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1. CHAPTER 5: COGNITIVE CHANGES WITH AGING Copyright 2011
Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
2. Intelligence and Aging Intelligence the theoretical limit of
an individuals performance Intelligence Quotient (IQ) an
individuals relative abilities in making judgments, in
comprehension, and in reasoning Copyright 2011 Pearson Education,
Inc. All rights reserved.
3. Age-Related Intelligence Changes Peak performance varies by
test Performance on timed tests declines Performance on non-timed
test remains stable until the 80s Rarely decline in all five
primary mental abilities (PMA) High scorers continue to do well
even among oldest-old Declines in tests of fluid intelligence begin
earlier than in crystallized intelligence Copyright 2011 Pearson
Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
4. Problems in the Measurement of Cognitive Function Many
studies are of cross-sectional design not longitudinal approaches
Historical factors may have greater effect on intelligence scores
than age per se Attrition- Subject and Selective Copyright 2011
Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
5. FIGURE 5.1 Proportion of Individuals Who Maintain Scores on
Multiple Abilities SOURCE: K. W. Schaie, The hazards of cognitive
aging, The Gerontologist 29 (1989): 484493. Reprinted with
permission. Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights
reserved.
6. Factors that May Influence Intelligence in Adulthood
Biological/Structural changes in the brain Educational attainment
Involvement in complex work Cardiovascular disease Hypertension
Sensory deficits Occupational level Nutritional deficiencies
Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
7. Process of Learning and Memory Learning Process by which new
information is encoded Memory Secondary (long-term) memory
permanent memory store Iconic and echoic memory Primary (working)
memory Temporary stage of holding information Copyright 2011
Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
8. The Information Processing Model Conceptual model of how
learning and memory take place Aging appears to reduce efficiency
of processing information Aging does not influence storage capacity
of memory Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights
reserved.
9. Schematic Representation of Information Processing Model
Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
10. Types of Memory Episodic Memory Explicit Memory Flashbulb
Memory Implicit Memory Procedural Memory Semantic Memory Source
Memory Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights
reserved.
11. Factors Affecting Learning in Old Age The Importance of
Attention Selective attention being able to focus on relevant
information while ignoring irrelevant information Sustained
attention keeping alert to focus on a specific stimulus over time
Attentional control ability to allocate attention among multiple
stimuli simultaneously Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All
rights reserved.
12. Age-Related Changes in Memory Types of retrieval Recall and
Recognition Explanations of older adults difficulties with
retrieving information Disuse theory the view that memory fades or
is lost because one fails to use the information Interference
theory the view that memory fades or is lost because of
distractions experienced during learning Copyright 2011 Pearson
Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
13. Age-Related Changes in Memory Tip-of-the-Tongue States
(TOTs) difficulty retrieving names from secondary memory but often
spontaneously recalled later Explanations of the increase of TOTs
Decrement model Incremental knowledge gain Copyright 2011 Pearson
Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
14. Improving Cognitive Abilities in Old Age Cognitive
Retraining teaching research participants how to use techniques to
keep minds active and maintain good memory skills Memory Mediators
visual and verbal links between information to be memorized and
information that is already in secondary memory Copyright 2011
Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
15. Computers and Internet Computers and Internet can improve
older persons cognitive functions/ability to maintain active aging.
Gives information about health and health care providers in the
community, enhancing autonomy and selfefficacy. Variety of
electronic games are targeted to elders, including those on
Nintendo such as Wii. May also facilitate social interactions and
communication. Although access to computers and the Internet
enhances elders sense of mastery and control over their
environment, it does not necessarily improve their quality of life.
Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
16. Improving Webpages for Elders Avoid a patterned background
behind text material. Use dark type or graphics against a light
background. Avoid excess graphics and animation. Avoid pop-up menus
that can confuse the main text. Use a consistent layout in
different sections of the website. Limit how much information is
presented on each page. Distinctly identify all links with a
specific convention, such as underlining or a unique graphic.
Clearly identify the content that is included under each heading.
If animation or video is used, select short segments to reduce
download time. Provide a telephone number and e-mail address for
users who want direct contact. SOURCES: Adapted from Mead, Lamson,
and Rogers, 2002, and National Library of Medicine, 2002. Copyright
2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
17. Wisdom and Creativity Wisdom Criteria of wise behavior:
Factual knowledge Procedural knowledge Lifespan contextualism Value
relativism Managing uncertainty Creativity Ability to apply unique
& feasible solutions to new situations Measure of creativity
Divergent thinking Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All
rights reserved.