Chapter 20- World War II Section One- The Path to War.

Chapter 20- World War IIChapter 20- World War IISection One- The Path to WarSection One- The Path to War

The Path to WarThe Path to War

*Great Britain, France, and the United *Great Britain, France, and the United States were satisfied with the peace States were satisfied with the peace settlement at the end of WWI.settlement at the end of WWI.

GermanyGermany, , ItalyItaly, and , and JapanJapan were unsatisfied were unsatisfied with the peace settlement at the end of with the peace settlement at the end of World War I.*The western powers saw World War I.*The western powers saw these militaristic dictatorships come to these militaristic dictatorships come to power, yet they could not agree on how to power, yet they could not agree on how to handle it.handle it.

Territorial AmbitionsTerritorial Ambitions

In 1931 In 1931 JapanJapan was the first nation to reveal its was the first nation to reveal its territorial ambitions by invading territorial ambitions by invading ManchuriaManchuria and and renaming it renaming it ManchukuoManchukuo..

*They lacked natural resources so they sought to *They lacked natural resources so they sought to conquer other territories.conquer other territories.

*March of 1933-Japan withdrew from the League *March of 1933-Japan withdrew from the League of Nationsof Nations

Italian dictator Italian dictator Benito MussoliniBenito Mussolini thought a colony in thought a colony in EthiopiaEthiopia would enhance Italy’s image as a world would enhance Italy’s image as a world power. *In 1936, he formally annexed the African power. *In 1936, he formally annexed the African nationnation

SpainSpain

In July 1936, when civil war broke out in Spain, the In July 1936, when civil war broke out in Spain, the conservative Spanish conservative Spanish NationalistsNationalists led by led by Francisco Franco fought the Francisco Franco fought the LoyalistsLoyalists, or , or Spanish Spanish RepublicansRepublicans, for control of the country., for control of the country.

*Germany and Italy sided with the Nationalists. *Germany and Italy sided with the Nationalists. Soviets and volunteers from Great Britain, Soviets and volunteers from Great Britain, France, and the U.S. sided with the LoyalistsFrance, and the U.S. sided with the Loyalists

*The Nationalists won and Spain became Fascist *The Nationalists won and Spain became Fascist but did not ally with Germany and Italybut did not ally with Germany and Italy

Rome-Berlin AxisRome-Berlin Axis

In October 1936, Mussolini and Adolf Hitler In October 1936, Mussolini and Adolf Hitler signed an agreement called the signed an agreement called the Rome-Rome-BerlinBerlin Axis. *They hoped this would be an Axis. *They hoped this would be an axis around which world affairs would turn.axis around which world affairs would turn.

* Italy and Germany later joined Japan in * Italy and Germany later joined Japan in the Anti-Comintern Pact, an alliance the Anti-Comintern Pact, an alliance against Soviet communismagainst Soviet communism

The joining of Austria to Germany was The joining of Austria to Germany was known as known as AnschlussAnschluss..

AppeasementAppeasement

After annexing Austria, Germany turned its After annexing Austria, Germany turned its attention to attention to CzechoslovakiaCzechoslovakia, where ethnic , where ethnic Germans lived in a region known as Germans lived in a region known as SudetenlandSudetenland..

British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain thought a policy of thought a policy of appeasementappeasement would would stabilize Europe. The stabilize Europe. The MunichMunich Conference Conference decided the fate of Czechoslovakia, which decided the fate of Czechoslovakia, which was soon invaded by Hitler.was soon invaded by Hitler.

Preparation for WarPreparation for War

*After the invasion of Czechoslovakia, the *After the invasion of Czechoslovakia, the western democracies could no longer western democracies could no longer maintain illusions about Hitler’s plans and maintain illusions about Hitler’s plans and began to prepare for war.began to prepare for war.

On August 23, 1939, the Soviet Union and On August 23, 1939, the Soviet Union and Germany signed the Germany signed the Nazi-Soviet NonNazi-Soviet Non AggressionAggression Pact.*Long term enemies who, Pact.*Long term enemies who, for their own purposes, needed a short for their own purposes, needed a short term arrangementterm arrangement

World War IIWorld War II

On September 1, 1939, Hitler sent his On September 1, 1939, Hitler sent his armies into armies into PolandPoland, sparking World War II., sparking World War II.

*Two days later, France and Great Britain *Two days later, France and Great Britain declared war on Germany.declared war on Germany.

Section Two-War in EuropeSection Two-War in Europe

In 1939 Germany unleashed a In 1939 Germany unleashed a blitzkriegblitzkrieg, or , or “lightning war”, on “lightning war”, on PolandPoland and devastated the and devastated the country in a few weeks.*The Soviet Union country in a few weeks.*The Soviet Union quickly moved its forces to occupy the eastern quickly moved its forces to occupy the eastern half of the nationhalf of the nation

Then the fighting died down. This next period was Then the fighting died down. This next period was known as the known as the sitzkriegsitzkrieg, or the “sit-down war”. , or the “sit-down war”. The West called it the “The West called it the “phonyphony war” and felt an war” and felt an all-out war could be avoided.all-out war could be avoided.

The War ContinuesThe War Continues

Stalin forced the Baltic republics of Stalin forced the Baltic republics of LithuaniaLithuania, , LatviaLatvia, and , and EstoniaEstonia to accept Soviet military to accept Soviet military bases, and then forced bases, and then forced FinlandFinland to surrender as to surrender as well.well.

Hitler then set his sights on the Scandinavian Hitler then set his sights on the Scandinavian countries of countries of DenmarkDenmark and and NorwayNorway, which were , which were quickly conquered.quickly conquered.

*Proved costly for the Germans. News of this *Proved costly for the Germans. News of this caused an uproar in the British House of caused an uproar in the British House of Common. Chamberlain stepped down and Common. Chamberlain stepped down and Winston Churchill became the British Prime Winston Churchill became the British Prime MinisterMinister

The WestThe West

The French had built a fortified border called The French had built a fortified border called the the Maginot Line Maginot Line to prevent a German to prevent a German invasion. Nonetheless, Germany swept invasion. Nonetheless, Germany swept into the Low Countries of into the Low Countries of NetherlandsNetherlands, , LuxembourgLuxembourg, and , and BelgiumBelgium and raced and raced toward France.*Germans invaded the toward France.*Germans invaded the Netherlands-parachuted-first large scale Netherlands-parachuted-first large scale attack in the history of war. On that same attack in the history of war. On that same day, Britain and France moved into day, Britain and France moved into Belgium. (They did not stop the Germans)Belgium. (They did not stop the Germans)

The War ContinuesThe War Continues

The Allies had to evacuate France through the port The Allies had to evacuate France through the port of of DunkirkDunkirk.* About 300,000 Allies were rescued..* About 300,000 Allies were rescued.

The Nazis set up a puppet government in the city The Nazis set up a puppet government in the city of of Vichy Vichy in France. (In France, many joined the in France. (In France, many joined the French resistance-an underground movement French resistance-an underground movement that opposed the German occupation) *Now all that opposed the German occupation) *Now all that stood between Hitler and German that stood between Hitler and German domination of Western Europe was Winston domination of Western Europe was Winston Churchill and a determined British peopleChurchill and a determined British people

Great BritainGreat Britain

German bombers pounded the city of London in a German bombers pounded the city of London in a great great blitzblitz, or series of air raids. The Royal Air , or series of air raids. The Royal Air Force fought back against the German Force fought back against the German LuftwaffeLuftwaffe in the Battle of in the Battle of BritainBritain. *Read all of page 610. *Read all of page 610

To aid Great Britain while maintaining U.S. To aid Great Britain while maintaining U.S. neutrality, Roosevelt instituted a neutrality, Roosevelt instituted a cash andcash and carrycarry policy so that Great Britain could buy needed policy so that Great Britain could buy needed supplies.supplies.

When Great Britain ran out of money, the United When Great Britain ran out of money, the United States approved a new plan called States approved a new plan called lend-leaselend-lease to to lend war equipment to those nations whose lend war equipment to those nations whose defense was deemed vital to U.S. security. defense was deemed vital to U.S. security.

Section Three- A Global ConflictSection Three- A Global Conflict

*Hitler failed at his attempt to defeat Great Britain. *Hitler failed at his attempt to defeat Great Britain. By the end of 1941-the expansive war would By the end of 1941-the expansive war would grow even larger. Two more major powers join grow even larger. Two more major powers join the conflict: The Soviet Union and the United the conflict: The Soviet Union and the United StatesStates

Hitler turned his attention to the Soviet Union. He Hitler turned his attention to the Soviet Union. He wanted to conquer the vast Soviet wanted to conquer the vast Soviet steppesteppe to to provide the necessary “living space” for the provide the necessary “living space” for the Germans. He also wanted wheat from the Germans. He also wanted wheat from the UkraineUkraine and oil reserves from the and oil reserves from the CaucasusCaucasus region. *The invasion took Stalin by surprise (p. region. *The invasion took Stalin by surprise (p. 614)614)

Hitler’s PlanHitler’s Plan

By November 1941, the Germans had captured By November 1941, the Germans had captured KievKiev, begun the siege of , begun the siege of LeningradLeningrad, and reached , and reached the outskirts of the outskirts of MoscowMoscow. *The Germans had . *The Germans had pushed 600 miles in and controlled 40% of the pushed 600 miles in and controlled 40% of the populationpopulation

Hitler had a plan to create a Hitler had a plan to create a “New Order”“New Order” in in Europe. He thought the Germans were a Europe. He thought the Germans were a ““master racemaster race”, and groups such as ”, and groups such as JewsJews and and SlavsSlavs were “undesirable elements”. were “undesirable elements”.

The HolocaustThe Holocaust

The mass destruction of the Jewish people The mass destruction of the Jewish people (and others) is known as the (and others) is known as the HolocaustHolocaust..

*In 4 years, the Nazis murdered 6 million *In 4 years, the Nazis murdered 6 million Jews. At the same time, they murdered 6 Jews. At the same time, they murdered 6 million more including Slavs and gypsies.million more including Slavs and gypsies.

(read pages 615 and 616)(read pages 615 and 616)

JapanJapan

JapanJapan continued its expansion in Southeast continued its expansion in Southeast Asia and proclaimed “Asia and proclaimed “AsiaAsia for the for the AsiaticsAsiatics” ” as a way to rid their lands of European as a way to rid their lands of European rule. *Japan built airfields in Northern rule. *Japan built airfields in Northern Indochina. The U.S. retaliated by placing Indochina. The U.S. retaliated by placing an embargo (ban) on the sale of scrap iron an embargo (ban) on the sale of scrap iron to Japan. In turn, to Japan. In turn, Tripartite Pact-Tripartite Pact- Japan, Japan, Italy, and Germany: pledged to cooperate Italy, and Germany: pledged to cooperate to reach their common goal “space” and to to reach their common goal “space” and to come to each other’s aid if attacked.come to each other’s aid if attacked.

U.S. Enters the WarU.S. Enters the War

Japan bombed the American naval base at Japan bombed the American naval base at Pearl Pearl HarborHarbor in Hawaii to destroy U.S. military power in Hawaii to destroy U.S. military power in the Pacific.in the Pacific.

President RooseveltPresident Roosevelt called the December 7 attack called the December 7 attack “a date which will live in infamy.”“a date which will live in infamy.”

*The United States was officially at war. Germany *The United States was officially at war. Germany and Italy honored the Tripartite Pact and and Italy honored the Tripartite Pact and declared war on the United States. Great Britain declared war on the United States. Great Britain backed the United States and declared war on backed the United States and declared war on Japan. Despite their differences, the United Japan. Despite their differences, the United States and Great Britain allied with the Soviet States and Great Britain allied with the Soviet Union to fight the common enemy.Union to fight the common enemy.

Section Four-Turning PointsSection Four-Turning Points

In the sinking the In the sinking the BismarckBismarck, the British put an end , the British put an end to German efforts to win the Battle of the to German efforts to win the Battle of the AtlanticAtlantic. *They also carried out an air offensive . *They also carried out an air offensive against Germany. The purpose was to destroy against Germany. The purpose was to destroy industries and break the will of the civilian industries and break the will of the civilian population.population.

The city of The city of StalingradStalingrad was symbolic in the struggle was symbolic in the struggle between the Germans and the Soviets.*Named between the Germans and the Soviets.*Named after Stalin; loss of the city would have been a after Stalin; loss of the city would have been a blow to Soviet morale. In 1942, allied forces blow to Soviet morale. In 1942, allied forces were struggling to regain ground lost to the were struggling to regain ground lost to the Germans in North Africa.Germans in North Africa.

North AfricaNorth Africa

German general Erwin Rommel was known German general Erwin Rommel was known as the “as the “Desert Fox”.Desert Fox”. His army was His army was defeated by British troops at defeated by British troops at El AlameinEl Alamein and was pushed back to Libya.and was pushed back to Libya.

Allies landed in Morocco and Allies landed in Morocco and AlgeriaAlgeria, hoping , hoping to trap Rommel with their “to trap Rommel with their “pincerspincers” ” strategy. * By 1943 the allies controlled all strategy. * By 1943 the allies controlled all of North Africaof North Africa

Invasion of ItalyInvasion of Italy

The Allied invasion of Italy began in conquering The Allied invasion of Italy began in conquering the island nation of the island nation of SicilySicily..

*They wanted to secure communications in the *They wanted to secure communications in the Mediterranean and intensify pressure on Italy.Mediterranean and intensify pressure on Italy.

King Victor Emmanuel III had King Victor Emmanuel III had MussoliniMussolini arrested, arrested, and the and the FascistFascist party was party was dissolved.*(September 3, 1943) A secret dissolved.*(September 3, 1943) A secret surrender was signed. This caught the Germans surrender was signed. This caught the Germans by surprise. They recovered to occupy Rome 2 by surprise. They recovered to occupy Rome 2 days later. They rescued Mussolini and put him days later. They rescued Mussolini and put him in charge of Northern Italy.in charge of Northern Italy.

The PacificThe Pacific

At the Battle of At the Battle of MidwayMidway, the Americans ended , the Americans ended Japanese naval superiority in the Pacific. Japanese naval superiority in the Pacific.

The Allies launched a “leapfrogging” campaign in The Allies launched a “leapfrogging” campaign in Guadalcanal to begin taking back the Pacific Guadalcanal to begin taking back the Pacific islands.*Lasted 6 months and was a victory for islands.*Lasted 6 months and was a victory for allies.-When American advances resumed, allies.-When American advances resumed, Japanese leaders called on soldiers to die for Japanese leaders called on soldiers to die for their homeland. (November 1943)their homeland. (November 1943)

Japanese pilots who volunteered for suicide Japanese pilots who volunteered for suicide missions were known as missions were known as kamikazeskamikazes..

Section Five-Allied VictoriesSection Five-Allied Victories

*Read Introduction on page 624*Read Introduction on page 624OperationOperation Overlord Overlord was the Allied plan to was the Allied plan to

land troops in France.land troops in France.The day of attack, or D-day, took place on The day of attack, or D-day, took place on

June 6, 1944, when troops landed on the June 6, 1944, when troops landed on the coast of coast of NormandyNormandy in France.*map p. 624 in France.*map p. 624

Free French forces entered the city of Free French forces entered the city of ParisParis in August 1944, ending four years of in August 1944, ending four years of German occupation.German occupation.

The EastThe East

While American-led forces launched an While American-led forces launched an offensive against Germans from the west, offensive against Germans from the west, the the SovietsSoviets launched an offensive from the launched an offensive from the easteast. *By the summer of 1944, the Soviets . *By the summer of 1944, the Soviets had pushed the Germans out of Soviet had pushed the Germans out of Soviet territory.territory.

By October 1944, the By October 1944, the SovietsSoviets controlled controlled most of eastern Europe.most of eastern Europe.

End of WarEnd of War

The last desperate offensive by the Germans was The last desperate offensive by the Germans was the so-called Battle of the the so-called Battle of the Bulge Bulge in the winter of in the winter of 1944, when the Allies stopped at the Belgian city 1944, when the Allies stopped at the Belgian city of Bastogne. *Meanwhile, Soviets inflicted of Bastogne. *Meanwhile, Soviets inflicted savage revenge on the German population and savage revenge on the German population and fought their way to Berlin.fought their way to Berlin.

Italian Italian partisanspartisans, or resistance fighters, shot , or resistance fighters, shot MussoliniMussolini.*Hitler committed suicide in an .*Hitler committed suicide in an underground chamber in Berlinunderground chamber in Berlin

ConferencesConferences

The Allied leaders met at The Allied leaders met at YaltaYalta, where they agreed , where they agreed to divide Germany and Berlin into to divide Germany and Berlin into fourfour zones.*Great Britain, France, United States, and zones.*Great Britain, France, United States, and the Soviet Union would occupy the zones. (p. the Soviet Union would occupy the zones. (p. 626)626)

*Roosevelt died in April and Truman became *Roosevelt died in April and Truman became PresidentPresident

At the conference at At the conference at PotsdamPotsdam, new tensions arose , new tensions arose over the future of Europe.*p. 626-2over the future of Europe.*p. 626-2ndnd half half

Japanese SurrenderJapanese Surrender

Two fierce and bloody battles of the Pacific were Two fierce and bloody battles of the Pacific were waged on the islands of waged on the islands of Iwo JimaIwo Jima and and OkinawaOkinawa. . *The British completed the destruction of *The British completed the destruction of Japanese forces in Southeast AsiaJapanese forces in Southeast Asia

To bring about a Japanese surrender, the United To bring about a Japanese surrender, the United States dropped atomic bombs on the cities of States dropped atomic bombs on the cities of HiroshimaHiroshima and and NagasakiNagasaki..

*The last Axis power to surrender was Japan.*The last Axis power to surrender was Japan. *Nuremberg-site of the wartime trials against Nazi *Nuremberg-site of the wartime trials against Nazi

leaders.leaders.