Chapter 9 Pages 256- 283. What caused the upsurge of westward migration after the War of 1812? What changes were linked to the rise of the market.

Chapter 9Pages 256- 283

What caused the upsurge of westward migration after the War of 1812?

What changes were linked to the rise of the market economy?

How did the rise of canals affect where Americans lived and how they made their living?

What caused the rise of Industrialization? How did the rise of Industrialization

influence relationships within families and communities?

Population• 1790

Majority lives East of Appalachian mountains and within a few miles of ocean

• 1840 1/3 lives between

Appalachian mountains and Mississippi River

The Sweep West• Series of bursts

1790s 1791-1803

4 new states 1816-1821

6 new states

Characteristics• Families• Clustered near rivers• Regional settlement

Society and Customs• Craved sociability• Rural neighbors joined

together Sports, hoedowns

• Clear division of labor• Lack of refinement• East-West tensions

Far West• Adventure spirit• Zebulon Pike 1806• John Jacob Astor 1811• Mountain Men

Kit Carlson Jedediah Smith Jim Beckworth

Federal Government• Promised land to enlisted

men War of 1812• 6 million acres of “military

bounties”• Led to Congress

authorizing extension of National Road in 1816

5 Civilized Tribes• Cherokees, Choctaws,

Creeks, Chickasaws, and Seminoles

Legislation• 1820s

Alabama, Georgia, Mississippi legislatures restrict natives rights

Jackson• 1830 passes Indian

Removal Act Trades western public land

for Indian land in East 100 million acres of Indian

land for 32 million public acres

Supreme Court• Cherokee Nation v.

Georgia 1831 Marshall denied Cherokee

claim as a republic within GA

Recognized claim to land• Worchester v. Georgia

1832 legal position was a

“distinct” political community entitled to Federal protection

Trail of Tears• Treaty of Echota 1835• All Cherokee lands sold

for $6.5 million• Congress ratified• 1/3 die during/after Trail

of Tears

Northwest Tribes• Series of Treaties

gave up land• Two uprisings

Red Bird 1827 crushed

Blackhawk 1832 Resisted removal Attacked by Federal and

Militia troops Led to older tribes

ceded land to US

Agricultural Boom• Rising prices in

commodities drew settlers west

• Demand for wheat increases

• Shift to non-agricultural work in NE increases demand

• River transportation• Technological

advances 1793 Cotton Gin- Eli

Whitney

Risk of Market Economy• No control of

fluctuating distant markets

• Long interval between harvesting and selling crops Farmers borrow $ Short-term debt increases

and worse than expected

Federal Land Policy• Problems with Ordinance of

1785 Assumed farmers ban

together to buy land• Federalists

Encourage wealthy land speculators to buy land

Laws for min. price $2• Jefferson

Changes laws. Land Law 1800

Speculator/Squatter• Preemption

Forces small farmers to buy land on credit with high interest

Forced to grow cash crops and exhaust soil

“moving frontier”

Panic of 1819• Too many bank notes

issued• Farmers/investors

borrowed tons of $• Recession in Britain,

bumper crops in Europe= less demand

• National Bank tightens loan policies

• Land speculators lose most, land prices fall

• Significance: Economic damage Bitter taste about banks Farmers depend on distant

markets Need better transportation

Weaknesses 1820• Rivers flowed North to

South• Roads expensive• Horse-wagons limited

Steamboat• 1807 Fulton’s Clermont• Gibbons v. Ogden 1824

Broke up monopoly Increased Steamboat traffic

• Shipping faster and cheaper

• Vital role in Miss-Ohio river system

• 1st air pollution

Canals• Erie Canal 1817-1825• Canal Frenzy

Linked Western farms to Eastern cities

Constructed by states Three consequences

Lowers food prices in East More immigrants move West Stronger economic ties between

West and East Boom ended in 1830s

Railroads• 1825- 1st commercial (UK)• US investment 1830s• Connected non-river cities• Cheaper than canals to

build• Built by private

corporations

Growth of Cities• Caused by

Transportation Revolution

• 1820-1860 • Dramatic in West

Pittsburgh, Cincinnati, St. Louis

River ports, commercial hubs

• Completion of canals shifted boom to Great Lakes Buffalo, Cleveland,

Detroit, Chicago

Beginnings• Century behind Britain• Samuel Slater 1789

1st Cotton Mill• Regional• Gradual process

Causes• Political

Embargo Act of 1807 Tariff 1816 NY Law 1811

• Tensions in Rural Economy NE, too much pop for land

• Technology Labor saving machines No guilds

Textile Towns in NE• 1st industrial region• Why?

Recession 1808,1810 Rivers Surplus of young women

• Cotton Textile Mills Francis Cabot Lowell 1813 Lowell Mills Upset traditional order

• Protests 1834, 1836 Not just against

employers, but women vs. men

Artisans and Workers in Mid-Atlantic Cities• Manufacturing depended

on outwork• Industrial centers

despite lack of rivers• Trade Unions

As early as 1790s Skilled vs. unskilled Shorter workdays Obstacles:

Immigration State laws prohibiting

Unions Frequent economic

depression

Equality and Inequality• Rich and Poor

Few examples of “rags to riches” John Jacob Astor

Most people poor Young nation with little

property Deserving poor vs.

undeserving Immigrants

Irish Catholic

• Free Blacks Deeply rooted prejudice Restrictions in North Response

1st black run churches African Methodist Episcopal

Church in Philly

Middling Class• Most lived in middle• Professionals, landowning

farmers, small merchants, artisans

• High degree of transience and unpredictability

Social Relationships• Two generalizations

Questioning authority New foundations of

authority• Attack of Professions

Lawyers, Physicians, Ministers

• Challenge to Family Authority Staying home vs. leaving Free of parental

supervision Changes in marriage

decisions• Wives and Husbands

Separate “spheres” Children

Raising Birth control

• Horizontal Allegiances New allegiances to social

networks Religious, philosophical Vehicles to assert influence

Create a thesis for the following question:

• In what ways did developments in transportation bring about economic and social change in the United States in the period 1820 to 1860?

One sentence MUST include:

• Answer the prompt• Provide place/time• TWO categories of analysis

Economic Social

Website:• Thesis Statements: How to Write Them (Den

nis G. Jerz, Seton Hill University)

Create a fact list In what ways did developments in transportation

bring about economic and social change in the United States in the period 1820 to 1860?