CHAPTER 15 World War II. Section 1: The Road to War Section Objectives Describe the rise of totalitarianism in Europe and its impact on world events.

CHAPTER 15

World War II

Section 1: The Road to War

Section Objectives Describe the rise of totalitarianism in

Europe and its impact on world events. Explain the motives behind Japan’s policy of

territorial expansion and why Americans were opposed to it.

Explain why at first the United States adopted a policy of neutrality toward escalating world tensions

Rise of Dictators

FDR’s “Good Neighbor policy”—nonintervention among nations

Benito Mussolini-wanted to rebuild Italy’s shattered economy and restore Italian power. Fascists—preached that the nation and the

race were more important than the individual. Totalitarian—completely controlling all aspects

of Italian life Mussolini invaded Ethiopia in October 1935 and

controlled Ethiopia by May of 1936.

Hammer =industrial workers

Sickle=peasants (farmers)

Soviet Symbol

Communists took power in 1917 Soviet Union

Controlled all aspects of live in Soviet Union—Josef Stalin was the leader

Workers meant to be in control, but in reality the country was run by Stalin

CommunismFascism

Benito Mussolini took power in 1922 and tried to restore country to Roman Empire power

Imperial Japan

Japan felt cheated by its failure to gain territory after WWI–government came under control of nationalists fanatics and allied with military and became a major imperial power in Asia

Hitler founds the Nazi Party

National Socialist German Workers’ party Hitler was a great orator Wanted an “Aryan” race and blamed the

Jews for Germany’s economic problems Hitler denounced the Treaty of Versailles German President Paul von Hindenburg

died in 1934 and Hitler abolished the office of President and declared himself fuhrer, or Supreme leader of the Third Reich, the German Empire

Extreme Fascism—German Nazi Party

Swastika—ancient religious symbol means “good luck” from Greek or Hindu temples

Nazi outdoor rally held in Nuremberg every year—displayed strength and determination of Nazis and power Hitler held over his party

Nazi party founded in 1920, National Socialist German Worker’s Party believed German Aryans were master race, hated Jews, and wanted to restore Germany to its powerful status

Adolf Hitler1889-1945

Mein Kampf—Hitler’s book discusses need for a strong leader, a large army, economic self-sufficiency, suppression of communism and extermination of Jews

Fighting the Spanish Civil War Francisco Franco– his fascist forces of

attempted to overthrow the constitutional government of Spain

Mussolini and Hitler aided Franco, the Soviet Union supported the Republicans.

Great Britain, France, and the U.S. were neutral even though some citizens fought against Germany and Italy.

Guernica, Spain

Pablo Picasso’s Guernica--1937

Treaty of Versailles —forced Germany to sign it and lost overseas empire, land to neighbors and reduced army

1933, Nazi party comes to power and builds up military strength

Hitler moves troops back into Rhineland—industrial area next to France

1936, Germany takes over Austria (most Austrians favored takeover) and parts of Czechoslovakia

1936 Italy and Germany form Rome—Berlin Axis, later extends to Japan

September 1, Germany invades Poland

Japan invades China—1932 Japan takes over China Province of Manchuria and invades country in 1937 Italy invades

Ethiopia in 1935 and Libya and Albania in 1939. Mussolini wanted to build new Roman empire

Appeasing Hitler in Munich

In March 1938, Hitler proclaimed that Austria was part of Germany and sent troops into Vienna. 6 months later Hitler’s armies occupied the Sudetenland in Czechoslovakia. Eager for peace, the leaders of Great Britain and France adopted a policy of appeasement toward Germany.

Invading Poland leads to War August 23, 1939—Germany signs a

nonaggression pact with Soviets Germany and the Soviets secretly

divided Poland Sept.1, 1939, Hitler invades Poland Blitzkrieg (lightning war) 2 days later, Great Britain and France

declare war—WWII.

Japan and Militarism

1930s, Japan began territorial expansion. Needed raw materials—dependent upon

other nations Japan invades Manchuria—poorly

defended and rich in resources Sept. 1931, Japan invades Sept. 1932, Japan controls “Manchukuo”—

League of Nations condemned the act and Japan justifies—long term security

U.S. and China

U.S. stops trade with Japan U.S. lends money to China Why??? $$$$$$$$$$$ U.S. wants to protect the open door

policy. U.S. could lose $100 million in cotton

sales

“China Incident”

1937—Japan moves south to Shanghai and Nanjing

Japanese soldiers killed tens of thousands of Chinese civilians

Seen as barbarous and disgraceful Japan tries to downplay the acts U.S. signs Neutrality Acts—no sale of

weapons and restrict travel

Section 2: The War Begins

Hitler invades France, Maginot Line rendered worthless.

British forces retreat to Dunkirk and evacuate 338,000 troops

June 22, 1940, France

surrenders

Battle of Britain

Attack in summer

of 1940 Britain’s Royal Air Force

is a formidable fighting machine

Sept, 1940-May 41—Mass bombing London in shambles and 20,000 died

British Spitfire

362 mph Faster at high altitudes RAF pilots from around the world

British Hawker Hurricanes

14,000 produced Accounted for many kills (mostly

bombers) Over 300 mph Rolls-Royce Merlin 12

cylinder

German Messerschmitts

342 mph Diamler-Benz V-12

Radar

Success by alerting incoming enemy aircraft

Emit radio signals—bounce off enemy planes and picked up by radar receivers

Inverventionism v. Isolationism Support or stay out? That is the

question. Committee to Defend American by

Aiding the Allies—600 local branches, Defend America First—60,000 members

Selective Service September, 1940—Selective Training and

Service Act—1st peacetime draft Males 21-35, serve for 1 year, but only

within the Western Hemisphere

Lend-Lease, Jan. 1941

Openly support Allies President sell, lend, or lease military

supplies to any nation “vital to defense of the United States.”

Garden Hose analogy

Atlantic Charter

Churchill and FDR met to agree on common principles for postwar world

Charter affirmed each nation’s right to choose its own government, free from fear of agression.

Sept. 24, 1941—U.S., Britain and 15 other nations signed this charter—international organization for security

Forerunner for United Nations

Axis Powers Align

September 27, 1940—Japan, Italy and Germany made an alliance which promised that each would defend the other if they were attacked by the U.S.

Rome-Berlin-Tokyo Axis U.S. responds by putting an embargo on

Japanese trade—cut them off.

Yamamoto’s Plan

U.S. feeling war with Japan is near, Japan decides to take the offensive.

Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto wants to strike the U.S. at Pearl Harbor—may be the knockout blow to U.S. fleet.

Section 3: Japanese Aggression The U.S. wanted Japan out of China If they withdraw, trade resumes Japan needed more resources, so they

planned an attack War Minister Hideki Tojo takes over

office of Premier—planned an attack on Hawaii on Sept. 6, 1941

November 26, Japan starts heading toward Hawaii

Tora!Tora!Tora!

The attack was a surprise on Sunday, December 7th 1941.

Sunday morning the Japanese attacked for 3 hours

3/8 battleships were sunk and the others badly battered.

19 ships sunk or disabled. 150 planes destroyed 2,400 American servicemen and civilians

killed

Outcomes

Japan failed to hit oil storage tanks Missed aircraft carriers that left a few

days before—this enabled the U.S. to still be successful

Later that day, Japan attacked Philippines, Guam, and Midway. Also British forces in Hong Kong and Malay Peninsula.

U.S. reactions?

The Longest Day Pre-Assessment What do you know about D-Day?1. What was the name of the operation of

the D-Day invasion?2. Who was the Supreme Commander of

the Allied forces in D-Day?3. What date was D-Day?4. What was the 60-mile stretch of the

coast of France that was invaded?

Pre-Assessment Quiz

5. Can you name any of the 5 names given to the beaches of the landing in France?

6. What were the three main countries involved in the landing on the beach?

7. How many people died (Allied Forces) in the invasion?

8. What was the name of the German fortification defense against the invasion?

Factors that made D-Day possible German Army taking toll in Russia Strategic bombing by Allies Attack Italy—Forces needed Naval Superiority Supply chain for food and supplies Weather Deception Weapons and intelligence

Supreme Commander

Dwight Eisenhower—born 1890 Commissioned in 1913—no action in WWI Worked closely with U.S. Army Chief of Staff George C. Marshall Commanded North African landings in 1942

Dwight D. Eisenhower

Map of the coordinated attack

Operation Overlord

The Landing

Operation Neptune:7,000 vessels from Battleships to landingCraft used in this Operation.

German resistance waiting

German Defense: The Atlantic Wall

The Atlantic Wall

Impact

4,000 ships 150,000 men Within 2 weeks1 million men, 556,000 tons of supplies, & 170,000 Vehicles5,000 Dead

Life of FDR

January 30, 1882-April 12, 1945 4 terms Served through Great Depression and

WWII Warm Springs, Georgia—died of Cerebral

hemorrhage

Hitler’s Death

Monday, April 30th 1945

Last Days of the Fuehrer

Bunker in Berlin, Jan. 16 1945 April 22, Nervous Breakdown April 29, marries Eva Braun Cyanide poisoning and gunshot to right

temple, Eva next to him on sofa Burned outside bunker Soviets recover bodies Secretly buried by KGB with Goebbels and

family April 4th, 1970 dug up bodies, cremated

and dumped in Elbe River

Chapter 15-3 Assignment

Using pages 508-515, please describe the events, strategies, and key battles of WWII.

You will divide your paper into 4 quadrants with Pacific and European Fronts/vertical, and Allies and Axis Powers/horizontal.

Insert key ideas and detail in the corresponding sections.

U.S. vs. Japan

Battle for Pacific

Takeover in 12/1941—Burma, Malaya, Dutch East Indies, Singapore, Philippines, and pushing toward Australia and east to U.S.

Needed Supplies for empire Coral Sea 5/42, Midway 6/42 halted

advance

Battles with Japan

Island hopping Samaria Code—fight to the end Iwo Jima—750 miles from Tokyo, 20,000

casualties Okinawa—300,000 troops

Kamikaze planes—50,000 American casualties, Japan 140,000

700 attacked U.S. fleet U.S. could now have naval superiority—

bombing easier

Feb. 1945, Mt. Suribachi, Iwo Jima Japanese defended to end, of 21,000

soldiers only 216 were taken prisoner

Pacific Theatre Map

POW for Japan

POWs treated poorly Worked to death building RR, roads, and

bridges Starvation

25% of 103,000 of Australian, U.S., British, and Dutch soldiers died

Prisoners made improvised necessities like combs and glasses

US developed the atomic bomb during the Manhattan Project—based out of Los Alamos, New Mexico

Little Boy and Fat Man were dropped on August 6th and August 9th

More than 200,000 citizens were killed by the bombs and countless others affected by the nuclear radiation

Japan surrendered on August 14, 1945

Atomic Bomb

Truman takes over after FDR dies Einstein told FDR about Nazi nukes Manhattan Project—top secret project,

$2 billion, 120,000 workers Physicist Dr. J. Robert Oppenheimer was

in charge of project “We have discovered the most terrible

bomb in the history of the world.”

Atomic Bomb

Potsdam Conference—drop bomb if Japan doesn’t surrender by 8/3/45

8/6/45--B-29, Enola Gay, dropped bomb on Hiroshima—center of war industries and headquarters for 2nd General Army.

8/9 Nagasaki was bombed 8/14 Japan surrenders

Why did Truman use the bomb? U.S. would most likely have had to invade

the mainland Japan Thousands more would have died if the

war continued or even had to invade Japan Ending the war saved Japanese lives as

well Some think we used the bomb to show our

strength (especially to the Soviets) Japan didn’t show signs of surrendering

Significance of WWII

Approximately 55 million deaths Massive destruction of cities around the

world Farms and factories destroyed (but not in U.S.)

6 million Jews lost lives in Holocaust German and Japanese leaders were tried

before war crimes tribunals Civilians targeted to decrease morale Atomic Bomb creates Cold War to follow

Legacy of Holocaust

Nuremberg Trials Big three--Teheran Conference, punish Axis

leaders for war crimes Discussed in 1945 by newly formed UN Oct. 1945 24 leading German military

officially charged with 4 war crimes: Conspiracy, crimes against peace, war crimes, and crimes against humanity

Convictions at Nuremberg

19 were convicted 12 sentenced to death, others serving

prison sentences 12 other trials conducted by U.S. judges

involving 185 defendants—Nazi officials, judges, business executives, and doctors. These were people who helped in the process.

United Nations

Representatives of 26 nations, including U.S., USSR, Britain, and China met in D.C. on January 1, 1942.

A permanent UN organization was established in October 1945, with 51 members