Chapter 2 ANCIENT MIDDLE EAST & EGYPT 3200 B.C.-500B.C.

Chapter 2

ANCIENT MIDDLE EAST & EGYPT

3200 B.C.-500B.C.

Key Words

Fertile Crescent hierarchy cuneiformMesopotamia ziggurat Sumer

Essential Questions:What were the characteristics of the worlds first civilization?

ANCIENT SUMER & MIDDLE EAST

Narrow region of good farm land along Tigris, Euphrates, & Nile Rivers of the Middle East

Mesopotamia: “Land between two rivers”

Sumer: world’s fi rst civilization

FERTILE CRESCENT

Tigris & Euphrates rivers flooded major damage to homes & crops

Epic of Gilgamesh: Mesopotamian poem that told of a world-wide flood

Had few natural resourcesUsed bricks to build first cities

Maybe invented the wheel

WATER, WATER, EVERYWHERE

Sumer= 12 separate city-states who battled for control

Complex Gov’t: Leaders responsible

for maintaining walls & irrigation, leading armies, enforcing laws, & lead religious ceremonies

Society Structure:Hierarchy: system of ranking groups of people

SUMERIAN CIVILIZATION

Polytheistic: worshipped many gods

Ziggurat: large, stepped platform temple to house chief god of city & performed ceremonies in & around it

Cuneiform: Sumerian writing form, Pictures + symbols Records of money

exchanges, myths & religion, and laws

RELIGION & WRITING

Sumerians developed early number system

Based on number 6, set up 60 minute hours & 360° circles

Developed basic algebra & geometry

Studied constellations, created accurate calendars, and predicted eclipses

LASTING LEGACY

ORGANIZE IT!

Ancient Sumer

Summary

How did the geography of Sumer help it develop?What were major contributions made by Sumerians?

What were characteristics of the world’s fi rst civilization? Geography (Mesopotamia, Fertile Crescent) Social Hierarchy (low, middle, high) Cities from mud bricks Polytheistic religions & ziggurats Cuneiform, Algebra, Geometry, Time Conquered by others

Main Idea?

INVADERS, TRADERS, & EMPIRES

Chapter 2 Section 2

INVADERS, TRADERS, & EMPIRES

KEY TERMSHAMMURABI CIVIL LAWCRIMINAL LAW NEBUCHADNEZZAR

BARTER ECONOMY MONEY ECONOMY

ESSENTIAL QUESTION:How did various strong rulers unite the lands

of the Fertile Crescent?

First Empires in Mesopotamia

Hammurabi= Ruler of Babylon

Created written code of

laws to govern people

(Hammurabi’s Code)

Civil Law: private rights

(property, marriages, taxes)

Criminal Law: offenses

against others (robbery,

murder, assault)

“Eye for an Eye” code of

punishment

Conquests= New Empires

Assyrians: Most feared in Mesopotamia Looted, then destroyed everything in their path Built city of Nineveh & first library

Nebuchadnezzar: took over and strengthened Babylonian Empire Rebuilt crumbling cities & made a moat & brick walls

around city Built beautiful “hanging gardens” for wife

Persian Empire

Persian Empire expanded from Asia Minor to India Included Turkey, Iran, Egypt, Afghanistan, & Pakistan

King Darius I: built roads across empire & encouraged people to move to a money-based tradeBarter Economy: typical for the day, exchange of one set of goods/services for another

Money Economy: Exchanging goods/services for money and coins

Phoenicians (Fo-nee-shans)

Phoenicians became powerful on the sea and took over coastal cities

Best known for tradeSet up colonies to trade

better with Africa, Italy, & Spain

Established a written alphabet More advanced than

cuneiform Base for Greek alphabet

English alphabet

Summary

How did strong rulers unite people of Fertile Crescent?Established laws & governmentSpread knowledge of tools/iron (Assyrians)Spread knowledge through library & alphabetGreat architecture (Babylon)Money economy & better trade

Chapter 2KINGDOM ON THE

NILE

Key WordsBureaucracy Vizier HatshepsutAmon-Re Mummification HieroglyphicsRosetta Stone

Essential Questions:“How did the Nile Rover influence the rise of the powerful civilization of Egypt?”How did religion and learning play important roles in ancient Egyptian civilization?

KINGDOM ON THE NILE

W/O Nile River, Egypt= desertNile= world’s longest river

Annual flood= farming benefitsAble to store water for later use

Egypt= 2 Regions (Upper & Lower)

GEOGRAPHY SHAPES EGYPT

Ancient Egypt history: divided into 3 kingdoms (Old Middle, New)

Dynasty: ruling family, power and land passed from one to another

Pharaohs: kings(absolute power)

Bureaucracy: system of gov’t, includes different job functions & levels of authority

Vizier: supervised business side of gov’t (taxes, irrigation, farming, etc.)

OLD KINGDOM

Built during Old Kingdom

Power struggles, crop failures, & economic failure fall of Old Kingdom

Corruption & Rebellion & unpredictable flooding of Nile= turbulent Middle Kingdom

MIDDLE KINGDOM

After 100 years of Hyksos rule= New Kingdom & leaders

Hatshepsut: fi rst female pharaoh

Thutmose III: Stepson, great military leader, expanded Egypt’s borders

332 BC Greeks took control then Romans

BEHIND EVERY GREAT MAN IS A…

Egyptians made lasting contributions to civilization in many areas: science, religion, language, writings, art, literature, etc.

Old Kingdom= “Sun god”, Re

Middle Kingdom= Supreme god, Amon-Re

Egyptians viewed gods & kings/pharaohs equally

RELIGION SHAPES LIFE IN EGYPT

Isis= goddess of afterlife

Osiris= ruler of the dead

Osiris ruled Egypt until brother killed him & cut up body all over Egypt

Isis saved him, reassembled pieces, brought back to life

Osiris became god of the dead & of the Nile

ISIS & OSIRIS

Mummification: preserves body by embalming & wrapping in cloth

Soul would be able to return to this body in afterlife

Buried in pyramid with all of belongings (to take with you)

Usually just for pharaohs & leaders

Preserved body so well, recognized thousands of years later

MUMMIFICATION

Wrote language in hieroglyphics Written language using symbols and pictures

Deciphered by Rosetta Stone Contained 3 languages used to decipher hieroglyphics

Invented material to write on=papyrus (paper)

Applied science and math to astronomy & constellations, construction of pyramids, and calendar

LEARNING IN EGYPT

http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/ancient/explore-ancient-egypt.html

http://www.pbs.org/empires/egypt/ What are the three main periods of Egyptian

history?Why was Hatshepsut important?How did Egypt benefit from the Nile River?

Main Idea:The history of Egypt can be divided into three kingdoms, Old, Middle, and New. The success of Egypt depended on the Nile River.

SUMMARY