Mohd Zulkhairi Abdul Rahim Email: mohd.zulkhairi @unikl.edu.my Ext: 2090 H/P: 013- 6779113 CLB10803 Analytical & Organic Chemistry
Dec 24, 2015
Mohd Zulkhairi Abdul Rahim Email: [email protected]
Ext: 2090 H/P: 013-6779113Office: Lab Instrumentation
CLB10803Analytical & Organic Chemistry
CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTIONTO ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
The study of the composition of matter and the changes it undergoes
The study of the composition of matter and the changes it undergoes
IS THIS WHAT YOU THINK?
The study of the composition of matter and the changes it undergoes
Chemistry is Life
Can you identify organic compounds from this picture?
1. Road surface (bitumen)
2. Fuel in car3. Tyre
What is Organic chemistry?
TOPIC 1.1Chemistry of Carbon
Inorganic Organic
Some Brief HistoryMr Friedrich Wöhler
Born: 31-Jul-1800Birthplace: Eschersheim, Germany
Died: 23-Sep-1882
He changed the belief that organic compounds could only be made by living things.
Organic compounds are compounds that contain the element Carbon (C).
Most organic compounds also contain hydrogen (H).
Organic compounds that contain only carbon and hydrogen are called hydrocarbons.
Q: Do all compounds containing carbon considered as organic compounds?
A: No. Chemists consider carbonates and oxides of carbon as INORGANIC compounds rather
than organic.
Question Time!
Organic chemistry is the chemistry of carbon compound.Basic for all life.Example : methane, DNA, urea, DDT (insecticide), penicillin , nicotine, aspirin etc..
But not all carbon compounds are organics.
Example : carbonate (CO3
2-), cyanide (CN-), bicarbonate (HCO3-), carbon
dioxide (CO2) and carbon monoxide (CO).
What is “organic chemistry”?
Why is it so important?• Think about how organic compounds affect our daily life:
• Our clothes – natural and synthetic fibers
• Our medicines
• Our food – carbohydrates, proteins, triglycerides
• Oils, perfumes, paints, plastics, detergents, etc.
Organic Compounds
Typical organic compounds
have covalent bonds.have low melting points.•have low boiling points.are flammable.•are soluble in non-polar solvents.•are not soluble in water.
Some organic chemicals
DNA
MaterialsEssential oils
Fuels
Pigments
Organic vs. Inorganic
Propane, C3H8, is an organic compound used as a fuel.
NaCl, salt, is an inorganic compound composed of Na+
and Cl- ions.
Comparing Organic and Inorganic Compounds
Naturally Occurred Organic Compounds
Name Of OrganicCompounds
Origin Usage
ProteinsExample :a) Enzymesb) Hormones
From animals a) As a structural materials.b) As a biological catalyst and regulators.
Fats and OilsExample :a) Triglyceride b) Paraffin Oils c) Almond Oils
From animals and vegetables
To store energy.
VitaminsExample :A,B Complex, C, D, E and K
From food For healthy growth and functioning.
Synthetic Organic Compounds
Items Examples Usage
Plastics Poly (ethene), Perspex.
For packaging, plastic bags, as a substitute for glass.
Medicines andDrugs
Tranquilizer, Analgesic and Bactericide.
To treat tropical diseases such as Trypanosomiasis or Sleeping Illness and Malaria.
Pesticides Dichlorodiphenyl trichloroethane( DDT )
To kill houseflies and other insects.
Dyes Methylene blue Give colour to the material.
CWhy carbon?
o A carbon atom forms four bondsoCarbon atoms form stable bonds with other carbon atoms (i.e., the C—C covalent bond is strong)oCan form chains and even networks oExamples: graphite and diamond
carbon
6
12.011
Position of Carbon
Chemical Formulas
Organic compounds can be complexA system is needed that shows structure. We want something that is easy to read.
● Molecular formula ● Empirical formula● Structural formula● Condensed formula● Bond-line formula
Molecular formulaActual number of atoms of each element in a molecule.
Empirical formulaSimplest ratio number of atoms of each element in a molecule.
Example: Glucose, C6H12O6
C6H12O6
Molecular formula
CH2OEmpirical formula
Learning Check!1. Write the emperical formula for the following molecules:
(a) glucose, C6H12O6
(b) Benzene, C6H6
(c) Oxalic acid, C2H2O4
2. After exercise, lactic acid is formed in the muscles, making a person tired. An analysis shows that lactic acid contains 40.0% C, 6.71% H & 53.5% O by weight
(d) Calculate the emperical formula of lactic acid.(e) Calculate the molecular formula of lactic acid
[Mr of lactic acid is 90.08; C:12 , H:1 , O:16]
Expanded @ Structural FormulaShow all atoms in the bondsBonds represents as linesExamples:
Propane
Condensed Structural Formula
A Type of line formatShorthand way of writing formulaList of atoms in order and tells how there are bound togetherExample:
Propane
CH3CH2CH3
Bond Line @ Skeleton Formula
· Represent structure by showing bonds between carbons and atoms other than hydrogen.
· Atoms other than carbon and hydrogen are called heteroatoms.
· Example
CH3CH2CH2CH3 is shown as
CH3CH2CH2CH2OH is shown as
OH
Learning Check!
C CH H
H H
H H
C2H6 Molecular formula
CH3
Empirical formula
CH3CH3
Condensed formulaStructural formula
Example: Ethane
Learning Check!
Structural formula
Example: Pentane
C
H
H
H
C CH
H H
H H
C C
H H
H H
C5H12
Molecular formula
CH3(CH2)3CH3
orCH3CH2CH2CH2CH3
Condensed formula Bond-line formula
TOPIC 1.2 : Types of Organic Compound
Types of Organic CompoundORGANIC COMPOUND
ALIPHATIC ALICYCLIC AROMATIC
OPEN chains of carbon atoms.● Unbranched or Branched ● Contain Single, Double or Triple bonds. ● Example: ethane (CH3–CH3) ethene / ethylene (CH2=CH2) ethyne / acetylene (CH≡CH)
CLOSE rings of carbon Atoms. ● Rings form the shape of POLYGON (triangle, square, rectangle or etc).
CLOSE rings of carbon atoms. ● Contain a benzene ring. Example: Benzene
Types of Organic Compound
ORGANIC COMPOUND
ALIPHATIC
SATURATED UNSATURATED
Compound that contains only single bond.
Example: alkane
Compound that contains multiple bond.
Example: alkene, alkyne
C CH H
H H
H H
C CH H
H HHC CH
TOPIC 1.3 : Types of Reaction
Type of Organic Reaction
General
Addition Substitution Elimination Rearrangement
Specific
Hydrogenation Esterification Oxidation Hydrolysis
General Reaction
Type of Organic Reaction: Addition
Two substances react together to form a single substance.
Addition of HBr to an alkene
Hydrogen BromideEthane Bromoethane
Type of Organic Reaction: Substitution
• An atom or a group (leaving group) in a molecule is replaced by another atom or group (nucleophile / electrophile).
SN2 reaction
Hydroxide ion (nucleophile)
(leaving group)
Bromobutane Butanol Bromide ion
Type of Organic Reaction: EliminationRemoval of atoms or groups of atoms from a saturated
molecule to form an unsaturated molecule.
Dehydration of alcohol
CH3CH2CH2CH2–OH
Butanol
H2SO4CH3CH2CH=CH2 + H2O
Butene
Type of Organic Reaction: Rearrangement
Migration of an atom, a group of atoms or a bond from one atom to another within molecule to form its isomer.
Tautomerism of keto-enol
CH3C CH2
OH
Propenol
CH3CCH3
O
Propanone
Specific Reaction
Type of Organic Reaction: Hydrogenation
Addition of hydrogen to a multiple bond to form a single bond substance.
Hydrogenation of alkane
Type of Organic Reaction: Esterification
Acid-catalyzed ester formation between alcohol and carboxylic acid.
Fischer esterification
CH3COCH2CH3
O
+ H2OCH3COH
O
+ CH3CH2OHH2SO4
refluxEthanoic acid Ethanol Ethyl ethanoate
Type of Organic Reaction: Oxidation
An increase in the number of bonds between carbon and oxygen and/or a decrease in the number of carbon-hydrogen bonds.
Oxidation of methane
CH4 2O2+ CO2 2H2O+
Methane Oxygen Carbon dioxide Water
Type of Organic Reaction: Hydrolysis
Chemical process in which a molecule is split into two parts by the addition of a molecule of water.
(CH3)3C–Br + H2O (CH3)3C–OH + HBr
tert-Butyl bromide tert-Butyl alcohol Hydrogen bromide
NEXT TOPIC