Chap6 water and electrolytes.ppt; hypertension

Electrolytes and Hypertension

Chapter 6

Water Is a vital nutrient crucial to every bodily

function and second only to oxygen in importance to the body.

The body’s major source of water is drinking water and beverages.

Under normal condition, this should be six to eight glasses per day for an adult.

It is also ingested in solid foods such as raw fruits and vegetables, cooked meat, eggs and even bread.

Functions of Water Provides a suitable medium for chemical

reactions in the body. Serves as a solvent and as a vehicle to transport

inorganic nutrients. Contributes to the structure of tissues such as

whole blood, muscle and bone. For thermal regulation Serves as a lubricant in digestion and other body

processes Plays an active role in the hydrolysis of nutrients It helps maintain electrolyte balance

Water RequirementAge Water (ml/kg

body weight)

Infants Birth – 1 120-100

Children 1-10 60-80

Adolescents 11-18 41-55

Adults 19-51 20-30

What is hypertension? High blood pressure (HBP) or hypertension

means high pressure (tension) in the arteries.

Normal blood pressure is below 120/80; blood pressure between 120/80 and 139/89 is called "pre-hypertension", and a blood pressure of 140/90 or above is considered high.

 It is classified as either primary (essential) or secondary. 

Primary Hypertension About 90–95% of cases are termed

"primary hypertension", which refers to high blood pressure for which no medical cause can be found.

Secondary Hypertension →Secondary Hypertension →

Secondary Hypertension The remaining 5–10% of cases (

Secondary hypertension) are caused by other conditions that affect the kidneys, arteries, heart, or endocrine system.

←Primary Hypertension ←Primary Hypertension

Hypertension and Electrolytes One component of the blood, known as

electrolytes, can be changed by differing electrolyte levels in the diet.

People who consume unhealthy quantities of electrolytes can develop high blood pressure or hypertension, which can increase their risk of developing heart disease and atherosclerosis.

Electrolyte Function

Two of the most prominent electrolytes in the blood are sodium and potassium.

These two electrolytes are needed in the right amounts for cells to function properly.

Both are electrically charged so they can be used by other cells to store or release energy

The amount of sodium, potassium and other electrolytes in the body is controlled in part by the kidneys.

Sodium and Hypertension

When you eat too much sodium, the amount of sodium in your blood rises.

To compensate for this increased sodium concentration, your kidneys will retain more water to help dilute out the sodium. This can increase the volume of the blood, which can result in high blood pressure.

In general, you should aim to consume less than 2,300 mg of sodium each day

Potassium and Hypertension →Potassium and Hypertension →

Potassium and Hypertension

Some studies have suggested that having low potassium levels can cause an increase in blood pressure, the University of Maryland Medical Center reports.

It is not clear why potassium levels could affect blood pressure in this way, or if people can lower their blood pressure by increasing their potassium intake.

Taking enough potassium each day can improve your health in a variety of other ways, even if it doesn't lower your blood pressure.

What are the symptoms of hypertension? Uncomplicated high blood pressure usually occurs

without any symptoms (silently) and so hypertension has been labeled "the silent killer.

The disease can progress to finally develop any one or more of the several potentially fatal complications of hypertension such as heart attacks or strokes.

Uncomplicated hypertension may be present and remain unnoticed for many years, or even decades. 

Some people with uncomplicated hypertension, however, may experience symptoms such as:

headache  dizziness  shortness of breath blurred vision

What causes hypertension?

Two forms of high blood pressure have been described: essential (or primary) hypertension and secondary hypertension.

Essential hypertension is a far more common condition and accounts for 95% of hypertension.

There are several factors whose combined effects produce hypertension.

In secondary hypertension, which accounts for 5% of hypertension, the high blood pressure is secondary to (caused by) a specific abnormality in one of the organs or systems of the body.

What are the causes of primary hypertension? Genetic factors are thought to play a

prominent role in the development of essential hypertension. However, the genes for hypertension have not yet been identified

 Salt intake may be a particularly important factor in relation to essential hypertension in several situations

What are the causes of secondary high blood pressure?

This means that the hypertension in these individuals is secondary to (caused by) a specific disorder of a particular organ or blood vessel, such as the kidney, adrenal gland, or aortic artery.

Renal (kidney) hypertension Diseases of the kidneys can cause

secondary hypertension. This type of secondary hypertension is

called renal hypertension because it is caused by a problem in the kidneys. One important cause of renal hypertension is narrowing (stenosis) of the artery that supplies blood to the kidneys (renal artery).

Other Types of Hypertension

White coat high blood pressure

 A single elevated blood pressure reading in the doctor's office can be misleading because the elevation may be only temporary. It may be caused by a patient's anxiety related to the stress of the examination and fear that something will be wrong with his or her health.

Borderline high blood pressure

Borderline hypertension is defined as mildly elevated blood pressure higher than 140/90 mm Hg at some times, and lower than that at other times.

As in the case of white coat hypertension, patients with borderline hypertension need to have their blood pressure taken on several occasions and their end-organ damage assessed in order to establish whether their hypertension is significant.

Classification

Systolic pressure Diastolic pressure

mmHg kPa mmHg kPa

Normal 90–119 12–15.9 60–79 8.0–10.5

Prehypertension 120–139 16.0–18.5 80–89 10.7–11.9

Stage 1 140–159 18.7–21.2 90–99 12.0–13.2

Stage 2 ≥160 ≥21.3 ≥100 ≥13.3

Isolated systolichypertension

≥140 ≥18.7 <90 <12.0

Source: American Heart Association (2003).[5]

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