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Internetworking

Devices

Chapter 10

Jetking Infotrain Ltd.

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Chapter Objectives

Explain repeater

Discuss the working of a bridge and its types

Explain the working and features of routers

Explain the operation of hubs and hub configurations

Discuss the working of switch and different switching

methods

Explain gateway

Describe multi-protocol routers, brouters and layer 3switches

Explain routing protocols

Troubleshoot different networking devices


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Recall - I

Internet Protocol (IP) address is a 32 bit uniqueaddress used by computers for communication.

Classful IP addressing and Classless IP addressingare types of IP addressing.

List of classful IP addresses are: Class A address

Class B address

Class C address

Class D address Class E address


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Recall - II

Special addresses are IP addresses which arenever used on the public internet. They are

Private addresses

Loop-back addresses

Link-local addresses

Mobile IP protocol allows mobile device users tomove from one network to another while maintaining

their permanent IP address.


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Introducing Network Elements

Networking devices interconnects networks Manage data flow and network traffic

NetworkingDevices

Repeaters Hubs Bridges Switches Routers GatewaysOther

Devices


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Show Repeater through CBT


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Hubs - I

Simplest and low cost device Also known as Multi-port Repeater

Operates at Physical Layer like Repeater

Data transfer to all the ports Hub types:

Active hub Provides signal regeneration

Passive hub No signal regeneration

Intelligent hub

Provides management of each port


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Operation of Hub


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Hubs Configurations

Hub

Configurations

Standalone Stackable Modular

Hub configurations can be used to expandnetworks.


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Bridges - I

Layer 2 devicesas it works atData Link Layerof the OSI model

Interconnectmultiple LANsand managesdata flow


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Working of bridge through CBT


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Bridges - III

Capable of passing a frame Check Physical address

Pass frame to the specified segment

Perform error checking on the frame

Bridges

TransparentBridge

TranslationalBridge

Source-routeBridge


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Types of Bridge

Transparent Bridge common in ethernetnetwork

Translational bridge used to connect two

different network such as ethernet and tokenring

Source-route Bridge found in token ring

technology


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Bridges - IV

Features Easy to use as just plug in device

Helps in network expansion

Divides large network into small segments

Used for increasing network reliabilityDisadvantages

Frames are buffered so provides network delay

During high traffic may overload network

Does not filter broadcast packets

Expensive than Repeaters


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Switches

Provide signal flow management Replace slower hub

Being a Data Link Layer device uses MAC addressfor data transfer

Data transfer to specific port

SwitchingMethods

Cut-throughMethod

Store & ForwardMethod

Fragment-FreeMethod


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Multispeed Switches

Having number of ports such as 100 Base Tand one or two gigabit ports

Port detects the speed of NIC and runs at

that speed is called auto sensing

Port runs at 10, 100 or gigabit is referred toas 10/100/1000 port


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Routers - I

Operate at Network Layer of the OSI model

Can connect nearer or far network segments


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Routers - II

Works in LAN, MAN and WAN environments

Having LAN and WAN ports

WAN port connects to regular phone line ormore advanced telephone connection likeISDN, ADSL, T1 or may be a cable modem

Route the packets seeing the IP address

stored in the packet Comes in variety shapes, sizes and functions


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Routers - III

Decide the best route with the help of network layeraddress

Responsible for Source to Destination delivery ofpacket

For routing decisions routers use routing algoritm

Router types:

Static router Routing tables are manually configured

Dynamic router

Routing tables are automaticallyconfigured


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Router considers number of hops, time delay and link cost tofind the best path

An autonomous system (AS) consists of network groups androuters which are managed by a single organisation

Routing Protocols - I


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Gateways - I

Operate at all layers of the OSI model Act as gate to other networks

A default gateway is on the same subnet as yourcomputer

GatewayTypes

AddressGateway

ProtocolGateway

ApplicationGateway

TransportGateway


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Gateways - II

Address Gateway Interconnects same protocolnetworks

Protocol Gateway Interconnects different protocol

networks Application Gateway Connects two parts of

applications

Transport Gateway Connects networks at

transport layer


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Other Devices - I

Multi-protocol router supports multiplecommunication protocols

Like router, it operates at Network Layer

OtherDevices

Multi-ProtocolRouters

BroutersLayer 3

Switches


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Other Devices - II

Brouter provides combined functions of Bridge andRouter

Works at two layers, Data Link and Network

Can operate only as bridge or only as router

High performance switch operating at network layeris Layer 3 Switch


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Summary - I

Repeater is basically a regenerator as it regeneratesthe signal

Repeater and Hub are layer 1 devices as theyoperate at the Physical layer of the OSI model

A multi-port repeater is known as Hub Hubs are of three types, active hub, passive hub

and intelligent hub Active hub regenerates the signal before passing

and Passive hub does not regenerate signal Types of bridges are Transparent bridge,

Translational bridge and Source-route bridge


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Summary - II

Switch filters and forwards data to the destination Switch uses cut through, store and forward or

fragment free method for switching A router is an intelligent device which functions at

the Network layer Router is capable of connecting many network

segments even though the segments are far Routers are of two types, Static router and Dynamic

router The Netstsat and Route Print commands are used

to view the routing table


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Summary - III

Routing algorithms are used by the routing protocolsto determine the next port to which the packet is tobe sent

Routing protocols are of two types, interior andexterior

RIP, IGRP, EIGRP, OSPF and IS-IS are interiorrouting protocols and BGP is an exterior routing

protocol OSPF and IS-IS uses Link state algorithm

BGP uses path vector routing


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Summary - IV

Gateway is a networking device which converts dataformat and not actual data

Backbone is a segment that connects othersegments

Multi-protocol routers support more than onecommunication protocols and works at network layer

Brouter provides combinational functions of a bridgeand a router

As name suggests Layer 3 switch operates at layer3 i.e. network layer of the OSI model


Chapter 10 vN.2

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