CHAPTER 10

CHAPTER 10

AP US HISTORY

ADAMS-ONIS TREATY, 1819

• John Q. Adams

• Don Luis de Onis

• Terms of treaty:– Spain gave up Florida– US gave up Texas– Boundary of OK/TX – Red River

MONROE DOCTRINE

• December 2, 1823

• “all land in western hemisphere…off limits to colonization”

• 4 components:– US not interfere with European issues– US recognize European colonies– Western hemisphere off limits– US consider new colonies hostility

ANDREW JACKSON

• “Corrupt Bargain” 1824– John Q. Adams– Andrew Jackson

• Henry Clay (Rep)• Adams wins; hires Clay Sect. of State

• Jackson decries “wealthy” class in America

Jacksonian Democracy• 1828, “average” American wins• Jackson: 6 policies

– Laissez-faire (de-regulation of business)– National Bank of US (hated it)– Universal suffrage (for white males)– Manifest Destiny– Spoils system (patronage)– strict constructionist

• Nullification Crisis• Second Bank of US• Laissez-faire economics (hands-off policy)

Jackson (1828-1836)

• North (economy based on trade/manufac.)– Supported high tariffs

• Discourage competition with English

– Kept American items cheaper than English• Made people buy American

– Wanted woolen items high taxes– Opposed cheap land in west (worker

shortage)

Jackson term

• South (economy based on agriculture)– Cash crops : NO industries

• Cotton/tobacco• Sold to overseas markets/hated high tariffs• Slave labor• Wanted no tariffs, made their products more

expensive to buy

Jackson term

• West (economy based on mixture of trade and agriculture)– Farmers wanted government programs – Wanted cheap land– Wanted better infrastructure

• Roads• Capital improvement

Industrial Revolution

• 1769 Richard Arkwright (England)

• Water Frame – thread –textiles (cloth)

• England law passed to keep technology secret…Samuel Slater (farmer) brought to America

• Moses Brown (Pawtucket, RI) 1798

• North became textile center

Cotton Gin

• Eli Whitney

• March 14, 1794 (patented)– Short-staple cotton (high % seeds)– Hand cranked/wire teeth– Farms spread as far as Texas (new demand)– “Cotton Belt”

Cotton

• Cash Crop (advantages)– No advertising costs– Stores easily (no spoilage)– Lighter– Cheaper to transport (low cost)

Cotton

• Disadvantages of Cotton– Used up soil quicker/Crop rotation – Farmers had to learn “lie fallow”

Cotton has 5 steps to grow:

1. grow 2. harvest

3. gin 4. bale

5. ship

By 1860, +billion pounds grown. Slave labor up

Mill Life

• Samuel Slater (Pawtucket, RI)

• Rhode Island System– Recruited poor for workers– Families (men, women & kids)– Kids-smaller hands, less pay

• Mill towns built-company store• Slatersville• Housing – credit (pay over time)

Lowell system

• Francis Cabot Lowell• Water based textile mills• Waltham, Mass: first mill open 1814

– Employed young, single women– Boarding houses for workers

• Paid $1.25 week for room & board• Workers were paid approx. $2-$4 weekly (14 hour

days)• Workers told when to eat, go home, sleep, work• Visitors monitored at boarding houses

Union movements

• Trade unions– began as way to fight immigrant labor– Worked to get better hours, pay for American workers– Wanted better working conditions (air, time)– Used the “strike” against employers to get what they

wanted– Strikers usually lost, police intervened on side of

employers– Court system favored employers also

Lowell Female Labor Assoc.

• Sarah G. Bagley, 1834– Had 2 goals

• Wanted investigation into working conditions of female workers at Lowell Mills

• Wanted to get a 10-hour work day

• 1840, Pres. Martin van Buren set federal work day at 10 hours; did not get most businesses to cooperate voluntarily.

Transportation Revolution

• Time of rapid growth in speed and convenience of travel.

• Steamboat – 1803 Robert Fulton, by 1840 over 500 used in America– 1819 Gibbons v. Ogden

• Water usage rights the question (NY) Ogden claimed to have sole rights to use; Gibbons wanted to access water, Gibbons won due to federal laws being superior to state laws

Railroad

• 1830 Peter Cooper

• Built “Tom Thumb” locomotive– Challenged horse race, wins– By 1840, over 2,800 miles of RR tracks in US;

and by 1860, over 30,000 miles laid. Trains could go up to 20 mph

– Merchants and farmers now could use RR to ship products; cities grew up where RR had depots; coal was the new fuel

Technology

• Samuel B. Morse, 1832 – Telegraph– Used electricity and magnetism to send

messages using pulses through a wire– Alfred L. Vail, developed the dot-dash system

for Morse Code– People did not trust system, so 1844 during

presidential convention in Baltimore, MD, message telegraphed candidate’s name

Steam Powered Factories

• Factories could be built anywhere

• Closes to workers/higher population

• Pay lower wages

• Reduced shipping costs

• Less transportation costs for raw materials

• People flocked to cites for jobs in new plants

Farm Advances

• 1837 John Deere (blacksmith)– Designed plow to use in thick hard soil made

of steel– Built a factory to produce over 1,000 yearly

– 1831 Cyrus McCormick, developed harvester machine called the reaper; cut hay better

– He created credit system, farmers could buy now, pay later

Technology for Home Use

• Elias Howe, created sewing machine at Lowell, Mass.

• Issac Singer, worked to perfect Howe’s machine; mass produced it, made more affordable for most Americans.

• 1860, Singer had 1 of world’s largest plant making machines

• 1830, iceboxes invented to preserve food

Jackson’s Indian Policy

• Indian Removal Act 1830

• All Indians relocate to Indian Territory

• Bureau of Indian Affairs– Manage Indian removal– Take care of all issues

CHOCTAWS

• First to move (Mississippi) • Chief Thomas Harkins • Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek

– Gave up 7.5 million acres• No support from government• Not prepared for conditions• 25% died on trip

– Starvation– Disease– Cold, sickness

CREEK

• 1836 Creek War

• South Georgia/Alabama

fought removal, Jackson led troops against them

14,500 captured, chained on boxcars to Indian Territory

CHICKASAW

• North Mississippi

• Negotiated better moving conditions– Better supplies– Government support– Lost about 15-20% to death on trip

CHEROKEES

• Georgia (copy white lifestyles to fight removal)

• Gold discovered on Cherokee lands 1831– Worcester v. Georgia 1832

• Supreme Court found for Cherokees, did not have to move. Georgia ignored court order, Jackson had Georgia state militia move Indians at bayonet into stockades where they waited to move.

• Jackson openly defies Supreme Court – “John Marshall has made his decision, now let him

enforce it”.

Sequoyah (Cherokee)

• Syllabury (86 character alphabet)

• Cherokee Phoenix (1828 – English + Cherokee)

• Treaty of New Echota 1835

• Trail of Tears– 800 mile walk– Indians suffered from cold, disease, bad food– 25% died on trip

SEMINOLES

• Florida (Seminole Wars 1817-1842) - +3,000 died

• Osceola (Chief)– Led resistance, lost, over 4,000 – Escaped slaves part of tribe– Moved, others hid and stayed in Everglades

Results of Indian Policy

• By 1837, Jackson had moved 46,000 Indians

• Opened up 25 million acres to whites

• Caused death of approx. 20,000 people

Jackson’s “home” problems

• Nullification Crisis– John C. Calhoun (V-Pres. South Carolina)

• S. C. nullified taxes on imports/exports• Said states’ rights more important than Federal

laws• Jackson passes “Force Bill” – forces SC to collect

and pay tax $$• Calhoun resigned; Martin van Buren replaced him• Jackson reduced tax $$

Jackson vs. National Bank

• Jackson hated national bank• McCulloch v. Maryland (case)• 1832, Jackson vows to “kill” bank by

stopping federal deposits to it• Jackson vetoed bank charter 1832

– Lead to high inflation (credit not available to most people)

– Lead to Panic of 1837 (severe economic problem)

Panic of 1837

• Caused by Jackson’s anti-banking policy– Told banks to “ease” lending, credit easier– “wildcat” banks (sign, get $$, go)– High % of paper money used

• Decreased amounts of “hard money” – gold/silver• Large % of “investors” in land (people who bought

it up, speculating on later higher prices)• Devalued American money by printing more of it

Panic, cont.

• Jackson ordered “Specie Circular” 1836– Banks could now only sell land to people with

hard cash– Slowed land sales – Increase inflation again– Jackson leaves office, van Buren now

president, is blamed for entire money mess– Depression lasted 5 years