asia and Africa the of history for much of Asia and Africa the ramifications of this are still being felt today.ramifications of this are still being felt today.