Ch 21.3

CHAPTER 21

Section 1: Threats to World Peace

Section 2: Hitler’s Aggressions

Section 3: Axis GainsSection 4: The Soviet Union and the United States

Section 5: The Holocaust

Section 6: The End of the War

World War II

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Axis Gains

Vichy France Occupied Franceboth

Bell Ringer 21.3:What are the similarities and differences between Vichy France and occupied France?

Israel and the Occupied Territories

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Axis Gains

Israel and the Occupied Territories

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After France and GB agreed to Hitler’sdemands at the Munich Conference, theGerman leader believed he had little tofear from the Western leaders.

“I saw them at Munich,” he said. “They are little worms.”

Germany’s invasion of Poland brought immediate declarations of war from GB and France.

But Hitler had the advantage and the momentum …

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blitzkriegDescribes an all-mechanized force of tanks, infantry, artillery and air power,

concentrating overwhelming force and rapid speed to break through enemy lines.

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Everyone expected Hitler to attack western Europe with his ‘blitzkrieg’ tactics, but nothing happened (indeed, on 6 October, Hitler offered peace).  

Meanwhile, Britain and France made no effort to attack Hitler.   A British Expeditionary Force of four divisions – 158,000 men with 25,000 vehicles – left for France on 11 Sept, but it was too small and poorly-equipped to challenge the Nazi army.

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Axis GainsThe period came to be called ‘the phoney war’.

Britain prepared for war.

Operation Pied

Piper – remove

+800,000

children and

+500,000

pregnant women

from towns to

the countryside.

22 Sept: petrol rationing

introduced 200 miles/car/mth

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Axis Gains.. until, suddenly, on 9 April 1940, Nazi forces attacked Denmark and Norway.

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Chamberlainis replaced…

WinstonChurchill becomesPrimeMinister.

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Hitler expand his attacks . . . the Low Countries (the Netherlands,Belgium and Luxembourg) –

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Battle of Dunkirk

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Political Cartoon

Axis Gains

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Axis Gains

Germany turns to attackthe heart of France 5 June 1940.

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The battles were not the same as during WWI . . .

Hitler’s forces bombed and machine-gunned civilians trying to flee.

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Axis GainsThe Fall of France

• Italy declared war on France on 10 June.• The French government fled to port of

Bordeaux, and Paris was occupied on 14 June.

• The 17th of June, Marshal Pétain (a WWI hero) had formed a new gov’t and publicly announced France would ask for an armistice.

• On 22 June, an armistice was signed between France and Germany, going into effect on 25 June.

• For the Axis, the campaign was a spectacular victory.

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Vichy France

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Political Cartoon

Axis Gains

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Under the leadership of General Charles deGaulle,a Free French governmentwas formed and set upits headquarters in London.

It is quite true that we were, and still are, overwhelmed by enemy mechanised forces, both on the ground and in the air. It was the tanks, the planes, and the tactics of the Germans, far more than the fact that we were outnumbered, that forced our armies to retreat. … But has the last word been said? Must we abandon all hope? Is our defeat final and irremediable? To those questions I answer - No! … This war is not limited to our unfortunate country. The outcome of the struggle has not been decided by the battle of France. This is a world war! … Whatever happens, the flame of French resistance must not and shall not die.

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Maquis: predominantly rural guerrilla bands of the French Resistance

Initially they were composed of men who had escaped into the mountains to avoid conscription into Vichy France's Service du travail obligatoire (STO) to provide forced labour for

Germany. They fought the occupying Germans by engage in sabotage –blowing up bridges, wrecking trains, cutting communications…

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After France fell,many thought Britainwould prove evenweaker . . .

Hitler began bombing…

The Battle of Britainhad begun …

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Axis GainsThe bombing continued nonstop during September and October . . .

Hitler believed that he could destroy the British people’s willto fight.

The Royal Air Force (RAF) flew combat missions day after day –night after night.

The RAF had a new weapon . . . Radar!

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Germany hoped that its naval blockade would STARVEGreat Britain into surrender . . .

This might have happened if not for?????

The Luftwaffe continued its bombing for many months . . . And theBritish began to make stronger and heavier attacks on German cities.

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The U.S. Congress pass the Neutrality Acts between 1935-37,stating that the U.S. wished to stay neutral in future wars.

These isolationists believed that Europe’s warsshould not concern Americans.

But their power will fade as fears grew thatthe Nazis would take over the world.

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In 1939 the Acts were revised to allow American companies tosell munitions to warring nations . . .

In March of 1941, Congress would pass the Lend-Lease Act authorizing the President to supply war materials to

Great Britain on credit.

Atlantic CharterAug 1941

Churchill and Roosevelt

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Atlantic CharterAug 1941

Churchill and Roosevelt

…believed that nations must abolish the use of force andestablish … the creation of an international organization.

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Pé tain headed government,  collaborated with Germany, controlled French colonies

German troops, German   administration

French citizens,

Nazi control

Vichy occupied

both

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Axis Gains

Vichy France Occupied Franceboth

Bell Ringer 21.3:What are the similarities and differences between Vichy France and occupied France?