Chapter 23, Unnumbered Figure, Page 643 Environment: The Science behind the Stories, 4e — Withgott/Brennan © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Chapter 23, Unnumbered Figure, Page 643
Environment: The Science behind the Stories, 4e — Withgott/Brennan© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 23, Unnumbered Figure 1, Page 644
Environment: The Science behind the Stories, 4e — Withgott/Brennan© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
AFRICA
AtlanticOcean
IndianOcean
Democratic Republic of the Congo
“Region ofcoltan mining”
Chapter 23, Unnumbered Figure 2, Page 644
Environment: The Science behind the Stories, 4e — Withgott/Brennan© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 23.1
Environment: The Science behind the Stories, 4e — Withgott/Brennan© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Iron, chromium, manganese, nickel and others in steel
Copper, nickel and zinc in coins
Tungsten in lightbulbGypsum in
wallboardSilica and lithium in glasses Titanium, chromium,
iron, cadmium and others in wall paint
Silver and gold in jewelry
Tantalum in cell phone
Copper and zinc in brass belt buckle
Lead in solder Iron in
pen ink
Titanium, zinc, iron, copper and others in cosmetics
Lead, platinum, hafnium, gallium, indium, tantalum and others in laptop
Nickel and cadmium in batteries for laptop
Zinc and manganese in batteries for radio
Salt in food
Aluminum in can
Figure 23.2
Environment: The Science behind the Stories, 4e — Withgott/Brennan© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
(a) Tantalite ore (b) Purified tantalum (c) Capacitor containing tantalum
Fig
ure 23.2a
Environm
ent: The S
cience behind the Stories, 4e —
Withgott/B
rennan©
2011 Pearson E
ducation, Inc.
(a) Tantalite o
re
Fig
ure 23.2b
Environm
ent: The S
cience behind the Stories, 4e —
Withgott/B
rennan©
2011 Pearson E
ducation, Inc.
(b) Pu
rified tan
talum
Fig
ure 23.2c
Environm
ent: The S
cience behind the Stories, 4e —
Withgott/B
rennan©
2011 Pearson E
ducation, Inc.
(c) Cap
acitor co
ntain
ing
tantalu
m
Figure 23.3
Environment: The Science behind the Stories, 4e — Withgott/Brennan© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Nickel: Cuba, Australia alloy for stainless steel, aerospace applications, batteries
Lead: Chinabatteries, solder, X-ray shields, TV tubes, formerly paints and gasoline additives
Gold: South Africaingots for monetary value, jewelry, coins, dentistry, medicine
Aluminum: Guineapackaging, building, transportation
Tantalum: Australiaelectric circuitry, auto parts, steelmaking and alloys
Chromium: Kazakhstanchemical industry, metalworking
Indium: Canada LCDs, solar cells
Cobalt: D.R of Congoalloys for jet engines, carbides for tools, chemical industry
Phosphates: Morocco, Western Saharafertilizer, industrial and home chemicals
Platinum: South Africacatalytic converters, chemical industry, capacitors
Silver: Polandjewelry, currency, electronics, photography Titanium: China
airplanes, aerospace, missiles
Tin: Chinasteel plating for cans, alloys, solder, superconductors
Tungsten: Chinametalworking, machinery, lightbulbs
Uranium: Australianuclear power, medicine
Zinc: United States, China coatings and alloys, auto parts, batteries, paints
Iron: Ukraine, Russia, Australia steelmaking, metallurgy, auto parts, paints and dyes
Copper: Chileelectric wiring, plumbing, machinery, alloys and coatings
Fig
ure 23.4
Environm
ent: The S
cience behind the Stories, 4e —
Withgott/B
rennan©
2011 Pearson E
ducation, Inc. (b) Su
bsu
rface min
ing
(a) Strip m
inin
g
Surface
Ventilation
Main
Shaft
Ventilation
Main
Shaft
Coal seam
s
SurfaceC
oal seams
Figure 23.4a
Environment: The Science behind the Stories, 4e — Withgott/Brennan© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
(a) Strip mining
Surface Coal seams
Fig
ure 23.4b
Environm
ent: The S
cience behind the Stories, 4e —
Withgott/B
rennan©
2011 Pearson E
ducation, Inc.
(b) Su
bsu
rface min
ing
Surface
Ventilation
Main
Shaft
Ventilation
Main
Shaft
Coal seam
s
Fig
ure 23.5
Environm
ent: The S
cience behind the Stories, 4e —
Withgott/B
rennan©
2011 Pearson E
ducation, Inc.
Figure 23.6
Environment: The Science behind the Stories, 4e — Withgott/Brennan© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Fig
ure 23.7
Environm
ent: The S
cience behind the Stories, 4e —
Withgott/B
rennan©
2011 Pearson E
ducation, Inc.
Figure 23.8
Environment: The Science behind the Stories, 4e — Withgott/Brennan© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
(a) Mountaintop mining in eastern Kentucky (b) Train hauls coal past homes in West Virginia
(c) Flood damage below a West Virginia mine site (d) We all contribute
Figure 23.8a
Environment: The Science behind the Stories, 4e — Withgott/Brennan© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
(a) Mountaintop mining in eastern Kentucky
Figure 23.8b
Environment: The Science behind the Stories, 4e — Withgott/Brennan© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
(b) Train hauls coal past homes in West Virginia
Figure 23.8c
Environment: The Science behind the Stories, 4e — Withgott/Brennan© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
(c) Flood damage below a West Virginia mine site
Fig
ure 23.8d
Environm
ent: The S
cience behind the Stories, 4e —
Withgott/B
rennan©
2011 Pearson E
ducation, Inc.
(d) W
e all con
tribu
te
Chapter 23, Unnumbered Figure, Page 652
Environment: The Science behind the Stories, 4e — Withgott/Brennan© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Ch
apter 23, U
nn
um
bered
Fig
ure 1, P
age 653
Environm
ent: The S
cience behind the Stories, 4e —
Withgott/B
rennan©
2011 Pearson E
ducation, Inc.
WV stream condition index
Number of genera
Streamw
ater sulfate concentrations
(mg SO
4 2-/liter)
10080
WV
stream
condition index
Num
ber of insect genera
Num
ber of intolerant genera
Num
ber of m
ayfly genera
Total Selenium (Se)
Total Iron (Fe)
Total Alum
inum (A
l)
Total Manganese (M
n)
6040
0 10200
20 30 40
Al, Fe, and Mn concentrations (mg/L)
Selenium concentration (mg/L)
100101
0.000
0.0010.1
0.01
0.002
0.004
0.003
0.005
0–5050–100100–200200–500>500
Chapter 23, Unnumbered Figure 2, Page 653
Environment: The Science behind the Stories, 4e — Withgott/Brennan© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Fig
ure 23.9
Environm
ent: The S
cience behind the Stories, 4e —
Withgott/B
rennan©
2011 Pearson E
ducation, Inc.
Ch
apter 23, U
nn
um
bered
Fig
ure, P
age 655
Environm
ent: The S
cience behind the Stories, 4e —
Withgott/B
rennan©
2011 Pearson E
ducation, Inc.
YO
U C
AN
MA
KE
A
DIFFE
RE
NC
E
Red
uce electricity use andenhance energ
y efficiency, tored
uce the need fo
r coal m
ining.
Urg
e po
licymakers to
pro
mo
teclean and
safe mining
andreclam
ation p
ractices.
Reuse and
recycle metal item
sand
electronics, to
reduce the
need to
mine virg
in ore.
Tod
ay old
mine sites are reclaim
ed, and
in their
place w
e create fields, farm
s, and g
olf co
urses.
Citizens have p
ushed g
overnm
ent
to m
ake mining
safer and cleaner.
The metals and
the coal that m
ining
bring
s us have ecolo
gical and
social
costs. M
ining affects land
, water,
wild
life, and p
eop
le near mine sites.
Flash flo
od
belo
w a m
ine
Acid
drain
age
po
llutio
n
Go
lf cou
rse bu
ilt on
reclaimed
min
e
Protest in
Frankfo
rt,K
entu
cky
Chapter 23, Unnumbered Figure, Page 656
Environment: The Science behind the Stories, 4e — Withgott/Brennan© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 23, Unnumbered Figure, Page 657
Environment: The Science behind the Stories, 4e — Withgott/Brennan© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Hydrogen sulfide gas
Acid minewater
Metal precipitationprocess
Metal sulfidesprecipitate
Bioreactorcontaining bacteria
Treatedwater
Ch
apter 23, U
nn
um
bered
Tab
le, Pag
e 657
Environm
ent: The S
cience behind the Stories, 4e —
Withgott/B
rennan©
2011 Pearson E
ducation, Inc. Percent R
ecovery o
f Metals
from
Mine W
ater Using
Sulfate-R
educing
Bacteria
Metal
Percent recovery of m
etal
Alum
inum99.8
Cadmium
99.7C
obalt99.1
Copper
99.8Iron
97.1M
anganese87.4
Nickel
47.8Zinc
100.0
Adapted with kind perm
ission from Springer
Science and Business Media from
Tabak,H
.H., et al., 2003. Advances in biotreatm
entof acid m
ine drainage and biorecovery ofm
etals: 1. Metal precipitation for recovery
and recycle. Biodegradation14: 423–436.
Figure 23.10
Environment: The Science behind the Stories, 4e — Withgott/Brennan© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
50 100 150 200 250 300 350 4000
Nickel
Molybdenum
Iron from ore
Zinc
Copper
Cobalt
Titanium
Lead
Years left available, at present rates of consumption
Figure 23.11
Environment: The Science behind the Stories, 4e — Withgott/Brennan© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
2 3
41
Process andrefine materials
Recycling andReuse
Disposal
Manufactureproducts
Consumer useof products
Mine rawmaterials
Environment: The Science behind the Stories, 4e — Withgott/Brennan© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
TABLE 23.1 Top recycled minerals in the United States
Mineral U.S. recycling rate
Gold More is recycled than is consumed.Lead 80% consumed comes from recycled post-consumer items.Iron and steel scrap 100% for autos, 90% for appliances, 70–98% for construction materials, 65% for cans.Chromium 61% is recycled in stainless steel production.Zinc 54% produced is recovered, mostly from recycled materials used in processing.Aluminum 42% produced comes from recycled post-consumer items.Nickel 42% consumed is from recycled nickel.Tungsten 37% consumed is from recycled scrap.Copper 35% of supply comes from various recycled sources.Germanium 30% consumed worldwide is recycled. Optical device manufacturing recycles over 60%.Molybdenum About 30% gets recycled as part of steel scrap that is recycled.Silver 28% consumed is from recycled silver. U.S. recovers as much as it produces.Cobalt 24% consumed comes from recycled scrap.Tin 24% consumed is from recycled tin.Bismuth All scrap metal containing bismuth is recycled, providing 20% of consumption.Niobium (Columbium) Perhaps 20% gets recycled as part of steel scrap that is recycled.Diamond (Industrial) 12% of production is from recycled diamond dust, grit, and stone.Platinum-group metals About 12% consumed is recycled.
Data are for 2009, from U.S. Geological Survey, 2010. Mineral Commodity Summaries 2010. USGS, Washington, D.C.
Fig
ure 23.12
Environm
ent: The S
cience behind the Stories, 4e —
Withgott/B
rennan©
2011 Pearson E
ducation, Inc.
Environment: The Science behind the Stories, 4e — Withgott/Brennan© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
TABLE 23.2 Metal Content of 500 Million Unused Cell Phones
Metal Amount (metric tons) Value
Copper 7,900 $17 million
Silver 178 $31 millionGold 17 $199 millionPalladium 7.4 $63 millionPlatinum 0.18 $3.9 millionTotal 8,102 $314 million
Data are for 2005, from U.S. Geological Survey, 2006. Recycled cellphones—A treasure trove of valuable metals. USGS Fact Sheet 2006-3097.Values have risen since 2005 with the prices of gold and other metals.
Chapter 23, Unnumbered Table, Page 663
Environment: The Science behind the Stories, 4e — Withgott/Brennan© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
MetalKnown economic
reservesAmount used
per yearYears of economic
supply le�
Amount used per year if everyone consumed
at U.S. rate
Years of economic supplyle� if everyone consumed
at U.S. rate
Titanium 730,000 5,720 24,420Copper 540,000 15,800 36,850Nickel 71,000 1,430 3,370Tin 5,600 307 1,100Tungsten 2,800 58 240Antimony 2,100 187 497Silver 400 21.4 118Gold 47 2.35 3.77
Data are for 2009, from U.S. Geological Survey, 2010. Mineral Commodity Summaries 2010. USGS, Washington, D.C. All numbers are in thousands of metric tons. World consumptiondata are assumed equal to world production data. “Known economic reserves” include extractable amounts under current economic conditions. Additional reserves exist that could bemined at greater cost.
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