Chapter 10 - The Revolution First Phase

Chapter 10Chapter 10The Revolution: First PhaseThe Revolution: First Phase

Rizal and the RevolutionRizal and the Revolution Bonifacio, who had known Rizal the Liga days Bonifacio, who had known Rizal the Liga days

but whom Rizal did not know personally, but whom Rizal did not know personally, wanted Rizal’s opinion on the necessity of wanted Rizal’s opinion on the necessity of rising in arms against the Spaniards.rising in arms against the Spaniards.

Valenzuela immediately proceeded to Rizal’s Valenzuela immediately proceeded to Rizal’s home.home.

He related the founding of the Katipunan and He related the founding of the Katipunan and its aims, among which was to overthrow its aims, among which was to overthrow Spanish authority.Spanish authority.

Rizal pointed out that a revolution without Rizal pointed out that a revolution without sufficient arms should not be started against sufficient arms should not be started against an armed nation.an armed nation.

Rizal suggested that influential and wealthy Rizal suggested that influential and wealthy Filipinos be attracted to the cause of the Filipinos be attracted to the cause of the society in order to ensure the success of the society in order to ensure the success of the revolution.revolution.

Antonio Luna must be appointed to direct all Antonio Luna must be appointed to direct all military operations against the enemy.military operations against the enemy.

But Valenzuela pointed out the difficulty of But Valenzuela pointed out the difficulty of winning over the wealthy Filipinos to the winning over the wealthy Filipinos to the Katipunan side. Katipunan side.

Rizal’s doubt on the RevolutionRizal’s doubt on the Revolution Without arms the rebels would surely be Without arms the rebels would surely be

defeated and thereby cause irreparable defeated and thereby cause irreparable damage to the innocent people.damage to the innocent people.

Any revolution would be useless unless Any revolution would be useless unless the rebels were at least as armed as the the rebels were at least as armed as the enemy.enemy.

Preparations for the Preparations for the StruggleStruggle

Bonifacio ordered the manufacture of Bonifacio ordered the manufacture of bolos to be distributed to the members bolos to be distributed to the members of the society.of the society.

Hope was present when the Japanese Hope was present when the Japanese warship Kongo, with Admiral Kanimura warship Kongo, with Admiral Kanimura on board, had dropped anchor at on board, had dropped anchor at Manila Bay and that it might be Manila Bay and that it might be possible for them to seek the aid of the possible for them to seek the aid of the admiral in the struggle for national admiral in the struggle for national liberation.liberation.

The Japanese admiral refused to The Japanese admiral refused to commit his country to the commit his country to the revolutionary plan of the society.revolutionary plan of the society.

Bonifacio ordered, Tito Miguel and Bonifacio ordered, Tito Miguel and Roman Ramos, who were employed Roman Ramos, who were employed in the in the MaestranzasMaestranzas (arsenal) and (arsenal) and ordered them to steal rifles and ordered them to steal rifles and pistols, for the pistols, for the MaestranzasMaestranzas was a was a place where the ordinance was place where the ordinance was located.located.

Spanish Suspicion Aroused Spanish Suspicion Aroused The new members were impatient and The new members were impatient and

in their impatience they met nightly, a in their impatience they met nightly, a circumstance that aroused the suspicion circumstance that aroused the suspicion of the authorities. of the authorities.

Rumors about the secret gatherings and Rumors about the secret gatherings and that rifles and ammunition from Hong that rifles and ammunition from Hong Kong and Yokohama were being landed.Kong and Yokohama were being landed.

Blanco, the governor-general, was Blanco, the governor-general, was reluctant to act upon the suggestion of reluctant to act upon the suggestion of the friars, for he was not exactly the friars, for he was not exactly sympathetic to the friars.sympathetic to the friars.

In spite of these reports, most of In spite of these reports, most of which were exaggerated and which were exaggerated and calculated to force the governor-calculated to force the governor-general to act precipitately general to act precipitately

The friars, undaunted by their rebuff, The friars, undaunted by their rebuff, continued to pester the governor-continued to pester the governor-general with more reports of alleged general with more reports of alleged secret meetings.secret meetings.

The Discovery of the The Discovery of the KatipunansKatipunans

Apolonio de la Cruz and Teodoro Patiño Apolonio de la Cruz and Teodoro Patiño had a misuderstanding and Patiño, had a misuderstanding and Patiño, weakling that he was, took his revenge weakling that he was, took his revenge on Apolonio by revealing the secrets of on Apolonio by revealing the secrets of the society to his sister, Honoriathe society to his sister, Honoria

Sor Teresa suggested that Teodoro Sor Teresa suggested that Teodoro Patiño tell all he knew to Father Patiño tell all he knew to Father Mariano Gil.Mariano Gil.

Discovery of the Katipunan was Discovery of the Katipunan was immediately followed by mass arrests immediately followed by mass arrests of Filipino suspects. of Filipino suspects.

Wealthy Filipinos Implicated Wealthy Filipinos Implicated The wealthy Filipinos refused to join the The wealthy Filipinos refused to join the

Katipunan. Katipunan. A trick should be played on them in such A trick should be played on them in such

a way as to make it appear that they a way as to make it appear that they were deeply involved in the Katipunan.were deeply involved in the Katipunan.

The result of this trick was unexpected: The result of this trick was unexpected: instead of forcing the wealthy Filipinos instead of forcing the wealthy Filipinos to join or contribute to the society, they to join or contribute to the society, they denounced it and denied any knowledge denounced it and denied any knowledge of its existence.of its existence.

Francisco L. Roxas was executed, Francisco L. Roxas was executed, while Luis R. Yangco and others were while Luis R. Yangco and others were saved by bribing some highly placed saved by bribing some highly placed Spanish officials.Spanish officials.

The “Cry” of PugadlawinThe “Cry” of Pugadlawin Bonifacio secretly instructed his runners to Bonifacio secretly instructed his runners to

summon all the leaders of the society to a summon all the leaders of the society to a general assembly to be held on August 24.general assembly to be held on August 24.

On August 19, Bonifacio accompanied by On August 19, Bonifacio accompanied by his brother Procopio, Emilio Jacinto, his brother Procopio, Emilio Jacinto, Teodoro Plata and Aguedo del Rosario, Teodoro Plata and Aguedo del Rosario, slipped through the cordon of Spanish slipped through the cordon of Spanish sentries and reached Balintawak before sentries and reached Balintawak before midnight.midnight.

On Aug. 23, Bonifacio asked his men On Aug. 23, Bonifacio asked his men whether they were prepared to fight to whether they were prepared to fight to the bitter end. All those assembled the bitter end. All those assembled agreed to fight to the last.agreed to fight to the last.

Bonifacio said, “bring out your Bonifacio said, “bring out your cedulascedulas and tear them to pieces to symbolize and tear them to pieces to symbolize our determination to take up arms!”our determination to take up arms!”

This event marked the so-called “Cry This event marked the so-called “Cry of Balintawak,” which actually of Balintawak,” which actually happened in Pugadlawin.happened in Pugadlawin.

First SkirmishesFirst Skirmishes It was decided that all the rebels in the It was decided that all the rebels in the

surrounding towns be notified of the surrounding towns be notified of the general attack on Manila on the night of general attack on Manila on the night of August 19, 1896. August 19, 1896.

The intended attack on Manila did not The intended attack on Manila did not materialize, however, probably because materialize, however, probably because there were not sufficient arms with which there were not sufficient arms with which to carry out the plan. to carry out the plan.

Instead, Bonifacio and Jacinto led their Instead, Bonifacio and Jacinto led their men in attack on the powder magazine at men in attack on the powder magazine at San Juan del Monte on August 30.San Juan del Monte on August 30.

The defending Spaniards waited for the The defending Spaniards waited for the reinforcement and as a result Bonifacio reinforcement and as a result Bonifacio and his men lost the battle and were and his men lost the battle and were driven back with heavy casualty.driven back with heavy casualty.

The Revolution SpreadsThe Revolution Spreads The Spaniards pursued them and in The Spaniards pursued them and in

the battle that followed Bonifacio the battle that followed Bonifacio nearly lost his life when a Spanish nearly lost his life when a Spanish Bullet ripped the collar of his shirt Bullet ripped the collar of his shirt while he was protecting his friend while he was protecting his friend Jacinto.Jacinto.

In the North, the rebels of San Isidro, In the North, the rebels of San Isidro, armed with bolos and pointed sticks, armed with bolos and pointed sticks, attacked the Spanish garrison on attacked the Spanish garrison on September 2, 3 and 4. Led by September 2, 3 and 4. Led by Mariano Llanera and accompanied by Mariano Llanera and accompanied by musikong bumbongmusikong bumbong (band with (band with bamboo instruments) the rebels bamboo instruments) the rebels attacked furiously but were repulsed attacked furiously but were repulsed by heroic defense of the Spaniards.by heroic defense of the Spaniards.

Reign of TerrorReign of Terror The provinces of The provinces of

1.1. ManilaManila2.2. CaviteCavite3.3. LagunaLaguna4.4. Batangas Batangas 5.5. Bulacan Bulacan 6.6. Pampanga Pampanga 7.7. Tarlac Tarlac 8.8. Nueva Ecija Nueva Ecija

in a state of war and placing them under in a state of war and placing them under martial law.martial law.

Fort SantiagoFort Santiago((Fuerza de SantiagoFuerza de Santiago) )

Blanco, however, emphasized that Blanco, however, emphasized that “those who would surrender to the “those who would surrender to the government within 48 hours after the government within 48 hours after the publication of the decree would not publication of the decree would not be turned over to military court. be turned over to military court.

Los Trece Martires de CaviteLos Trece Martires de Cavite Luis Aguado Luis Aguado Eugenio Cabezas Eugenio Cabezas Feliciano Cabuco Feliciano Cabuco Agapito Conchu Agapito Conchu Alfonso de OcampoAlfonso de Ocampo Máximo Gregorio Máximo Gregorio Máximo Inocencio Máximo Inocencio

José Lallana José Lallana Severino Lapidario Severino Lapidario Victoriano Luciano Victoriano Luciano Francisco Osorio Francisco Osorio Hugo Pérez Hugo Pérez Antonio San Antonio San

Agustín Agustín

The Katipunan in CaviteThe Katipunan in Cavite

Katipunan in CaviteKatipunan in Cavite Magdalo was led by Baldomero Aguinaldo Magdalo was led by Baldomero Aguinaldo

with headquarters at Cavite (Kawit)with headquarters at Cavite (Kawit) The Magdiwang was led by Mariano The Magdiwang was led by Mariano

Alvarez with headquarters at NoveletaAlvarez with headquarters at Noveleta Emilio Aguinaldo was able to defeat the Emilio Aguinaldo was able to defeat the

Spaniards under the command of General Spaniards under the command of General AguirreAguirre From that time on Aguinaldo was called From that time on Aguinaldo was called

General Miong by the CaviteñosGeneral Miong by the Caviteños

Governor-General Ramon Governor-General Ramon BlancoBlanco

Successive defeats of the Spaniards Successive defeats of the Spaniards led the friars to agitate against Gov. led the friars to agitate against Gov. BlancoBlanco

He was accused of dilly-dallying and He was accused of dilly-dallying and of incompetenceof incompetence

He was relieved by the brutal General He was relieved by the brutal General Camilo Polavieja on December 13, Camilo Polavieja on December 13, 18961896

Bonifacio in CaviteBonifacio in Cavite T patch up the rivalry between the T patch up the rivalry between the

Magdalo and the Magdiwang, the latter Magdalo and the Magdiwang, the latter invited Andres Bonifacio to intervene in the invited Andres Bonifacio to intervene in the conflict.conflict.

Artemio Ricarte and Mariano Alvarez Artemio Ricarte and Mariano Alvarez invited Bonifacio to Caviteinvited Bonifacio to Cavite

He, his wife, his two brothers Procopio and He, his wife, his two brothers Procopio and Ciriaco, were met by Emilio Aguinaldo and Ciriaco, were met by Emilio Aguinaldo and Edilberto EvangelistaEdilberto Evangelista

On December 31, an assembly of On December 31, an assembly of revolutionists was held at Imus to revolutionists was held at Imus to determine whether the katipunan should determine whether the katipunan should be superseded by another form of be superseded by another form of government.government.

Magdalo wanted to form a new one since Magdalo wanted to form a new one since the katipunan is no longer a secret societythe katipunan is no longer a secret society

On the other hand, the Magdiwang On the other hand, the Magdiwang contended that the katipunan should contended that the katipunan should remain because it already had a remain because it already had a constitutions and by-lawsconstitutions and by-laws

The conflict was not resolved and the The conflict was not resolved and the meeting ended without having meeting ended without having accomplished anythingaccomplished anything

The Tejeros ConventionThe Tejeros Convention On March 22, 1897, the two factions met On March 22, 1897, the two factions met

again at Tejeros.again at Tejeros. Andres Bonifacio presided as the chairmanAndres Bonifacio presided as the chairman To resolve the issue, Bonifacio prudently To resolve the issue, Bonifacio prudently

acceded that a new government should be acceded that a new government should be established to replace the katipunanestablished to replace the katipunan

He stated that He stated that the principle that the will the principle that the will of the majority should be respected of the majority should be respected and obeyed must be followedand obeyed must be followed

The Republic of the Philippines was The Republic of the Philippines was proclaimedproclaimed

Before the election, Bonifacio Before the election, Bonifacio reminded the convention that reminded the convention that whoever should get elected to any whoever should get elected to any position should be respectedposition should be respected

The Tejeros ConventionThe Tejeros ConventionPresident Emilio Aguinaldo

Vice-President Mariano Trias

Captain-General Artemio Ricarte

Director of War Emiliano Riego de Dios

Director of the Interior Andrés Bonifacio

When Bonifacio was being When Bonifacio was being proclaimed, Daniel Tirona, a Magdalo proclaimed, Daniel Tirona, a Magdalo stood up and said: “ The position of stood up and said: “ The position of the director of the interior is an the director of the interior is an exalted one and it is not proper that exalted one and it is not proper that a person without a lawyer’s diploma a person without a lawyer’s diploma should occupy it. We have in our should occupy it. We have in our province”.province”.

Bonifacio was hurt and felt insulted Bonifacio was hurt and felt insulted and demanded that Tirona should and demanded that Tirona should retract what he said. retract what he said.

Second Meeting at TejerosSecond Meeting at Tejeros

Controversy on BonifacioControversy on Bonifacio

Some analytical historians, claim that Some analytical historians, claim that what happened at Tejeros, Cavite was what happened at Tejeros, Cavite was actually a coup de etat to wrest power actually a coup de etat to wrest power from Bonifacio by the bourgeois or from Bonifacio by the bourgeois or upper class represented by Aguinaldo. upper class represented by Aguinaldo. (Aguinaldo and members of his class (Aguinaldo and members of his class enjoyed more privilege status even enjoyed more privilege status even before the revolution. They would not before the revolution. They would not allow a victorious president Bonifacio allow a victorious president Bonifacio ordering land and wealth distribution ordering land and wealth distribution as his first decree.) Hence, the Tejeros as his first decree.) Hence, the Tejeros Convention was a farce intended to Convention was a farce intended to lure Bonifacio to the Caviteño lure Bonifacio to the Caviteño territory. territory.

The presidential election wasn't a national election at The presidential election wasn't a national election at all. Participated only by mostly Caviteños. The other all. Participated only by mostly Caviteños. The other revolting provinces such as Bulacan, Pampanga, revolting provinces such as Bulacan, Pampanga, Tarlac, Laguna, Batangas, and others, were not Tarlac, Laguna, Batangas, and others, were not participants. Bonifacio, who was too fueled with participants. Bonifacio, who was too fueled with idealism, was too naive to understand maneuvering idealism, was too naive to understand maneuvering politicians. Bonifacio was not allowed to get out of politicians. Bonifacio was not allowed to get out of Cavite. He was tried then executed promptly for Cavite. He was tried then executed promptly for treason. Many now asks: Had Bonifacio able to slip to treason. Many now asks: Had Bonifacio able to slip to Manila could he have declared that the Aguinaldo Manila could he have declared that the Aguinaldo was the one who betrayed the revolution?was the one who betrayed the revolution?

General Aguinaldo declared General Aguinaldo declared Philippine "independence" over the Philippine "independence" over the dead bodies of the dead bodies of the KatipunanKatipunan founder, Andres Bonifacio, his founder, Andres Bonifacio, his brothers and their followers. brothers and their followers. Aguinaldo's goons murdered these Aguinaldo's goons murdered these freedom fighters. History has it that freedom fighters. History has it that Aguinaldo ordered also the Aguinaldo ordered also the assassination of Gen. Antonio Luna in assassination of Gen. Antonio Luna in Vigan, Ilocos Sur Vigan, Ilocos Sur (Luna was killed in (Luna was killed in Cabanatuan, Nueva Ecija. - Ed.)Cabanatuan, Nueva Ecija. - Ed.). .

Naik Military AgreementNaik Military Agreement Bonifacio and his men resolved to Bonifacio and his men resolved to

established a government established a government independent of, and separate from independent of, and separate from that established at Tejerosthat established at Tejeros

Signed by bonifacio, Artemio Ricarte, Signed by bonifacio, Artemio Ricarte, Pio Del Pilar, and Severino de las AlasPio Del Pilar, and Severino de las Alas

Trial and Execution of Trial and Execution of BonifacioBonifacio

The Naik Military Agreement came to the The Naik Military Agreement came to the knowledge of Aguinaldo and ordered the knowledge of Aguinaldo and ordered the arrest of Bonifacio under the command arrest of Bonifacio under the command of Colonel Agapito Bonzonof Colonel Agapito Bonzon

Bonifacio was stabbed in the larynx, Bonifacio was stabbed in the larynx, Ciriaco was killed, and Procopio was Ciriaco was killed, and Procopio was woundedwounded

Bonifacio was placed in a hammock and Bonifacio was placed in a hammock and brough back to Naikbrough back to Naik

On April 28,1897, Aguinaldo forwarded On April 28,1897, Aguinaldo forwarded the case to the Council of War to the case to the Council of War to conduct the necessary trialconduct the necessary trial

Trial Lasted from April 29 to May 4Trial Lasted from April 29 to May 4 Andres and Procopio were found guilty Andres and Procopio were found guilty

of treason and sedition in spite of the of treason and sedition in spite of the fact that the evidence was not sufficientfact that the evidence was not sufficient

On May 8, Baldomero Aguinaldo wrote On May 8, Baldomero Aguinaldo wrote Aguinaldo a recommending approval of Aguinaldo a recommending approval of the council’s decision, execution of the the council’s decision, execution of the two brotherstwo brothers

On that same day, May 8, Aguinaldo On that same day, May 8, Aguinaldo commuted the death sentence to commuted the death sentence to banishmentbanishment

Genral Mariano Noriel and Pio del Pilar Genral Mariano Noriel and Pio del Pilar asked Bonifacio to withdraw his orderasked Bonifacio to withdraw his order

Seconded by Clemente Jose, Dr. Seconded by Clemente Jose, Dr. Anastacio Francisco, and Gen. Mamerto Anastacio Francisco, and Gen. Mamerto Natividad, all of whom hated BonifacioNatividad, all of whom hated Bonifacio

Under this pressure Aguinaldo wihdrew Under this pressure Aguinaldo wihdrew his order and the original decision of his order and the original decision of the council was imposedthe council was imposed

On May 10, Gen. Noriel ordered On May 10, Gen. Noriel ordered Major Lazaro Makapagal to bring out Major Lazaro Makapagal to bring out the two brothers from jail and the two brothers from jail and handed a sealed letter with orders to handed a sealed letter with orders to read it after reaching Mount Talaread it after reaching Mount Tala

It contained an order to execute It contained an order to execute Bonifacio and Procopio and failure to Bonifacio and Procopio and failure to comply would be punished severelycomply would be punished severely

The Revolution ContinuesThe Revolution Continues General Camilo de Polavieja asked for his General Camilo de Polavieja asked for his

relief as governor and was granted on relief as governor and was granted on April 15, 1897April 15, 1897

He was replaced by former Governor-He was replaced by former Governor-General of the Philippines, Primo de RiveraGeneral of the Philippines, Primo de Rivera

He arrived in Manila on April 23 and He arrived in Manila on April 23 and marched to Cavite to take personal charge marched to Cavite to take personal charge of the military operationsof the military operations

Biyak na Bato RepublicBiyak na Bato Republic The expulsion of the friars and the The expulsion of the friars and the

return to the Filipinos of the lands return to the Filipinos of the lands they appropriated for themselvesthey appropriated for themselves

Representation in the Spanish CortesRepresentation in the Spanish Cortes Freedom of the Press and tolerance Freedom of the Press and tolerance

of all religious sectsof all religious sects Equal treatment and pay for Equal treatment and pay for

Peninsular and Insular civil servantsPeninsular and Insular civil servants

Abolition of the power of the Abolition of the power of the government to banish citizensgovernment to banish citizens

Legal equality for all personsLegal equality for all persons

Aguinaldo’s proclamation showed that he Aguinaldo’s proclamation showed that he was still willing to return to Spanish fold was still willing to return to Spanish fold provided that those demands were met in provided that those demands were met in spite of the fact that he and his men had spite of the fact that he and his men had already established the Biak-na-Bato already established the Biak-na-Bato RepublicRepublic

The Constitution of Biak-na-Bato republic The Constitution of Biak-na-Bato republic was prepared by Felix Ferre and Isabelo was prepared by Felix Ferre and Isabelo Artacho, who copied almost word for word, Artacho, who copied almost word for word, the Cuban Constitution of Jimaguayuthe Cuban Constitution of Jimaguayu

The constitution was signed on November The constitution was signed on November 18971897

The Truce of Biyak na BatoThe Truce of Biyak na Bato A mestizo, Pedro Paterno became the A mestizo, Pedro Paterno became the

mediator between the Filipinos and mediator between the Filipinos and SpaniardsSpaniards

From August to December, he From August to December, he negotiated with Aguinaldo and de negotiated with Aguinaldo and de Rivera on the conditions that he Rivera on the conditions that he thought would be satisfactory to boththought would be satisfactory to both

The Truce of Biyak na BatoThe Truce of Biyak na Bato Aguinaldo and his companion would Aguinaldo and his companion would

go into voluntary exile abroadgo into voluntary exile abroad That Primo de Rivera would pay the That Primo de Rivera would pay the

sum of P800,000 to the rebels in sum of P800,000 to the rebels in three installmentsthree installments P400,000 to Aguinaldo upon his P400,000 to Aguinaldo upon his

departure from Biyak na Batodeparture from Biyak na Bato P200,000 when the arms surrendered by P200,000 when the arms surrendered by

the revolutionists exceeded 700the revolutionists exceeded 700

The remaining P200,000 when the The remaining P200,000 when the Te Te DeumDeum was sung and general amnesty was sung and general amnesty proclaimed by the governorproclaimed by the governor

That Primo de Rivera would pay the That Primo de Rivera would pay the additional P900,000 to the families of additional P900,000 to the families of the non-combatant Filipinos who the non-combatant Filipinos who suffered during the armed conflict.suffered during the armed conflict.

December 23, two Spanish generals, December 23, two Spanish generals, Celestino Tejeiro and Ricardo Monet Celestino Tejeiro and Ricardo Monet arrived at Biak-na-Bato and became arrived at Biak-na-Bato and became hostages of the rebelshostages of the rebels

Colonel Miguel Primo de Rivera Colonel Miguel Primo de Rivera accompanied the exiles to Hongkongaccompanied the exiles to Hongkong

Aguinaldo and his men including Pedro Aguinaldo and his men including Pedro and Maximo Paternoand Maximo Paterno

The group sailed to Hongkong on The group sailed to Hongkong on December 27, with Aguinaldo in December 27, with Aguinaldo in possession of a check for P400,000possession of a check for P400,000

Failure of the TruceFailure of the Truce