Chandra Krintz

8/14/2019 Chandra Krintz

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AppScale:

Open-sourcePlatform-as-a-Service (PaaS)

System for Energy-AwareCloud Computing Research

Chandra KrintzAssociate Professor

Computer Science Dept andInstitute for Energy Efficiency

UCSB

Nov. 18, 2009



Cloud Computing

• Software systems for accessing easily and transparentlyscalable CPU/storage/network resources via a networkconnection or web interface – “as-a-service”

• On a rental basis

SLAs

Web Services

Virtualization

-• Pay-per-use, flat rate – E-comerced based• Resources are opaque



Cloud Computing

• Software systems for accessing easily and transparentlyscalable CPU/storage/network resources via a networkconnection or web interface – “as-a-service” – Culmination of grid/cluster/utility/elastic computing

– Advances in processor, virtualization, systems technology

• On a rental basis – via service-level agreements (SLAS) – Pay-per-use, flat rate – E-comerced based

– Resources are opaque

• Have experienced a rapid uptake in the commercial sector – Public clouds – you run your systems/apps on others’ systems

• Access small fraction of vast resource pools

– Offer availability guarantees and extreme scale



Layers


– Infrastructure, e.g. Amazon Web Services (AWS)• Provision isolated resources under contract

• ull-s ste i a es de lo ed o er irtual achine onitor

IaaS

– Platform, e.g. Google AppEngine (GAE), Microsoft Azure• Enable construction of network-accessible applications

• Complete software stack; Process-level runtime isolation

• Specialized/scalable runtime and library support

– Software, e.g. Salesforce• Remotely accessible and customizable applications

PaaS

SaaS



Cloudy Issues

• Many institutions and companies own IT infrastructure

• Public cloud features also useful for “on-premise” clouds

– Privacy of code and data – Avoids vendor “lock-in”, pay-per-use, and availability reliance

– Potential for hybrid and customized approaches

–

o en a or eas ng resource cons ra n s• Storage/data management, cpu/memory, communication

– Potential for investigating new energy-aware dist. systems

•

Public clouds are opaque – open APIs, closed implementation – How can we research what’s next if we can’t see what’s now?

• Can cloud fabrics support other application domains,

services, performance/availability requirements?



An Opening in the Clouds

• Open-source cloud computing systems from theUCSB Computer Science Department – Goal: Bring popular cloud fabrics to “on-premise” clusters that

are easy to use and are transparent

– To facilitate investigation of• Ener -e icient cloud com utin

– Services, underlying device technology, support technologies – Customization (availability, performance, application behavior)

• Hybrid cloud solutions (public and on-premise)



An Opening in the Clouds

• Open-source cloud computing systems from theUCSB Computer Science Department – Goal: Bring popular cloud fabrics to “on-premise” clusters that

are easy to use and are transparent – To facilitate investigation of

• Energy-efficient cloud computing – erv ce , un er y ng ev ce ec no ogy, u or ec no og e

– Customization (availability, performance, application behavior)• Hybrid cloud solutions (public and on-premise)

– By emulating key cloud layers from the commercial sector• Engender user community, access to real applications/users• Leverage extant software technologies

– Not replacement technology for any Public Cloud service



UCSB Cloud Computing


– Infrastructure, e.g. Amazon Web Services (AWS)• Eucalyptus: www.eucalyptus.com Prof. Rich Wolski

IaaS

–

a orm, e.g. oog e pp ng ne , croso zure• Enable construction of network-accessible applications• Complete software stack; Process-level runtime isolation• Specialized/scalable runtime and library support

– AppScale: appscale.cs.ucsb.edu• Web services based implementation of Google App Engine

– Complete application stack for MVC-based web applications – Written in Python or Java

PaaS



From Google App Engine

to AppScale• GAE is a full application stack that facilitates construction

of interactive webpages with a database backing store – Users develop Python and Java apps using well defined APIs

• Execute, test, debug the apps locally using the Google open-source software development kit (SDK)

–

SDK implements simple, slow, non-scalable versions of APIs – Generates indices that the application requires






• Execute, test, debug the apps locally using the Google open-source software development kit (SDK)

–

SDK implements simple, slow, non-scalable versions of APIs – Generates indices that the application requires

• Upload application to Google: YOUR_APPNAME.appspot.com

– Sandboxed execution, language/behavior restrictions

– Resource quotas via free or for-fee – Highly scalable API implementations (proprietary)






• Highly scalable proprietary implementation on Google resources

Datastore -> Bi table/Ma reduce

MemCache -> in-memory datastoreAuthentication -> Google Accounts

Mail -> GMail

URL-Fetch (for HTTP/S communication)

Images

Task Queues for short background jobs



AppScale

• An Open-source platform-as-a-service (PaaS) system thatemulates Google App Engine (GAE) – Extension of GAE SDK with API implementations replacedAppLoadBalancer (ALB) Database Master/Peer (DB M/P)

AppServer (AS) Database Slave/Peer (DB S/P)

GAE App

Developer

(AppScale Admin)

GAE App

Users

AppScale

tools

HTTPS

App

Controller

ALB

DB M/P

DB S/P

ASGAE App

UsersGAE App

Users

AppScale Cloud



An AppScale Image

• Implements every AppScale component – Can instantiate as a particular role (ALB, AS, DB)

– Can change functionality and instantiate itself as another• AppLoadBalancer (ALB)

– Controller of the system (Ruby-on-Rails application)

–

Starts other instances and instantiates each with its role – Monitors other components once instantiated

– Restarts lost components

– Current work: ALB availability (shadow ALB(s))

– GAE developers contact ALB to manage cloud• Via the AppScale Tools

• Stop/start cloud, upload/start/terminate GAE apps

• Command line and web page administrator status w/ load stats



An AppScale Image


– Can change functionality and instantiate itself as another• AppLoadBalancer (ALB)

– Controller of the system (Ruby-on-Rails application)

–

Starts other instances and instantiates each with its role – Monitors other components once instantiated

– Restarts lost components

• Monitors system statistics – CPU, Memory, page requests, network, application behavior

– Grow and shrink AppScale cloud on-demand



An AppScale Image


– Can change functionality and instantiate itself as another• AppServer (AS)

– Web front-end for the GAE applications (GAE API compliant)

–

Users of GAE apps interact with ASs directly• After being routed to an AS instance by the ALB upon first

access to a GAE application (for load balancing purposes)

– Python GAE interface

– Java GAE interface



An AppScale Image


– Can change functionality and instantiate itself as another• AppServer (AS)

– Web front-end for the GAE applications (GAE API compliant)

–

Users of GAE apps interact with ASs directly• After being routed to an AS instance by the ALB upon first

access to a GAE application (for load balancing purposes)

– Python GAE interface

– Java GAE interface• Extensions (non-GAE compliant)

– MapReduce integration via an API

– GAE developers write their own mappers/reducers• AppScale schedules and load balances



An AppScale Image


– Can change functionality and instantiate itself as another• AppDBMaster (DBM) and AppDBSlaves (DBS)

– Scalable distributed database (Datastore API) implementation

•

Type and replication specified at AppScale start by admin – Bigtable like options (schema-free, key-value store)

• HBase (Java) and Hypertable (C++)

• MongoDB (Python)

– Peer-to-peer options• Cassandra (Java), Voldemort (Java)

– In-Memory, Distibuted – MemchacheDB (Python)

–

Relational options• MySQL (sharded, Master/Slave)



AppScale

• Component interoperation – Google protocol buffers for all app data communication

– Inter-language IPC via Thrift

• Deploys and executes automatically over different cloud

a rics an virtua ization ayers – Eucalyptus

– Amazon’s EC2

– Xen

– KVM

– Soon to come…• VMWare/VCloud, IBM’s RC2, greater EC2 scale



AppScale Potential

• Current status – Stable system, many interesting database options

– International user community, real applications• AppScale is used for commercial & private endeavors

• Significant visibility and attention from blogosphere & industry

–

Web services application domain• W/ extension that spawns multi-language Map-Reduce jobs

• Research directions:

– Measurement and characterization of energy consumption• Multiple components, languages, resource requirements

• Parallelization and concurrency, multicore utilization

• Virtualization and IaaS layers

• Database technologies



AppScale Research Roadmap

• Support for Java and additional DBs

• ASs and DBs grow and shrink according to load and failure – Resource monitoring & allocation (SLA support)

• Automatic and dynamic renegotiation, improved scaling

• Per ormance ener and availabilit monitorin – Capture full-system behavior via sampling

• For debugging, performance/energy feedback, optimization

• Administrator/Developer control of

Replication of data for fault tolerance Scaling triggersType and amount of system monitoring Sandbox restrictions

Parallelism/Concurrency Energy/Power management

• Alternative computation models, e.g. streaming



• Support for novel/emerging application domains – Computationally and data intensive -- streaming, HPC, hybrids

•

IaaS + PaaS integration AppScale + Eucalyptus – Resource allocation, specialization/customization

• Automatic re-negotiation of SLAs

• -

AppScale Research Directions

, ,

– Application-level feedback to/from physical power/air systems – Isolation/energy tradeoffs, e.g. exploit shared memory

Multi-core server

VirtualizationTechnology (SW+HW)

Linux + EucalyptusAppScale

Applications/libraries



Lessons• Open-source and management of a user community• Positives:

– Real applications, real systems

• If it works here, it really works – Immediate feedback – helps debugging, evaluating efficacy of

more “theoretical” and “research” contributions, what is,

– Extensive visibility – helps with recruting, funding, impact

– Really fun and challenging

• Negatives – Immediate feedback – can be quite demanding and time

consuming to respond to users effectively• Not responding equal to not putting something out as open source

• Visibility can also be a bad thing!

– Engineering oriented



Cloud Computing at UCSB

Open-source implementations of popular cloud systems

• Platform-as-a-service (PaaS) framework

• Web services based implementation of

Google AppEngine APIs

• Runs over Eucalyptus, Amazon EC2, and

• RACELab students:

Chris Bunch & Navraj Chohan,Nupur Garg, Matt Hubert,

Puneet Lakhina, Yiming Li,

• Implements multiple database backends(Hbase, Hypertable, Cassandra, MySQL,…)

• Real use, real users, real impact

• International user community

http://appscale.cs.ucsb.eduLead: Chandra Krintz

Thanks!

, ,

Michal Weigel Visiting Scholar:Yoshihide Nomura (Fujitsu)

• Supported by: Google,

National Science Foundation,IBM Research



Cloud Computing at UCSB

Open-source implementations of popular cloud systems

• Infrastructure-as-a-service (IaaS) framework

•

Web services based implementation of elastic/utility/cloud computing infrastructure

• Linux image hosting via virtualization

• Emulates the Amazon AWS interface –

’

• Platform-as-a-service (PaaS) framework

•

Web services based implementation of Google AppEngine APIs

• Runs over Eucalyptus, Amazon EC2, and

virtualization layers (Xen/KVM)

•

•Real use, real users, real impact

• Distributed with Ubuntu

• Large international user community

http://www.eucalyptus.com

Lead: Rich Wolski

(Hbase, Hypertable, Cassandra, MySQL,…)• Real use, real users, real impact

• International user community

http://appscale.cs.ucsb.edu

Lead: Chandra Krintz

Thanks!

• RACELab students: Chris Bunch, Jovan Chohan, Navraj Chohan,Nupur Garg, Matt Hubert, Puneet Lakhina, Yiming Li, GauravMehta, Nagy Mostafa, Soo Hwan Park, Michal WeigelVisiting Scholar: Yoshihide Nomura (Fujitsu)

• Supported by: Google, National Science Foundation,IBM Research, You!?



Cloudy Issues

• Many institutions and companies own IT infrastructure

• Public cloud features also useful for “on-premise” clouds – Privacy of code and data

– Avoids vendor “lock-in”, pay-per-use, and availability reliance

–

– Potential for easing resource constraints• Storage/data management, cpu/memory, communication

•

Public clouds are opaque – open APIs, closed implementation – What is your application doing?

• Can cloud fabrics support other application domains,

services, performance/availability requirements?



AppScale

• Component interoperation – Component handshakes via socket messages

–

Google protocol buffers for all data communication – Inter-language IPC via Thrift

•

Deploys and executes automatically over different cloudfabrics and virtualization layers – Eucalyptus

– Amazon’s EC2

– Xen

– KVM

– Currently laying the groundwork with VMWare for an

AppScale + VCloud/VSphere effort



AppScale

• An Open-source platform-as-a-service (PaaS) system thatemulates Google App Engine (GAE)

– Extension of GAE SDK with API implementations replacedAppLoadBalancer (ALB) Database Master/Peer (DB M/P)

AppServer (AS) Database Slave/Peer (DB S/P)

GAE App

Developer

(AppScale Admin)

GAE App

Users

AppScale

tools

HTTPS

App

Controller

ALB

DB M/P

DB S/P

ASGAE App

UsersGAE App

Users

AppScale Cloud

MapReduce

Tasks



AppScale

• Extension of GAE SDK with API implementations replacedDatastore -> HBase, Hypertable, Cassandra, Voldemort, MySQL,

MongoDB, MemCacheDB in progress: Oracle’s TimesTenMapReduce -> Hadoop MemCache -> Python & Java

Authentication -> built-in, decoupled from Google Accounts

GAE App

Developer

(AppScale Admin)

GAE App

Users

AppScale

tools

HTTPS

App

Controller

ALB

DB M/P

DB S/P

ASGAE App

UsersGAE App

Users

AppScale Cloud

MapReduce

Tasks



RACELab Research

• Cross-language shared memory (Michal Weigel) – Replace high overhead communication protocols transparently

for co-located runtimes• Multi-language profiling and optimization (Nagy Mostafa)

– Track changes in software revisions that impact performance

– ross- anguage spec a zat on o nterpreters

• Computationally intensive AppScale (Chris Bunch) – MapReduce, HPC libraries

– Scheduling and load balancing

• Alternative data-intensive computational models in the cloud(Navraj Chohan) – Cloud storage and persistance of data

– Streaming data management



AppScale



AppScale



UCSB Open-Source Cloud Computing

• Eucalyptus Lead: Rich Wolski, MAYHEM Lab

– Elastic Utility Computing Architecture Linking YourPrograms T o Useful S ystems

– Infrastructure-as-a-service (IaaS) framework – Web services based implementation of elastic/utility/cloud

computing infrastructure

–

Linux image hosting via virtualization – Emulates the Amazon AWS interfaces



• Interface is based on Amazon’s published WSDL – EC2/S3/EBS

–

EC2 “Availability” zones correspond to individual clusters – Uses either Amazon tools or Eucalyptus replacements

– Web services and REST interface

•

Does not assume that worker nodes have publicly routableIP addresses

– All cloud images have access to a private network interface – Multiple networking options including elastic IPs and security

groups• WS-security for authentication

• Web-based administration and accounting

E l



Eucalyptus

• Availability – Via popular Linux distributions: Ubuntu, Debian, CentOS, …

•

Uptake – 19,400 downloads, > 71 countries

– May 2009: Key technology in thep at orm

– Fundamental technology of theUbuntu Oct. 2009 distribution

• 10,000,000 potential downloads

• Commercial spinoff: Eucalyptus Systems, Inc – Support open source community www.eucalyptus.com

– Customized cloud services/components/scalability/SLAs

– Hybrid clouds - High availability (now available!)

A S l



AppScale

• Open-source platform-as-a-service (PaaS) thatemulates Google App Engine (GAE)

• GAE is a full application stack that facilitates constructionof interactive webpages with a database backing store

– Sandbox / restrictionsPure Python or Java, no thread/subprocess spawning, system calls

No writes to file system, reads only to static files uploaded w/app

Storage using key-value, schema-free datastore (Bigtable-based)

HTTP/S communication only, CGI to handle page requests

Limit on number of datastore elements accessed per request

Limit on response duration, task frequency, request rate

Enforced quotas (BW, CPU, requests/s, files, app size, …)

Chandra Krintz

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