Chapter 14 Information System Development
Dec 29, 2015
Chapter 14Information System Development
Discuss the importance of project management, feasibility
assessment, data and information gathering
techniques, and documentation
Explain the phases in the system development life cycle
Identify the guidelines for system development
Recognize the responsibilities of various IT professionals
Describe how structured tools such as entity-relationship
diagrams and dataflow diagrams are used in analysis
and design
Differentiate between packaged software and custom software
Identify program development as part of the system
development life cycle
Discuss techniques used to convert to a new system
Chapter 14 Objectives
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p.14.2
Understand how IT professionals support an
information system
What is the System Development Life Cycle?What is an information system (IS)?
Set of hardware, software, data, people, and procedures that work together to produce information
p.14.2
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SystemSet of components that
interact to achieve common goal
Businesses use many types of systems
What is the System Development Life Cycle?What is the system development life cycle (SDLC)?
p.14. 2 Fig. 14-1
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What is the System Development Life Cycle?What are guidelines for system development?
Divide activities or tasks into phases Involve users Develop standards
• Sets of rules and procedures company expects employees to accept and follow
p.14..3
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What is the System Development Life Cycle?Who participates in the system development life cycle?
p.14. 4 Fig. 14-2
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systems
analyst
• programmers
• vendors
• Webmaster
• network engineer
• other system analysts• management
• database specialist
• data warehouse specialist• users
• data comm specialist
• steering committee
What is the System Development Life Cycle?What is a systems analyst?
Responsible for designing and developing information system
Liaison between users and IT professionals
Converts user requests into technical specifications
p.14.5
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What is the System Development Life Cycle?What is the project team?
Formed to work on project from beginning to end
Consists of users, systems analyst, and other IT professionals
p.14.5
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Project leaderManages and controls
project budget and schedule
What is the System Development Life Cycle?What is project management?
Process of planning, scheduling, and then controlling activities during SDLC
p.14.5
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Establish goal, objectives, and expectations of the project, called
the scope
List required activities
Determine time for each activity
Give cost estimates for each activity
Order activities
List activities that can take place at the same time
responsibilities of project manager
What is the System Development Life Cycle?What is a Gantt chart?
Popular tool used to plan and schedule time relationships among project activities
p.14.5 Fig. 14-3
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Operational feasibility
Schedule feasibility
Technical feasibility
Economic feasibility
also called cost/benefit feasibility
What is the System Development Life Cycle?What is feasibility?
Measure of how suitable system development will be to company
p.14.6
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four feasibility
tests
What is the System Development Life Cycle?What are six data and information gathering
techniques?
p.14.7
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Review documentation
Observe Questionnaire One-on-one
interview Joint (JAD)
interview session Research
What Initiates the System Development Life Cycle?
What are some reasons to create or modify an information system?
p.14.10
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To correct problem in
existing systemTo improve
existing system
Outside group may mandate change
Competition can lead to change
What Initiates the System Development Life Cycle?
What is a request for system services? Users write
formal request for new or modified information system
Also called project request
p.14.10 Fig. 14-7b
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Planning Phase
What is the planning phase? Begins when steering
committee receives project request
Function of committee:
• Review and approve project
• Prioritize requests
• Allocate resources
• Form projectdevelopment team
p.14.12
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Analysis Phase
What is the analysis phase? Consists of two major tasks
p.14.13
Conduct preliminary
investigation, also called feasibility
study
Perform detailed analysis
1. Study how current system works
2. Determine user’s wants, needs, and requirements
3. Recommend solution
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Analysis Phase
What is structured analysis and design?
Technique that attempts to address problem by using graphics and other tools
Used to document findings in way everyone can understand
p.14.15
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Entity-relationship
diagrams
Data flow diagrams
Project dictionary
Analysis Phase
What is an entity-relationship diagram (ERD)? Tool that
graphically showsconnections between entities insystem
p.14.16 Fig. 14-10
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Click to view Web Linkthen click Entity-Relationship Diagrams
EntityObject in
system that has data
Analysis Phase
What is a data flow diagram (DFD)? Tool that graphically shows flow of data in
system
p.14.17 Fig. 14-11
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Click to view Web Linkthen click Data Flow Diagrams
data storedata store
sourcesource
processprocess
data flowsdata flows
Analysis Phase
What is a project dictionary? Documentation and
deliverables of project Helps keep track of
huge amount of details in system
p.14.17
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Click to view Web Linkthen click Project Dictionary
structured English
decision tables
decision trees
data dictionary
Analysis Phase
What is structured English? Used to explain details of process in project
dictionary
p.14.18 Fig. 14-12
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Analysis Phase
What is a decision table?
p.14.18 Fig. 14-13
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Lists variety of conditions and actions that correspond to each condition
Analysis Phase
What is a decision tree? Diagram that shows conditions and actions
graphically
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p.14.18 Fig. 14-14
Analysis Phase
What is a data dictionary? Stores name, description, and other details
about each data item
p.14.19 Fig. 14-15
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Steering committee often must decide how system
will be developed
Buy packaged software from outside source?
Build own custom software?
Analysis Phase
What is the system proposal? Assesses feasibility
of each alternative solution
At conclusion of analysis phase, system proposal presented to steering committee for approval
p.14.19
Next Hire outside firm to handle more or all IT needs?
Design Phase
What is the design phase? Consists of two
major activities• Acquire hardware
and software• Develop all details
of new or modified information system
p.14.21
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Design Phase
Identify all hardware and software requirements of new or modified system
p.14.21
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Click to view video
Talk with other systems analysts
Visit vendors’ stores
Surf the WebRead print and online
trade journals, newspapers, and
magazines
What is needed to acquire new hardware and software?
Request for quotation
(RFQ)Identifies
product(s) you want
Vendor quotes price(s) for listed
product(s)
Request for information
(RFI)Less formal method that uses standard
form to request information about product or service
Request for proposal
(RFP)Vendor selects product(s) that
meets your requirements and
then quotes price(s)
Design Phase
What are three basic documents used to summarize technical specifications?
p.14.22
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Click to view Web Linkthen click Request for Proposal
Design Phase
What is a turnkey solution? Complete
system provided by value-added reseller
p.14.24 Fig. 14-19
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Design Phase
What is detailed design? Develop detailed
design specifications for components in proposed solution
Sometimescalled physical design
p.14.26
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Database design
Input and output design
Program design
Design Phase
What is a system flowchart? Documents
relationships among programs in process
Shows how other elements of system interact with major process
p.14.28 Fig. 14-24
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Design Phase
What is a prototype? Working model of
proposed system
p.14.28
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Rapid application development (RAD)
Process of developing applications with prototypes
Project repositoryStores diagrams, specifications, descriptions, programs, and any other deliverable generated
Design Phase
What is computer-aided software engineering(CASE)?
Software tools designed to support one or more SDLC activities
p.14.29
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Click to view Web Linkthen click CASE Products
GraphicsEnables drawing of diagrams
PrototypingCreates models of proposed system
Quality assuranceAnalyzes deliverables for accuracy
Code generatorsCreate actual computer programs
from design specifications
HousekeepingEstablishes user accounts and provides
backup and recovery functions
Design Phase
What is a structured walkthrough? Step-by-step review
by project team and users of any SDLC deliverable
Used to review detailed design specifications before they are given to programming team
p.14.30
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Implementation Phase
What is the implementation phase? Purpose is to construct, or build, new or
modified system and then deliver it to users
p.14.30
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Develop programs
Install and test new system
Train users
Convert to new system
Implementation Phase
Programmers write programs as per specifications
They follow an organized set of activities known as PDLC
p.14.30
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Analyze problem
Design programs
Code programs
Test programs
Formalize solution
Maintain programs
What is the program development life cycle (PDLC)?
Systems testVerifies all programs in
application work together properly
Implementation Phase
What are the three types of tests performed by system developers?
p.14.30
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Integration TestVerifies application works
with other applications
Acceptance Test
Performed by end-users; checks that new system works
with actual data
Implementation Phase
What is training?
Showing users exactly how they will use new hardware and software in system
p.14.31 Fig. 14-26
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Implementation Phase
What are conversion strategies? Used to change from old system to new system
p.14.31 Fig. 14-27
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Identify errors
Monitor system performance
Support Phase
Provides ongoing assistance after system is implemented
p.14.32
Next Identify enhancements
What is the support phase?
Conduct a post-implementation
system review
Summary of Information System Development
What is the system development life cycle? What initiates the system development life cycle? Planning phase Analysis phase Design phase Implementation phase Support phase
Chapter 14 Complete