Chapter 11 Section 4: World War II

Chapter 11Section 4: World War II

ESSENTIAL QUESTION How did World War II affect Georgians?

The Rise of Dictators Ruthless people rose to power in the 1920’s and

1930’s Some Europeans resented terms of Treaty of Versailles

Germans had to take full responsibility of WWI Pay billions of dollars in reparation to allies Disarm completely Give up all overseas colonies and some territory in

Europe Carved up Austro-Hungarian and Russian Empires to

create several European countries (borders were later disputed)

League of Nations was part of the Treaty Rise of Hitler

Increasing Tensions Dictator: individual who ruled a country through military

strength

Country Leader Quick FactsJapan Emperor

HirohitoAttacked China seeking raw materials

Italy Mussolini Attacked Ethiopia and Albania

Germany Adolf Hitler Nazi leader; began rebuilding military forces, persecuting Jews, and silencing opponents

Soviet Union

Josef Stalin Built up industry and military, forced peasants into collective farms, eliminated opponents

Germany During the depression millions lost their jobs Economy was on the edge of collapse Germans rallied around Hitler Gained popularity by exploiting people’s

concerns about inflation and unemployment and Versailles Treaty

1921 became chairman of the National Socialist German Workers’ Party, aka the Nazi Party.

Nazi-Soviet Pact Germany making plans to invade Poland Poland bordered Russia Hitler did not want to anger Stalin, yet. Both signed Soviet-German Non-Aggression

Pact- August 1939 2 leaders pledged not to attack each other Agreed to divide Poland Pact shocked the world

The War Begins 1938: Hitler’s Germany attacks France to “take

back” land lost in WWI (Rhineland) Sent troops to take over Austria,

Czechoslovakia, and Poland Great Britain and France declared war Soviet Union invaded nearby countries and

agreed to split Poland with Germany By 1940, Hitler controlled Denmark, Norway, Holland, Belgium, Luxembourg and a large part of France and began bombing Great Britain

Blitzkrieg Lightning War

The German offensive way of fightingMoving in quickly, forcefully, from all sides

A Neutral United States Most Americans did not want to get involved

in the war, but Roosevelt wanted to help Britain

Hitler turned on Stalin in 1941 and invaded the Soviet Union

Lend-lease: policy to lend or lease (rent) weapons to Great Britain and the Soviet Union

American ships began escorting British ships in convoys

Lend-Lease Japan, Italy, the Soviet Union, and Germany were

fighting Great Britain Most Americans felt the U.S. should not get involved 1930’s Congress had passed “neutrality acts” to

keep the U.S. out of another war (we could not sell weapons to any warring nation) 1939 FDR got Congress to pass a new law that allowed the Allied Powers to buy arms if they paid cash and carried them in their ships

Lend-Lease (continued) 1940 FDR gave Great Britain old weapons and

traded 50 destroyers for British bases in the Western Hemisphere

1941 British ran out of $ so Congress let FDR “lend or lease” arms to them

Germany “turned” on the Soviet Union and invaded them so FDR gave lend-lease aid to the Soviets

FDR built air bases in Greenland and Iceland. The planes from these bases tracked German submarines.

U.S. Navy escorted British ships part of the way across the Atlantic

“A Day that Will Live in Infamy” President Roosevelt stopped exports to Japan

to protest its expansion into other countries Exports of oil, airplanes, aviation gasoline and

metals were stopped The Japanese attacked the U.S. Navy fleet at

Pearl Harbor, Hawaii on Dec. 7, 1941 Japan hoped to destroy the fleet giving them

control of the Pacific Ocean The USA declared war on Japan Allied Powers: USA, Great Britain, Soviet Union Axis Powers: Germany, Italy, Japan

Pearl Harbor Japanese-American relations got worse U.S. stopped exporting planes, metals,

aircraft parts, and aviation gas to Japan 1941 Japan invaded French Indochina-

FDR seized all Japanese property in U.S.

Late 1941 Japan decided to invade Indonesia to get gas

U.S. Navy stationed at Pearl Harbor were the only ones that could stop them

Pearl Harbor (continued) Dec. 7, 1941 Sunday morning 8:00 AM

the Japanese bombed Pearl Harbor 8 battleships destroyed or damaged More than 180 planes were destroyed Over 2,000 people killed/over 1,000

wounded “day that will live in infamy” Dec. 8 Congress declared war on Japan

American Military Forces Millions of Americans enlisted after the attack

on Pearl Harbor 330,000 women joined – could not serve in

combat roles Segregation in the military kept African

American and white service men in different units

Tuskegee Airmen: famous African American flyers of the Army Air Force

U.S. enters World War II Allied Powers-U.S., Great Britain, and

the Soviet Union Axis Powers-Germany, Japan, and Italy U.S. fighting on two fronts-Germany and

Italy in Europe and Africa and Japan in the Pacific

The War in Europe 1942-1943: British and American troops won control

of Africa 1943: Mussolini overthrown and Italy joined the Allies American general Dwight D. Eisenhower coordinated

plan to recapture Europe D-Day: June 6, 1944 – Allied forces land in northern

France Early 1945: Germans pushed out of France April 1945: Soviet and American troops meet and Germany surrenders – Hitler commits suicide

D-Day June 06, 1944 Operation Overlord Largest amphibious assault in human

history Allied success is the first step in the

March to Berlin. Five beach code names: Omaha and

Utah (U.S.), Gold and Sword (Britain), and Juno (Canada)

1,465 U.S. solders killed. (estimate) Eisenhower's message to the troops

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HqfN3kWjGtk

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XHscQgzkMKg

Georgia Loses a Friend President Roosevelt visited

Georgia often at his “Little White House” in Warm Springs

His polio symptoms were eased in the mineral springs

April 24, 1945: President Roosevelt died suddenly of a stroke in Warm Springs, GA

Millions of Georgians and Americans mourned

Vice President Harry Truman became president

FDR’s Impact on Georgia Got Congress to pass laws to protect

workers ND created the Tennessee Valley Authority

(TVA) which created Blue Ridge Lake, Lake Chatuge, and Lake Nottely

FDR’s body was carried by train to Washington as thousands of crying Georgians lined the tracks

The War in the Pacific 1942: Japan expanded its territory throughout

the Asian Pacific region 1945: Allied forces began to retake Japanese

controlled lands Japan refused to surrender President Truman authorized the use of atomic

bombs to force Japan’s surrender Enola Gay: plane that dropped first atomic

bomb on Hiroshima, Japan Japan surrendered after a second atomic bomb

dropped on Nagasaki Over 50 million people died in the war

The Holocaust The Holocaust: name given to the

Nazi plan to kill all Jewish people Auschwitz, Buckenwald, Dachau,

Treblinka, Bergen-Belsen infamous concentration camps where Jews and others were executed

6 million people killed in the Holocaust

(Picture: Jews at the Warsaw Ghetto)

The Holocaust Spring 1945-Allied troops pushed into Poland, Austria, and Germany They found Auschwitz, Buckenwald, Dachau, Treblinka, Bergen-Belsen

(concentration camps) set up by the Nazis as the “final solution to the Jewish problem”

Those alive were emaciated skeletons from years of starvation, disease, cruel treatment, forced labor, and medical experiments

“systematic extermination (killing) of 6 million Jews” 5-6 million others labeled as “undesirables” were also

killed by the Nazis

The Holocaust (continued) Prisoners, including children, were gassed in chambers

they thought were showers Their bodies were incinerated in huge ovens or thrown

into mass graves Hitler wanted to rid the world of “inferior” people including

Jews, Poles, Czechs, Russians, Gypsies, homosexuals, and the mentally or physically disabled

1986 the GA Commission on the Holocaust was established The Commission fosters tolerance, good citizenship and character development among the young people of GA Annual art and writing contest for middle and high school students

The War’s Effects on Society Everyone was expected to help in the war

effort Women began working in jobs to replace men

who had gone to war G.I. Bill: law to help returning soldiers adapt to

civilian lifeLow cost loans for homes or businessCollege education opportunities

Women and African Americans did not want to go back to the kind of life they had before the war

Georgia During World War II 320,000 Georgians joined the armed forces –

over 7,000 killed Military bases were built in the state which

improved the economy Farmers grew needed crops – income tripled for

the average farmer Limits were put on the consumption of goods

such as gasoline, meat, butter, and sugar (rationing)

Students were encouraged to buy war bonds and defense stamps to pay for the war

Victory Garden: small family gardens to make sure soldiers would have enough food

POW (prisoner of war) camps in Georgia at some military bases

Bell Aircraft Needed to build aircraft plants to build more B-29 bombers Bell Aircraft Co. of Buffalo, N.Y. got the contract

for a new plant in Marietta Largest aircraft assembly plant in the world with

4.2 million square feet 1943 they began assembling bombers with 1200

employees 1945-27,000 employees making 60-65 planes a

month 1950 Lockheed Aircraft Corp. reopened the plant

Military Bases WW II brought millions of federal $ to GA

strengthening the economyMajor Bases in GA: Fort Benning (Columbus) largest infantry

center in U.S. Camp Gordon (Augusta) Fort Stewart/Hunter Air Field (Savannah) Warner Robins Air Field (near Macon) Glynco Naval Air Station (Brunswick) flew

blimps to search for German submarines

Military Bases (continued) Fort McPherson (Atlanta) induction center

for newly drafted soldiers Fort Gillem (Clayton County) army storage

facility and railroad yard Prisoners of war (POWs) were held at Forts

Benning, Gordon, Oglethorpe, and Stewart At Fort Oglethorpe, 150,000 women

(Women’s Army Auxiliary Corp-WACs) trained to become postal workers, clerks, typists, switchboard operators, code clerks, and drivers or aides

Atlanta Airport became an air base in 1941

Savannah Shipyard Built “Liberty” ships (named after Patrick

Henry’s famous quote) Nov. 1942 launched first Liberty ship-the

U.S.S. James Oglethorpe (sunk by a German sub in 1943) 88 Liberty ships built by 15,000 workers, many of whom were women

Brunswick Shipyard 1943-1944 over 16,000 men and women

worked around the clock on 6 ships at a time

1944 set a record by building 7 ships in just one month

Worked on Christmas day and donated $ for that day to the war effort

Produced 99 Liberty ships

Richard B. Russell, Jr. June 1931, Winder resident Richard Russell

became GA’s youngest governor in the 20th Century

Sworn in by his dad, GA Supreme Court Justice, Richard B. Russell, Sr.

Former member and speaker of the GA House of Representatives

Combined 102 state offices into 17 agencies Combined the boards of trustees of state

colleges and universities into one governing group-the Board of Regents of the Univ. System

Richard B. Russell, Jr. (continued) Gov. Russell tried to run the state like a successful

business 1932 he was elected to the U.S. Senate (served

for 38 years) He favored national military preparedness and

states’ rights Served on the Senate Appropriations Com Co-sponsored legislation to provide a school lunch

to all children Advisor to 6 U.S. Presidents Served as president pro tempore of the Senate

(third in line for the presidency)

Richard Russell, Jr. Carl Vinson

Carl Vinson U.S. House of Representatives (served 25

consecutive terms from 1914 -1965) Promoted a strong national defense 1934 Vinson-Trammel Act (manufactured 92

warships) Law to expand naval aviation system to

10,000 planes,16,000 pilots, and 20 air bases Law to ease labor restrictions in shipbuilding

to allow faster construction of navy ships

Carl Vinson (continued)After World War II: Wanted a strong defense throughout the

Cold War with the Soviet Union 1964-President Johnson awarded him

the Presidential Medal of Freedom Retired to his Milledgeville farm in 1965 1972-President Nixon named the 3rd

nuclear carrier for him He died in 1981

Video Clips Attack on Pearl Harbor

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HAnOtWm5OrM

FDR’s Infamy Speechhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3VqQAf7

4fsE http://www.gpb.org/georgiastories/storie

s/women_of_world_war_two http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MvDi

wYSwEV0