NEXT Buying war bonds was one way Americans at home helped to fight World War II. America and Georgia in World War II 1938–1945 World War II erupts, and America is drawn into the conflict. Georgia and the rest of the nation mobilize to fight and win the war.
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Buying war bonds was one way Americans at home helped to fight World War II.
America and Georgia in World War II1938–1945
World War II erupts, and America is drawn into the conflict. Georgia and the rest of the nation mobilize to fight and win the war.
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America and Georgia in World War II1938–1945
SECTION 1
SECTION 2
SECTION 3
The War Begins
Fighting the War
Georgia’s Contribution to the War
SECTION 4 The Impact of the War at Home
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Section 1
The War Begins In 1941, the United States is drawn into another world war.
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The Rise of Dictators
The War Begins
Italy• Benito Mussolini Italy’s prime minister by 1922,
starts fascism• Fascism—political movement in which
government controls society- fascism’s extreme nationalism leads to racism- fascism oppresses critics, emphasizes supreme
ruler, military might• Italy invades Libya, attacks Ethiopia in 1935
SECTION
1
Continued . . .
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SECTION
1
Germany• Adolf Hitler, another fascist leader, rises to
power in 1933• Nazi Party is Hitler’s political organization• Hitler promises to strengthen Germany’s
economy and military- heavy war damage payments from World War I
weaken Germany• Hitler stops all payments, builds military• Hitler invades Rhineland in 1935; France and
allies do nothing
continued The Rise of Dictators
Continued . . .
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SECTION
1
Japan• Japan occupies Manchuria in 1931, U.S.
condemns action• Japan, Germany, Italy ally in 1940• U.S. blocks steel to Japan, freezes assets of
Japanese companies• Hideki Tojo, Japan’s prime minister, wants U.S.
out of Pacific
continued The Rise of Dictators
Opposing Forces• Germany, Italy, Japan called Axis Powers• Great Britain, France oppose them; form Allied Powers
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SECTION
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Germany Invades Poland• Allies unwilling to use force to stop Hitler from
taking more land- try diplomacy instead; ask Hitler to stop taking
territory• Hitler breaks promises, invades Poland,
September 1939
War Begins in Europe
Continued . . .
Map
The Allies Join the War• Britain, France declare war on Germany, hope
Soviet Union will help• Soviet leader Josef Stalin, Hitler split Poland in
secret deal• Germany invades more countries, conquers
France in June, 1940
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The Battle of Britain• After France, Hitler launches Battle of Britain• German air force tries to defeat Great Britain by
heavy bombing• Britain withstands bombing, but supplies scarce;
needs help
continued War Begins in Europe
Germany Invades the Soviet Union• Hitler launches surprise invasion of Soviet Union, June
1941• Soviets defend Moscow, Leningrad in long, bloody
campaigns• Soviets switch to Allied side, lose 1 million people by
1944
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SECTION
1
Isolationism• Many believe U.S. involvement in World War I
was mistake• Most Americans favor isolationism—staying out
of Europe’s affairs• Franklin D. Roosevelt, Congress pass Neutrality
Acts from 1935–1937- designed to prevent involvement, forbids
lending to warring nations
The United States Reacts
Continued . . .
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SECTION
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Lend-Lease Act• Americans eventually realize Hitler’s threat;
allies military supplies • By war’s end, Lend-Lease program supplies $50
billion in material• German U-boats sink American supply ships
crossing Atlantic • Roosevelt gives “shoot on sight” order; U.S.
unofficially at war
continued The United States Reacts
Continued . . .
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SECTION
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Attack on Pearl Harbor• December 7, 1941, Japan attacks naval base at
Pearl Harbor, Hawaii• U.S. Pacific Fleet stationed there; 2,300 killed, 19
ships destroyed
continued The United States Reacts
Image
A Declaration of War• Congress declares war on Japan one day after Pearl
Harbor• Only one vote against war, by Jeannette Rankin of
Montana• Americans eager to respond to attack and to fight
Germany
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The United States mobilizes its military and successfully defeats its enemies on two fronts.
Section 2
Fighting the War
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The United States Prepares for War
Fighting the War
Deciding Where to Fight• U.S. military small in early 1942; unprepared to
fight a world war• Roosevelt asks businesses to produce military
equipment• U.S. must decide where to enter war; Navy needs
months to rebuild• If Great Britain surrenders, U.S. will have trouble
entering Europe• U.S. leaders decide to enter Europe first, wait to
fight in Pacific
SECTION
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The European Theater
North Africa and Italy• U.S. doesn’t want to risk early invasion of Europe• American troops land in North Africa, 1942, fight
Italians, Germans• Allies drive Axis from Africa; attack Italy, 1943;
Italy surrenders• Allies use Italy as base to bomb Germany,
prepare major invasion
SECTION
2
Continued . . .
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D-Day• Largest armada in history approaches France on
D-Day, June 6, 1944• Over 600 ships, 175,000 soldiers land on
northwest coast of France- meet great resistance, many killed
• Allies move through France, free Paris, in Germany by February 1945
• Allies push toward Berlin; Soviets enter Berlin first
SECTION
2
continued The European Theater
Continued . . .
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D-Day• Roosevelt dies April 12, 1945, Harry Truman
becomes president- by then Allies are close to Hitler, but he kills
himself on April 30• Germany surrenders on May 8, 1945, V-E Day
(Victory in Europe)• Truman turns attention to war in Pacific
SECTION
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continued The European Theater
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Liberating the Concentration Camps
The Holocaust• Hitler wants to “purify” German race, remove
Jews from Europe- also wants to eliminate homosexuals, gypsies,
many with disabilities• “Final Solution”—imprison them in concentration
camps and kill them• Allies liberate concentration camps, over 6 million
Jews killed in camps• Estimated 11 million perish in camps over 6 years
- atrocity known as the Holocaust
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The Pacific Theater
“Island Hopping"• Pacific strategy: take islands gradually, “island
hopping” to Japan• U.S. hops toward Philippines, Japan from May
1942 to June 1945- also bombs cities, factories, facilities in Japan
• U.S. invasion of Japan would take hundreds of thousands of men
- Allied leaders wonder if invasion would succeed
• U.S. considers using new bomb, Truman warns Japan to surrender
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2
Continued . . .
Map
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The Atomic Bomb• Atomic bomb dropped on Hiroshima, Japan,
August 6, 1945• Truman demands immediate surrender, warns of
second bomb attack• Japan refuses, second bomb falls on Nagasaki
three days later• Bombs kill over 110,000 immediately, radiation
kills 100,000 later• Second bomb ends war almost immediately
SECTION
2
continued The Pacific Theater
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The War Ends
The War’s Impact• Japan stops fighting August 14, 1945, V-J Day
(victory in Japan)- official surrender on September 2
• More death, destruction in World War II than in any other war
• 20 million soldiers killed, millions of civilians also dead
• Orphans, refugees, concentration camp survivors must rebuild lives
SECTION
2
Section 3
Georgia’s Contributionto the War Georgia plays a critical role in preparing the United States military for war.
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The Nation and Georgia Mobilize
Georgia’s Contribution to the War
National Mobilization• Selective Training and Service Act passes in 1940
- calls 10 million Americans to serve, 5 million more volunteer
• Over 300,000 Georgia men and women serve; nearly 7,000 die
• Women play important role in military; serve in support positions
SECTION
3
Airplanes• Bell Aircraft’s Marietta factory builds B-29 Superfortress
bombers- employs 28,000 at peak production; over 6,000 women
work there Continued . . .
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Shipbuilding• German U-boats sink many U.S. cargo ships at
start of war• Savannah, Brunswick shipyards build 447-foot-
long Liberty Ships- Liberty Ships carry soldiers, supplies; named
for famous Georgians• Many Georgia men and women leave farms to
work in shipyards
continued The Nation and Georgia Mobilize
SECTION
3
Agriculture• U.S. encourages Georgians to grow crops other
than cotton• Food crops in demand; peanuts also important,
used for oil
Image
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Training Allied Troops in Georgia
SECTION
3
Camp Stewart• Georgia and Texas have most military training
facilities in U.S.• Camp Stewart, near Savannah, trains antiaircraft
squads
Continued . . .
Camp Gordon and Fort Benning• Camp Gordon trains infantry and tank units
- holds German, Italian prisoners of war (POWs)• Fort Benning becomes home to several groups
during World War II- First Infantry, Airborne Training, Army’s Officer
Candidate School
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Warner Robins Air Force Base• Warner Robins Air Force Base opens in 1942,
trains air support• French, British troops also come to Georgia for
training• Many bases also serve as POW camps—14
camps in Georgia- prisoners receive good treatment, but required
to work
continued Training Allied Troops in Georgia
SECTION
3
College Campuses• College campuses become training facilities• Soldiers learn nursing, handling supplies, planning,
flight training
Continued . . .
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Colleges Used as Training Facilities• Military pays colleges to use facilities during war• Georgia Tech houses Marines, offers training• University of Georgia students sign up for cadet
training- 1943 football season canceled—not enough
civilian students for team• University hosts Navy preflight program, Army
Specialized Training• More than 200 University of Georgia students die
in war
continued Training Allied Troops in Georgia
SECTION
3
Continued . . .
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Women in the Military• Many female personnel based in Georgia, many
as pilots• Many women train at Georgia State College for
Women, Milledgeville- now Georgia College & State University- campus trains WAVES in 1943; 15,000 women