Chapter 18 AMERICANS IN WORLD WAR II

HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON1

The American NationHOLT

IN THE MODERN ERA

Chapter 18 AMERICANS IN WORLD WAR IISection 1: Early DifficultiesSection 2: The Home FrontSection 3: Victory in EuropeSection 4: Victory in Asia

HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON


IN THE MODERN ERA

2

Objectives:What were the strengths and weaknesses of the Allied

Powers and Axis Powers in 1941?What steps did the United States take to prepare for war?Where did the Japanese military attack after Pearl Harbor?What were the early turning points of the war in the

Pacific?What were the major battles in Europe and North Africa in

1942?

Section 1: Early Difficulties



IN THE MODERN ERA

3

Allied PowersProduction capacity of U.S. and manpower of

Soviet Union were advantages.Disadvantages included the enormous amount of

land in enemy hands, the multi-front aspect of the war, and the long fight that had to be faced.




IN THE MODERN ERA

4

Axis PowersAxis was better prepared economically and had

been rearmed since the 1930s.Axis had firm control over invaded areas and

already had airfields, barracks, and military training centers.

Axis powers’ main difficulty was defending multiple fronts.




IN THE MODERN ERA

5

U.S. preparations for warincreased productionexpanded the governmentbegan to direct the economybegan to raise the army



Increased ProductionArsenal – is a factory

that makes ammunitions for the military.

U.S. arsenal employment went from 22,000 to 486,000 in three years!


From 1940 to 1945 American manufacturing made large quantities of jeeps tanks plains, and guns.

Increased Production

7


Increased Production88,000 landing craft, 215 submarines, 147 aircraft carriers,

952 other warships, and 5,200 merchant ships.

8


Government expansionWar Production Board WPB

Conversion of factories to make war goodsStarted in January 1942 by Roosevelt

Office of War Mobilization OWMMay of 1943Controlled by James F. Byrnes

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Directing the EconomyOffice of Price Administration OPA

Kept inflation lowRationing of key materialsSelling war bonds

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Raising and ArmySelective Training

Was a necessary law required to allow the government to train troops in peace time.

Selective ServiceAKA the draft21 – 35 had to registerThen later 18 – 45

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Raising and ArmyWomen's Auxiliary Army Corps WAAC

12


Raising and ArmyWomen's air force Service WASP

13



IN THE MODERN ERA

14

Japanese attacks after Pearl HarborClark Airforce Base in the PhilippinesBurmaBorneothe Netherlands East IndiesWake IslandHong Kong



15

Douglas MacArthurIn control of the force in the Philippines.Graduate from West PointAs the war ramped up MacArthur was placed in charge of

the entire war in the Pacific.


16

Bataan Death MarchDouglas MacArthur

was ordered to remove himself from the Phillipines.

As he left he declared that he would be back.

10,000 POWs died.There was a total of

70,000 POW’sa


Clarke air force BaseAttack on

December 8, 1941.

First attack on the Philippines

For the next two week there was an on slot of Japanese attacks on islands in South East Asia

17



IN THE MODERN ERA

18

Early turning points of war in PacificBattle of the Coral SeaBattle of MidwayGuadalcanal



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Chester NimitzLeader of the U.S. Pacific FleetAggressive leader.


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Battle of the Coral SeaMay 7,

1942Allied

Victory


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Battle of the MidwayJune 1942Two prong

attackOne prong

attacked Alaska

The main prong attacked a U.S. Military base in the Pacific


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Battle of the GuadalcanalAugust 1942First major offensive battleTroops landedFerocious fighting



IN THE MODERN ERA

23

Major battles of 1942 in Europe and North AfricaBattle of El AlameinBattle of Stalingrad



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Battle for North AfricaMany battles were fought in North AfricaEl Alamein Egypt was one of the most critical battles for

both sides


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Erwin RommelCommander of German Afrika KorpsNicknamed Desert Fox


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Bernard MontgomeryBritish LeaderKey leader for stopping the Desert Fox


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StalingradCritical battle in the Eastern European FrontBetween this battle and the battle of El Alamein this help

turn the tide in the war



IN THE MODERN ERA

28

Objectives:How did the U.S. government try to keep wartime

morale high?What was life like in the United States during World

War II?How did women contribute to the war effort?What actions did the government take to protect the

rights of minority groups?How were Japanese Americans affected by the war?

Section 2: The Home Front



IN THE MODERN ERA

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Keeping wartime morale highOffice of War Informationradio programsmovies




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Life in the U.S. during WWIIlong work hours and many sacrificesrestrictionsblackoutsair-raid drillsvictory gardens




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Contributions of womenentered job market to replace soldiersworked in plantsproduced war products




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Government actions to protect minority rightsFair Employment Practices Committeeattempts to end discrimination in businesses with

federal contracts




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Effects on Japanese AmericansMany were relocated and interned.Interned people lost their property.Hawaiian islands put under martial law because

Japanese population was too large to relocate.Some Japanese received limited military service

opportunities.




IN THE MODERN ERA

34

Objectives:Where did the Allied offensive in Europe begin?How did fighting in the Atlantic and in the air

influence the land war in Europe?How did the Allies successfully carry out the

Normandy invasion?What was the Holocaust?How did the Allies finally defeat Germany?

Section 3: Victory in Europe



IN THE MODERN ERA

35

Allied offensive in EuropeThe Allied offensive in Europe began in Sicily and Italy.




IN THE MODERN ERA

36

Effects of fighting in the Atlantic and in the air on the land warSea dominance allowed the Allies to protect cargo

ships and bomb Axis vessels.Strategic bombing from the air helped destroy

German military factories and centers.




IN THE MODERN ERA

37

The Normandy Invasioninvasion of German-occupied Francedisinformation campaign to distract Germansdummy invasion used as a decoyinitial storming of beach caused high casualtiesultimately successful




IN THE MODERN ERA

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The HolocaustThe Holocaust was Nazi Germany’s slaughter of European Jews. The Germans took advantage of long-standing anti-Semitism and Allied inaction to do it.




IN THE MODERN ERA

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Final defeat of GermanySeptember, 1944: Battle of the BulgeFebruary, 1945: Yalta Conferenceearly 1945: Allies bomb GermanyMarch, 1945: Allies invade GermanyApril, 1945: Hitler commits suicideMay, 1945: Germany surrenders




IN THE MODERN ERA

40

Objectives:How did the United States carry out its island-

hopping plan?How did the battles at Iwo Jima and Okinawa

affect the war?What led the United States to use atomic weapons

against Japan?What were the human and economic costs of

World War II?

Section 4: Victory in Asia



IN THE MODERN ERA

41

Island-hoppingconquered strategically important islandscut off other islandssome islands chosen as launching pads for

invasion of Japan




IN THE MODERN ERA

42

Iwo Jima and OkinawaThese two battles were incredibly difficult and bloody, and though the U.S. won, the fighting demonstrated that the Japanese would not surrender.




IN THE MODERN ERA

43

Reasons for use of the atomic bombenormous cost of an invasioncontinued Japanese resistancedesire to demonstrate U.S. power to the Soviet Union




IN THE MODERN ERA

44

Costs of World War IIkilled millions of people and wounded many moreresulted in the Holocaustdestroyed economies of many nationsruined countless citiesdestroyed national infrastructures


Chapter 18 AMERICANS IN WORLD WAR II

Documents

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