Chapter 11 M. Lynde War of 1812 Upsurge of Nationalism.

Chapter 11Chapter 11M. LyndeM. Lynde

War of 1812War of 1812

Upsurge of NationalismUpsurge of Nationalism

ThemesThemesTheme: The American effort in the war of 1812 was plagued by poor

strategy, political divisions, and increasingly aggressive British power. Nevertheless, the U.S. escaped with a stalemated peace settlement, and soon turned its isolationist back to the Atlantic European world.

Theme: The aftermath of the War of 1812 produced a strong surge of American nationalism that was reflected in economics, law, and foreign policy. The rising nationalistic spirit and sense of political unity was, however, threatened by the first severe sectional dispute over slavery.

Theme: Chief Justice John Marshall’s Supreme Court strengthened the federal gov’t by supporting a “loose construction” of the Constitution, asserting the federal judiciary’s power over state courts, and enforcing economic provisions in the Constitution (interstate commerce, sanctity of contracts.)

Presidential Election of Presidential Election of 18081808

Presidential Election of Presidential Election of 18081808

James Madison James Madison Becomes PresidentBecomes President

James Madison James Madison Becomes PresidentBecomes President

Election of 1808Election of 1808

• Jefferson gladly left the “splendid misery” of the Jefferson gladly left the “splendid misery” of the highest officehighest office

• James Madison, fellow Virginian, vs. Federalist James Madison, fellow Virginian, vs. Federalist Charles Pinckney.Charles Pinckney.

• Federalist made significant gains in Congress & Federalist made significant gains in Congress & state legislaturesstate legislatures

• James Madison James Madison

(Democratic Republican) wins the(Democratic Republican) wins the

office of Presidentoffice of President

Dolly MadisonDolly MadisonDolly MadisonDolly Madison

Key 36 War of 1812

Attempts to invade Canada:• Americans raided and burned the Canadian capital at York (Toronto) April 1813• On the Niagara border the U.S. was hampered by poor leadership and the refusal of some militia to leave their states

Naval War: Victory in single-ship engagements heartened the Americans, but the Royal Navy controlled the Atlantic. Only privateers could elude their blockade.

Great Lakes: Control of the Great Lakes was crucial. After furious shipbuilding by both sides, Oliver Hazard Perry won a naval battle on Lake Erie

• The British and their Indian allies were defeated by William Henry Harrison at the Battle of Thames. Tecumseh was killed.

Britain: Saw renewed war with America as a frustrating minor conflict compared to its struggle with Napoleon. Napoleon’s defeat and exile enabled Britain to send reenforcements to Canada and take the offensive (1814)

• A naval victory by the Americans on Lake Champlain caused an invading British force to return to Canada• British troops, landed below Washington, burned the capital in reprisal for the burning of York.

Andrew Jackson: Defeated Creek Indians at Horseshoe Bend• Jackson took Pensacola in West Florida• British troops sent from the West Indies were defeated when they attacked Jackson’s forces (including free blacks) at

New Orleans (Jan. 8, 1815). Although occurring after the peace agreement had been signed, the battle of New Orleans gave Americans a sense of victory and speeded ratification of the treaty

The (Ghent) peace treaty:Was signed at Ghent, Belgium, Dec. 24, 1814. • Both sides, weary of fighting, ignored the causes of the war and restored the status quo (no mention of maritime rights

Overview: The nation was poorly prepared for war in 1812. The few Americans successes on the water did not compensate for failures to successfully invade Canada, and the war ended in a stalemate

1. Napoleonic Wars1. Napoleonic Wars1. Napoleonic Wars1. Napoleonic Wars

Q 1806 à Berlin Decrees [“Continental 1806 à Berlin Decrees [“Continental System”] System”]

Q 1806 à Britain issued the “Order in 1806 à Britain issued the “Order in Council.” Council.”

Q 1807 à Milan Decrees1807 à Milan Decrees

Q 1808-1811 à Britain impressed over 1808-1811 à Britain impressed over 6,000 American 6,000 American sailors. sailors.

2. Chesapeake-Leopard 2. Chesapeake-Leopard “Affair”“Affair”

2. Chesapeake-Leopard 2. Chesapeake-Leopard “Affair”“Affair”

Q June 21, 1807.June 21, 1807.

Q Br. Captain fired on the USS Chesapeake.Br. Captain fired on the USS Chesapeake.

Q 3 dead, 18 wounded.3 dead, 18 wounded.

Q Br. Foreign Office said it was a mistake.Br. Foreign Office said it was a mistake.

Q Jefferson’s Response:Jefferson’s Response:

Forbade Br. ships to dock in Forbade Br. ships to dock in American ports.American ports.

Ordered state governors to call up as Ordered state governors to call up as much as 100,000 militiamen.much as 100,000 militiamen.

Chesapeake-Leopard Chesapeake-Leopard “Affair”“Affair”

Chesapeake-Leopard Chesapeake-Leopard “Affair”“Affair”

3. The Embargo Act 3. The Embargo Act (1807)(1807)

The “OGRABME” TurtleThe “OGRABME” Turtle

3. The Embargo Act 3. The Embargo Act (1807)(1807)

The “OGRABME” TurtleThe “OGRABME” Turtle

Q Forbade export of all goods from the US.Forbade export of all goods from the US.

Q Unexpected Consequences:Unexpected Consequences:

Q 1807 exports à $108 mil.1807 exports à $108 mil.

Q 1808 exports à $ 22 mil.1808 exports à $ 22 mil.

4. The Non-Intercourse 4. The Non-Intercourse Act Act (1809)(1809)

4. The Non-Intercourse 4. The Non-Intercourse Act Act (1809)(1809)

Q Replaced the Embargo Act.Replaced the Embargo Act.

Q Reopened trade with all nations EXCEPT Reopened trade with all nations EXCEPT Britain and France.Britain and France.

Q Remained U. S. policy until 1812.Remained U. S. policy until 1812.

Q Unexpected Consequences:Unexpected Consequences:

N. Eng. was forced to become self-N. Eng. was forced to become self-sufficient again [old factories reopened].sufficient again [old factories reopened].

Laid the groundwork for US industrial Laid the groundwork for US industrial power.power.

Jefferson, a critic of an industrial America, Jefferson, a critic of an industrial America, ironically contributed to Hamilton’s view ironically contributed to Hamilton’s view of the US!of the US!

5. Br. Instigation of 5. Br. Instigation of IndiansIndians

5. Br. Instigation of 5. Br. Instigation of IndiansIndians

British General Brock Meets with British General Brock Meets with TecumsehTecumseh

British General Brock Meets with British General Brock Meets with TecumsehTecumseh

Battle of Tippecanoe 1811Battle of Tippecanoe 1811

1.1. Western War Hawks eager to wipe Western War Hawks eager to wipe

out renewed Indian resistance to out renewed Indian resistance to

white settlers in western wildernesswhite settlers in western wilderness

2. Two Shawnee twins - Tecumseh and the Prophet 2. Two Shawnee twins - Tecumseh and the Prophet organize confederacy of almost all tribes east of organize confederacy of almost all tribes east of Mississippi (Americans think the British are aiding the Mississippi (Americans think the British are aiding the Indians)Indians)

3. 3. Gen. Wm H HarrisonGen. Wm H Harrison repelled a surprise Indian attack at repelled a surprise Indian attack at TippecanoeTippecanoe (Indiana) Nov. (Indiana) Nov. 1811.1811.

4. 4. Significance: Essentially ended the Indian threat in the Old Significance: Essentially ended the Indian threat in the Old NorthwestNorthwest

55. War Hawks wanted US to attack Canada to remove further . War Hawks wanted US to attack Canada to remove further Amerindian threatsAmerindian threats

– Br. In Canada vulnerable b/c busy fighting Napoleon Br. In Canada vulnerable b/c busy fighting Napoleon

6. Southern expansionists desired Sp. Florida, Britain’s ally6. Southern expansionists desired Sp. Florida, Britain’s ally

6. “War Hawks” in 6. “War Hawks” in CongressCongress

6. “War Hawks” in 6. “War Hawks” in CongressCongress

Henry Clay Henry Clay [KY][KY]

Henry Clay Henry Clay [KY][KY]

John C. Calhoun John C. Calhoun [SC][SC]

John C. Calhoun John C. Calhoun [SC][SC]

• Embargo Act of 1807Embargo Act of 1807

• Non-Intercourse Act of 1809Non-Intercourse Act of 1809

• Macon’s Bill 2 of 1810Macon’s Bill 2 of 1810

James MadisonJames Madison• Father of the Constitution (Va. Dynasty) - inherited risky foreign policiesFather of the Constitution (Va. Dynasty) - inherited risky foreign policies

– Non-Intercourse Act 1809 due to expire. Dangle the Non-Intercourse Act 1809 due to expire. Dangle the Macon’s Bill 2Macon’s Bill 2 - either Br or Fr repealed its commercial restrictions then U.S. - either Br or Fr repealed its commercial restrictions then U.S.

would restore embargo against the other nationwould restore embargo against the other nation– Napoleon agreed hoping U.S. would go to war w/ his enemy BritainNapoleon agreed hoping U.S. would go to war w/ his enemy Britain– Madison gave Br. 3 months to end restrictions or U.S. would restore non-Madison gave Br. 3 months to end restrictions or U.S. would restore non-

importationimportation-Br. Demanded U.S. w/draw restriction on Br. Until Fr w/drawn restrictions on U.S.-Br. Demanded U.S. w/draw restriction on Br. Until Fr w/drawn restrictions on U.S.

shippingshipping -Napoleon had no intention of honoring this-Napoleon had no intention of honoring this

**Significance:Significance: – Br. Had no need to bargain as they controlled the seas. Br. Had no need to bargain as they controlled the seas. as long as war w/ Fr. was on then U.S. could trade w/ Br as long as war w/ Fr. was on then U.S. could trade w/ Br or no one!or no one!– Madison’s gamble failed.Madison’s gamble failed.– Madison had to re-establish embargo against Br.Madison had to re-establish embargo against Br.– This decision ended American neutralityThis decision ended American neutrality

Presidential Election of Presidential Election of 18121812

Presidential Election of Presidential Election of 18121812

““Mr. Madison’s War!”Mr. Madison’s War!”““Mr. Madison’s War!”Mr. Madison’s War!”

Daniel Webster - Federalist Daniel Webster - Federalist

from New Hampshire, spoke from New Hampshire, spoke against entry the war.against entry the war.

–Spoke eloquently on behalf of New Spoke eloquently on behalf of New England manufacturing interests England manufacturing interests that would suffer from Br. Blockadethat would suffer from Br. Blockade–Webster had ghost written most of Webster had ghost written most of John Marshall’s opinionsJohn Marshall’s opinions

American ProblemsAmerican ProblemsAmerican ProblemsAmerican ProblemsQ The US was unprepared militarily:The US was unprepared militarily:

Q Had a 12-ship navy vs. Britain’sHad a 12-ship navy vs. Britain’s800 ships.800 ships.

Q Americans disliked a draft à preferred to Americans disliked a draft à preferred to enlist in the disorganized state militias.enlist in the disorganized state militias.

Q Financially unprepared:Financially unprepared:

Q Flood of paper $.Flood of paper $.

Q Revenue from import tariffs declined.Revenue from import tariffs declined.

Q Regional disagreements.Regional disagreements.

Why did U.S. fight Britain when France had Why did U.S. fight Britain when France had also assaulted American ships?also assaulted American ships?

1.1. War Hawks pushed Madison toward War Hawks pushed Madison toward warwar

2.2. Traditional Republican (Jeffersonian) Traditional Republican (Jeffersonian) partiality toward Francepartiality toward France

3.3. Visibility of British impressments and Visibility of British impressments and arming of Amerindiansarming of Amerindians

4.4. Chesapeake-Leopard AffairChesapeake-Leopard Affair

5.5. Lure of conquering British Canada: Lure of conquering British Canada: timber, fishing, fur tradetimber, fishing, fur trade

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Resentful New Englanders Resentful New Englanders Hindered the U.S. EffortHindered the U.S. Effort

1.1. Believed British actions were exaggerated; still Believed British actions were exaggerated; still dislike Francedislike France

2.2. New England merchants were still profitable New England merchants were still profitable before the warbefore the war

3.3. Opposed acquisition of Canada which would Opposed acquisition of Canada which would add agrarian states (Jeffersonian)add agrarian states (Jeffersonian)

4.4. New England investors probably lent more New England investors probably lent more money to Britain than the U.S.money to Britain than the U.S.

5.5. New England farmers sent huge quantities of New England farmers sent huge quantities of supplies and foodstuffs to Canada, helping supplies and foodstuffs to Canada, helping Britain invade New YorkBritain invade New York

6.6. New England states refused to permit their New England states refused to permit their militias to serve outside their statesmilitias to serve outside their states

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Overview of the WarOverview of the WarOverview of the WarOverview of the War

Campaigns of 1813Campaigns of 1813Campaigns of 1813Campaigns of 1813

The White House Is The White House Is Burning;Burning;

The British Are Coming, The British Are Coming, AGAIN!!AGAIN!!

(August 24, 1814)(August 24, 1814)

The White House Is The White House Is Burning;Burning;

The British Are Coming, The British Are Coming, AGAIN!!AGAIN!!

(August 24, 1814)(August 24, 1814)

The British next moved to take Ft. McHenry near Baltimore, MD. They bombarded the fort with cannonballs fired from land and nearby ships.

Aboard the British flag-ship was an American prisoner of war, Dr. Beanes. A lawyer friend of his, Francis Scott Key, rowed out to the British ships.

He asked the British to let Dr. Beanes go. The commander agreed, but said they must remain aboard until morning.

Francis Scott Key did not sleep that night as the British guns pounded Ft. McHenry. From the deck of the warship he could see the flash of guns firing away. Could the Americans hold out? During the night, Francis Scott Key asked himself that question many times.

Key wrote down his experience in a poem. It was later set to music and is now known as our “Star-Spangled Banner.”

O say can you see, by the dawn's early light,What so proudly we hail'd at the twilight's last gleaming,Whose broad stripes and bright stars through the perilous fightO'er the ramparts we watch'd were so gallantly streaming? (defensive barrier) And the rocket's red glare, the bomb bursting in air,Gave proof through the night that our flag was still there,O say does that star-spangled banner yet waveO'er the land of the free and the home of the brave?

The Battle of New The Battle of New Orleans, 1815Orleans, 1815

The Battle of New The Battle of New Orleans, 1815Orleans, 1815

Jackson’s Florida Jackson’s Florida CampaignsCampaigns

Jackson’s Florida Jackson’s Florida CampaignsCampaigns

Hartford ConventionHartford ConventionDecember, 1814 – December, 1814 –

January, 1815January, 1815

Hartford ConventionHartford ConventionDecember, 1814 – December, 1814 –

January, 1815January, 1815

Treaty of GhentTreaty of GhentDecember 24, 1814December 24, 1814

Treaty of GhentTreaty of GhentDecember 24, 1814December 24, 1814

The The status quo antestatus quo ante..

Overview of War of 1812Overview of War of 18121.1. Small war - 6,000 Americans killed or wounded (mostly Canadians fought Americans, very Small war - 6,000 Americans killed or wounded (mostly Canadians fought Americans, very

few British)few British)2.2. One of America’s most poorly-fought wars on landOne of America’s most poorly-fought wars on land

• Nation militarily unprepared for warNation militarily unprepared for war• Attack on Canada complete failureAttack on Canada complete failure• Washington, DC burned by BritishWashington, DC burned by British• British nearly won large territories in NY and NEBritish nearly won large territories in NY and NE

3. Nat’l disunity - Federalist undermine war effort - Hartford Convention 18143. Nat’l disunity - Federalist undermine war effort - Hartford Convention 18144. American victories4. American victories

– Andrew Jackson hero (later president)Andrew Jackson hero (later president)– Wm H Harrison hero (later president)Wm H Harrison hero (later president)

5. War ends in stalemate5. War ends in stalemate6. American gain respect diplomatically and militarily6. American gain respect diplomatically and militarily

– After Treaty of Ghent, British & Americans carry on arms race on Great After Treaty of Ghent, British & Americans carry on arms race on Great Lakes but Lakes but Rush-Bagot agreement 1817Rush-Bagot agreement 1817 severly limits naval armaments. severly limits naval armaments.

7. Gall of Federalists: reduction of sectionalism7. Gall of Federalists: reduction of sectionalism8. Large Amerinidian losses during the war8. Large Amerinidian losses during the war

1.1. Lost vast areas of forested land north of Ohio RiverLost vast areas of forested land north of Ohio River

9. U.S. industry stimulated by less dependence on British goods9. U.S. industry stimulated by less dependence on British goods

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CONSIDERCONSIDER

To what extend did the U.S. “win” To what extend did the U.S. “win” the War of 1812?the War of 1812?

DBQDBQ

• You do not have to do an essayYou do not have to do an essay• Directly answer each question Directly answer each question

based on that individual documentbased on that individual document• You are required to underline key You are required to underline key

phrasesphrases• You are required to bring in relevant You are required to bring in relevant

information beyond just the information beyond just the documents - information that you documents - information that you have learned through your study. - have learned through your study. - SFISFI