Ch-1 - Tilak Maharashtra VidyapeethMarathi)/PrachinMarathiVa... · l "_hmamï´>' `m eãXmMr nyd©nr{R>H$m H$moUVr ? `m eãXmMm doJdoJiçm Aä`mgH$m§Zr H$gm AW© bmdbm Amho?

$Page 1: Ch-1 - Tilak Maharashtra VidyapeethMarathi)/PrachinMarathiVa... · l "_hmamï´>' `m eãXmMr nyd©nr{R>H$m H$moUVr ? `m eãXmMm doJdoJiçm Aä`mgH$m§Zr H$gm AW© bmdbm Amho?$
àH$aU : 1

_amR>rMr nyd©nr{R>H$m

1.0 C{Ôï>o

{dÚmWu{_Ìm§Zmo, àmMrZ _amR>r dmS²>_`mÀ`m B{VhmgmMm Aä`mg Amnë`mbm `m dfm©VH$am`Mm Amho. "_amR>rÀ`m nyd©nr{R>Ho$nmgyZ g§V EH$ZmWm§'n`ªVMm H$mbI§S> `mV g_m{dï>Amho. _hmamï´>mVrb AZoH$ ^pŠVg§àXm`, n§W, `m§Mr AmoiI H$ê$Z KoÊ`mnydu `m n{hë`màH$aUmV AmnU EHy$UM _amR>r ^mfoMr nyd©nr{R>H$m g_OmdyZ KoUma AmhmoV.

H$moUVrhr ^mfm hr gVV J{V_mZ Am{U n[adV©Zerb AgVo. AmnU AmO Or ^mfm~mobV AgVmo {VÀ`mVrb H$mhr eãX, Ë`m§Mo AW© `m§_Üò n[adV©Z Pmbobo AgVo. ^mfoVrbn[adV©Z ho A{Ve` _§X JVrZo hmoV AgVo, Ë`m_wio Amnë`m Vo bjmV òV Zmhr. EImÚm^mfoMr CËnÎmr H$er Pmbr qH$dm {VMo _yi H$moUVo ho Aä`mgmZo Amnë`mbm emoYVm òVo. òWo_amR>r ^mfoÀ`m CËnÎmrMm {dMma H$aVmZm bjmV òVo H$s _amR>rÀ`m CËnÎmrg§~§Yrhr {d{dY_V_Vm§Vao AmhoV. `m àH$aUmMm Aä`mg Ho$ë`mda Vwåhmbm,

_amR>rMr nyd©nr{R>H$m/ 1

1.0 C{ÔîQ>o

1.1 àmñVm{dH$

1.2 "_hmamï´>' eãXmMr nyd©nr{R>H$m

1.3 _amR>r ^mfoÀ`m CËn{ÎmH$mbmÀ`m Aä`mgmMr gmYZo

1.3.1 àmMrZ J«§WaMZm

1.3.2 bmoH$gm{hË`

1.3.3 {ebmboI d Vm_«nQ>

1.4 CËnÎmr{df`r _V_Vm§Vao

1.5 g_mamon

1.6 gmam§e

- Amnbr àJVr Vnmgm CÎmao

- joÌr` H$m`©

l "_hmamï´>' `m eãXmMr nyd©nr{R>H$m H$moUVr ? `m eãXmMm doJdoJiçm Aä`mgH$m§ZrH$gm AW© bmdbm Amho? Vo gm§JVm òB©b.

l _amR>rV àmMrZ H$mir H$moUH$moUË`m J«§WaMZm Pmë`m, bmoH$gm{hË`mVrb H$moUVoOwZo nwamdo CnbãY AmhoV, {ebmboI d Vm_«nQ> `m àmMrZ gmYZm§Mm _amR>rMmCËn{ÎmH$mi R>a{dÊ`mV H$emàH$mao _XV hmoVo, Vo ñnï> H$aVm òB©b.

l EHy$UM _amR>rMr CËnÎmr H$er Pmbr `m{df`rMr {d{dY _V_Vm§Vao {b{hVm òVrb. ZmWn§Wm{df`r _m{hVr XoVm òB©b. _amR>r ^mfoVrb J«§WH$mam§Mm, Ë`m§À`maMZm§Mm Aä`mg H$aÊ`mnydu _amR>rÀ`m nyd©nr{R>Ho${df`r Vwåhmbm {_imbobr _m{hVr {ZpíMVM nyaH$ R>aob.

1.1 àmñVm{dH$

`m àH$aUmV AmnU _amR>r ^mfoÀ`m CËnÎmr{df`r {dMma H$aUma AmhmoV. {d{dY àmMrZJ«§W, bmoH$gm{hË`, {ebmboI, Vm_«nQ> B. gmYZm§À`m AmYmao _amR>r ^mfoÀ`m CËn{ÎmH$mimMmA§XmO Aä`mgH$m§Zr ~m§Ybm. _amR>r hr _yi ^mfm Zmhr. ^mfoMm H$mi H$mQ>oH$moanUo gm§JVmòV Zgbm, Var _amR>rMr {Z{_©Vr Joë`m ~mameo Vo Voameo dfmª_Yrb Amho. Vr "^maVr` -Am`©' Hw$imVrb ^mfm Amho. "_hmamï´>' eãXmdê$Z H$mhr OUm§Zr _amR>rMr CËnÎmr bmdÊ`mMmà`ËZ Ho$bm Amho. `mMo H$maU _hmamï´> ho amÁ` àm_w»`mZo _amR>r ^mfm ~mobUmè`m§Mo Amho.Am§Va~{hd©Vw©i {gÕm§V, d¡Ú - JwUo dmX `m à_wI _Vm§Mm {dMma ^mfoÀ`m CËnÎmrV Ho$bmOmVmo.

B. g. nyd© 5000 nyd© d¡{XH$ ^mfm

B. g. nyd© 5000 Vo B. g. ny. 1000 doX, ~«m÷Uo, AmaÊ`Ho$

Cn{ZfXo - d¡{XH$ g§ñH¥$V

B. g. ny. 1000 Vo B. g. ny. 200 nm{UZr` g§ñH¥$V

B. g. ny. 600 Vo B. g. ny. 200 àW_ àmH¥$V nmcr

B. g. ny. 200 Vo B. g. 200 n«mH¥$V ^mfm

B. g. ny. 200 Vo B. g. 700 An^«§e ^mfm

B. g. 800 nmgyZ nwT>o Xoer ^mfm

Aer gmIirhr gm§JVm òVo. J«§WaMZm, Vm_«nQ>, {ebmboI hr gmYZo VnmgyZ nm{hbr,Va Ë`mda _amR>rMo A{VàmMrZ C„oI gmnS>VmV. _amR>rMo AmOMo ê$n Oar Ë`mV nmhm`bm{_imbo Zmhr, Var aMZoÀ`m åhUOo ì`mH$aUmÀ`m Ñï>rZo AmOÀ`m _amR>rÀ`m ~è`mM IwUmË`mV AmT>iVmV. _amR>rÀ`m OÝ_mMm H$mi hm 8 ì`m eVH$mn`ªV _mJo ZoVm òVmo. 9 ì`meVH$mV CX`mg Amboë`m ZmWn§WmMmhr AmT>mdm òWo KoVcm Amho.

2 / àmMrZ _amR>r dmL>²_`mMm B{Vhmg>

{_Ìm§Zmo, _amR>r ^mfoÀ`m CËnÎmr{df`r Aä`mgH$m§Zr _m§S>boë`m {d{dY _Vm§Mm AmT>mdmEo{Vhm{gH$ dU©ZmË_H$ ^mfm{dkmZ `m {df`mÀ`m AÜ``Z gm{hË`mV Ambm Amho. òWohrAmnU Vr _Vo {dMmamV KoUma AmhmoV. Ë`mnydu "_hmamï´' `m eãXmMr nyd©nr{R>H$m OmUyZ KoD$.

1.2 "_hmamï´>' eãXmMr nyd©nr{R>H$m

{dÚmWu {_Ìm§Zmo, _amR>rMm OÝ_ H$gm Pmbm `mMm Aä`mg H$aÊ`mnydu "_hmamï´>' `meãXmMr ì`wËnÎmr nmhÿ`m. B. g. 500 À`m gw_mamg {b{hboë`m "_hmd§g' `m ~m¡Õ J«§WmV_hmamï´>mMm C„oI _hmaÅ> Agm Ho$cm Amho. S>m°. AmoßnQ>© `m§À`m _Vo, _hmamï´>mbm nydu"_„amï´>'�Ago åhUV. _„Ÿ >>>>åhma > _ma Aer ê$nna§nam Vo gm§JVmV. I§S>mo~m `m_hmamîQ´>mÀ`m Hw$bX¡dVmMo Xwgao Zmd _ëhmar Amho. _{U_„mMm dY H$aUmam_„+A[a=_ëhmar hm bmoH$H$WoMm g§X^© `mbm nwï>r XoVmo. amOmam_emór ^mJdV `m§Zr_ahÅ> hm eãX "_aVm Vd hQ>Vm' `m AWm©Zo KoVbm AgyZ, Omo eÌybm nmR> XmI{dV ZmhrAgm dra nwéf Aer ì`wËnÎmr Amho. e§. ~m. Omoer `m§À`m _Vo, _hmamï´>mV nydu hÅ>r qH$dm hmQ>bmoH$m§Mr dñVr hmoVr. _a = PmS>r Am{U hÅ>r = hmQ> OmVrMo bmoH$. `mnmgyZ _ahÅ> åhUOo"hmQ> bmoH$m§Mm PmS>r`wº$ Xoe' Agm {gÕm§V Ë`m§Zr _m§S>bm. `mXdH$mimV ~hþVoH$ _amR>r^m{fH$ _mÌ EH$Ì Ambm Am{U Ë`mMm C„oI "_hmamï´>' Agm hmoD$ bmJbm. _. _. H$mUo `m§Zr"_hmZ amï´> Vo _hmamï´>' Aer CËnÎmr _m§S>br.

AemàH$mao "_hmamï´>' eãXmMr CËnÎmr doJdoJiçm àH$mao _m§S>br Jobr. AmÎmmn`ªVMo{ddoMZ Vwåhmbm {H$VnV H$ibo Amho `mMr VnmgUr nwT>rb àíZm§dê$Z Vwåhmbm H$aVm òB©b.


1.2 Amnbr àJVr Vnmgm :

1) _amR>r ^mfoMr {Z{_©Vr gmYmaU ....................... `m H$mimVrb Amho.

1) 1000-1200 2) 300-400 3) 2000-3000

2) _hmamï´>mMm C„oI _hmaÅ> Agm H$moUË`m J«§WmV Ho$bm Amho ?

1) Hw$dc`_mbm 2) _hmd§g 3) Á`mo{VfaËZ_mbm

3) "_aVm Vd hQ>Vm' hr _hmamï´>mMr CËnÎmr H$moUr _m§S>br ?

1) amOmam_emór ^mJdV 2) _. _. H$mUo 3) e§. ~m. Omoer

4) S>°m. AmoßnQ>© `m§À`m _Vo _hmamï´>mbm nydu H$m` åhUV ?

1) _hmam§Mo amï´> 2) _„amï´> 3) A[a¨Mo amï´>

_hmZ amï´> Vo _hmamï´> - _. _. H$mUo

1.3 _amR>r ^mfoÀ`m CËn{ÎmH$mbmÀ`m Aä`mgmMr gmYZo

_amR>r ^mfoMr {Z{_©Vr H$er Pmbr `mMm Aä`mg H$aVmZm, doJdoJir gmYZo H$moUË`màH$mao Cn`moJmV AmUbr OmVmV ho bjmV òVo. nwT>rb Cn_wÔçm§À`m AmYmao ho ñnï> H$aVmòB©b.

1.3.1 àmMrZ J«§WaMZm

B. g. 1278 (eHo$ 1200) _Yrb brimM[aÌ qH$dm B. g. 1290 (eHo$1212) _Yrb kmZoídarVrb ^mfm nmhVm, ^mfm{Z{_©VrÀ`m àma§^rÀ`m H$mimVrb ^mfmEdT>r àJë^ Agob Ago dmQ>V Zmhr. Ë`m_wio _amR>rV kmZoídarnydu H$mhrVar aMZm PmbobrAgUma. Vgm emoY KoVë`mda kmZoídarÀ`m AmYr gw_mao 100 df© åhUOo B. g. 1178_Üò {b{hbobm "{ddoH${g§Yy' hm _wHw§$XamOm§Mm J«§W AmT>iVmo. `mdê$Z Ago åhUVm òVo H$s,_wHw§$XamOm§nydu 3-4 eVHo$ AmYr _amR>r ^mfoMm dmna bmoH$ì`dhmamV hmoV AgUma. B. g.1039 _Yrb Á`mo{VfaËZ_mbm hm H$dr lrnVr `m§Mm J«§W Amho. {VWr, dma, ZjÌ, _whÿV©`m§{df`rMr IJmobemór` _m{hVr _amR>r ^mfoV dmMm`bm {_iVo. 9 ì`m eVH$mÀ`m gw_mamg{b{hboë`m d¡ÚH$MH$moaM§{ÐH$m `m {dÇ>b H$drÀ`m g§ñH¥$V J«§WmV AYyZ_YyZ _amR>r ^mfoMmAmYma KoVbobm {XgVmo. B. g. 778 À`m "Hw$dc`_mbm' `m H$dr CÚmoVZgyarÀ`m J«§WmV18 Xoer ^mfm§Mm C„oI Ambm Amho. Ë`mV _ahÅ> ^mfoMm C„oI H$ê$Z Ë`m XoemVrb_mUgm§Mo dU©Z "XT>_S>h gm_b§Jo gm{hao A{h_mUo H$bhgrbo ò Ÿ& {XÊUbo J{h„o C„{daoVËW _ahÅ>o' Ago Ho$bo Amho. 7 ì`m eVH$mÀ`m gw_mamg Agbobr {XÊUbo, J{h„o hreãXê$no _amR>rMo {d{eï>Ëd ì`º$ H$aVmV. 5 ì`m eVH$mVrb ZmaXñ_¥{V `m g§H¥$V J«§WmVg§ñH¥$V, àmH¥$V `m~amo~aM Xoer ^mfm Agm EH$ C„oI Amho. An^«§e ^mfoMo gm{hË`mVrbZmd " Xogr' Ago Amho. `mM Xogr ^mfoÀ`m {dH$mgmMm nwT>Mm Q>ßnm kmZoídarV C„o{Iboë`m"_èhmQ>r' ^mfoV AmT>iVmo Agm {ZîH$f© H$mT>Vm òVmo.


1.3.1 Amnbr àJVr Vnmgm :

1) Á`mo{VfaËZ_mbm hm J«§W H$moUmMm?

1) _wHw§$XamO, 2) lrnVr, 3) _hX§~m

2) 18 Xoer ^mfm§Mm C„oI .................... `m J«§WmV Ambm Amho?

1) kmZoídar, 2) Hw$dc`_mbm, 3) amO_Vrà~moY

3) .................... `m J«§WmV Xoer ^mfoMm C„oI AmT>iVmo.

1) ZmaXñ_¥{V, 2) à~moY, 3) d¡ÚMH$moaM§{ÐH$m

4) d¡ÚMH$moaM§{ÐH$m hm H$moUmMm J«§W Amho?

1) lrnVr, 2) {dÇ>b, 3) amO_Vr

_amR>rÀ`m ApñVËdmMm gdmªV OwZm C„oI CÚmoVZgyarÀ`m B. g. 778 _Yrb"Hw$dc`_mbm' `m J«§WmV {_iVmo.

1.3.2 bmoH$gm{hË`

_amR>rVrb bmoH$dmL>²>_`mV _amR>r ^mfoMo H$mhr C„oI AmT>iVmV. MmbwŠ`d§er`Xwgè`m {dH«$_m{XË`mMm _wbJm gmo_oída `mZo B. g. 1129_Üò {b{hboë`m _mZgmo„mgqH$dm "A{^b{fVmW©qMVm_Ur' ZmdmÀ`m g§ñH¥$V J«§WmV _hmamï´>r` pñÌ`m§À`m Amoì`m§Mm C„oIgmnS>Vmo. 11ì`m eVH$mÀ`m CÎmamYm©V èƒ§Ð O¡Z `mZo "amO_Vrà~moY' ZmdmÀ`m g§ñH¥$VZmQ>H$mV amOr_Vr `m Zm{`Ho$Mo dU©Z _amR>rV Ho$bo Amho. Ë`mZo {Vbm "_hmam{ï´>H$' AgoåhQ>bo Amho. "brimM[aÌ' `m J«§WmV MH«$Yam§Zr YmZmB© ZmdmÀ`m EH$m hÅ>r _wbrbm nwT>rb Jmoï>gm§{JVbr. "gmi¡Mo Ka _oUmMo : H$mdio`mMo Ka goUmMo : nmCgmim H$mCio`mMo Ka nwao OmE: gmi¡Mo dmMo : " _amR>rVrb nm{hbr bmoH$H$Wm åhUyZ {hMm C„oI H$aVm òB©b. hr Jmoï>AmOhr bhmZ _wbm§Zm gm§{JVbr OmVo. `mdê$Z 13 ì`m eVH$mnydu 400-500 df} AmYr`m bmoH$gm{hË`mMo ~rO éObo Agmdo. B. g. 8 ì`m eVH$mV _amR>rMm CËn{ÎmH$mi ZoVmòVmo.

1.3.3 {ebmboI d Vm_«nQ>

Vm_«nQ>, {ebmboI `m§À`m AmYmaohr Amnë`mbm _amR>rMm CËn{ÎmH$mi emoYVm òVmo.Ë`mdê$Z ^m{fH$ ê$nm§~amo~aM amOdQ>, H$mb{ZX}e, XmZnÌnÕVr, {bnr, ì`{º$ñWbZm_o B.Jmoï>tMrhr _m{hVr {_iVo. H$mhr {ebmboI d Vm_«nQ> `m§Mm AmT>mdm òWo KoVbm Amho.

"kmZoídar'nydu H$moabobm B. g. 1289 _Yrb CZHo$ídamMm qH$dm CÝhH$XodmMm{ebmboI gdmªV AbrH$S>Mm _mZbm OmVmo. `mV g§ñH¥$V{_{lV _amR>r ê$nm§Mm dmnaAmT>iVmo. B. g. 1273 _Yrb n§T>anyaÀ`m {dÇ>b_§{XamVrb "Mm¡è`m§erMr {eim'darb{ebmboImV Mmbdo`m, n¡H$mMm, Vo`mMr, {dÇ>bmMr AmU Ago _amR>r eãX AmT>iVmV. B. g.1228 _Yrb Am§~oOmoJmB© òWrb ImoboídamÀ`m {ebmboImV 47 Amoitn¡H$s 5-7 Amoir_amR>r ^mfoVrb AmhoV. B. g. 1157 _Yrb nigXodmÀ`m {ebmboImV " lrM§JXodX§S>ZmHo$ {dîUwJ¥h Ho$bo ! Aer dmŠàMZm òVo. g§ñH¥$VMm g§~§Y R>odyZ nyU© {dYmZ _amR>rVrbAmho. _amR>rVrb AmÚ {ebmboI åhUyZ H$Zm©Q>H$mVrb ldU~oiJmoi òWrb B. g. 983_Yrb {ebmboImMm C„oI Ho$bm OmVmo; na§Vw Ho${eXod {ebhma `mMm Ajr òWrb {ebmboI



1) ....................... `m J«§WmV _hmamï´>r` pñÌ`m§À`m Amoì`m§Mm C„oI AmT>iVmo.

1) _mZgmo„mg, 2) amO_Vrà~moY, 3) h[anmR>

2) "amO_Vr à~moY " ZmQ>H$mMo boIH$ H$moU ?

1) èƒ§Ð O¡Z, 2) lrnVr, 3) {dÇ>b

3) n{hbr bmoH$H$Wm ....................... `m J«§WmV gmnS>Vo.

1) Hw$dc`_mcm 2) _mZgmo„mg 3) crimM[aÌ

B. g. 1012 åhUOo ldU~oiJmoiÀ`m coImnojm 100 dfmªZr àmMrZ Amho.

Vm_«nQ>m§Mm {dMma H$aVm B. g. 1060 _Yrc {Xdo-AmJa òWrc Vm_«nQ>_amR>rVrc n{hcm H$moard coI R>aVmo. `m_Üò {H«$`mnX, EH$dMZ, eãX`moJr, g§~§YdmMH$gd©Zm_ `m JmoîQ>r AmT>iVmV. B. g. 1290 _Yrb _¡b§JrÀ`m {ebmboImdê$Z Vm_riZmSy>V_amR>r {eH${dÊ`mMr gmo` hmoVr Ago H$iVo. B. g. 699 _Yrb {MHw$S>} òWrb Vm_«nQ>mVAmM{bV, H$adwZ, H$[aV Ago _amR>r diUmMo eãX gmnS>VmV. AemàH$mao H$moard boIm§À`mnwamì`mÀ`m AmYmao B. g. 1000 `m H$mimV _amR>r ^mfm Amnbo ApñVËd gm_Ï`m©Zo{Q>H$dyZ hmoVr, Ago åhUVm òB©b.

1.4 CËnÎmr{df`r _V_Vm§Vao

H$moUVrhr ^mfm gVV n[adV©Zerb AgVo. {VÀ`mV hiyhiy hmoUmè`m ~Xbm§Mr AZoH$H$maUo AgVmV. _amR>r ^mfoÀ`m CËnÎmr{df`rhr AZoH$ _Vo _m§S>br Jobr AmhoV. Ë`mVrbH$mhr _hÎdmÀ`m _Vm§Mm nam_f© AmnU òWo KoUma AmhmoV.

à. am. Xoe_wI `m§À`m _Vo, Am`mªMr _yi ^mfm àmH¥$V åhUOo ~mobrM hmoVr. Am`m©nyd©qgYy g§ñH¥$VrÀ`m bmoH$m§À`m _yi ~mobter _amR>rMm g§~§Y Ë`m§Zr OmoS>bm. `m _VmV VÏÀgÊ`mMr eŠ`Vm Amho. H$maU doXnyd©H$mbrZ ~mobr^mfmM Z§VaÀ`m H$mimV àmH¥$V ^mfm~Zë`m.

B{Vhmg g§emoYH$ {d. H$m. amOdmS>o `m§À`m _Vo g§ñH¥$V hr _amR>r ^mfoMr OZZr Amho.Am`}Vam§Mo Ì¡d{U©H$ Am`mªda n[aUm_ Pmë`m_wio g§ñH¥$V ^mfm ^«ï> Pmbr Am{U Ì¡d{U©H$Am`m© d eyÐ {ó`m `m§À`m nañnag§~§Ym§VyZ hr ^«ï>Vm dmT>rg bmJbr. _amR>rVrb OdiOdi70% eãXg§J«h g§ñH¥$V{Zð> AmhoV. ^mdo à`moJmVrb {H«$`mnXo V¥Vr`nwéfr EH$dMZr



1) gdmªV AbrH$S>Mm {ebmboI H$moUVm ?

1) nigXod, 2) CZHo$ída, 3) ldU~oiJmoi

2) "lrM§JXod X§S>ZmHo$ {dîUwJ¥h Ho$bo' hr dmŠàMZm H$moUË`m {ebmboImVrb Amho ?

1) ldU~oiJmoi, 2) n§T>anya, 3) nigXod

3) ....................... òWrb Vm_«nQ> hm _amR>rVrb n{hbm H$moard boI Amho.

1) {XdoAmJa, 2) Ajr, 3) nigXod

4) {MHw$S>} òWrb Vm_«nQ> ....................... `m H$mimVrb Amho.

1) B. g. 699, 2) B. g. 710, 3) B. g. 900

H$Zm©Q>H$mVrc åh¡gyaOdirc ldU~oiJmoi òWrc B. g. 983 _Yrc {ecmcoI_amR>rVrc AmÚ {ecmcoI åhUyZ JUcm OmVmo.

R>odÊ`mMr nÕV g§ñH¥$V_Yrc Amho; na§Vw Cƒmaà{H«$`m, à`moJ, dmŠàMma, {d^{º$àË``,dmŠàMZm B. ~m~VrV _amR>r ^mfm g§ñH¥$VnmgyZ {Z_m©U Pmbr, ho amOdmS>o `m§Mo _VAemór` ñdê$nmMo Amho.

H¥$. nm§. Hw$bH$Uu åhUVmV. "_amR>r A_wH$ EH$m ^mfonmgyZ CËnÞ Pmbr ZgyZ,g§ñH¥$V, gd© àmH¥$V ^mfm, An^«§e `m ^mfm§Zr {VÀ`m OÝ_mg hmV^ma bmdbobm {XgVmo.'Ë`m§À`m _Vo `mXd _amR>rZo Am»`mV{d^º$s ho àH$aU g§nyU©nUo _hmamîQ´>r àmH¥$VmVyZ KoVbo.

am. {^. Omoer `m§Zr gm§{JVë`mà_mUo, _amR>r ^mfm nmbr `m àmH¥$VmnmgyZ {Z_m©U PmbrAmho. _amR>rÀ`m CËnÎmr{df`r Aer {d{dY _Vo Aä`mgë`mda Ago åhUVm òB©b H$s, _amR>r^mfoda g§ñH¥$V, àmH¥$V, An^«§e Am{U BVa Ð{dS>r ^mfm§Mm g§ñH$ma Pmbobm Amho. Ë`m_wioH$moUVrhr EH$ ^mfm _amR>rMr OZZr Amho Ago g_OUo MwH$sMo R>aob.

_amR>rÀ`m CËnÎmr{df`r _m§S>ë`m Joboë`m _Vm§_Üò qMVm_U {dZm`H$ d¡Ú Am{Unm§Sw>a§J Xm_moXa JwUo `m XmoZ Aä`mgH$m§_Yrb dmX _hÎdmMm _mZbm OVmo. d¡Ú - JwUo dmXåhUyZ Vmo AmoiIbm OmVmo. Ë`mMm AmT>mdm òWo AmnU KoUma AmhmoV.

"{d{dYkmZ{dñVma' `m {Z`VH$m{bH$mÀ`m 53 ì`m dfm©À`m 5, 7 d 8 `m A§H$m§_YyZ`m XmoKm§Mr _Vo àg¥V Pmbr. `m dmXmV "_amR>rMr CËnÎmr H$moUË`m ^mfonmgyZ d H$moUË`mH$mimV Pmbr' `m _wÚm§Mr MMm© Pmbr.

d¡Ú `m§Mo _V Ago hmoVo H$s, _amR>r d Adm©MrZ Xoer ^mfm§Mm OÝ_ gmVì`m eVH$mVg§ñH¥$V ^mfonmgyZ Pmbm. Amnboo _V nQ>dyZ XoÊ`mgmR>r Ë`m§Zr nwT>>rbà_mUo H$mhr nwamdo {XboAmhoV. 1) _amR>r ^mfoV VËg_ d VX²>^d eãX AgyZ Ë`m§Mo à_mU bjmV KoÊ`mgmaIo Amho.2) fð>r {d^º$sMo Mm, Mr, Mo ho àË`` g§ñH¥$V_Yrb "ñ`' `m fð>rÀ`m àË``mÀ`mAZwH$aUmVyZ Ambo AmhoV 3) _amR>rVrb AàË``r {ÛVr`m {d^ŠVr g§ñH¥$Vdê$Z AmbobrAmho. 4) _hmamï´>r àmH¥$VmV àW_oMr ê$no AmoH$mam§V AmhoV. `mCbQ> _amR>rVrb Zm_mMo _yiê$n àW_m {d^º$sV VgoM amhVo. 5) H$Ë`m©À`m qbJ, dMZmà_mUo {H«$`mnXmMo ê$n~XbÊ`mMr nÕV _amR>rV g§ñH¥$VnmgyZ Ambr Amho. 6) AmYw{ZH$ g§ñH¥$V_Üò dmŠ`mVH$Vm©, H$_©, {H«$`mnX Agm H«$_ gm§^mibobm {XgVmo. _amR>r ^mfoZohr Amnë`m dmŠàMZoVAgmM H«$_ gm§^mibobm Amho.

Hw$_m[ab^Å> Am{U e§H$amMm`© `m§Zr ~m¡ÕY_m©Mm nmS>md Ho$bm. Y_©H«$m§Vr Pmbr. d¡{XH$g§ñH¥$Vr, àmMrZ d¡{XH$ Y_© `m§Mo nwZé‚mrdZ Pmbo. àmH¥$V ^mfm AñV§JV Pmë`m. nwÝhmg§ñH¥$V ^mfoMr Zì`mZo ñWmnZm Pmbr. `mM g§ñH¥$V ^mfoVyZ _amR>r d BVa Xoer ^mfm {Z_m©UPmë`m. AemàH$mao d¡Ú `m§Zr B. g. 700 hm _amR>r ^mfoMm CËn{ÎmH$mi _mZbobm Amho.

d¡Ú `m§Mm à{VdmX H$aVmZm JwUo `m§Zr nwT>rb _Vo _m§S>br AmhoV.

1) Hw$_m[ab^Å> Am{U e§H$amMm`© `m§À`m Y_©H«$m§Vr_wio g§ñH¥$V ^mfoMo _hÎd dmT>bo Zmhr,Va g§ñH¥$V ^mfm _wimVM {dÛV_mÝ` hmoVr. åhUyZM nmbrMm A§JrH$ma H$aUmao ~m¡Õn§{S>V qH$dm daéMrgmaIo àmH¥$V ^mfm§Mo ì`mH$aUH$ma `m§Zr g§ñH¥$V ^mfoMm ñdrH$ma


Ho$bm hmoVm.

2) Eo{Vhm{gH$ Ñï>rZo g§ñH¥$V Vo _amR>r `m gmIirVrb àmH¥$V d An^§«e ^mfm§MrAdñWm§Vao Q>miVm òUma ZmhrV.

3) g§ñH¥$V ^mfoVyZ Ambobo VËg_ d VX²>^d eãX _amR>rà_mUoM _amR>rÀ`m nyd©H$mbrZ ^mfmàmH¥$V d An^«§e ^mfm§Vhr AmT>iVmV. CXm. g{bb, A§Obr, {dah

4) An^«§e ^mfoV g§ñH¥$V_Üò Z AmT>iUmao {H$VrVar àË`` AmT>iVmV. Vo àË``àmH¥$VmV d Z§Va _amR>rV Ambo.

5) An^«§e ^mfm§Vrb YmVwgm{YVm§dê$Z _amR>rV H$mi Ambobo AmhoV.

6) AmkmW©, {dÜ`W©, H$_©Ur à`moJ `m Jmoï>r _amR>rV àm_w»`mZo An^«§e ^mfm§VyZ KoVboë`mAmhoV.

7) {^Þ d§e, {^Þ g§ñH¥$Vr d {^Þ ^mfm `m§À`m g§H$am_wio Zì`m ^mfm {Z_m©U hmoVmV. 10ì`m eVH$mÀ`m gw_mamg VËH$mbrZ ^maVmV VmVm©a, hU, Aa~ Am{X {^Þ àm§Vr`,nag§ñH¥$Vr`, na^mfr` bmoH$m§À`m AmH«$_Um_wio EVV²>Xoer` Am`© d Ë`m§À`m jÌr`Hw$ù`m MmohrH$S>o nm§Jë`m. `m g§H$amVyZ _amR>rgma»`m AmYw{ZH$ ^mfm§Mm OÝ_ Pmbm.

10 ì`m eVH$mV _amR>rMm CX` Pmbm ho JwUo `m§Mo _V `mo½` R>a{dVm òV Zmhr H$maU,eHo$ 1110 _Üò {b{hbm Jobobm _wHw§$XamOm§Mm "{ddoH$qgYy'gmaIm _amR>r J«§W nmhVmJ«m§{WH$ ^mfm gwê$ hmoÊ`mAmYr {H$_mZ 5 Vo 7 eVHo$ AJmoXa _amR>rMo cmoH$^mfm åhUyZApñVËd Agbo nm{hOo. åhUOo _amR>rMm OÝ_H$mi 5 do, Vo 7 do eVH$ Agmdm; na§Vw_amR>r ^mfm An^«§emoËnÞ Amho, ho JwUo `m§Mo _V e§. Jmo. Vwinwio, {d. {^. H$mobVo `m§Zr gmYma{gÕ H$ê$Z XmI{dbo Amho.

{_Ìm§Zmo, e§. Jmo. Vwinwio `m§Mo _V CÕ¥V H$aUohr òWo _hÎdmMo Amho.

"_amR>r hm _hmamï´>r An^«§emMm An^«§e ZgyZ g§ñH¥$VrH$aUmMm g§ñH$ma PmbobmCËH«$m§V ñdê$nmVrb An^«§e Amho, Ago _V Vwinwio `m§Zr _m§S>bo. _amR>r ^mfoMr CËnÎmr hrg§ñH¥$V, àmH¥$V, An^«§e, _hmamï´>r An^«§e Aem ^m{fH$ pñWË`§VamVyZ Pmbobr Amho; na§Vw`mXdH$mimV `m _amR>r ^mfoV nwÝhm bjmV òÊ`mBVHo$ g§ñH¥$VMo g§ñH$ma {XgyZ òVmV._amR>rMm OÝ_ hmoÊ`mnydu 4-5 eVHo$ AmYr AmÚ e§H$amMm`mªZr d¡{XH$ Y_m©Mo nwZé‚mrdZHo$ë`mZo g§ñH¥$V ^mfobm nwÝhm _hÎd Ambo. `mXd d§emVrb amOm§Zr g§ñH¥$V J«§WH$mam§ZmàmoËgmhZ {Xbo. Ë`m_wio Ë`m H$mimVrb gd©gm_mÝ`m§Mm ~mobì`dhma g§ñH¥$V ^mfoÀ`mà^mdmImbr Ambm.

`mdê$Z bjmV òVo H$s, _hmamï´>r An^«§emVyZ _amR>r ^mfm {ZîmÞ hmoVmZm, VrAn^«§emVrb àË``mMr H$mQ>N>mQ> H$ê$Z gmonr hmoÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$arV hmoVr, Va Xwgè`m~mOybm _Ü`§Var bmon nmdboë`m g§ñH¥$V Cƒmam§Mm, VËg_ eãXm§Mm d g§ñH¥$V diUm§Mr ê$nonwÝhm V`ma H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$arV hmoVr. `mMm n[aUm_ åhUOo àmH¥$VmV bmon nmdbobo F$,


F$, c¥, Eo, Amo ho _yi ñd{Z_, {dgJ© _amR>rZo g§ñH¥$V_YyZ nwÝhm ñdrH$mabo. An^«§emV/e/,/f/,/g/ `mEodOr Ho$di / g/ òB©. _amR>rZo nwÝhm / e/,/f/ Cƒmam`bmgwédmV Ho$br. àmH¥$V d An^«§emV bmon nmdbobr MVwWu {d^º$s _amR>rZo nwÝhm ñdrH$mabr.{d^º$s¨Mr g§»`m g§~moYZmgh nwÝhm g§ñH¥$Và_mUo AmR> Pmbr.

`mMm AW© _amR>r ^mfm hr g§ñH¥$V, àmH¥$V, An^«§e Am{U _hmamï´>r An^«§e Aer{Z_m©U hmoVmZm {VÀ`mda nwÝhm g§ñH¥$VMo g§ñH$ma Pmbo. åhUyZ _amR>rbm Ho$diAà^§emZ§VaMr Z _mZVm CËH«$m§V ñdê$nmMm An^«§e Ago Vwinwio _mZVmV.

{_Ìm§Zmo, `mdê$Z _amR>r ^mfoMr CËnÎmr H$er Pmbr ho Vwåhmbm gm§JVm òB©b.

1.5 ZmWn§W

9ì`m eVH$mÀ`m gw_mamg gwê$ Pmbobm ZmWn§W ~§S>Imoa {gÕm§À`m na§naoVyZ CX`mgAmbm. ZmWg§àXm` hr EH$ Xoeì`mnr Midi hmoVr. `m n§WmMm Ooìhm CJ_ Pmbm VoìhmYm{_©H$ d gm_m{OH$ joÌm§V d¡{XH$ Y_m©Mm à^md hmoVm. bhmZ-Wmoa, ñÌr-nwéf,ñn¥í`mñn¥í` ho ôXmôX H$S>H$ hmoVo; na§Vw ZmWn§WmZo g_mOmVrb gd© bmoH$m§Zm Amnë`mn§WmV àdoe {Xbm. `m n§WmZo Amnbo Ym{_©H$ VÎdkmZ Xoer ^mfm§VyZ åhUOo ~§Jmbr, qhXr,_amR>r B.VyZ gm§JÊ`mg gwédmV Ho$br Am{XZmW, _Ëñ`|ÐZmW, JmoajZmW J{hZrZmW,{Zd¥ÎmrZmW, kmZoída, gË`m_bZmW, J¡~rZmW, JwáZmW, CX²~moYZZmW, Ho$garZmW,{ed{XZHo$gar Aer ZmWn§WmMr Jwéna§nam gm§JVm òVo. hm n§W AÛ¡VdmXr Amho. hR>`moJmMmnwañH$ma `m n§WmZo Ho$bm. "hR>`moJ àXr{nH$m' hm `m g§àXm`mMm EH$ à_mUJ«§W.

ZmWn§Wr` {gÕm§Mm g§Mma ^maVâ hmoV Agë`mZo ^maVmVrb AZoH$ ^mfm§Mo g§ñH$ma`m {gÕm§À`m dmUrda Pmbobo AmhoV. Ë`m§Mr dmUr "~¡amJr ^mfm' `m ZmdmZo _hmamï´>mV n[a{MVhmoVr. `m ^mfoÀ`m g§{_l ñdê$nmVyZ {^Þ ^mfr` g_mOmÀ`m ^m{fH$ ì`dhmamMr ^mfm{dH${gV Pmbr. amï´>^mfoÀ`m CJ_-{dH$mgmg ZmWg§àXm`mMm hmV^ma Amho.

ZmWn§Wr` {gÕm§Mm g§Mma ^maVâ hmoV Agë`mZo, ^maVmVrb AZoH$ ^mfm§Mog§ñH$ma `m {gÕm§À`m dmUrda Pmbobo AmhoV. Ë`m§Mr dmUr "~¡amJr ^mfm' `m ZmdmZo_hmamîQ´>mV n[a{MV hmoVr. `m ^mfoÀ`m g§{_l ñdê$nmVyZ {^ÝZ ^mfr` g_mOmÀ`m ^m{fH$ì`dhmamMr ^mfm {dH${gV Pmcr. amîQ´>^mfoÀ`m CJ_-{dH$mgmg ZmWg§àXm`mMm hmV^maAmho.

ZmWg§àXm`mMr na§nam gm§JUmao Iyn gm{hË` àmMrZ d _Ü``wJmV _amR>r dmL>²_`mVAmT>iVo. Zm{eH$-Í`§~Ho$ídaÀ`m n[agamV JmoaI, J{hZr B. {gÜXm§À`m {ZdmgmMr ñWio


_amR>r hm An^«§emMm An^«§e ZgyZ g§ñH¥$VrH$aUmMm g§ñH$ma Pmcocm CËH«$m§Vñdê$nmVrc An^«§^ hmo` - e§. Jmo. Vwinwio.

AmOhr XmI{dÊ`mV òVmV. dmaH$ar g§àXm` ho ZmWn§WmMo EH$ {dH$m{gV ê$n _mZVm `B©b.^JdX²>JrVoVrb kmZmoÎma H$_m©À`m YmaUoMo nwOé‚mrdZ ZmWg§àXm`mÀ`m {dMmaàUmbrVPmbobo AgyZ, hR>`moJmbm àmYmÝ` Agbo Var bmoH$moÕmamgmR>r H$m`©aV amhÊ`mMm CnXoehr`m n§WmV AmT>iVmo. Jwégodobm `m n§WmV _hÎd hmoVo. `m n§WmV ^º$sg àmYmÝ` ZìhVo.kmZoída ñdV: ZmWn§Wr` Agbo, Var `moJ_mJ© H$îQ>àX Agë`mZo, gm_mÝ`m§gmR>r Ë`m§ZrdmaH$ar g§àXm`mMr ñWmnZm Ho$cr. JmoaIZmWm§Zr àW_ {^Þ _Vm§Mm g_Ýd` gmYyZX§^mMmamMo {Z_y©bZ H$aÊ`mMo à`ËZ Ho$bo. ZmWn§Wr` `mo½`m§Zr ^maVâ g§Mma Ho$bm.AmË_moÕmam~amo~a bmoH$moÕma gmYbm; na§Vw Varhr `m n§WmV d¡`pŠVH$ AÜ`mË_ gmYZogàmYmÝ` {Xbo Joë`m_wio g_mOmnmgyZ hm n§W bm§~ am{hbm. `m n§WmMo VÎdkmZhr gd©gm_mÝ`bmoH$m§À`m AmQ>moŠ`m~mhoaMo hmoVo. nwT>o Amboë`m dmaH$ar g§àX`mÀ`m àoaUmñWmZr ZmWn§WMhmoVm.

1.5 g_mamon

{dÚmWu {_Ìm§Zmo, AemàH$mao `m àH$aUmMm Aä`mg Ho$ë`mZ§Va "_hmamï´>' `m eãXmÀ`mdoJdoJiçm CnnÎmr gm§JVm òVmV. kmZoídar d brimM[aÌ ho àmMrZ J«§W Agbo Var Ë`mAmYr



1) _amR>rMm OÝ_ gmjmV g§ñH¥$VnmgyZ Pmbm, ho _V H$moUmMo ?

1) {d. H$m. amOdmS>o, 2) e§. Jmo. Vwinwio, 3) nm§. Xm. JwUo

2) àmH¥$V, An^§«e d g§ñH¥$V `m gdmªZrM _amR>rÀ`m OÝ_mbm hmV^ma cmdbm, ho _V H$moUmMo ?

1) {d. {^. H$mobVo, 2) H¥$. nm. Hw$bH$Uu, 3) {M. {d. d¡Ú

3) "_amR>r hm CËH«$m§V ñdê$nmVrb An^«§e' ho _V H$moUmMo ?

1) {d. {^. H$mobVo, 2) e§. Jmo. Vwinwio, 3) nm§. Xm. JwUo

4) ZmWn§WmMm CX` ............................ eVH$mV Pmbm.

1) 9ì`m, 2)15ì`m, 3) 13ì`m

5) ZmWn§WmMr ^mfm ............................ ^mfm åhUyZ à{gÕ hmoVr.

1) qhXr, 2) ~¡amJr, 3) AY©_mJYr

6) ............................ hm ZmWn§WmMm EH$ à_mUJ«§W Amho.

1) kmZoídar, 2) A_¥VmZw^d, 3) hR>`moJàXr{nH$m

7) ZmWn§W ............................ n§WmMo àoaUmñWmZ ~Zbm.

1) g_W©, 2) O¡Z, 3) dmaH$ar

ZmWn§W hm AÛ¡VdmXr Amho.

100 df} "{ddoH$qgYy' hm J«§W aMbm Jobm. doJdoJiçm g§ñH¥$V J«§WmVhr gmnS>Umao _amR>rMog§X^©, Xoer ^mfm§Mm C„oI `mdê$Z _amR>r bmoH$ì`dhmamV H$moUË`m H$mimV hmoVm, `mMm emoYKoVm òVmo. _amR>rÀ`m ApñVËdmMo H$mhr nwamdo bmoH$gm{hË`mVhr AmT>iVmV. CZHo$ída,Mm¡è`mE|erMr {eim, ldU~oiJmoi, Ajr òWrb {ebmboI Ë`mM~amo~a {XdoAmJa _¡b§JròWrb Vm_«nQ>m§da H$moaboë`m _amR>r dmŠ`m§dê$Zhr _amR>rÀ`m CËn{ÎmH$mimg§~§Yr g§emoYZPmbo Amho. _amR>rMm CËn{Îm,H$mi 8 ì`m eVH$mn`ªV ZoVm òVmo ho Vw_À`m bjmV Ambo.g§ñH¥$V hr _amR>rMr OZZr Amho, Ago AmnU _mZV Agbmo Var g§ñH¥$V, àmH¥$V, An^«§e,_hmamï´>r An^«§e BVH$s ^m{fH$ pñWË`§Vao XmI{dVm òVmV. Ë`m{df`rÀ`m doJdoJiçmAä`mgH$m§À`m _Vm§Mm AmT>mdm AmnU `m àH$aUmV KoVbm. 9 ì`m eVH$mV CX`mgAmboë`m ZmWn§Wm{df`rhr AmnU OmUyZ KoVbo. AmVm nwT>rb àH$aUmV AmnU AmÚ H$dr_wHw§$XamOm§{df`r _m{hVr KoUma AmhmoV.

1.6 gmam§e

WmoS>Š`mV _amR>rÀ`m CËnÎmr{df`r {d{dY _V_Vm§Vao AmT>iVmV. bmoH$gm{hË`,àmMrZ J«§W, {ebmboI, Vm_«nQ> B. gmYZo _amR>rÀ`m CËn{Îm{df`H$ g§emoYZmV _hÎdmMoH$m`© H$aVmV. "_hmZ amï´>' Vo "_hmamï´>' hr _. _. H$mUo `m§Mr _hmamï´> eãXm{df`rMr CnnÎmr_hÎdmMr Amho. gdmªV àmMrZ J«§W "{ddoH${g§Yy' hm _mZbm OmV Agbm, Var B. g. 778_Yrb "Hw$dc`_mbm' `m J«§WmV _amR>rMm gdmªV OwZm C„oI AmT>iVmo. ldU~oiJmoiMm{ebmboI AmÚ {ebmboI åhUyZ AmoiIbm OmV Agbm Var, _amR>rMr n{hbr {b{IV{ZemUr "Ajr' òWrb B. g. 1012 À`m {ebmboImV gmnS>Vo VgoM B. g. 1060_Yrb {XdoAmJa òWrb Vm_«nQ> _amR>rVrb n{hbm H$moard boI R>aVmo Am{U _hmamï´>rAn^«§emnmgyZ Oar _amR>rMr {Z{_©Vr Pmbr Agbr, Var g§ñH¥$VrH$aUmMm g§ñH$ma hmoD$ZPmbobm CËH«$m§V ñdê$nmVrb Vmo An^«§e Amho ho e§. Jmo. Vwinwio `m§Mo _V gmW© R>aVo.9 ì`m eVH$mV CX`mg Amboë`m ZmWn§WmZo AmpË_H$ CÕmam~amo~a bmoH$moÕma gmYbm.13 ì`m eVH$mV CX`mg Amboë`m dmaH$ar g§àXm`mMm àoaUmòmoV hm ZmWn§W R>abm.

Amnbr àJVr Vnmgm - CÎmao

1.2

1) 100 - 1200 2) _hmd§g

3) amOmam_emór ^mJdV 4) _„amï´>


1.3.1

1) lrnVr 2) Hw$db`_mbm 3) ZmaXñ_¥{V

4) {dÇ>b

1.3.2

1) _mZgmo„mg 2) èƒ§Ð O¡Z 3) brimM[aÌ

1.3.3

1) CZHo$ída 2) nigXod 3) {XdoAmJa

4) B.g.699

1.4

1) {d. H$m. amOdmS>o 2) H¥$. nm. Hw$bH$Uu 3) e§. Jmo. Vwinwio

4) 9 ì`m 5) ~¡amJr 6)hR>`moJàXr{nH$m

7) dmaH$ar

joÌr` H$m`© :-

{_Ìm§Zmo, àñVwV àH$aUmV C„o{Icoco {ecmcoI d Vm_«nQ> _wÔm_ Ë`m ñWim§Zm ôQ> XoD$Znmhm d Ë`mdarc {c{IV _amR>r ^mfoMo {ZarjU H$am.

***



A{YH$ {Q>nUmgmR>r

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A{YH$ {Q>nUmgmR>r

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àH$aU : 2

AmÚ H$dr _wHw§$XamO

({ddoH$qgYy, na_m_¥V d BVa aMZm§Mm n[aM`)

2.0 C{ÔîQ>o

{dÚmWu {_Ìm§Zmo, _amR>rÀ`m nyd©nr{R>Ho$Mm Aä`mg AmnU _mJrc àH$aUmV Ho$cm. VoWo

AmnU nm{hco, _amR>r ^mfoVrc n{hcm {c{IV J«§W B. gZ 1178 _Yrc {ddoH$qgYy hm

_mZcm OmVmo. Ë`mMo H$V} _wHw§$XamO hmoV. `m _wHw§$XamOm§Mr _m{hVr AmnU `m àH$aUmV H$ê$Z

KoUma AmhmoV. ho àH$aU Aä`mgë`mZ§Va Vwåhmcm,

l _wHw§$XamOm§À`m d¡`pŠVH$ OrdZm{df`r _m{hVr gm§JVm òB©c.

l _wHw§$XamOm§À`m dmL²>_`mMo dU©Z H$aVm òB©c.

l "{ddoH$qgYy' `m J«§WmMo _hÎd {deX H$aVm òB©c.

l _wHw§$XamOm§Mo dmL²>_`rZ H$m`© gm§JVm òB©c.

AmÚH$dr _wHw§$XamO/ 15

2.0 C{ÔîQ>o

2.1 àmñVm{dH$

2.2 _wHw§$XamOm§Mo OrdZM[aÌ

2.3 _wHw§$XamOm§Mo dmL²>_`

2.3.1 {ddoH$qgYy

2.3.2 na_m_¥V

2.3.3 ndZ{dO`

2.4 _wHw§$XamOm§Mo dmL²>_`rZ H$m`©

2.5 g_mamon

2.6 gmam§e

- Amncr àJVr Vnmgm - CÎmao

2.1 àmñVm{dH$

`m àH$aUmV AmnU AmÚH$dr _wHw§$XamOm§À`m dmL²>_`rZ H$m`m©{df`r OmUyZ KoUma

AmhmoV. _wHw§$XamOm§Zm "_amR>r dmL²>_`mÀ`m nhmQ>oMm ewH«$Vmam' Agohr åhQ>co OmVo. H$maU

12ì`m eVH$m_Üò VÎdkmZna coIZmV g§ñH¥$V ^mfoMo dM©ñd Agë`mZo, gm_mÝ` OZVm

Ë`mnmgyZ Xya am{hcr. Aem doir gm_mÝÒZm§Zm g_Ooc Aem àmH¥$V ^mfoV _wHw§$XamOm§Zr

"{ddoH$qgYy'Mr aMZm Ho$cr. ~«÷{dÚm àmá H$ê$Z KoÊ`mMo gmYZ d ~«÷{dÚo{df`rMo {ddoMZ

`m J«§WmV Amho. `m{edm` na_m_¥V d ndZ{dO` ho J«§W _wHw§$XamOm§À`m Zmdmda AmhoV. `mnwT>o

Ë`m§À`m M[aÌm{df`r AmnU _m{hVr H$ê$Z KoUma AmhmoV.

2.2 _wHw§$XamOm§Mo OrdZM[aÌ

{dÚmWu {_Ìm§Zmo, AmÚH$dr R>acoë`m _wHw§$XamOm§À`m OÝ_H$mim{df`r d

OÝ_ñWim{df`rhr ~aoM _VôX AmhoV. H¥$. nm§. Hw$cH$Uu `m§Zr JVeH$ `m

H$mcJUZnÕVrMm AmYma KoD$Z, eHo$ 1110 _Yrc JVg§dËga (B. g. 1188) hm

{ddoH$qgYyMm coIZH$mc Am{U AàË`jnUo _wHw§$XamOm§Mmhr OrdZH$mc åhUyZ gm§{JVcm

Amho. _hmamîQ´>mÀ`m gm§ñH¥${VH$ OrdZmV AmZ§X g§àXm` hm gd© ^pŠV_mJu g§àXm`m§Mm _yi

_mZcm OmVmo. `mV XÎmmonmgZm Ho$cr OmVo. `moJgmYZm, d¡am½`, emŠV d Vm§{ÌH$m§er g§~§Y,

doe^yfm `m§~m~VrV XÎm Am{U ZmW `m g§àXm`m§V gmå` Amho. _wHw§$XamOm§Mm `m AmZ§X

g§àXm`mer OdiMm g§~§Y Amho.

_wHw§$XamOm§À`m àma§^rÀ`m OrdZmVrc H$mhr g§X^© gmnS>V ZmhrV; na§Vw Ë`m§Mo

ì`pŠV_Îd \$ma VoOñdr Am{U {dcmo^Zr` hmoVo. H$mZm§V _H$aHw§$S>c, Jm¡a dU©, ^ñ_, J§Y

Am{U JiçmV éÐmj_mim, `m doe^yfoMo dU©Z Ë`m§Mo {eî` `moJmZ§X `m§Zr Amnë`m aMZoV

H$ê$Z R>odco Amho. cmVya {OëømV Am¡gm VmcwŠ`mV _m¡Oo nmoQ> òWo EH$m KamÊ`mV

_wHw§$XamOm§Zm Jwê$ _mZco OmVo. Ë`mMr EH$ Am»`m{`H$m Amho. Ë`m KamÊ`mV g§VVrMm A^md

hmoVm. OÝ_cocr gmV _wco OJcr ZmhrV. Ë`m doir Ë`m ñÌrZo `mnwT>o OÝ_coco _yc

gXmZ§XmÀ`m PmoirV Q>mH$Ê`mMm Zdg Ho$cm. Ë`mà_mUo gXmZ§X na§naoMr Pmoir KoD$Z

_wHw§$XamO òWo Amco. _ococo _yc PmoirV Q>mH$ë`mda Vo {Od§V Pmco. VoìhmnmgyZ _wHw§$XamOm§Zm

VoWo nyOco OmVo.

2.3 _wHw§$XamOm§Mo dmL²>_`

"{ddoH$qgYy' hr AmÚH$dr _wHw§$XamOm§Mr AmoiI Amho. Ë`mM~amo~a na_m_¥V d

ndZ{dO` hr Ë`m§Mr gm{hË`g§nXm Amho. H«$_mZo AmnU `m J«§Wm§Mr AmoiI H$ê$Z KoD$ `m.


2.3.1 {ddoH$qgYy

{ddoH$qgYy ApñVËdmV òÊ`mnydu doXm§V{df`H$ kmZ, AmÜ`mpË_H$ {df` ho g§ñH¥$V

^mfoV gm§{JVco OmV AgV. Ë`m_wio Vo g_OyZ KoUo d Ë`mVrc ~«÷mZ§X AZw^dUo, `m JmoîQ>r

n§{S>VdJm©cmM eŠ` hmoV. ~m¡Õ Y_m©Zo nmcrMm qH$dm O¡Z Y_m©Zo AY©_mJYr dJ¡ao àmH¥$VMm

dmna gwédmVrcm Ho$cm Agcm, Var CÎmaH$mimV Ë`m§Zmhr nwÝhm g§ñH¥$VMm dmna H$amdm

cmJcm. `m nma§n[aH$ àWonmgyZ ~mOycm OmD$Z _wHw§$XamOm§Zr g§ñH¥$V~amo~a _amR>rMmhr

Adc§~ Ho$cm. Ë`m§Zr ~«÷kmZmMo {ddaU g§ñH¥$V d _amR>r Aem XmoÝhr ^mfm§_Üò Ho$co. hm

J«§W g§ñH¥$V_Üò "_hm^mî`, ~«÷md~moY, {ddoH$qgYy, na_mW©~moY, VÎd~moY' B. Zmdm§Zr

à{gÕ Amho. _amR>r_Üò "{ddoH$qgYy' `m ZmdmZo Vmo AmoiIcm OmVmo. Cn{ZfXm§Mo _§WZ

H$ê$Z _wHw§$XamOm§Zr hm J«§W {Z_m©U Ho$cm. Oo cmoH$ emñÌ OmUV ZmhrV, Aem ^m{dH$

cmoH$m§gmR>r _èhmQ>r ^mfoVyZ hr J«§WaMZm Pmcr. `m J«§WmMr ^mfm _amR>r Agcr, Var Ë`mV

na~«÷agmMr Pimir Amho. Vr VmËH$mi kmZàmár H$ê$Z XoUmar Amho, Ago ñdV: J«§WH$Ë`m©Zo

Z_yX Ho$co Amho.

H$mcJUZmnÕVrÀ`m AmYmao {ddoH$qgYyMm coIZH$mc eHo$ 1109 g_Ocm OmVmo.

hm J«§W nydm©Y© d CÎmamY© Aem XmoZ ^mJm§V {d^mJcm Amho. `mMr Amodrg§»`m 1698 Amhoo.

{ddoH$qgYyVrc VÎdkmZ em§H$a AÛ¡V_VmMo à{VnmXZ H$aVo. e§H$amoŠVrdar Ÿ& {_`m§ ~mo{ccr

ho d¡Iar & Ago _wHw§$XamOm§ZrM åhQ>co Amho. em§H$a^mî`mn¡H$s ~«÷gyÌo d Cn{ZfXo

`m§À`mdarc ^mîòM òWo Cn`mo{Ocr AmhoV.

12 ì`m eVH$mV doXm§VmMr àñWmZÌ`r d {VÀ`mdarc e§H$amXr AmMm`mªMr ^mîò

`m§Mm Aä`mg gd© Xoeâ Mmcy hmoVm. `mMm n[aUm_ _wHw§$XamOm§dahr Pmcocm {XgVmo.

gd©gm_mÝ` _mUgm§gmR>r àmH¥$VmV J«§WaMZm H$aUo, hr H$mimMr JaO hmoVr. Vr Ü`mZmV

KoD$Z _wHw§$XamOm§Zr Amncm J«§W àmH¥$VmV {c{hcm. Ë`mÑîQ>rZo _m`mdmXr AÛ¡VdoXm§VmMr

gdmªJrU {ddoMZmË_H$ d nÕVera _m§S>Ur H$aUmam {ddoH$qgYy hm _amR>r ^mfoVrc n{hcm J«§W

R>aVmo.

~«÷{dÚm d Vr àmá H$ê$Z KoÊ`mMo gmYZ, ho `m J«§WmMo _w»` {df` AmhoV. ^ŠVr ho

kmZmMo gmYZ Amho. `m _VmMo à{VnmXZ H$aVmZm _wHw§$XamO åhUVmV-

ldU H$sV©Z ñ_aU & nmXgodZ AM©Z d§XZ

Xmñ` g»` AmË_{ZdoXZ & ho Zd{dYm ^ŠVr

òhr ZdcjUo ÔZo & gd}ídé Am^macoZnUo

kmZ Xodmo{Z Vmo{S> ~§YZo & {ZO^ŠVm§Mr &&

_wHw§$XamOm§Zm doXm§Vm~Ôc ào_ Am{U A{^_mZ Amho. VÎdkmZ gm§JVmZm doXm§Vmcm

Ë`m§Zr à_mU _mZco Amho. {ddoH$qgYyVrc VÎdkmZ em§H$a AÛ¡V_VmMo à{VnmXZ H$aVo.


nmMhr XéfUo O§~wHo$ & doXm§V qghmMo ò hmHo$

AmB©H$m¡Zr åhUVr amI amIo & Ôcmo _r VwO &&

Aem eãXm§V BVa Xe©Zm§Zm O§~wH$mà_mUo coIyZ doXm§Vmcm Ë`m§Zr qghnX {Xco Amho.

_wHw§$XamO ZmWn§Wr Agë`m_wio {ddoH$qgYy_Üò `moJmZw^dmMohr dU©Z Amco Amho. Vo gw§Xa

CXmhaUm§Zr nQ>dyZ {Xco Amho.

CXm. - "qZ~moqi`mg _YwaVm & O¡gr nŠdXeo' qH$dm "O¡gr gmIa CXH$s {dao & nar

VoWoMr _YwaVm Cao'. J«§WmMm CÔoe e¥§JmamXr Zdagm§Mo CËWmnZ H$aÊ`mMm ZìhVm, Va

~«÷mZ§XmMo dU©Z H$aÊ`mMm hmoVm. Ë`m_wio eodQ>À`m AÜ`m`mV _wHw§$XamO åhUVmV,

e¥§Jmam{XH$ Zdag & Vohr OoW A{V{dag

Vo na~«÷ EH$ag Ÿ& OmUmdo `mo{JamOo

em§V agmMm CëcoI Z H$aVm _wHw§$XamO na~«÷ agmMm CëcoI H$aVmV d Ë`mcm

Zdagm§nojmhr loîR>Va _mZVmV, ho _hÎdmMo Amho. Ho$di _§Ì-V§ÌmMm CnXoe H$aUmè`m

Jwê§$Mm _wHw§$XamOm§Zr {ZfoY Ho$cm Amho. kmZ_ycH$ ^ŠVrcm Ë`m§Zr \$ma _moR>o ñWmZ {Xco

Amho. {Zê$nUmÀ`m AmoKmV _wHw§$XamOm§Zr _amR>rMm nwañH$ma Ho$cm AgyZ, _mV¥^mfo~Ôc Vo

gm§JVmV-

Ywir AmVrc aËZ & Oar ôQ>o Z H$[aVm àoËZ

Var MVwar òËZ & H$m§ Z H$amdm ?

Oèhr éB©{Mò PmS>r & â{V _Ym{M`m H$mdS>r

Vpèh qhS>mdo`mMr AmS>nmS>r & H$m§ nS>mo Úmdr ? &&

_hmZw^mdm§Mo J«§W, kmZoídar B.à_mUo {ddoH$qgYyVrc Amodr gmS>oVrZ MaUm§Mr Amho. `m

Amodrdê$Z `m J§«WmMo àmMrZËd àË``mg òVo. n{hco VrZ MaU g`_H$ AgyZ, Vo g_ Ajar

qH$dm {df_ Ajar AgVmV. n{hë`m VrZ MaUm§V H$_rV H$_r Mma Ajao d OmñVrV OmñV

AR>am Ajao AgVmV. Mma MaUr Amodr `m J«§WmV AmT>iV Zmhr. CXm.-

Oo _ZmdmMo AJmoMéŸ& Vo§ ~mocVm gm§H$S>o Wmoê$ &

VWm{n AmBH$ Vy§ MVwé & åhUoo _wHw§$XamOw &&

{ddoH$qgYyVrc VÎdà{VnmXZ Jwé-{eî`m§À`m g§dmXmÀ`m ê$nmV Ho$co Amho. nydm©Ym©V

g¥pîQ>H«$_ ({dídmMr C^maUr) hr gmV àH$aUm§V d Xwgè`mV g§hmaH«$_ åhUOoM {dídmMr

g§hmaUr eodQ>À`m AH$am àH$aUm§V d Xwgè`mV g§hmaH«$_ {ddo{Mcm Amho. eodQ>r Jwé_mhmËå`

H$WZ Ho$co Amho.

{eî`mcm AÜ`mË_kmZ XoVmZm Ë`m AZwf§JmZo òUmè`m H$mhr {df`m§Mm D$hmnmoh Ho$cm

Amho. CXm. Z_Z, J«§WaMZoMm _yi CÔoe, J«§WmMm \$cmXoe, Jwé-{eî`mMr cjUo, _amR>r


^mfoMr Wmoadr BË`mXr em§H$a_VmMo à{VnmXZ H$aVmZm, »`m{VdmX, ñ`mÛmX, eyÝ`dmX d

BVa Vm{H©$H$ d Ad¡{XH$ dmXm§Mo I§S>Z Ho$co Amho. _hÎdmMo åhUOo kmZàmárZ§Vahr _mUgmZo

gJwU B©ída^ŠVr gwê$ R>odcr nm{hOo, Ago ñnîQ>nUo Ë`m§Zr gm§{JVco Amho. XodmÀ`m gJwU

ñdê$nmMo qMVZ Ho$ë`mZoM, {ZJw©U na_oídaàmár hmoVo d na_mËå`mer EH$ê$nVm gmYVm òVo.

eodQ>r _wHw§$XamO åhUVmV-

"...ò`m g§àXm`mMm A{^_mZr & ñdò lr eycnm{U &

àr{V nmdmo Bhr dMZr & gd}ídê$ Vmo &

g§nco J«§WmMo CÎmamY© & Oo {ZO~moYmMo à_o` {dewÕ &

åhUo amO`moJr à{gÕ & _wHw§$XamOw &'

{ddoH$qgYyV VËH$mcrZ g_mOOrdZmMo {MÌ AmT>iV Zmhr.

2.3.2 na_m_¥V

"na_m_¥V' `m Xwgè`m J«§WmMr CncãY àV eHo$ 1102 Mr Amho. _wHw§$XamOm§Zr Amnco

{eî` `moJmZ§X `mMo à~moYZ H$aÊ`mgmR>r hm J«§W aMcocm Amho. `mV Mm¡Xm àH$aUo d VrZeo

Vodrg Amoì`m AmhoV. "{ddoH$qgYy'VrcM {df` `mV g§jonmZo Amcm Amho. ~«÷mZ§XpñWVrMo

dU©Z nwT>rc eãXm§V Ho$co Amho.

AmZ§X AmZ§Xmg KmoQ>r & ~mocVm naogr nS>o {_R>r

_wŠ`mZo gwImÀ`m JmoR>r & Ho${d H$sOo &&

nma_m{W©H$, AdKS> à_o`m§Mo {ddoMZ `m_Üò H$m¡eë`mZo Ho$co Amho. ~«÷mZ§X hr MMm©

H$aÊ`mMr JmoîQ> ZgyZ AZw^d KoÊ`mMr Amho, ho _wHw§$XamO ghO e¡crV gm§JVmV. ~«÷, _m`m,

Ord-{ed¡Š`, n§MrH$aU, MVwd}X, Jwé_{h_m, {ZË`Zo_ BË`mXr {df`m§Mr MMm© `m_Üò

_wHw§$XamOm§Zr Ho$cr Amho. `m J«§WmMr ^mfm gwJ_ d àmgm{XH$ Amho.

2.3.3 ndZ{dO`

"ndZ{dO`' `m J«§WmVhr {ddoH$qgYyVrc VÎdkmZ òVo.

hm J«§W ndZ{dO` & gd© H$m_ZoMm H$ar O` &

{ddoH$qgYyMm AÝd` & gmam§e òW H${Wòcm &

_yi e§H$a-nmd©Vr g§dmXê$nmVyZ `moJemñÌmMr MMm© `m J«§WmV Ho$cocr AmT>iVo.

`mM~amo~a _wHw§$XamOm§À`m Zmdmda H$mhr A^§Jhr AmT>iVmV.


_m`mdmXr AÛ¡VdoXm§VmMr gdmªJrU, {ddoMZmË_H$ d nÕVera _m§S>Ur H$aUmam{ddoH$qgYy hm _amR>r ^mfoVrc n{hcm J«§W.

1) {dlm_ {dlm§Vr nmhVmMr H$m` &

_wHw§$XmMr gmo` hancr &

2) V¡gm XwOonU {dga nS>cm &

ñdò {dgcm _wHw§$X_Zr &

3) Omo _O _mhoa XmIdr Ë`mMr _r godm H$arZ

_wHw§$XamO åhUo cmO~mB© Jocr CS>moZ &

Aem àH$mao _wHw§$XamOm§À`m J«§Wm§Mm AmT>mdm AmnU KoVcm.

2.4 _wHw§$XamOm§Mo dmL²>_`rZ H$m`©

nma§n[aH$ àWonmgyZ Xya OmD$Z _wHw§$XamOm§Zr ~«÷kmZmMo {ddaU g§ñH¥$V d _amR>r Aem

XmoÝhr ^mfm§_Üò Ho$co. Ë`m H$mimV _amR>r ^mfoV Amoì`m, H$hmÊ`m BË`mXr cmoH$gm{hË`



1) H¥$. nm§. Hw$cH$Uu `m§Zr _wHw§$XamOm§Mm {ZpíMV Ho$cocm OÝ_H$mi H$moUVm ?

1) 1110 2) 1112 3) 1200.

2) _wHw§$XamOm§Mm ........... `m g§àXm`mer g§~§Y Amho.

1) AmZ§X 2) e¡d 3) H¥$îU.

3) "{ddoH$qgYy' hm g§ñH¥$V_Üò H$moUË`m ZmdmZo à{gÕ Amho ?

1) ndZ{dO` 2) na_mW©~moY 3) ^mJdV.

4) {ddoH$qgYyVrc VÎdkmZ H$moUË`m _VmMo à{VnmXZ H$aVo ?

1) AÛ¡V 2) Û¡V 3) d¡îUd.

5) {ddoH$qgYyVrc Amodr {H$Vr MaUm§Mr Amho ?

1) VrZ 2) Mma 3) gmS>oVrZ.

6) _wHw§$XamO H$moUVm ag loîR> _mZVmV ?

1) em§V 2) dra 3) H$éU.

7) {ddoH$qgYyV .......... Mm g§dmX Amho ?

1) Jwé-{eî` 2) {_Ì-{_Ì 3) {nVm-nwÌ.

gmoS>co, Va ñdmZw^dmZo {c{hcoco VÎdkmZna coIZ Pmcoco ZìhVo. Vo H$m_ {ddoH$qgYyÀ`m

ê$nmZo àW_ _wHw§$XamOm§Zr Ho$co.

`m H$mimVrc BVa J«§Wm§à_mUo "{ddoH$qgYy'À`m coIZm_mJo H$moUVrhr ñnîQ> na§nam

ZìhVr. Ago AgyZhr `m J«§WmÀ`m nmoÏ`m ~«m÷U, d¡îUd, e¡d, _hmZw^m, ZmW, dmaH$ar,

qcJm`V, Aem {d{dY n§Wr`m§H$S>o gmnS>VmV, hr Ë`mÀ`m cmoH${à`VoMr gmj Aho. CÎmaog

A§^moaonmgyZ X{jUog _Ðmgn`ªV {R>H${R>H$mUr hm J«§W {ZË` nR>UmVhr hmoVm. `mdê$Z Ë`mMo

àmMrZËd cjmV òVo. Á`m AWu hm J«§W gd© n§Wr`m§H$Sy>Z AmX[acm OmV hmoVm, Ë`m AWu

gd© qhXy gZmVZr Y_© EH$g§Y hmoVm, Ë`m doir `m J«§WmMr {Z{_©Vr Pmcr Agmdr. {d{dY n§W,

g§àXm` ApñVËdmV òÊ`mnydu {ddoH$qgYy _amR>r ^mfoV {Z_m©U Pmcm.

e§H$amMm`©, am_mZwOmMm`© `m§Mr doXm§V^mîò ho _wHw§$XamOm§Mo ñ\y${V©J«§W R>aco.

e§H$amMm`mªMm AÛ¡V {gÕm§V d am_mZwOmMm`mªMm {d{eîQ>mÛ¡V {gÕm§V `m XmoÝhtMm g_Ýd`

{ddoH$qgYyV nmhm`cm {_iVmo. gJwU ^ŠVr~amo~aM kmZmoÎma ^ŠVrMo _hÎdhr Ë`m§Zr `mV

gm§{JVco Amho.

"{ddoH$qgYy' `m J«§WmMo AmUIr EH$ _hÎd Ago, H$s Ë`mV à{Vnm{Xcoco VÎdkmZ

BVHo$ _m¡{cH$ d _yc^yV ñdê$nmMo hmoVo, H$s Ë`mnwT>rc J«§Wm§da {ddoH$qgYyMm n[aUm_

ñnîQ>nUo OmUdVmo. na_m_¥V, A_¥VmZw^d, JwéM[aÌ, Xmg~moY, Aem _hÎdmÀ`m J«§Wm§da

{ddoH$qgYyMr N>mn AmT>iVo. EdT>oM Zìho, Va H¥$îUX`mU©d, ~«÷Xmg, _hrnVr, {dÇ>c-Ho$ed

dJ¡ao CÎmaH$mcrZ H$dtMo ñ\y${V©ñWmZ _wHw§$XamO hmoVo.

{ddoH$qgYyVrc gmS>oVrZ MaUr Amodr {VÀ`m AmÚËdmMo àVrH$ R>aVo. `m AmodrMo

ñdê$n _hmZw^md n§{S>V ^rî_mMm`© `m§Zr {Xcoë`m AmodrÀ`m cjUm§Zm Yê$Z Amho.

_wHw§$XamOm§Zr {c{hcocr Amodr AmÚ Amho, Agm g_Ohr H$dt_Üò hmoVm.

"Omo _wHw§$XamO Am{XH$dr &

O`mnmgmd CX²^do Amodr &

V`m{Z J«§W AZw^dr &

{ddoH$qgYy hm Ho$cm &

ho Ë`mMo CXmhaU hmo`.

`mVrc em§H$a_VmMo à{VnmXZhr àmMrZ Amho. Ë`m H$mimV {edmonmgZmhr ê$T> hmoVr,

hohr `m J«§Wmdê$Z {XgVo.

n§{S>Vm§À`m n[agamVyZ AÜ`mË_mcm CMcyZ, Vo gmono H$ê$Z gm_mÝ` OZm§V AmUyZ

gmoS>Ê`mMo H$m`© Oo nwT>o dmaH$ar n§WmZo Ho$co, Ë`mMr gwédmV _wHw§$XamOm§Zr {ddoH$qgYynmgyZ

Ho$cr.


2.5 g_mamon

{dÚmWu {_Ìm§Zmo, òWda AmnU AmÚ H$dr _wHw§$XamOm§{df`r _m{hVr nm{hcr. {ddoH$qgYy

`m _amR>rVrc n{hë`m J«§WmMo H$V} _wHw§$XamO `m§Zr _amR>r dmL²>_`mV ârd H$m_{Jar Ho$cr.

doX-nwamUo Z OmUUmè`m cmoH$m§gmR>r _amR>r ^mfoVyZ VÎdkmZ {c{hÊ`mMo _hÎdmMo H$m`© Ë`m§Zr

Ho$co. nwT>À`m H$mimVrc AZoH$ gm{hË`H¥$Vtda {ddoH$qgYyMm à^md nS>cm. `mnwT>rc

àH$aUm§V AmnU _hmamîQ´>mÀ`m g_¥ÕrÀ`m H$mimV CX`mg Amcoë`m _hmZw^md n§Wm{df`r

OmUyZ KoUma AmhmoV.

2.6 gmam§e

g§ñH¥$V_Üò Agcoco VÎdkmZ{df`H$ J«§W gm_mÝ` OZm§nmgyZ Xya hmoVo. Ë`m_wio

Ë`mVrc ~«÷mZ§X n§{S>V dJm©nwaVm gr{_V hmoVm. _wHw§$XamOm§Zr e§H$amMm`mªMm AÛ¡V{gÕm§V d

am_mZwOmMm`mªMm {d{eîQ>mÛ¡V {gÕm§V `m§Mm g_Ýd` {ddoH$qgYy_Üò Ho$cm. g§ñH¥$V Am{U

_amR>r Aem XmoÝhr ^mfm§V Ë`m§Zr aMZm Ho$cr. _amR>r_Üò VÎdkmZna coIZ H$aÊ`mMm n{hcm

_mZ _wHw§$XamOm§H$S>o OmVmo. {ddoH$qgYyVrc Amodr, VÎdkmZ, gd©M Ë`mÀ`m àmMrZËdmMr gmj

XoVmV. nwT>rc H$mimV kmZoœam§À`m A_¥VmZw^dmda, am_Xmgm§À`m Xmg~moYmda {ddoH$qgYyÀ`m

coIZmMr N>mn nS>cocr {XgVo. `mdê$Z Ë`mMo _hÎd cjmV òVo. _wHw§$XamOm§Zr na_m_¥V d

ndZ{dO` ho AmUIr XmoZ J«§W {c{hco. `m§Mm {df` VÎdkmZ Am{U `moJemñÌ Agm Amho.


2.3

1) eHo$ 1110 2) AmZ§X 3) na_mW©~moY

4) AÛ¡V 5) gmS>oVrZ 6) em§V

7) Jwé-{eî`.

***



A{YH$ {Q>nUmgmR>r

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A{YH$ {Q>nUmgmR>r

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nmR> : 3

_hmZw^md n§W

(MH«$Ya, crimM[aÌ, gmVrJ«§W, _hX§~m- Ydio, _mV¥H$s épŠ_Ur ñd`§da)

_hmZw^md n§W/ 25

3.0 C{Ôï>o3.1 àmñVm{dH$

3.1.1 _hmZw^md n§W3.2 _hmZw^md n§WmÀ`m n«oaUm d ñdê$n3.3 _hmZw^md VÎdkmZ3.4 _hmZw^mdm§Mm AmMmaY_©3.5 _hmZw^mdm§Mo n§MH¥$îU

3.5.1 lrXÎmmÌo`à^y3.5.2 lrH¥$îUMH«$dVu3.5.3 lrMm§JXod amD$i3.5.4 lrJmoqdXà^y3.5.5 lrMH«$Ya

3.6 _hmZw^mdm§Mo dmL>²_`3.6.1 crimM[aÌ3.6.2 lrJmoqdXà^wM[aÌ3.6.3 ÑîQ>m§VnmR>3.6.4 gyÌnmR>3.6.5 _y{V©àH$me3.6.6 ñ_¥{VñWi

3.7 _hX§~m3.7.1 _mV¥H$s épŠ_Ur ñd`§da

3.8 gmVr J«§W3.8.1 épŠ_Ur ñd`§da3.8.2 {eewnmcdY3.8.3 CÕdJrVm3.8.4 dÀN>haU

3.0 C{Ôï>o

{dÚmWu {_Ìm§Zmo, `m àH$aUmV AmnU _hmamîQ´>mVrc _hmZw^md n§WmMr _m{hVr H$ê$ZKoUma AmhmoV. kmZoœam§À`m nydu H$mhr H$mi CX` Pmcocm hm n§W "na__mJ©' `m _yi ZmdmZohrAmoiIcm OmVmo. `m àH$aUmMm Aä`mg Ho$ë`mZ§Va Vwåhmcm,

l _hmZw^md n§WmÀ`m àoaUm d ñdê$n ñnîQ> H$aVm òVrc.

l _hmZw^mdm§Mm AmMmaY_© dU©Z H$aVm `B©c.

l _hmZw^mdm§À`m n§MH¥$îUm§{df`r {c{hVm òB©c.

l _hmZw^mdm§À`m dmL>²_`m~Ôc _m{hVr XoVm òB©c.

l _hmZw^mdm§À`m gmVrJ«§Wm§Mo dU©Z H$aVm òB©c.

l `m n§WmVrc ñÌr H$d{`Ìr _hX§~m {hMo `moJXmZ ñnîQ> H$aVm òB©c.

WmoS>Š`mV, _hmZw^md n§WmMo 13 ì`m eVH$mV Agcoco g_mOmVrc ñWmZ d H$m`©Vwåhmcm gm§JVm òB©c.>

3.1 n«mñVm{dH$

B. g. 1194 Vo 1272 / e. 1116 Vo 1194 hm _hmZw^md n§WmMo àUoVo MH«$Ya`m§Mm H$mcI§S> g_Ocm OmVmo. _hmamîQ´>mVrc g_¥ÕrÀ`m `m H$mimVM _hmZw^md n§WmMm{dH$mg Pmcm. _hmZw^md n§WmZo Û¡Vr VÎdkmZmMm nwañH$ma Ho$cm. Ë`m§Zr Amnë`m AZw`m`m§Zm{d{eîQ> Agm AmMmaY_© gm§{JVcm. Ë`m_Üò gd© JmoîQ>tÀ`m Ë`mJmda A{YH$ â Amho._hmZw^mdm§Mo n§MH¥$îU ho AdVmar nwéf hmoVo. crimM[aÌ, ÑîQ>m§VnmR>, gmVrJ«§W B.À`mcoIZmÛmao EH$ JÚ na§nam _hmZw^md n§Wr`m§Zr gwê$ Ho$cr. _hX§~m `m ñÌr H$d{`ÌrMo`moJXmZhr _hÎdnyU© R>aVo. _hmZw^mdr` gm{hË`mMm AmT>mdm AmVm AmnU KoUma AmhmoV.Ë`mnydu `m n§WmÀ`m àoaUm, ñdê$n d VÎdkmZmMr AmoiI H$ê$Z KoD$`m.


3.8.5 kmZà~moY3.8.6 gøm{ÐdU©Z>3.8.7 G${ÕnyadU©Z

3.9 g_mamon3.10 gmam§e

Amnbr àJVr Vnmgm : CÎmao

_hmZw^md n§W

B. g. 13 ì`m eVH$mV _hmZw^md n§WmMm CX` Pmcm. MH«$Ya ho `m n§WmMo àUoVo hmoVo.na_oídamÀ`m AË`wƒnXmMr àmár ho `m n§WmMo Üò` hmoVo. MH«$Yaà{UV ^ŠVr hr {Zd¥{ÎmnaAmMma-{dMmam§da Adc§~yZ hmoVr. B©œaàmárMo gmYZ åhUyZ doXm§Mm Cn`moJ Zmhr Ago _VAgë`m_wio gZmVZ d¡{XH$ Y_u`m§À`m amofmcm `m g§àXm`mMo cmoH$ nmÌ Pmco. doXH$mimnmgyZd¡{XH$ n§Wm§Zr _mZcoë`m XodVm§Mr CnmgZm _hmZw^mdm§Zr Ë`mÁ` R>a{dcr. `m n§WmMo d¡{eîQ>çåhUOo, d¡{XH$ Y_m©Zw`m`m§Zr ñÌreyÐm§Zm ZmH$macocm _mojm{YH$ma _hmZw^mdm§Zr Ë`m§Zm {_idyZ{Xcm. ñÌr-eyÐm§Zm Y_©_§{XamV BVam§À`m ~amo~arZo àdoe {_idyZ {Xcm. Ë`m§À`mAZw`m`m§_Üò ZmJXodmMm`m©n«_mUo _hXmBgm, C_mBgm, ~mB©gm `m pñÌ`mhr hmoË`m. pñÌ`m§Zmg§Ý`mg KoÊ`mMrhr _moH$irH$ {Xcr. na§namJV MmVwd©Ê`m©da _hmZw^mdm§Zr Q>rH$m Ho$cr. EdT>oMZìho Va {dQ>mimÀ`m d ñn¥í`mñn¥í`ËdmÀ`m H$ënZm§Zm Ë`m§À`m AmMmaY_m©V _‚mmd hmoVm.

_hmamîQ´>mVrc gm§ñH¥${VH$ OrdZmnojm _amR>r gm{hË`mV _mocmMr â KmcUmam n§WåhUyZ `m n§Wmg _hÎdmMo ñWmZ Amho. lrMH«$Yam§Mo {eî` ZmJXodmMm`© `m§Zr n§Wm§Mr gyÌohmVr KoVë`mZ§VaM _hmZw^mdn§Wmg ì`dpñWV ê$n Amco. n§WmMo gm{hË` _amR>r ^mfoVyZMaMÊ`mV `mdo Agm ZmJXodmMm`mªMm AmJ«h hmoVm. g§ñH¥$V _hmH$mì`mMo g§ñH$mahr `m n§{S>Vm§daPmë`m_wio _hmH$mì`mgmaIr aMZmhr _amR>r ^mfoVyZ Ë`m§Zr Ho$cr. _amR>r gm{hË`mV AZoH$Zdo aMZmàH$ma ê$T> H$aÊ`mMo lo` _hmZw^mdn§WmH$S>o OmVo.

Ago Agco Var `m n§WmMm AmMmaY_© gd©gm_mÝ` cmoH$m§Zm OdiMm dmQ>cm Zmhr._wgc_mZr cmoH$m§Zm d ZmJn§WmVrc AZw`m`m§Zm {^D$Z nwT>o `m n§WmVrc cmoH$m§Zr Amnë`mnmoÏ`m Jwá {cnrV {chÿZ ~§{XñV R>odë`m. Ë`m_wio n§WmZw`m`r g_mOmnmgyZ AmUIr Xya Joco.nwT>o ^mJdV Y_m©Mm åhUOo dmaH$ar g§àXm`mMm CX` Pmë`mZ§Va _mÌ _hmZw^md n§WmcmCVaVr H$im cmJcr. `mVrc gm{hË`mMm _Ü`dVu dmL>²_`àdmhmda \$magm n[aUm_ PmcmZmhr. H$maU n§WmÀ`m AZw`m`m§nwaVmM `m gm{hË`mMm àgma _`m©{XV hmoVm. Om{VôX{da{hVAem Y_©_mJm©Mm nwañH$ma `m n§WmZo Ho$cm Agcm Var n§W àdoemdarc _`m©Xo_wio_hmZw^mdn§W g_mOm{^_wI amhÿ eH$cm Zmhr.>

3.2 _hmZw^md n§WmÀ`m àoaUm d ñdê$n

`mXdH$mcrZ amOdQ>rV g_mOmV gYZVm d Eoœ`© hmoVo; na§Vw Ym{_©H$ ~m~VrV A§XmYw§XrhmoVr. ZmZm àH$maMr XodX¡dVo, d«Vd¡H$ëò, _§ÌV§Ì B. Mm gwH$mi Pmcm hmoVm. O¡Z d drae¡d`m§gmaIo Ad¡{XH$ n§W gZmVZ Y_m©Vrc MmVwd©Ê`m©cm CKS>nUo {damoY H$aV hmoVo. Ë`m_wioe§H$amMm`mªZr nwZ:ñWm{nV Ho$cocm gZmVZ d¡{XH$ Y_© g§H$Q>mV hmoVm. am_mZwOr` d¡îUd n§WÛ¡V^ŠVrMm nwañH$ma H$aUmam AgyZ Ë`mV H$_©R>nUmMm A{VaoH$ hmoVm. kmZoídam{X ^md§S>m§ZrñdrH$macocm ZmWn§W gd©g§J«mhH$ hmoVm. 12 ì`m eVH$mÀ`m AIoarg àñWm{nV Pmcocm

_hmZw^md n§W/ 27

MH«$Yaà{UV ^º$s hr {Zd¥Îmrna AmMma-{dMmam§da Adc§~yZ hmoVr.

^mJdV dmaH$ar g§àXm`hr g_mOmV ApñVËd {Q>H$dyZ hmoVm. AemàH$mao AÛ¡V VÎdkmZmMmCX` hmoD$Zhr Vo gm_mÝ`m§n`ªV nmohmoMco ZìhVo. Aemdoir _amR>r ^mfoMo _hÎd à{VnmXUmam,AdVmadmX _mZUmam, ^º$rMo Û¡Vr VÎdkmZ _m§S>Umam "_hmZw^md n§W' _hmamîQ´>mV CX`mcmAmcm. Ë`mH$mir Ë`mMm àgma H$m~yc-H§$Xmhman`ªV Pmcocm hmoVm. _hmamîQ´>mV "_hmZw^md'`m ZmdmZo à{gÕ Pmcocm hmoVm. hm n§W {X„r n§Om~H$S>o 'O`H¥$îUr n§W' åhUyZ AmoiIcmOmVmo.

`m n§WmMo _yi nwéf lrJmoqdXà^w D$\©$ Jw§S>_ amD$i ho hmoV. `m n§WmMo àUoVo MH«$Ya`m§Zr e§H$amMm`© d am_mZwOmMm`© `m§À`m VÎdkmZmMm {_cm\$ H$ê$Z Amnë`m Û¡VrVÎdkmZmMm àgma Ho$cm. g_mOmVrc {d{dY XodXodVm§Mo àñW H$_r Ho$co. nyOoMm {ZfoY Ho$cm.MmVwd©Ê`m©da h„m MT>{dcm. Amnë`m n§WmV ñÌr, eyÐ, ~«m÷U, jÌr` Aem gdmªZmM g§Ý`mgKoÊ`mMr gmo` R>odcr.

`m H$mimV JrVm, Cn{ZfXo, ~«÷gyÌo `m§darc AmMm`mªÀ`m Q>rH$m, AZoH$ ñ_¥Vr, eoH$S>monwamUo `m§À`m_wio {Z_m©U Pmcocr _V_Vm§Vao, Ë`mdarc J«§W `m gmè`m JmoîQ>r gm_mÝÒZVoÀ`m AmQ>moŠ`m~mhoaÀ`m hmoË`m. Ë`m_wio Y_m©Mo ahñ` ~mocr^mfoV gm§JUmè`m dY_©{dMmam§Zm, AmMmam§Zm gwQ>gwQ>rV ñdê$n XoUmè`m `m n§WmH$S>o gm_mÝ`m§Mo cj doYco.

3.3 _hmZw^mdr` VÎdkmZ

_hmZw^mdr` VÎdkmZ

_hmZw^md VÎdkmZmV AdVma-H$ënZoda {deof â Amho. _Zwî`XohmV òUmè`mOrdm~amo~a Ë`m Ordmcm kmZXmZ H$ê$Z, Ë`mcm CÕmamMm _mJ© XmI{dÊ`mgmR>r na_oídahr



1) _hmZw^mdm§Mo VÎdkmZ ................... hmoVo.

1) AÛ¡Vr 2) Û¡Vr 3) d¡îUd

2) _hmZw^md n§W n§Om~H$S>o ................... åhUyZ AmoiIcm OmVmo.

1) O`H¥$îUrn§W 2) Û¡Vr n§W 3) ^mJdV n§W

3) _hmZw^md n§WmMo _yi nwéf ................... ho hmoV.

1) MH«$Ya 2) lrJmoqdXà^y 3) H¥$îUdVu

4) _hmZw^mdm§Zr ................... Mm {ZfoY Ho$cm.

1) XodVm§Mm 2) nyOoMm 3) Y_m©Mm

_amR>r ^mfoMo _hÎd à{VnmXUmam, AdVmadmX _mZUmam d ^º$rMo Û¡Vr VÎdkmZ_m§S>Umam åhUyZ _hmZw^mdn§W AmoiIcm OmVmo.

_Zwî`Xoh YmaU H$ê$Z `m H$_©^y_rV AdVaVmo. Aer hr AdVma H$ënZm Amho. hm Û¡Vr_VmMm ^pŠVn§W Amho. VgoM _hmZw^md Ord, XodVm, àn§M d na_oída Aem Mma dñVyñdV§Ì d {ZË` _mZVmV. Ord ~Õ_wŠV åhUOo ~Õ AgyZhr _wŠVVoMr nmÌVm AgUmam Amho.XodVm `m _mUgmcm ew^mew^ H$_mªMr A{ZË` \$io XoUmè`m d {ZË`~Õ AmhoV. na§Vw Ë`m _mojXoUmè`m ZmhrV. Ë`m AZ§V AgyZ Ë`m§Mo ZD$ g_yh AmhoV. Ë`m§À`mV CƒZrMnUm Amho.na_oídamer dm Ordmer Ë`m H$Yr EH$ê$n hmoV ZmhrV. XodVm§Mm ñdV§Ì dJ© _mZUo, ho_hmZw^mdr` VÎdkmZmMo d¡{eîQ>ç Amho. n§M_hm^yVo d {ÌJwU `m§À`mnmgyZ {Z_m©U Pmcocrg¥îQ>r åhUOo àn§M. Ord, XodVm d na_oída `m {VhtnmgyZ Vmo AJXr doJim Amho. na_oídahm {ZË`_wŠV Agë`mZo VmoM Ordmcm CÕê$ eH$Vmo. emídV AmZ§X XoUmè`m _mojmgmR>rË`mMrM CnmgZm H$aUo Amdí`H$ Amho. na_oída Mma `wJm§V h§g, XÎm, H¥$îU d MH«$Ya AgoMma AdVma KoVmo. Ë`m Ë`m `wJmVrc XohYmar Ord gmH$ma na_oídamÀ`m gm{ÞYmZmZo AmncmCÕma H$ê$Z KoVmV. _wŠVrZ§Vahr Ordm§Mo ñdV§Ì ApñVËd {Q>Hy$Z amhVo.

Ordmcm _mòMo ~§YZ Amho. AZm{X, A{dYm, AÝ`WmkmZ, OrdÎd d Am{X_i `mnmM{netZr Ord`wŠV AgVmo. na§Vw B©ídar AmZ§X Cn^moJÊ`mMr AmV©Vm OrdmÀ`m {R>H$mUrCËnÞ Pmcr H$s kmZ d ^ŠVr `m _mJm©Zo Ord na_oídamMr H¥$nm Ë`mÀ`m XohYmarAdVmamH$Sy>Z {_idy eH$Vmo. Ord, XodVm, àn§M d na_oída `m§Mo nañnam§er dm gdmªer{_iyZ H$YrM EoŠ` hmoV Zmhr. ho Mmahr nXmW© {ZË` d AZ§V AmhoV. `m VÎdmZwgma_hmZw^md n§W Û¡VdmXmda AmYm[aV Amho, ho ñnîQ> hmoVo.

> _hmZw^md n§W/ 29


1) _hmZw^mdm VÎdkmZmV ................... H$ënZoda â Amho.

1) AdVma 2) Y_© 3) ^yV-{nemƒ

2) XodVm `m ................... AmhoV.

1) ~Õ_wŠV 2) {ZË`~Õ 3) g§Mmar

3) Ordmcm ................... Mo ~§YZ Amho.

1) _mòMo 2) XodmMo 3) àn§MmMo

4) Ord, XodVm, àn§M d na_oída ho Mmahr nXmW© {ZË` d ................... AmhoV.

1) g§Mmar 2) AZ§V 3) {ZË`

_hmZw^md VÎdkmZmV AdVma H$ënZoda {deof â Amho.

3.4 _hmZw^mdm§Mm AmMmaY_©

_hmZw^mdm§Mm AmMmaY_©

lrMH«$YamoŠV "gyÌnmR>mV' {dMma d {dMma_m{cH$m `m àH$aUm§~amo~a AmMma dAmMma_m{cH$m hr àH$aUo AmhoV. _hmZw^mdm§Mm AmMmaY_© `m XmoZ àH$aUm§_YyZ ì`ŠV homVmo._hmZw^md VÎdkmZmZwgma B©œamMo kmZ _moj XoUmao Agco Var kmZr nwéf B©ídamcmAZwgaë`mdmMyZ _wŠV hmoD$ eH$V Zmhr. Ë`m_wio AZwgaUmMo _hÎd AZÝ`gmYmaU Amho._hmZw^md n§W g§Ý`mgàdU d AmË`§{VH$ {Zd¥{ÎmdmXr Amho. n§WmV g§Ý`mgr d J¥hñW AgoAZw`m`m§Mo XmoZ dJ© Ho$co OmVmV. AÞ, dñÌ, AQ>Z (^«_U), {ZÐm, CnmgZm B. àËòH$~m~VrV MH«$Yam§Zr Amnë`m {eî`m§Zm \$ma H$mQ>oH$moa {Z`_ KmcyZ {Xco AmhoV. OrdoídaôX,^pŠV`moJ, g§Ý`mg d Aqhgm `m MVw:gyÌrda n§WmMm AmMmaY_© AmYm[aV Amho.

gmYH$mZo {dH$ma{dH$ëneyÝ` hmoD$Z BVa Hw$UmMmhr Aml` Z KoVm Ho$di B©ídamYrZamhÿZ Ë`mMo ñ_aU H$arV Amncm OÝ_ H§$R>mdm, åhUOo na_oída Ë`mcm nwÝhm "g§~§Y' XoVmV.{dH$maeyÝògmR>r B§{Ð`m§Mo {Z`_Z Amdí`H$ AgVo. Ho$di kmZmZo _Zwî`mMm CÕma hmoV ZmhrVa kmZàmárZ§Vahr gd©g§Jn[aË`mJ H$ê$Z B©ídamcm AZwgaco nm{hOo. åhUyZM kmZrgmYH$mcm H$m` H$amdo d H$m` H$ê$ Zò `mMo ^mZ hdo. Ë`mgmR>r _hmZw^dm§Zr AmMmaY_©_hÎdmMm _mZcm.

`m AmMmaY_m©V gd©ñd Ë`mJmda d H$îQ>m§da \$ma â {Xcm Amho. "ñdXoeg§~Yw Ë`mÁ`:ñdJ«m_g§~§Yw Ë`mpÁ`: g§~§{Y`m§Mm g§~§Yw Vmo {deofVm§ Ë`mÁ`§Ÿ&' {^jmÞ ho n{dÌ _mZco AgcoVar Ë`mV {ZdS> H$ê$ Zò. {eionmHo$ H$XmÞM Imdo. {^jm Mmar d{U©`m§H$S>o _mJmdr. _§JcH$m`©Agcoë`m Kar {^jm _mJy Zò. H$maU VoWo Mm§JcoMw§Jco AÞ {_ioc. ZogÊ`mMo dñÌhrOmS>oâS>o, OrU© Am{U _{cZ Agmdo. earamMm WmQ>_mQ> H$ê$ Zò. naqZXm, nadmVm©H$aÊ`mnojm Pmon ¿`mdr. B§{Ðò {df`mYrZ hmoD$ ZòV åhUyZ gmYH$mZo gmao gwImon^moJ dÁ`©H$amdoV. {MÌmVrc ñÌrgwÕm nmhÿ Zò, H$maU ñÌr ^{UOo _ÎmÐì`mMm amdmo Jm: ñÌr Xe©Z_mÌo{M _mOdr& Ago Agco Var d¡{XH$ Y_m©Vrc H$_©R>nUmMo d {df_VoMo àñW _moSy>ZH$mT>Ê`mgmR>r ñÌr-nwéfm§Zm d Mmar dUmªZm g_mZ Ago g§Ý`mg Y_m©Mo H$_©H$m§S> _hmZw^mdn§WmV hmoVo.

^«_§VrV EH$_oH$m§Zm ôQ>ë`mg nmM-gmV {Xdgm§nojm EH$Ì amhÿ Zò. AÝ`_mJu,AÝ`n§Wr`m§er g§~§Y R>ody Zò. MH«$Yam§Mm AqhgmnmcZmda {deof H$Q>mj hmoVm. "qhgm ZH$amdr & qhgm nmn:' Aer Ë`m§Mr {eH$dU Amho. _maUmam d nyOUmam XmoKm§~Ôchr g_ÑîQ>rR>odÊ`mg Ë`m§Zr gm§{JVco.

hr gd© nÏò nmiVmZm na_oída Zm_mMm {dga nSy> XoD$ Zò. "EH$ XmoZr doim `mVoAmR>drOo: n[a d§Ü`w {Xdg Omdmo Zo{XOo' Ago Vo åhUVmV.

AemàH$mao AdKS> AgUmam hm AmMmaY_© gm_mÝ` g§gmar OZm§Zm OdiMm dmQ>cmZmhr. `k`mJmÀ`m qhgmàYmZ Y_m©Mr à{V{H«$`m åhUyZ Aqhgm VÎdmMm nwañH$ma `m n§WmZo


Ho$cm. d«Vd¡H$ëò, VrW©©{dYr, OÌm`mÌm `m§gma»`m H$_©àYmZ AmMmaY_m©À`m àd¥Îmr{déÕ ~§S>åhUyZ H$_©g§Ý`mgna {Zd¥{ÎmdmXmcm _hmZw^mdm§Zr {deof _hÎd {Xco.

3.5 _hmZw^mdm§Mo n§MH¥$îU

1. lrXÎmmÌo`à^y

_hmZw^mdm§À`m "n§MH¥$îUmV' n{hco Zmd lrH¥$îU MH«$dVuMo Agco Var AJ«H«$_mZo n{hcolrXÎmmÌo`à^y hmoV. Ë`m§Mm AdVma EH$m {d{eîQ> `wJmMm ZgyZ MVw`©wJrMm AdVma Amho, Ago_hmZw^md g_OVmV. lr XÎmmÌo`à^y§Zr Cƒmacocm eãX d Ë`m§Zr {Xcocm da nyU©V`m IamhmoVmo åhUyZM Ë`m§À`m Xe©Zmcm "A_moK' åhQ>co Amho. Ago Xe©Z XoD$Z Ë`m§Zr AZoH$ Ordm§Mo{Ì{dY Vmn Zmhrgo Ho$co, Ë`mV AcH©$ amOm d ghòmOw©Z `m§Mr CXmhaUo à{gÕ AmhoV.lrXÎmmÌo` hm C^`Ñí`mdVma Amho. Ë`m§Mm g§Mma AÑí`ê$nmZo gd©Ì AgVmo. A{YH$marOrdm§Zm Vo {Za{Zamiçm dofm§V Xe©Z XoVmV. MH«$nmUr qH$dm Mm§JXod `m§Zm Ë`m§Zr EH$Xm _mhÿaòWo ì`mK«dofmV Xe©Z XoD$Z Ë`m§À`mH$Sy>Z eŠVr-ñdrH$ma H$a{dcm. nwT>o `m MH«$nmUrnmgyZ{H§$dm lr Mm§JXod amD$imnmgyZ JmoqdXà^y§Zr Am{U JmoqdXà^y§nmgyZ MH«$Yam§Zr eŠVrñdrH$maHo$cm. åhUOo lrXÎmmÌo`, lrMm§JXod amD$i, lrJmoqdXà^y, lrMH«$Ya Aer AdVmana§namR>ê$Z lrXÎmmÌo`à^y Ë`m na§naoMo _yi hmoVmV. `m na§naodê$Z _hmZw^md n§W hm XÎmg§n«Xm`R>aVmo.

2. lrH¥$îUMH«$dVu

n§MH¥$îUmn¡H$s Xwgam na_oídamdVma åhUOo Ûmnma `wJmVrc lrH¥$îUMH«$dVu hmna_oídamMm nyUm©dVma AgyZ Vmo JûMm d C^`Xeu AdVma _mZcm OmVmo. Vmo Amnë`m

_hmZw^md n§W/ 31


1) _hmZw^mdm§Mm AmMmaY_© ................... `m J«§WmV {Xcocm Amho.

1) gyÌnmR> 2) na_m_¥V 3) ^pŠV{dO`

2) _hmZw^md n§WmV ................... d ................... Ago AZw`m`m§Mo dJ© AmhoV.

1) g§Ý`mer d J¥hñW 2) ñÌr d nwéf 3) {gÕ d gmYH$

3) OrdoídaôX, ^pŠV`moJ, g§Ý`mg d ................... hr `m n§WmMr MVw:gyÌr Amho.

1) ^ŠVr 2) Aqhgm 3) AôX

4) `m AmMmaY_m©V gd©ñd Ë`mJmda d ................... â {Xcocm Amho.

1) ^ŠVrda 2) lÕoda 3) H$îQ>m§da

_hmZw^mdr` AmMmaY_m©V gd©ñd Ë`mJmda d H$îQ>m§da â {Xcocm Amho.

nydm©dVmamV ~{ÐH$ml_ òWo h§gê$nmZo amÁ` H$arV hmoVm. X¡Ë`{ZXm©cZ H$aÊ`mgmR>r VmoXodH$sÀ`m nmoQ>r Amcm. åhUyZ lrH¥$îU hm JûMm AdVma hmo`. Ë`mZo Ho$coë`m crcmlrMH«$Yam§Zr Amncr {eî`m _hXm{`gm {hcm gm§{JVë`m AgyZ Ë`m ÛmnarÀ`m crcm qH$dmÛmnaM[aÌo åhUyZ à{gÕ AmhoV. lrH¥$îUMH«$dVuÀ`m {R>H$mUr AZoH$ eŠVr hmoË`m. Ë`mn¡H$skmZeŠVr d {dkmZeŠVr `m à_wI hmoV. _hmZw^mdm§À`m {dMmagaUrà_mUo na_oída_Zwî`mdVma KoVmo Voìhm _Zwî`mMo gd© XohY_© d OrdY_© ñdrH$mê$ZM Vmo KoVmo. Ë`m_wiolrH¥$îUmÀ`m {R>H$mUr ho XmoÝhr Y_© AmhoV. EH$m ~mOyZo Vmo na_oídamMm AdVma Agë`mZokmZ{dkmZ B. eŠVtZr `wŠV Amho. Va Xwgè`m ~mOyZo Vmo _mZdXohYmar Agë`m_wioË`mÀ`m{R>H$mUr _mZdVoMo gd© ^md OmJ¥V AmhoV. lrH¥$îUmZo AOw©Zmcm gm§{JVcocr JrVm_hmZw^md n§W à_mU _mZVmo.

3. lrMm§JXod amD$i

n§MH¥$îUm§n¡H$s {Vgao AdVma åhUOo lrMm§JXod amD$i qH$dm MH«$nmUr. `m§Mm OÝ_\$cQ>U òWo OZH$Zm`H$ d OH$mB©gm `m§À`m nmoQ>r Pmcm. Mm§JXod àW_nmgyZ _ZmZo {daŠVhmoVo. g§gmagwImcm H§$Q>miyZ EH$ {Xdg \$cQ>U gmoSy>Z `mÌocm {ZKmco. dmQ>oV Ë`m§ZmlrXÎmmÌo`m§Zr ì`mK«ê$nmV Xe©Z {Xco d eŠVrñdrH$ma H$a{dcm. Ë`mZ§Va lrMm§JXodm§ZrAdYyV dof YmaU H$ê$Z {^jmd«V ñdrH$maco. H$mhr {Xdg _mhÿa òWo amhÿZ `mÌoH$ê§$~amo~aVo ÛmamdVrcm Amco. VoWo Vo EH$m hmVmV IamQ>m Am{U Xwgè`m hmVmV gyn KoD$Z JmdmVrcañVo PmS>rV d Amnë`m Xe©Zmcm òUmè`m nwéfm§À`m S>moŠ`mda hmVmVrc gyn R>odyZ Ë`m§ZmIamQ>çmZo _marV. {dÚmXmZ H$aÊ`mMr Ë`m§Mr hr arV hmoVr. AemarVrZo ~mdZ nwéfm§Zm Ë`m§Zr{dÚmXmZ Ho$co. nwT>o `moJgm_Ï`m©Zo XohË`mJ H$ê$Z Vmo AdVma Ë`m§Zr g§n{dcm. Ë`mMdoir^S>moM òWo ñ_emZmV AmUcoë`m àYmZnwÌ hanmiXod `m§À`m _¥VXohmV àdoe H$ê$Z ZdrZAdVma ñdrH$macm. hm Zdm AdVma åhUOo lrMH«$Ya hmoV.

4. lrJmoqdXà^y

ho n§MH¥$îUm§n¡H$s MdWo AdVma hmoV. Ë`m§Zr dèhmS>mV [aYnya àm§VmV, H$mQ>gao `m JmdrEH$m H$mÊd ~«m÷UmÀ`m Kar eHo$ 1109 _Üò AdVma ñdrH$ma Ho$cm. hm AdVma"AmÀN>mXZrMm naÑí`mdVma' hmoVm. Amnë`m _mVoÀ`m J^m©VyZ Xwgè`m EH$m Ordmcm XdSy>ZË`mÀ`m OmJr AdVma KoVë`mZo hm "XdS>Ê`mMm' AdVma hmoVm. XdS>cocm Xwgam OrddoS>m{ngm hmoVm. Ë`mMo XohY_© ñdrH$mamdo cmJë`mZo JmoqdXà^y§Mm AdVma doS>çm{nemMm Pmcm.`mÌoH$ê§$~amo~a Vo EH$Xm ÛmamdVrcm Joco. g§Ý`mgXrjm KoVcr. nwT>o Mm§JXod amD$im§H$Sy>ZË`m§Zr epŠVñdrH$ma Ho$cm d [aYnwamg naV òD$Z Vo OrdmoÕaUmMo H$m`© H$arV H$mi H§$Ry>cmJco. {ÌH$mckmZ, g§OrdZr {dÚm, n§M_hm^yVm§da {Z`§ÌU, {df {Z{d©f H$aUo, ^y{_JV ÐìèmoYUo, _wŠ`mcm dmMm XoUo B. AZoH$ gm_Ï`} Ë`m§Zr àJQ> Ho$cr. AZmW pñÌ`m§Zmhr JmoqdXà^yho Amnco _mhoa dmQ>o. JmoqdXà^y§Mo _hÎdmMo H$m`© åhUOo MH«$Yam§À`m ê$nmZo Ë`m§Zr EH$m ZdrZn§WmMm g§ñWmnH$ {Z_m©U Ho$cm d n`m©`mZo _hmZw^md n§WmMr _whÿV©_oT> amodcr.


5. lrMH«$Ya

n§MH¥$îUmn¡H$s hm nmMdm d AIoaMm AdVma hmo`. _hmZw^md n§WmMo àdV©H$ MH«$Ya `m§Mo_yi Zmd hanmiXod. Ë`m§Mm OÝ_ JwOamWoV B. g. 1194 _Üò Pmcm. ho ^S>moMÀ`m{demcXod Zm_H$ àYmZmMo nwÌ hmoV. [g§KU `mXdmZo JwOamWda ñdmar Ho$cr, Ë`mdoir d`mÀ`m22 ì`m dfu hanmiXodZo `mXdgoZoer Pw§O {Xcr hmoVr. d`mÀ`m 26 ì`m dfu Vo AMmZH$_aU nmdco. Ë`mdoir \$cQ>UMo ZmWn§Wr {gÕnwéf Mm§JXod D$\©$ lrMH«$nm{U amD$i `m§ZrË`m§À`m _¥V earamV àdoe Ho$ë`mZo Vo nwÝhm {Od§V Pmco Aer Am»`m{`H$m Amho. nwT>oÚwVm§Vrc Ðì`Zme d nËZrer ~o~Zmd `m_wio CnamVr hmoD$Z hanmiXod am_Q>oH$À`m `mÌocmJoco AgVm G$[ÕnyaMo lr JmoqdXà^y (Jw§S>_amD$i) ho {gÕ nwéf Ë`m§Zm ôQ>co. Ë`m§À`mnmgyZhanmiXodm§Zm nameŠVr àmá Pmcr d MH«$Ya ho Zmdhr {_imco. Ë`mZ§Va MH«$Yam§Zr ~mamdf}_m¡ZmdñWoV gmc~S>uÀ`m S>m|JamV VníM`m© Ho$cr. Z§Va H$mhr H$mi XoemQ>Z Ho$co. da§Ji^mJmV h§gm~oer Zm_H$ _wcrer Ë`m§Mm {ddmh Pmcm. nwÝhm d¡am½`mÀ`m âmV g§gmamMm Ë`mJHo$cm. nwT>o ^moJmdVrH$mR>r lrXÎmmÌo`mMo Xe©Z Pmë`mda MH«$Yam§Zr g§Ý`mgXrjm YmaU Ho$cr.

Ë`mZ§VaMr 8-9 df} _hmamîQ´>mV _hmZw^mdn§WmMm àMma Ë`m§Zr Ho$cm. n¡R>U ho Ë`m§À`mH$m`©joÌmMo à_wI H|$Ð hmoVo. am_Xod {dÚmd§V, ZmJXodmMm`©, B§Ð^Q> Am{U Am~mBgm,_hXmBgm B. pñÌ`m Ago 500 {eî` Ë`m§Zm {_imco. MH«$Yam§Mr cmoH${à`Vm nmhÿZ H$mhrnwamo{hVm§Zm _Ëga dmQy>Z Ë`m§Zr H$mhr Am[aîQ>çohr Ë`m§À`mda AmUcr; na§Vw MH«$Yañdgm_Ï`m©Zo Ë`mVyZ ~Mmdco. B. g. 1272 (e. 1194) _Üò ZmJXodmMm`mªH$S>o n§WmMrgyÌo gmondyZ MH«$Yam§Zr ~X[aH$ml_mH$S>o n«`mU Ho$co. _hmZw^md n§Wr`m§À`m _VmZwgmaMH«$Yam§Mm AdVma AOyZhr {dÚ_mZ AgyZ Ë`m§Mm dmg {h_mc`mV cmc~Xmj {H$ëë`mVAgVmo.

MH«$Yam§Mo ì`pŠV_Îd

MH«$Ya {Xgm`cm gw§Xa d gwÑT> hmoVo. Ë`m§Mr dmUr agmi hmoVr. dŠV¥Ëd Mm§Jco hmoVo.n¡R>UÀ`m {ZdmgmV VoWrc g§Ý`mem§er doXm§V_Vmda dmX H$ê$Z Ë`m§Zm Vo _§Ì_w½Y H$arVAgV. JwOamWr, _amR>r, g§ñH¥$V `m ^mfm MH«$Yam§Zm Mm§Jë`m AdJV hmoË`m. Vo hQ>`moJOmUV hmoVo. Aídnarjm, eñÌ{dÚm, {eën{dÚm, H¥${f{dÚm B. cm¡{H$H$ {dÚm§Mo kmZhr Ë`m§ZmhmoVo. Ë`m§Mr {XZM`m© dŠVera d aoIrd Ago. Ë`m§À`m A§Jr AgUmè`m Anyd© doYeŠVrMo _yiË`m§À`m B©ídar AdVmamV hmoVo. ñdV:À`m AdVm[aËdmMr d gm_Ï`m©Mr Ë`m§Zm OmUrd hmoVr._Zwî` ñd^mdmMrhr Ë`m§Zm nmaI hmoVr; na§Vw MH«$Ya ho Ho$di gËnwéf ZìhVo Va`mXdH$mimV EH$m Zì`mZo CX`mcm òV Agcoë`m n§WmMo d VÎdàUmcrMo Vo à_wI AmYmahmoVo. Xwgè`mÀ`m gwImZo gwIr d Xw:ImZo Xw:Ir Vo MQ>H$Z hmoV. Ë`m§À`mVrc B©ídar A§emnojmhm _mZdr A§e Ë`m§Zm A{YH$ _moR>o R>a{dVmo. MH«$Yam§Zr _hmZw^md n§WmMm àgma _hmamîQ´>âHo$cm. Ë`mgmR>r Ë`m§Zr ^«_U Ho$co. Ë`m§Mo AZoH$ {eî` V`ma Ho$co. Ë`m§Zm Iyn _moR>çmà_mUmda cmoH${à`Vmhr {_imcr. Vo Hw$ec g§KQ>H$ hmoVo. am_Xod `mXdmMr nËZr H$m_mBgm,ho_mS>n§VmMr nËZr Xo_Vr Aem amOKamÊ`mVrc pñÌ`mhr Ë`m§À`m {eî`dJm©_Üò hmoË`m.

_hmZw^md n§W/ 33

Ë`m§À`m cmoH${à`Vo_wio Ë`m§À`mda H$mhr g§H$Q>o Amcr; na§Vw ñdgm_Ï`m©Zo Ë`m§Zr Ë`mda_mV Ho$cr. Vo AqhgoMo AmÚàdV©H$ hmoVo.

3.6 _hmZw^mdm§Mo dmL²>_`

_hmZw^mdm§Mo gmao dmL>²_` n§W{ZîR>oÀ`m àoaUoZoM {Z_m©U Pmco. crim M[aÌmgmaIoM[aÌJ«§W, "{eewnmidYmgmaIr Am»`mZH$ H$mìò', MH«$Yam§À`m gyÌ_` dMZm§Mm gyÌnmR> dÑîQ>m§VnmR>, "cjUaËZmH$a' da Ë`mdarc "~Îmrg cjUmMr Q>rn' `m§gmaIo emñÌr` J«§W"n§Mdm{V©H$m', _hX§~oÀ`m Ydiçm§gmaIr ^mdJrVmVyZ gmH$macocr ñd`§daH$Wm, JrVmQ>rH$m,Aem {d{dY dmL>²_`àH$mam§Zr ZQ>coco _hmZw^mdm§Mo coIZ g§»òZohr {dnwc d g_¥Õ Amho.`m n§WmV gw_mao gmVeo J«§WH$ma hmoD$Z Joco. `m gd© dmL>²_`{Z{_©Vr_mJo lrMH«$Yam§Mr ^ŠVrho EH$_od gyÌ Amho. n§Wr` VÎdkmZ Am{U AmMmaY_© `m§Mo OVZ H$aUo, Ë`m§Mo Xe©Z KS>{dUod Ë`m§Mm n«gma H$aUo hr `m dmL>²_`m_mJrc ^y{_H$m Amho.

MH«$Yam§Zm>>>>Amnë`m n§WmMm àgma Ho$di n§{S>VdJm©VM Zìho Va gd©gm_mÝ`cmoH$m§_Üòhr H$am`Mm hmoVm. gmh{OH$M Ë`m§Zr cmoH$^mfoMm ñdrH$ma Ho$cm. Ë`m§Mm "gyÌnmR>'hm _w»` Y_©J«§W _amR>rV Agë`m_wio _amR>r hr `m n§WmMr Y_©^mfm hmoD$Z ~gcr. Ë`m_wio_hmZw^mdr` gm{hË`mZo _amR>r ^mfoV H$mì`, M[aÌ, Q>rH$m, ñWcdU©Z, gyÌ, N>§X, ì`mH$aU,H$moe B. gd© àH$mamV coIZ Ho$co d n§Wm~amo~a _amR>r ^mfmhr g_¥Õ Ho$cr.



1) MH«$Ya hm n§MH¥$îUm§n¡H$s ................... AdVma hmo`.

1) nmMdm 2) Xwgam 3) Mm¡Wm

2) MH«$Yam§Mo "MH«$Ya' ho Zm_H$aU ................... Zr Ho$co.

1) _hX§~m 2) Jmo[d§Xà^y 3) Jw§S>mo

3) n§MH¥$îUm§n¡H$s Xwgam AdVma ................... hm Amho.

1) MH«$Ya 2) lrH¥$îU MH«$dVu 3) lrXÎmmÌo`

4) ................... `m§Mm XdS>Ê`mMm AdVma hmoVm.

1) MH«$Ya 2) lrJmoqdXà^y 3) Mm§JXod

5) n«YmZnwÌ hanmiXod `m§À`m earamV ................... Zo àdoe Ho$cm.

1) Mm§JXod amD$i 2) lrJmoqdXà^y 3) lrXÎmmÌo` à^y

lrXÎmmÌo`à^y, lrH¥$îUMH«$dVu, lrMm§JXod amD$i, lrJmoqdXà^y d lrMH«$Ya ho_hmZw^mdm§Mo n§MH¥$îU hmoV.

_hmZw^mdm§Mo Am{XJ«§W _amR>r ^mfoÀ`m Eo{Vhm{gH$ Aä`mgmcm {deof Cn`moJr nS>VmV.H$maU Vo gm§Ho${VH$ {cnrV CncãY AmhoV. `m dmL>²_`mMm ~amMgm ^mJ cm¡{H$H$> JÚmVAmho. Ë`m_wio ^mfoÀ`m ñdm^m{dH$ ê$nmMm Am{dîH$ma `m_Üò AmT>iVmo. `mXdH$mcrZ _amR>r^mfoMo cm¡{H$H$ ñdê$n "crimM[aÌm'dê$Z CÎm_ H$iVo, VodT>o Vo kmZoídarVyZhr H$iV Zmhr.AW©nyU© d gwQ>gwQ>rV Ago AZoH$ dmŠ`àMma `m JÚJ«§WmV AmT>iVmV. CXm. BH$S>rc XrgòUo (AeŠ` Vo KS>Uo) d[acmMm hmH$mam òUo (_¥Ë`yH$mi AmoT>dUo) eãXê$nm§À`m d¡{MÍ`mZoâcoco ho JÚ kmZoídarVrc ^mfodahr àH$me Q>mH$Ê`mV H$mhr doim Cn`wŠV R>aco Amho.

3.6.1 crimM[aÌ

_amR>rVrc n{hcm M[aÌJ«§W åhUyZ crimM[aÌmMo _moR>o _hÎd Amho. _hmZw^md n§WmMoAmÚ àUoVo lrMH«$Yañdm_r `m§À`m crim (AmR>dUr) Ë`m§À`m {eî`mZo åhUOo åhmB§^Å>mZog§H${cV H$ê$Z M[aÌê$nmZo _m§S>ë`m AmhoV. (MH«$Yam§Mo à`mU Pmë`mda Ë`m§Mr ZmJXodm{X{eî`_§S>ir [aYnwamg JmoqdXà^y§H$S>o Amcr d Ë`m§À`m {Z`m©UH$mcmn`ªV VoWoM am{hcr.ñdm_tÀ`m {d`moJmV Ë`m§À`m crim AmR>dUo hm Ë`m§Zm {da§Jwim hmoVm. `mVyZ nwT>o crimM[aÌmMr{Z{_©Vr Pmcr.) åhmB§^Q>> _yiMm J^©lr_§V ~«m÷U hmoVm. Ë`mcm {dÛÎmoMm Jd© hmoVm. AmnUBVam§Zm V¥UdV coIVmo ho XmI{dÊ`mgmR>r Vmo nm`mV JdVmMr dmH$s KmcrV Ago. Amnë`m{dÚmJwê$À`m gyMZoZwgma Ë`mZo MH«$Yam§Mr ôQ> KoVcr. Ë`m§À`mer Pmcoë`m dmXmV Ë`m§À`m~mocÊ`mZo Vmo à^m{dV Pmcm. Z§Va JmoqdXà^y§H$Sy>Z Ë`mZo n§WmMr Xrjm KoVcr. nwT>o doJdoJiçm{R>H$mUmhÿZ MH«$Yam§À`m crim `m§Zr Jmoim H$ê$Z AmUë`m. IoB^Q> ZmdmÀ`m ñdm_tÀ`m{eî`mH$Sy>Z, H$Yr EHo$H$miÀ`m gma§Jn§{S>V `m ^ŠVmH$Sy>Z crim {_idV Anma H$îQ>KoD$Z Ë`m§Zr n§WmÀ`m n«dV©H$mMo {dñV¥V M[aÌ Ë`m§À`m eoH$S>mo AmR>dUtMm g§J«h H$ê$Z {gÕHo$co. åhmB§^Q>mMr Jwé~ÔcMr {ZîR>m `mVyZ ì`ŠV hmoVo.

ñdê$n : "crimM[aÌ' hm J«§W EH$mH$, nydm©Y© d CÎmamY© Agm VrZ ^mJm§V {d^mJcocmAmho. EH$mH$_Üò 74 crcm, nydm©Ym©V 358 Va CÎmamYm©V 488 crcm AmhoV. g§nyU©M[aÌmMr crimg§»`m gw_mao gmS>oZD$eo âVo. `m {VÝhr ^mJm§V MH«$Yam§À`m Am`wî`mVrcAdVma ñdrH$ma, epŠVñdrH$ma, ZmJ§{~Ho$cm ào_XmZ, ZmJXodmMm`m©Mo AZwgaU d eodQ>rà`mU Aem nmM KQ>Zm Amë`m AmhoV. "EH$mH$' `m ^mJmV MH«$Yam§Zr JwOamWoVrc ^S>moMòWrc àYmZnwÌmÀ`m _¥VXohmV àdoe H$ê$Z AdVma YmaU Ho$ë`mnmgyZ Vo Ë`m§À`m n¡R>U òWoAmJ_Zmn`ªVMm ^mJ Amcm Amho. Ë`m H$mimVrc MH«$Yam§À`m EH$mH$s d¥Îmr_wio `m ^mJmcm"EH$mH$' Zmd Amho. nydm©Ym©Mm àma§^ MH«$Yam§Zr n¡R>U òWo Amë`mda ZmJ§{~Ho$cm Ho$coë`mào_XmZmZo d eodQ> ZmJXodm§Zm Ho$coë`m ~moYXmZmZo hmoVmo. VoWyZ à`mUmn`ªVMm ^mJ CÎmamYm©VòVmo. `m{edm` ñdm_tZr Ho$coë`m Á`m crim§Mm ñWmZ{ZX}e Zmhr Aem crim "AkmV crim'`m àH$aUmV òVmV. `m§Mr g§»`m 161 Amho.

"EH$mH$' hm ^mJ d¡{eîQ>çnyU© Amho. Vmo H$mcH«$_mZo n{hcm Agcm Var Ë`mMr aMZmnydm©Y©-CÎmamY© {chÿZ Pmë`mZ§VaMr {XgVo. MH«$Yam§Mr n{hë`m H$mcI§S>mVrc àË`j_m{hVr AgUmao H$moUr ZìhVo. `m H$mimV ñdm_r EH$Q>o hmoVo. _hXm{`gm ZmdmMr Ë`m§Mr {eî`m

_hmZw^md n§W/ 35

Ë`m§Zm ZmZm àý {dMmarV Ago. Ë`m doir qH$dm BVa ^ŠVm§er ~mocVmZm ñdm_r Šd{MVAmnë`m nydm©`wî`m~Ôc ~mocV. Aem g§X^m©Mm dmna H$ê$Z "EH$mH$'Mr aMZm Pmcr Amho.Ë`m_wio Ë`mcm WmoS>o AmË_d¥ÎmmË_H$ ñdê$n àmá Pmco Amho. `m crimM[aÌmV nwT>o AZoH$nmR>ôX Pmco.

"crimM[aÌ' hm J«§W AZoH$ ÑîQ>tZr _hÎdmMm Amho. MH«$Yam§À`m gd© AmR>dUr KaJwVrJÚmV gm§{JVë`m Joë`m_wio VËH$m{cZ _amR>r ^mfoMo ì`mdhm[aH$ ñdê$n H$iÊ`mg _XVhmoVo. hr ^mfm gmYr, gmonr Amho. MH«$Ya Amnë`m ^«_UH$mimV g_mOmVrc Cƒ-ZrM Aemgd© dJm©V {\$aV Agë`mZo VËH$mcrZ _hmamîQ´>mÀ`m OrdZmMo {MÌ `mV C_Q>co Amho. Ë`mdoiMm g_mO, Ë`mÀ`m MmcrarVr, d«Vd¡H$ëò, gUdma, dñÌ-àmdaUo, ImÚnXmW©, ZmUr,ì`mnma B. {d{dY A§Jm§Mo Xe©Z KS>Vo. MH«$Yam§~amo~a `m n§WmVrc ZmJXod, ~mBgo, AmB©go,gmJan§{S>V Aem AZoH$ ì`ŠVtMo ñd^md{MÌU Amco Amho. Ë`m§À`mÛmao _Zwî` ñd^mdmMoZ_wZo nhm`cm {_iVmV. MH«$Yam§À`m gmÜ`m X¡Z§{XZrVyZ d AmR>dUtVyZ åhmB§^Å>mZr Anyd© dAgm_mÝ` {d^yVrMo {MÌU à^mdrnUo Ho$co Amho. dU©ZmMr nÕV agnyU© Amho. gemMmnmR>cmJ H$arV Amcoë`m nmaÜ`m§Zm "EW gaU Amco`m H$mB© _aU Ago' Ago gm§JyZ gemcmA^` XoUmao MH«$Ya, chmZ½`m YmZmB©cm gmiy-H$mdiçmMr JmoîQ> gm§JUmao MH«$Ya, An_mZH$aUmè`m {eî`mcm H$R>moa emgZ H$aUmao MH«$Ya, G${Õnya {XgVmM "ho Ko`m na_oídanya :H$am Z_ñH$mé ' åhUyZ X§S>dV KmcUmao Am{U lrà^y§À`m MaUmMr Yyi _ñVH$s YmaUH$aUmao MH«$Ya Aer MH«$Yam§Mr {d{dY ê$no `m M[aÌmV nmhm`cm {_iVmV. _hmZw^md n§WmMoVÎdkmZ d AmMmaY_© `m {df`rMo à_mUJ«§W `mVyZM nwT>o {Z_m©U Pmco. n§Wr`m§Zm hm J«§WA{Ve` n{dÌ dmQ>Vmo.



1) _hmZw^mdm§À`m gd© dmL>²_`{Z{_©Vr_mJrc gyÌ H$moUVo?

1) n§WmMo dU©Z 2) lrMH«$Ya^ŠVr 3) AmMmaY_© gm§JUo

2) _hmZw^mdm§Mo Am{XJ«§W _amR>r ^mfoÀ`m >............... Aä`mgmcm {deof Cn`moJr nS>VmV.

1) Eo{Vhm{gH$ 2) dU©ZmË_H$ 3) VwcZmË_H$

3) _amR>rVrc n{hcm M[aÌJ«§W H$moUVm?

1) ndZ{df` 2) kmZoídar 3) crimM[aÌ

4) crimM[aÌmMo coIH$ H$moU?

1) åhmB§^Å> 2) _hX§~m 3) Mm§JXod

5) crim M[aÌmV H$moUË`m crim g§H${cV Ho$ë`m AmhoV?

1) _hX§~m 2) JmoqdXà^y 3) MH«$Ya

3.6.2 lrJmoqdXà^wM[aÌ

MH«$Yam§à_mUoM åhmB§^Q>m§Zr na_Jwé lrJmoqdXà^y `m§Mo OrdZM[aÌ `m J«§WmV aoImQ>coAmho. M[aÌ {df`H$ JmdmMo Jmd M[aÌmcm XoÊ`mMr àWm _hmZw^mdn§WmV Agë`mZo `mM[aÌmMo Zmd "G${Õnwa M[aÌ' qH$dm "G${Õnwa crim' Ago Amho. Jmo{d§Xà^yMo gmao Am`wî`G${Õnwacm ì`VrV Pmco. na§Vw AmVm "JmoqdXà^wM[aÌ' hoM Zmd ê$T> Pmco Amho.JmoqdXà^y§À`m {Z`m©UmZ§Va ghm _{hÝ`m§Zr åhmB§^Å>mZr Ë`m§Mo ho M[aÌ ^Q>mo~mg åhUOoZmJXodmMm`© d BVa ^ŠV_§S>ir `m§Zm _m{hVr {dMmê$Z {c{hco. eHo$ 1210 À`m nydm©Ym©Vho M[aÌ [chÿZ nyU© Pmco Agmdo. JmoqdXà^y§À`m OÝ_mnmgyZ _¥Ë`yn`ªV gw_mao gìdmVrZeocrcm g§J«{hV Ho$coë`m AmhoV.

_hmZw^mdn§Wr` JmoqdXà^y§Zmhr na_oídamMm AdVma _mZV. Ë`m lÕoZo åhmB§^Å>m§ZrJmoqdXà^y§g§~§Yr M_ËH$ma H$Wm, Ë`m§Mr _yVu, Ë`m§Mm dof, Ë`m§Mo dV©Z CR>Uo-~gUo, doS>mdyZXmI{dUo, hmVdmao H$aUo, gmaIo ImV amhUo B. cmoH${dcjU ñd^md{deof `m M[aÌmVaoImQ>co AmhoV.

JmoqdXà^y§Mm AdVma "XdS>Ê`m'À`m àH$mamn¡H$s hmoVm. `m àH$mamV na_oída, _mVoÀ`mJ^m©VyZ EImÚm Ordmcm XdS>{dVmo Am{U AmnU AmH$ma KoVmo. Aem doir XdS>coë`m OrdmMoXohY_© Am{U ñd^md Ë`mcm ñdrH$mamdo cmJVmV. JmoqdXà^y§Zr Á`mcm Amnë`m AmB©À`mJ^m©VyZ XdS>co hmoVo, Vmo Ord doS>m{ngm Agë`m_wio Ë`mMo XohY_© Ë`m§Zm ñdrH$mamdo cmJcohmoVo. gmh{OH$M Vo B©ídar AdVma AgyZhr Ë`m§À`m H¥$Vr doS>çm{ní`m _mUgmgma»`m hmoË`m.JmoqdXà^y§À`m `m Xwhoar ì`pŠVÎdmMo AMyH$ Xe©Z `m M[aÌmV KS>Vo. Ë`m§Mr H$rVuhr "amCidoS>o : amCi [ngo' Aer hmoVr.

`m M[aÌmdê$Z {e_Jm, lmdUr, ~mim B. gU, ñn¥í`mñn¥í` ^md, gm_mÝ` pñÌ`m,H$mhr amoJm§daMo KaJwVr Cnm`, S>moio H$mT>Ê`mMr {ejm, Vm_«nQ>m§{H$V IaoXrIVo B. JmoîQ>tMrn`m©`mZo VËH$mcrZ gm§ñH¥${VH$ d gm_m{OH$ Mmcr[aVtMr H$ënZm òVo.

3.6.3 X¥îQ>m§VnmR>

hm Ho${eamOm§Mm g§H$ënZmË_H$ d Q>rH$mË_H$ J«§W Amho. MH«$Yam§Zr à{Vnm{XcocoVÎdkmZM `mV gm§{JVcoco Amho. _yi gyÌ, Ë`mdarc ÑîQ>m§V d Ë`mdê$Z {ZîH$f©ê$nmZo H$WZHo$coco XmîQ>mª{VH$ Aer `mMr Xwhoar aMZm Amho. VÎdkmZ gwc^ H$ê$Z gm§JVmZm MH«$YaAZoH$ ÑîQ>m§V XoVmV. ho ÑîQ>m§V cmoH$OrdZmVrc AgV. Ho${eamOm§Zr EHo$H$ gyÌ, Ë`mdarc

_hmZw^md n§W/ 37

6) crimM[aÌmMr crim g§»`m {H$Vr?

1) gmS>oZD$eo 2) Mmaeo 3) AmR>eo

7) AkmV crim§Mr g§»`m {H$Vr?

1) ~mameo 2) EH$eo EH$gîQ> 3) Voam.

MH«$Yam§Mm ÑîQ>m§V XoD$Z Ë`mda nma_m{W©H$ ^mî` Ho$co. Vo XmîQ>mª{VH$. "ÑîQ>m§VnmR>mV" AerEHy$U 114 ÑîQ>m§VmMo g§nmXZ Ho$co Amho. _yi gyÌ MH«$Yam§Mo, XmîQ>mª{VH$ Ho${eamOm§Mo dàË`j ÑîQ>m§V XmoKm§Mm Aer ñWyc {d^mJUr H$aVm òVo. nwT>rc CXmhaUmdê$Z `mMr H$ënZmòD$ eHo$c.

gyÌ : amOgm Vm_gm Y_u A{YH$ma Zmhr.

ÑîQ>m§V : godm§ic| IS>Hw$ Ago: V`md[a nmdmo XoC§Mr V`m R>oC§{M ZE Ÿ&

Eogm§{h R>odrOo Var Zragm¡{Z nmS>r : JwS>Ko H$mona Pm§OarVr &&

XmîQ>mª{VH$ : V¡go Vm_gmà{V Y_© ~mocmo{M ZE:

Eogmhr ~mocrOo V[a Xw:I{V{M Xo &&

MH«$Yam§À`m ÑîQ>m§VmVrc à{V_mg¥îQ>rhr d¡{dÜ`nyU© Amho. Ë`mdê$Z Ë`m§Mo cm¡{H$H$g¥îQ>rMo {ZarjU d _mZdr ñd^mdmMr OmU cjmV òVo. `mVrc gyÌm§Mr ^mfm emñÌr`,ÑîQ>m§VmMr ^mfm cm¡{H$H$ d XmîQ>mª{VH$mMr ^mfm n§{S>Vr diUmMr dmQ>Vo. MH«$Ya d Ho${eamO`m§À`m e¡crVrc \$aH$ òWo OmUdVmo. MH«$Yam§Mo VÎdkmZ {dÛmZm§Zm éMoc Aem arVrZo_m§S>Uo d AÜ`mË_emñÌmgmaIm JhZ {df` _m§S>Ê`mgmR>r Zdr eãXg§nÎmr ^mfoV ê$T> H$aUoho Ho${eamOm§Mo H$m`© C„oIZr` R>aVo.

3.6.4 gyÌnmR>

crimM[aÌmVrc MH«$Yam§À`m Vm|S>Mr VÎdkmZmna d AmMmaY_©na dMZo EH$Ì H$ê$ZHo${eamO~mg `m§Zr "gyÌnmR>' hm J«§W B. g. J«§W B. g. 1280 (eHo$ 1202) _Üò {gÕHo$cm. hm J«§W _hmZw^md n§WmÀ`m VÎdkmZmMm nm`m Amho. gyÌnmR>mVrc gyÌm§Mr EHy$U g§»`mgw_mao gmS>o~mameo AgyZ Vr doJdoJiçm àH$aUm§V {d^mJcocr AmhoV. 1) nydu 2) n§MH¥$îU3) n§MZm_ 4) AÝ`ì`md¥Îmr 5) `wJY_© 6) {dÚm_mJ© 7) g§hma 8) g§gaU 9) CÕaU10) AgVr nar 11) _hmdmŠ` 12) {Zd©MZ 13) AmMma 14) AmMma_m{cH$m 15){dMma 16) {dMma_m{cH$m. `m§n¡H$s AmMma_m{cH$m d {dMma_m{cH$m `m XmoZ àH$aUm§Mog§H$cZ naewam_~mg d am_oída~mg `m§Zr Ho$co Amho. na§Vw ~mH$s gd© àH$aUo Ho$gmo~mgm§Zrg§H${cV Ho$ë`m_wio hm J«§W Ë`m§À`m ZmdmZo AmoiIcm OmVmo.

gyÌnmR>mMm {df` Vm{ÎdH$ Agcm Var dmL>²_`rZ d¡{eîQ>çohr `mV AmT>iVmV. WmoS>çmeãXm§V nwîH$i AW© gm§JÊ`mMo gm_Ï`© `m gyÌm§_Üò Amho.

CXm. 1) ào_g§Mma_mÌo {dH$mé: {dH$ënw: ñd^mdmo:

Bò Vr{Z CÀN>¡Xm¡{Z OmVr:

2) ^ŠV {d`moJt Zwao: AZwgaco`mMo AmJ§VwH$ Hw§$R>o:

AZmaãY gwHo$: àmaãYm _moJ| j`mo: &&

3) Ah§VoMo _yi gH§$Xr CnS>mdo ZmEH$m:


Eèhdr A§Hw$a {ZJ{V: _J em§VrMo amon cmdmdo: &&

`m gyÌm§Mm, ÑîQ>m§VmMm J{^©VmW© ñnîQ> H$aUmao " c{nH$m', "à_oò', "ì`m»`mZo', "nQ>'dJ¡ao ~aoM J«§W Ë`m H$mimV {c{hco Joco. `m AWm©Zo "gyÌnmR>' hm _hmZw^mdm§À`m nwT>rcdmL>²_`mMm nm`m R>acm.

3.6.5 _y{V©àH$me

chmZd`mnmgyZ MH«$Yam§À`m ghdmgmV Amcoë`m Ho$gmo~mgm§Zr "_y{V©àH$me' hr aMZm B.g. 1289 (eHo$ 1211) _Üò Ho$cr. MH«$Ya_yVuÀ`m dU©ZmMo _mÜ`_ `mV {ZdS>coco{XgVo. ho gdmªV OwZo ñWcdU©Z Amho. H$drZo S>mo_oJ«m_ òWrc nyOmdgamMm àg§J AmYmamcmKoVcm Agë`mZo Ë`m ñWimMo {dñV¥V d Vn{ecmZo dU©Z Ho$coco> {XgVo.

AmYr dmZy§ S>mo_oJ«m_w: OoW lrMaUt {dhao AmË_mam_w:

OoUo h[acm ^dl_w: g§gmaVám§Mm

YÝ` YÝ` V| ZJa: OoW na~«÷ H«$sS>o gmH$ma:

YÝ` YÝ` Vo J§JmVrc: Oo lr_§V nmdZ Omco &&

Aer gwédmV H$ê$Z MH«$Yam§À`m g§~§YmZo n{dÌ Pmcoë`m Ecmnwa, ~ocmnya B. ñWmZm§hÿZS>mo_oJ«m_ A{YH$ loîR> H$go Amho, ho H$drZo nQ>dyZ {Xco Amho.

3.6.6 ñ_¥{VñWi

_hmZw^mdm§Mm hm eodQ>Mm M[aÌJ«§W. `mMr aMZm B. g. 1308 (eHo$ 1230) À`mgw_mamg Pmcr. MH«$Yam§Z§Va `m n§WmMo AmMm`©nX ZmJXod qH$dm ^Q>mo~mg `m§À`mH$S>o Amco.ZmJXodmMm`mªZr MH«$Ya ñdm_tÀ`m dmUrVyZ {ZKmcocr dMZo ñ_aUnyd©H$ BVam§Zm gm§{JVcr.hr dMZo åhUOo "ñ_¥{V' Am{U Á`mV Ë`m§Mo {ddoMZ Ho$co Vo ñWi åhUOo J«§W åhUyZ `mcm"ñ_¥{VñWi" Ago Zmd Amho. gmh{OH$ ZmJXodmMm`mªH$S>o n§WmMo ZoV¥Ëd Amë`mZ§VaÀ`mH$mcI§S>mMm g_mdoe `mV Amho.

nyd© d`mV a§Joc Agcoë`m nU CÎma d`mV MH«$Yam§Mm EH${ZîR> godH$ ~Zcoë`m^Q>mo~mgm§À`m ì`pŠV_ÎdmMo Xe©Zhr `m J«§WmVyZ KS>Vo. `mVrc ^mfm gmYr AgyZhr à^mdrAmho. _wgc_mZr AmH«$_UmÀ`m H$mimV Xoeâ CS>mcoë`m YwiYmUrMo dU©Zhr `mV dmMm`cm{_iVo. "gyÌnmR>', "ÑîQ>m§VnmR>', "aËZ_mimñÌmoV' `m§Mo aMZmH$ma Ho$gmo~mg,"épŠ_Urñd`§da' qH$dm "Ydiçm§Mm' CÎmamY© {c{hUmar _hXmBgm, crimM[aÌH$maåhmB§^Å>, H$dr Za|Ð `mM~amo~a n§WmVrc H$mhr R>iH$ J«§WH$mam§Mr d Ë`m§À`m J«§WaMZoMr_m{hVr ñ_¥{VñWimg ^mî`mgH$Q> Amcr Amho. ñ_¥{VñWimMm coIH$ Hw$Ur EH$ ì`ŠVrZgyZ AZoH$m§À`m nmR>m§Mo ho g§H$cZ Amho. Za|Ð hm n{hcm ñ_¥{VH$ma _mZcm OmVmoo.Ë`m§À`mZ§Va `m ñ_¥VtMo g§ñH$aU naewam_~mg, _mcmo~mg, Ymam{edH$a, Am|H$ma~mg, JwO©a{ed~mg d _coH$mo`m~ Aem AZoH$m§Zr Ho$co.

_hmZw^md n§W/ 39

3.7 _hX§~m

_Ü``wJrZ _amR>r gm{hË`H$mam§Mm {dMma H$aVmZm _hX§~oMo Zmd AmdOy©Z ¿`mdo cmJVo.Vr AmÚ _amR>r H$d{`Ìr d AmÚ H¥$îU{ddmh H$WmH$mahr Amho. {VMo coIZ "kmZoídar'À`mnydu Pmë`mZo dmaH$ar g§àXm`mVrc _wŠVm~mB©À`mhr AmYrMr H$d{`Ìr Vr R>aVo. _hX§~m qH$dm_hXmBgm hr ZmJXodMm`mªMr MwcV ~hrU AgyZ {VMo Zmd énmB©. ~mcnUrM {Vcm d¡Yì`



1) lrJmoqdXà^wM{aÌmMo Xwgao Zmd H$m`?

1) G${Õnya crim 2) M[aÌ 3) crim

2) lrJmo{d§Xà^wM[aÌ H$moUr {c{hco?

1) åhmB§^Å> 2) _hX§~m 3) MH«$Ya

3) JmoqdXà^y§Mm AdVma ....................... àH$mamn¡H$s hmoVm.

1) _mojmÀ`m 2) XdS>Ê`mÀ`m 3) OÝ_mÀ`m

4) ÑîQ>m§VnmR>mV ....................... ÑîQ>m§V AmhoV.

1) 114 2) 110 3) 112

5) ÑîQ>m§VnmR> H$moUr {c{hcm?

1) Ho${eamO 2) MH«$Ya 3) ZmJXod

6) gyÌnmR>mVrc gyÌm§Mr g§»`m ....................... Amho.

1) n§Yameo 2) gmS>o~mameo 3) Xhm

7) gyÌnmR>mMm {df` ....................... Amho.

1) e¥§Jm[aH$ 2) d¡Mm[aH$ 3) Vm{ÎdH$

8) S>mo_oJ«m_ òWrc nyOmdgamMm àg§J H$moUË`m J«§WmV Amho?

1) Ydio 2) _y{V©àH$me 3) crimM[aÌ

9) _hmZw^mdm§Mm eodQ>Mm M[aÌJ«§W H$moUVm?

1) ñ_¥{VñWi 2) G${Õnya crim 3) crimM[aÌ

10) ñ_¥{VñWi J«§WmMr aMZm H$moUË`m H$mimV Pmcr?

1) B. g. 1308 2) B. g. 1215 3) B. g. 1202

Amco. MH«$Yam§À`m ghdmgmV Amë`mda Vr Ë`m§Mr {eî`m ~Zcr. Ë`m§À`m níMmV lrJmoqdXà^yAm{U ZmJXodmMm`© `m§Mohr gm{ÞÜ` ~amM H$mi cm^co.

Vr ~w{Õ_mZ, {daŠV d n§WmMo VÎdkmZ OmUUmar hmoVr. {VMo ì`pŠV_Îd H$cmg§nÞhmoVo. nmH$emñÌ, am§Jmoiçm H$mT>Uo `m§Vhr Vr nma§JV hmoVr. Vr ñnîQ>dŠVrhr hmoVr. ñdm_tZmVr {Okmgyd¥ÎmrZo gVV àý {dMmarV Ago åhUyZ "åhmVmar {OkmgH$: åhmVmar MM©H$: EW{Za§Va H$mhr nwgV{M Ago:' Ago ñdm_r åhUV. n§Wr`m§Zm Vr A{YH$madmUrZo _mJ©Xe©ZhrH$arV Ago. Ë`mdê$ZM ZmJXodmMm`mªZr "åhmVmar _mPo`m Y_m©{g ajU H$s¨ Jm' Ago{VÀ`m~Ôc åhQ>co Amho.

"Ydim' åhUOo {ddmhJrV qH$dm daJmUo. _hX§~oZo aMcoë`m YdiçmMo nydm©Y© (83)Am{U CÎmamY© (65) Ago XmoZ ^mJ AmhoV. lrJmoqdXà^y§À`m gm{ÞÜ`mV AgVmZm EH$XmË`m§Zm {ddmhàd¥Îmr hmoD$Z c¾gmohiçmMr {gÕVm Amcr AgVm, Ë`m§À`mM gm§JÊ`mdê$Z{Vcm ñ\y$Vu Pmcr d Vr Oo épŠ_Ur ñd`§da JmD$ cmJcr Vo Ydio. hm nydm©Y© hmo`.CÎmamYm©Mr aMZm JmoqdXn«^y§À`m níMmV Pmcr. EH$Xm åhmB§^Q> d cú_rYa^Q> `m§Zr _hX§~ocmnwT>Mo épŠ_Ur ñd`§da aMÊ`m{df`r gwM{dco Voìhm Vr åhUmcr, "AmVm§ _O H$mB© H$ad¡c?V¡ Jmogmdr dé XrYcm åhUm¡{Z ñ\w$aco: AmVm _O H$mB© ñ\w$ao Zm:' `mda Ë`m XmoKm§Zr "eãXKS>C§ KS>C§ nXo ~m§{Ycr' d Vr EH$Ì Jw§\y$Z {VZo Jm{`cr. `mdê$Z Ydiçm§À`m CÎmamYm©Mo~aoMgo lo` åhmB§^Q> d cú_rYa^Q> `m§À`mH$S>o OmVo. Ydiçm§Mm nydm©Y© B. g. 1278 (eHo$1209) nyduMm d CÎmamY© B. g. 1308 (eHo$ 1230) nyduMm g§^dVmo. XmoZ ^mJm§À`maMZm H$mimV gw_mao n§Yam dfmªMo A§Va Agmdo.

Ydiçm§À`m nydm©Ym©V épŠ_UrhaUmMm H$Wm^mJ Amcm AgyZ, CÎmamYm©VépŠ_Urñd`§damMo H$WZ Amho. `mMr ^mfm gmYr AgyZ VrV JmoS>dm Amho. {VÀ`m {ZdoXZmVñÌrñd^mdmVrc _mX©d ghOVoZo àH$Q>Vo.

Amncr Cnda _wcJr épŠ_Ur lrH¥$îUmcm Úmdr Ago ^r_H$mÀ`m _ZmV òVo VoìhmépŠ_UrMm ^mD$ åhUVmo, gm¢X`©dmZ Aer épŠ_Ur EImÚm Jdiçmcm Úmdr Ago Vw_À`m_ZmV Var H$go Amco?

"... VmVm Eogo Ho${d H$sOo

Jm¢içm Kar épŠ_Ur H¡$go{Z XrOo:

gH$mi Hw$gi Hw$_ar ê$no MmVw`} BE Zmhr gr_m:

BE à{V Jmonmiw Eogo Ho${d Amco Vw_Mo`m _Zm:'

_Zmoa§OH$ nÕVrZo gm§{JVcocr hr H$Wm doJdmZ Amho. H¥$îUmMo épŠ_Urgh ÛmaHo$gAmJ_Z, ZJaàdoe B. CÎmamYm©Vrc àg§J ñdm^m{dH$ CVaVmV.

YdiçmMr ^mfm gmYr, gmonr, àdmhr, _wŠV Amodr N>§XmVrc Amho. 12 ì`m, 13 ì`meVH$mVrc gd©gm_mÝ` OZm§Mr Vr ^mfm Amho. Ë`mM~amo~a _hmZw^mdn§WmV dmnaco OmUmao

> _hmZw^md n§W/ 41

{H$VrVar eãX Ë`mV Amco AmhoV. CXm. gd}ñdé, AmoiJ, M¡Údé.

`m H$Wm-H$mì`mVyZ g§ñH¥$VrMohr Xe©Z KS>Vo. c¾ R>a{dVmZm {OMo c¾ H$am`Mo Ë`m_wcrMo _Z {dMmamV Z KoUo hr na§nam `m XoemV {H$Vr àmMrZ Amho. `mMm AZw^d nmhm`cm{_iVmo. c¾mMo dèhmS> {ZKUo, OodUmdir, _mZ-nmZ, {dYr, {d{dY nŠdmÞo, Ac§H$ma`m§dê$Z VËH$mcrZ c¾gmohiçmMr H$ënZm òVo. ñdm^m{dH$Vm, J{V_mZVm, ghOgw§XaVm dñÌr-gwc^Vm hr `m H$mì`mMr d¡{eîQ>ço hmoV. {edm` _hX§~oZo H$moR>ohr EImXo VÎdkmZgm§JÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$cocm Zmhr. Ë`m_wio àmMrZ _amR>r gm{hË`mV "épŠ_Ur ñd`§da' `mH$Woda Oo gm{hË` {Z_m©U Pmco, Ë`mV _hX§~oÀ`m "YdiçmMo' AmJionU OmUdVo.

3.7.1 _mV¥H$s épŠ_Urñd`§da

_hX§~oZo aMcoco ho H$mì` 110 Amoì`m§Mo AgyZ _mV¥H$m§V (AjamV) Ë`mMr aMZm Amho.`mMr EHy$U Amodrg§»`m 109 AgyZ 1 Vo 82 Amoì`m§V "H$' Vo "j' n`ªV _mV¥H$m AmhoV.83 Vo 101 Amoì`m§V nwÝhm "A' nmgyZ "C' n`ªV d Z§Va ^-Q>-M-X-d-_-Z-d AgmAjaH«$_ Amho. aMZoMm g\$mB©XmanUm, c`~ÕVm d {ZdoXZmMr J{V_mZVm hr `m H$mì`mMrd¡{eîQ>ço AmhoV.

"^r_H$s gIr`m§Vo nwgo, Vwåhr Hw$eim: ê$no JwUo gm§dim: gm§Km _O'

"_mcdë`m ~wÕr, ZmR>do {dMmé: gdmªJo gw§Xé: H$m§Vw VwPm'



1) _hX§~oMo _yi Zmd H$m`?

1) ê$nmB© 2) YmZmB© 3) OmoJmB©

2) Ydim åhUOo H$m`?

1) OÝ_JrV 2) {ddmhJrV 3) g_ma§^JrV

3) YdiçmÀ`m CÎmamYm©V H$moUVo H$WZ Amho?

1) épŠ_Urñd`§da 2) grVmñd`§da 3) X_`§Vrñd`§da

4) _mV¥H$s épŠ_Urñd`§da ........................... Amoì`m§Mo H$mì` Amho.

1) 110 2) 115 3) 101

_hX§~m hr AmÚ _amR>r H$d{`Ìr d AmÚ H¥$îU{ddmh H$WmH$mahr Amho.

3.8 gmVrJ«§W

_hmZw^mdm§À`m gmè`m dmL>²_`mMr {Z{_©Vr n§W{ZîR>oÀ`m àoaUoVyZ Pmcr Amho. Amodr~ÕAgUmè`m `m gmV J«§Wm§Zm _hÎdmMo ñWmZ Amho. `mVrc ~hþVoH$ J«§WH$ma ì`mg§Jr n§{S>V Am{UH$dr AgyZ, H$mhtZm amOXa~mar _mZ_mÝ`Vm hmoVr. `m gdmªZm MH«$Yam§À`m gm{ÞÜ`mMmcm^hr Pmcm hmoVm. lrH¥$îU ho n§WmMo X¡dV Agë`mZo lrH¥$îU^ŠVr hm `mVrc ~hþVoH$J«§Wm§Mm {df` Amho. Ë`mM~amo~a n§MH¥$îUmVrc lrXÎmmÌo`, lrJmoqdXà^y `m§À`m~Ôc, VgoMË`m§À`m crim OoWo KS>ë`m Ë`m ñWmZm~ÔcMm ^pŠV^mdhr H$mhr J«§Wm§Mm {df` ~Zcm Amho.Am»`mZH$mì`, ñWcdU©Zna H$mì`, VÎdkmZna H$mì` Ago H$mì`àH$ma hmVmicoco{XgVmV.

3.8.1 épŠ_Urñd`§da

Za|Ð hm am_Xodam` `mXdmÀ`m Xa~mamVrc H$dr. `mÀ`m XmoZ ~§Yy§Zr (gmc d Z¥qgh)AZwH«$_o am_mÙ d Zcmonm»`mZ {c{hco. lrH¥$îU^ŠV Za|ÐmZo Ë`m§Mr {Z^©Ëg©Zm Ho$cr. XmoÝhr~§Yw§Zr Ë`mcm lrH¥$îUH$Woda H$mì`coIZ H$aÊ`mMo AmdmhZ Ho$co. Ë`mVyZM B. g. 1292gmcr (eHo$ 1214) 1200 Amoì`m§Mo "épŠ_Urñd`§da'Mm OÝ_ Pmcm. ho H$mì` Amnë`mg§J«hr R>odÊ`mMr gyMZm am_XodamdmZo Za|Ðmcm Ho$cr. hm J«§W Zmdmda H$ê$Z KoÊ`mgmR>r àËòH$Amodrg EH$ gmoZQ>H$m Za|Ðmcm XoÊ`mMr amOmZo V`mar Xe©{dcr. na§Vw Za|ÐmZo amOmMm S>mdAmoiIcm. "Zm amOo hmo: Am_Mo`m H${dHw$im ~mocw cmJ¡c:' Ago ñnîQ>nUo Ë`mZo amOmcmgm§{JVco. Kar Joë`mda {VKm ^mdm§Zr {_iyZ O_Vrc VodT>çm åhUOo 900 Amoì`m ZH$cyZH$mT>ë`m. Za|ÐmMo ho H$mì` _wimV 1800 Amoì`m§Mo Agco Var n§Wr` dmL>²_`mV g_m{dîQ>hmoVmZm Vo AnyUm©dñWoVM hmoVo.

^ŠVr Am{U e¥§Jma `m§Mm {_cm\$ `m H$mì`mV {XgVmo. H¥$îUào_mZo {dÕ Pmcocr épŠ_UrAmnë`m XmgtZm åhUVo,

"Vo lr_y{V© gJwU gwhmdr: àgmXcr Ago _mPm§ {Odt

Vo H$dUo AZwdmXmdr: àmUg{Iò>Ÿ&&'

gJ©`moOZm qH$dm {d{dYd¥ÎmmË_H$ aMZm Zgcr Var dU©Zm§Mr {dnwcVm d H$WmZH$mMr _§XJVr hr _hmH$mì`nÕVr `mV dmnacocr {XgVo. AñVmMcmdarc gy`©, gm`§H$mcrZ A§Y:H$ma,{Xì`m§Mr {Xár, M§ÐmoX`, dZmondZm§Mo gm¢X`©, dg§VG$VyMm {dcmg B. g¥îQ>rdU©ZmV H$drMrgm¢X`©ÑîQ>r OmUdVo. `m H$mì`mVrc eãX{MÌohr ~mocH$s AmhoV. Vr dmMyZ _yi AZw^ddmMë`mMm ^mg hmoVmo. {dahmZo ì`{WV hmoD$Z eæòda AmS>ì`m Pmcoë`m épŠ_UrMo {MÌZa|Ð nwT>rc eãXm§V aoImQ>Vmo. "S>mdm hmVw C{ggm§ KmVcm: COdm öX`m§d[a R>o{dcm: O¡gmOrd|gr Xodmo Y[acm: {ZgwQ>¡c åhUm¡{Z &' épŠ_UrMo amOgnUmMo dU©Zhr Vmo _`m©Xm gm§^miyZH$aVmo.

_hmZw^md n§W/ 43

òHo$H$m AdodmMo ~adonU

~mocVm {df` hmoB©c _mOdU

nwZ gmYy§Mo KS>oc XyfU &

Oèhr _wZr Omco &&

A{Ve`moŠVr hr Za|ÐmÀ`m e¡crMm EH$ {deof Amho. dg§VG$VyÀ`m dU©ZmVG$VyMm PmS>m§dahr n[aUm_ hmoD$Z Ë`m§Zm ñÌrgwImMo S>mohmio cmJco Agë`mMo dU©Z VmoH$aVmo. {H$ÞamMo Jm`ZH$m¡eë` dU©Z H$aVmZm Za|ÐmMo g§JrVkmZhr ñnîQ> Pmco Amho.

"Vo _èhmQ>o ~moc a{gH$m d[a XmdrZ Xo{eòMo ~rH$

åhU¡Z gì`m»`mZ ícmoH$ & {_go dmo{dòMo{Z &&'

`mgma»`m AmodrVyZ _amR>rMm ^mfm{^_mZhr ì`ŠV hmoVmo. `mVrc H$WmË_H$VmhrcjUr` Amho. Za|ÐmZo a§J{dcoë`m ì`ŠVr, àg§J, {ZgJ© dmMyZ Ë`mMr {MÌo S>moiçm§g_moa C^ramhVmV. CÎm_ H$ënZm{dcmghr òWo {XgVmo. lrH¥$îUmMo dU©Z H$aVmZm {H$Þa åhUVmo,

'O`mMo{Z àVmno ImamJc| : hmo H$m§ JJZ H$mOi¡c|

gy`m©{g Vrd«nU Amco : VoUo Vmno 303'

AemàH$mao eãXm§Mr _¥XwVm, H$ënZmgm¢X`©, Am¡{MË`mMo ^mZ, à_mU~ÕVm, g§`_ `m§_wioZa|ÐmZo EH$m CËH¥$îQ> H$mì`mMm AmXe© {Z_m©U Ho$cm Amho.

3.8.2 {eewnmcdY

`m J«§WmMm H$dr ^mñH$a hm _yiMm naÛr {OëømVrc ~moar JmdMm. _hmZw^md n§WmMrXrjm KoÊ`mnydu H$cH$s _mJm©Vrc Ho$edmMm`mªMm Vmo AZw`m`r hmoVm. nwT>o ZmJXodmMm`mªMr ôQ>Pmë`mda Vmo _hmZw^md n§WmV Amcm. Ë`m§ZrM Ë`mMo Zmd "H$drída' R>odco. Vmo n§{S>V ddmXnQy> AgyZ erK«H${dËdhr H$arV Ago. ~mB©Xod~mgmZ§Va _hmZw^md n§WmMo V¥Vr` AmMm`©nX^mñH$a^Q>m§H$S>o Amco.

"{eewnmcdY' hm 1087 Amoì`m§Mr J«§W eHo$ 1995 _Üò Ë`mZo {c{hcm. hmAmodrà~§Y n§{S>Vr diUmMm AgyZ, hm {c{hVmZm Ë`mÀ`mnwT>o _mKH$mì`mMm AmXe© hmoVm.lrH¥$îU ho ^mñH$amMo AmamÜ` X¡dV Agë`mZo lrH¥$îUmÀ`m crim, Ë`mZo A{Ve`^pŠV^mdmZo dU©Z Ho$ë`m AmhoV. na~«÷mMo dU©Z H$aVmZm Amnë`m agmi ~mocm§{df`r VmoåhUVmo,

"_mo{V`m§Mo Kmogo : am{dco Hw§$Hw$_-ago

Vèhr Z E{V H$ê§$ g[ago : à~§Yogr &

EH$Xm ZmaX {eewnmcmÀ`m AË`mMmam{df`r lrH¥$îUmcm gm§JVmV. amOgy` `kmgmR>rlrH¥$îU hpñVZmnwamV òVmV. `kmÀ`m doir lrH¥$îUmcm AJ«nyOoMm _mZ {_imë`mZo {eewnmc


{MS>Vmo. H¥$îUmMr qZXm H$aVmo. XmoÝhr njm§_Üò `wÕ hmoVo. lrH¥$îU gwXe©Z MH«$mZo {eewnmcmMmdY H$aVmo. hm `m J«§WmMm H$Wm^mJ Amho.

lrH¥$îUmÀ`m ê$n-JwUm§Mo dU©Z {d{dY àH$mao ^mñH$amZo Hooo$co Amho.

""XoIm¡{Z ê$n gmdio : d¡am½` H$m_H$im nmëh¡c|

nwéfm CnO{V S>mohmio : H$m{_ZrnUmMo''

CÕdZmaX g§dmX hm AË`wpŠVnyU© {dZmoXmMm gw§Xa Z_wZm Amho. {ZgJ©dU©Z hm ^mñH$amÀ`mAmdS>rMm {df` Amho. Ë`mZo Ho$coë`m CÚmZdU©ZmV, dg§VJ«rî_mXr G$Vw§À`m dU©ZmV `mMrgmj {_iVo. `m J«§WmV Cn_m, ê$nH$, ì`{VaoH$, CËàojm `m Ac§H$mam§Mm ânya Cn`moJHo$cocm Amho.

`m J«§WmV nmëhm{iH$ dU©ZXmof AmT>iVmo. VgoM _hmZw^mdr` VÎdXe©Zmnojmhr nm§{S>Ë`,a{gH$Vm Am{U e¥§Jma `m§MoM Xe©Z A{YH$ KS>Vo.

3.8.3 CÕdJrVm

"{eewnmcdY' `m J«§Wmg§~§Yr ~mB©Xod~mgm§Zr "J«§Ww {ZH$m Omcm: n[a {Zd¥Îmm§OmoJm Zìho{M'Agm A{^àm` {Xë`mZ§Va ^mñH$a^Å> ~moarH$am§Zr "CÕdJrVm' hm J«§W {c{hcm. Ë`mV _yig§ñH¥$V EH$mXeñH§$YmVrc 1367 ícmoH$m§da 827 Amoì`m§Mo ^mî` Ho$co Amho. Ë`mVH¥$îUmZo CÕdmcm gm§{JVcocr JrVm Amcr Agë`mZo hm J«§W "CÕdJrVm' `m ZmdmZohr à{gÕAmho. (B. g. 1314 / eHo$ 1236) _Üò `mMr aMZm Pmcr. EH$mXemdarc n{hcr _amR>rQ>rH$m `m ÑîQ>rZo `m J«§Wmcm _hÎd Amho.

J«§Wma§^r H${dVm Am{U a{gH$ `m§Mo loîR>Ëd ^mñH$a^Å>m§Zr gm§{JVco Amho.lrH¥$îUmgmaIm H$mì` {df` Agë`mda H$mì` H$gohr Jm{`co Var lmoË`m§Zm Vo {ZpíMVAmdS>oc Agm {dídmg Vmo àH$Q> H$aVmo. H$_im§Zr ^«_am§Zm, _oKm§Zr MmVH$m§Zm, M§ÐmZoMH$moamcm H$Yr _yi nmR>dmdo cmJVo H$m`?

{n{icoë`m M§Ðq~~: gwQ>{V A_¥VYmam§Mo H§$XZ

V¡go \w$Q>{V Vw§~: Zdagm§Mo

E{g`m H${dVmcVo: ~«÷{dÚoMr \w$co {XgVr \$m§H$Vo

Var ngamo{Z hmVo: H$dU Z VmoS>r?

`m J«§WmMo ñdê$n àm_w»`mZo VÎdkmZna Amho. Ë`m_wio H$WmË_H$Voda A{YH$ â Amho.AdYyVmZo `Xycm gm§{JVcoë`m Mmodrg Jwê$§Mo dU©Z H$aVmZm 232 Amoì`m IMu nS>ë`mAmhoV. EImÚm àg§JmMo dU©Z H$aVmZm ^mñH$a Vo eãX{MÌ S>moiçm§nwT>o Cô H$aVmo. lrH¥$îUOoìhm ÛmaHo$V amÁ` H$ê$ cmJco Voìhm amÁ`mV gwIg_¥Õr Amcr, ^moJm§Zm d¡^dmMo {XdgAmco.

_hmZw^md n§W/ 45

""V¡ _wpŠVgr gm¡^m½` Amco : ~«÷{dÚo Xod CX¡co

Mm§J _JU dm{T>Zco : em§{VMo n¡ Ÿ&

{ddoH$m Vamò Omcr : à~moYm Xgm CX¡cr

Zdc Or{U Omcr : d¡am½`m{g''

àñVwV J«§WmV H$mì` Am{U VÎdkmZ `m§Mm _oi gmYcocm {XgVmo. VÎdkmZmgmaIm {df`Cn_m-ÑîQ>m§V B. Ac§H$mam§À`m gmhmæ`mZo gm§JyZ Ë`mV agminUm d àmgm{XH$Vm AmUÊ`mMmà`ËZ ^mñH$amZo Ho$cm Amho. nmëhmimMm Xmof `mhr J«§WmV Amcm Amho; na§Vw àgÞ H$ënZmd CËH$Q> ^mdZmercVm `m§_wio J«§W d¡{eîQ>çnyU© ~Zcm Amho.

3.8.4 dÀN>haU

`m J«§WmMr aMZm Xm_moXa n§{S>Vm§Zr eHo$ 1238 (B. g. 1316) _Üò Ho$cr. `m§Zm_hmZw^md n§WmV A{YH$mar ì`ŠVr g_Oco OmB©. `m§Mr nËZr {hamBgo {hZo ZmJXodmMm`mªH$Sy>Zn§WmMr Xrjm KoVcr. Ë`mZ§Va H$mhr dfmªZr Xm_moXa n§{S>V n§WmV Amco. Vo BVHo$ Mm§Jco JmVH$s n§WmMo {Z`_ S>mdcyZ ZmJXodMm`mªZr Ë`m§Zm Jm`Mr nadmZJr {Xcr.

dÀN>haU ho gw_mao 500 Amoì`m§Mo Am»`mZH$ H$mì` H¥$îUM[aÌmVrc EH$m AX²>^wVaå`àg§JmMo dU©Z H$aVo. AKmgyadY Am{U dÀN>haU `m ^mJdVmÀ`m Xe_ñH§$YmVrcH$Wmàg§Jmda {c{hcoco ho H$mì` Amho. Varhr Xm_moXamZo ñdV§Ì aMZm H$ê$Z, g§jon-{dñVmaHo$cm Amho. H¥$îUJwUmZwdmXm~amo~a _hmZw^mdr` VÎdkmZmMo {ddoMZ òWo {XgVo.

gm§S>m gm§S>m AÝò, ÔZ| : H$mB© ZmB©H$m doXnwamU| &

_w{MOo Zm AmZ| H$ìhUo : EHw$ lrH¥$îUw godm

gm§S>m gm§S>m Ah§H$ma : AZweam lrMH«$Yam

_J OmUmc namna : {dMmamVo

Ac§H$ma `moOZoV Cn_mZm§Mr {d{dYVm OmUdVo. ~hþVoH$ gd© H$ënZm{dcmglrH¥$îUmàVr AgUmè`m loð> ^mdmVyZ {Z_m©U Pmcm Amho. g§ñH¥$VmVrc Zdagm§nojm^pŠVagmcm loîR>Ëd XoD$Z Xm_moXamZo H$mì`{Z{_©Vr Ho$cr Amho.

H$mc{dn`m©gmMm Xmof `m J«§WmV AmT>iVmo. à_mU~ÕVm qH$dm J{V_mZVm `m§Mm A^mdhmhr Xmof AmT>iVmo. Varhr lrH¥$îU ^ŠVr_wio àñVwV H$mì` àmgm{XH$ d àgÞ ~Zco Amho.

3.8.5 kmZà~moY

n§{S>V {dídZmW ~mimnyaH$a `m§Zr B. g. 1331 (eHo$ 1253) _Üò kmZà~moY ho1204 Amoì`m§Mo à~§YH$mì` {c{hco. {dídZmW ho _yiMo n¡R>UMo AgyZ _hmZw^mdn§WmVòÊ`mnydu Ë`m§Zm _wZr H$_cmH$a `m§À`mH$Sy>Z n§Wr` VÎdkmZmMm ~moY Pmcm hmoVm."lrMH«$YmamoŠV _moj_mJm©Mo {ZénU H$aUo' hm `m J«§Wm_mJrc hoVy Amho. kmZ hm _mojmMm nm`m


Agë`m_wio H$drZo àW_ kmZcjUo gm§{JVcr AmhoV. kmZà~moYZmÀ`m EHy$U 1200Amoì`m§n¡H$s 154 Amoì`m§_Üò JrVoÀ`m 13 ì`m AÜ`m`mÀ`m AmYmao Q>rH$m Ho$cr Amho.Cacoë`m Amoì`m§Vrc {ddaU ho ñdV§Ì Amho. {daŠVrMo Am{U B©ída^ŠVrMo _mhmËå`gm§JUmam Vm{ÎdH$ J«§W Ago `mMo ñdê$n Amho. lmoË`m§Mm AZwZ`hr {dídZmWmZo Ho$cm Amho.

{gÕm§V H$ny©admgo & KmoiyZ gm{hË` ago

^md{dS>m à~§Y{_fo & ñdm_r XoB©Z

~moc ^mdJ^© agmi & V¡go ~mocoZ &&

Amnë`m J«§WdmMZmMr \$clwVr Vmo gm§JVmo.

Am{U gmdYmZo {MÎm| & Oo Aä`m{gVr `m J«§WmVo &

X¡d Xemò gwI lr V`m§Mo & A{YîR>r &&

`m J«§Wmda kmZoídarMmhr à^md OmUdVmo. _hmZw^md g§àXm`mVrc AZoH$ H$dtZr JrVoda^mîò {c{hcr AmhoV. `m ^mî`m§n¡H$s \$ŠV kmZà~moYmcm gmVr J«§WmV ñWmZ {_imco Amho.

`m J«§WmMm hoVy Jwê$H$Sy>Z g_Ocoë`m _moj_mJm©Mo {ZénU H$aUo hm Amho. Varhr ho gd©H$drZo H$ënZm d ^mdZm `m§À`m gmhmæ`mZo gm§{JVco Agë`mZo Vo H$mì`mË_ ~Zco Amho.{dídZmWm§À`m _Vo ^pŠVH$mì` gd©loîR> Amho. Ë`m§Zr {MVmacoco _hmZw^md gmYH$mMoeãX{MÌ dmMÊ`mgmaIo Amho.

"" ËdMm H$nm¡©{Z H$moaS>r : hmoò XohB§{Ð`m§Mr nwS>r

AmdKo`m§ YmVy§Mr gm§nwS>r : ~¡gmo{Z Omò''

öX` H$ënZm{dcmgm_wio hm J«§W VÎdOS> Pmcocm Zmhr. BVa gmVr J«§Wm§à_mUo `mVhrlr_yVudU©Z 99 Amoì`m§V Ho$coco Amho. `mMo d¡{eîQ>ç åhUOo lr_yVuÀ`m Ad`dm§da Ho$coë`mAmÜ`mpË_H$ H$ënZm qH$dm VÎdkmZna ê$nHo$ CXm. H$nmocà^m-~«÷{dÚoMo Amago, _wHw$Q>-~«÷VoOmMm H$ig B. à_mU~ÕVoMm A^md, nwZéŠVr B. Xmof AgyZhr n§Wr` VÎdkmZmMogmÜ`m-gmoß`m ^mfoV Ho$coco {ZénU ho `m J«§WmMo d¡{eîQ>ç Amho.

3.8.6 gøm{ÐdU©Z

`m J«§WmMm coIH$ Iimo~mg D$\©$ amKmonmÜ`m` nmWarH$a hm Amho. _hmZw^mdm§ZmXÎmmÌo`m§Mr Or AZoH$ ñWmZo d§XZr` AmhoV, Ë`mV gømÐrdarc _mhÿaMm g_mdoe Amho.n§WmMo {Vgao H¥$îU, lrMH«$nmUr {daŠVr CËnÞ Pmë`mda `mÌoH$ê$À`m _oimì`m~amo~a_mVmnyacm òD$Z am{hco hmoVo. VoWoM lrXÎmmÌo`m§Zr Ë`m§À`mda ì`mK«ê$nmZo AZwJ«h Ho$cm hmoVm.XÎmmÌo`m§Zr gømÐr `m {R>H$mUr Ho$coë`m crim§Mo dU©Z hm àñVwV H$mì`mMm {df` Amho.lrMH«$Yam§Mohr dU©Z `mV Amco Amho. AcH©$, naewam_, XÎmmÌo` `m§À`m ôQ>rMo àg§JWmoS>Š`mV nU ^mdnyU© arVrZo aoImQ>co AmhoV. ho H$mì` {c{hUmè`m Iimo~mgm§Mr ^y{_H$m^ŠVmMr, CnmgH$mMr Amho.

_hmZw^md n§W/ 47

""V`mMo Zm_m{X gX²JwU: AhZuer _r ñ_a¡Z

A_moKm crimhr dU©{Z : _rfo J«§WmMo{Z''

H$drMm ê$nH$ `moOZoda {deof â Amho. eHo$ 1275 (B. g. 1353) À`m gw_mamg{c{hcoë`m `m H$mì`mMr Amodrg§»`m 517 Amho.

åhUm¡{Z CÎm_m§Mm nmB§ A{gOo : V¢ ZmdmMo nS>n cm{hOo

{dídm_m{O nm{dOo : H$s{V© XoIm

Aer öX` Ac§H$ma`moOZm AmT>iVo. JwéHw$imZo Amncm ñdrH$ma H$amdm Aer {dZ§Vr J«§WmÀ`meodQ>r Ho$cr Amho. na_oídaàmár Pmë`mZ§Va EH$m {dcjU g_mYmZr d¥ÎmrZo Ë`mMo JwUdU©ZAm{U ldU H$arV OrdZ ì`VrV H$amdo hr BÀN>m H$mì`mVyZ àH$Q> hmoVo.

à_mU~ÕVm, {df`m§Mo g§VwcZ ho Xmof AmT>iVmV, na§Vw g§nyU© H$mì` lÕm^mdmZo {c{hcoJoë`m_wio Ë`mV EH${OZgrnUm Amcm Amho.

3.8.7 G${ÕnyadU©Z

`m J«§WmMm coIH$ ZmamÙ ~mg hm ImZXoemVrc ~hmc `m JmdMm Agë`m_wio ZmamÙ~mhm{iò åhUyZ AmoiIcm OmVmo. B. g. 1363 (eHo$ 1285) _Üò `m J«§WmMr aMZmPmcr. G${Õnya ho _hmZw^md n§WmMo _hmjoÌ Amho. _hmZw^mdm§À`m n§MH¥$îUm§n¡H$s lrJmoqdXà^y`m§Mo AdVmaH$m`©, lrMH«$Yam§H$Sy>Z Ë`m§Zm Pmcocr kmZàmár, MH«$Yam§Z§Va ZmJXodm§Zr Ho$cocmn§Wàgma `m KQ>Zm G${ÕnwamV KS>ë`m. åhmB§^Å>, _hoída n§{S>V B. Zrhr `mda H$mì` Ho$co.nU ZmamÙ ~mgm§Mo G${ÕnyadU©Z d¡{eîQ>çnyU© Amho. gmVr J«§WmV g_mdoe H$ê$Z n§WmZoË`mcm A{YH¥$V _mÝ`Vm {Xcr Amho. {edm` Vo Ho$di dU©Zna Zmhr. Ë`mcm ^pŠV^mdZoMr~¡R>H$ Amho. 641 Amoì`m§Mo ho H$mì` Amho. G$[ÕnyaMm n[aga, Xodio, amO_R>, nS>emim,AmoQ>m, ^moOZñWmZ, a§Jm_{cH$m B. Mr dU©Zo {d{dY Vnercmgh Ho$cr AmhoV. lrJmoqdXà^y§MrdoYeŠVr, I§S>Im§~wcmMm Ioi IoiVmZm Ë`m§Mm g§~§Y cm^coco amO_R>mVrc Im§~, Ë`mMoJJZ_mJu nmhUo, nmR>rda Wmn _mê$Z _moj XoÊ`mMo Ë`m§Mo gm_Ï`© B. JmoîQ>r gyú_nUo{MVmaë`m AmhoV. `m H$mì`mV {R>H${R>H$mUr AmË_{ZdoXZo òVmV. ^md{ZîR> ñWcdU©Zo,VÎdkmZmMr OmoS> d nmíd©^y_rà_mUo gmÚÝV C^r Ho$cocr lrJmoqdXà^y§Mr _yVu `m§_wioG${Õnya{df`H$ gd© J«§WmV ho H$mì` Amnë`m {ZamionUmZo CRy>Z {XgVo. `m H$mì`mcmH$moUË`mhr g§ñH¥$V dm àmH¥$V J«§WmMm AmYma Zmhr.

G${ÕnwamMo AË`§V ^mdnyU© dU©Z H$ê$Z H$dr Ë`m XodZJarg gmîQ>m§J Z_ñH$ma H$aVmo.`m ZJarÀ`m ZwgË`m Xe©ZmZo Ë`mcm AmZ§X hmoVmo.

Adcmo{H$Vm§ lr_y{V©: Z cJVr ZoÌm§Mr nmVr

Vo O¡go S>moio dmQ> XmI{dVr: na_gwImMr

Ago CX²Jma lr_yVuÀ`m Xe©ZmZo Vmo H$mT>Vmo. ^mfoMr àmgm{XH$Vm Am{U agminUm ho `m


H$mì`mMo d¡{eîQ>ç åhUmdo cmJoc. Varhr `m H$mì`mV Agcocr A{VaoH$s AmË_qZXmH$mì`hm{ZH$maH$ Pmcr Amho.

_hmZw^mdm§À`m gd© dmL>²_`mMo òWda AdcmoH$Z Ho$co. gmVr J«§Wm§Mm {dMma H$aVm gw_maogìdmeo dfmªVrc ho J«§W AgyZhr, `mVrc ^mfm gmaIrM AmT>iVo. épŠ_Urñd`§da (eHo$1214-15) Am{U G${ÕnyadU©Z (eHo$ 1285) `m XmoÝhrV ^mfmemñÌÑîQ>çmhrgmaIonUm Amho. gmVr J«§WmVrc {df` doJdoJio AmhoV. Am»`mZH$ ñdê$n, Vm{ÎdH$,ñWcdU©Zna, ì`pŠVdU©Zna, lrH¥$îUM[aÌna Ago Ë`m§Mo ñdê$n Amho. `m gmVr J«§WmVn§W{ZîR>m d MH«$Ya^ŠVr hm g_mZ YmJm Amho. H$dtÀ`m AmË_{ZdoXZmVhr gmaIonUmAmT>iVmo. EH$sH$S>o MH«$dVuMo àXe©Z H$aV AgVmZm ho H$dr AmË_{dídmgmZo H$mì` gmXaH$aVmZm {XgVmV ho gd© EH$M H$mimVrc ZmhrV. Va EHy$U 125 dfm©V hm H$mi Amho VargmVr J§«Wm§_Üò ^mfoMm gmaIonUm {XgVmo.

^mfm emñÌr` ÑîQ>rZo {dMma H$aVm, Zm_m§Mr {H«$`mnXm§Mr ê$no `mVhr >gmå` AmT>iVo.`m gdmª_Üò gmpËdH$ ^mdm§Mo dU©Z Amco Amho. {dnwc Ac§H$ma `moOZm ho `m gmVr J«§Wm§Mod¡{eîQ>ç Amho.

ho gmVr J«§W {chÿZ _hmZw^mdr`m§Zr _amR>r gm{hË`mV _mcmMr â KmVcr Amho.ñWcdU©Zna H$mì`, VÎdkmZna H$mì`. Aem {d{dY gm{hË`àH$mam§Mr XoUJr Ë`m§Zr {Xcr.Za|Ð, ^mñH$a `m§gma»`m H$dtZr g§ñH¥$V _hmH$mì`mMm Aä`mg H$ê$Z, Ë`m YVuda ñdV§ÌaMZm Ho$cr. `m H$dtZr {ZgJ©dU©ZmMr Zdr nÕV ê$T> Ho$cr. H$mì`mV "AmË_{Zd}X' H$ê$ZË`mV AmË_{ZîR>Vm AmUÊ`mMm à`ËZ `m H$dtZr àW_ Ho$cm. AemàH$ao gmVr J«§Wm§Mo ñWmZàmMrZ _amR>r gm{hË`mV _hÎdmMo R>aVo.

_hmZw^md n§W/ 49

3.8 Amnbr àJVr Vnmgm : 1) Za|ÐmMo 1800 Amoì`m§Mo H$mì` H$moUVo?

1) épŠ_Urñd`§da 2) {eewnmcdY 3) CÕdJrVm

2) {eewnmcdYmMm dY H$Vm© H$moU?

1) Za|Ð 2) ^mñH$a 3) Xm_moXa n§{S>V

3) CÕdJrVoV H$emda ^mî` Ho$co Amho?

1) EH$mXeñH§$Y 2) ^mJdV 3) épŠ_Urñd`§da

4) Xm_moXa n§{S>Vm§Mm J«§W H$moUVm?

1) dÀN>haU 2) ^mJdV 3) épŠ_Urñd`§da

épŠ_Urñd`§da, {eewnmcdY, CÕdJrVm, dÀN>haU, kmZà~moY, gøm{ÐdU©Z,G${ÕnyadU©Z ho _hmZw^mdm§Mo gmVr J«§W AgyZ, lrH¥$îU^ŠVr hr `mVrc ~hþVoH$

J«§WmMm {df` Amho.

3.9 g_mamon

{dÚmWu {_Ìm§Zmo, òWda AmnU _hmZw^md n§WmMo ñdê$n nm{hco. 12 ì`m eVH$mÀ`mAIoarg _hmamîQ´>mV CX`mcm Amcoë`m `m Û¡Vr VÎdkmZ à{VnmXUmè`m n§WmMo àUoVo MH«$YahmoVo. e§H$amMm`© d am_mZwOmMm`© `m§À`m VÎdkmZmMm {_cm\$ `m n§WmÀ`m VÎdkmZmVAmT>iVmo. cmoH$^mfoMm nwañH$ma ho `m n§WmMo d¡{eîQ>ç hmoVo. "gyÌnmR>' `m J«§WmÛmao_hmZw^mdm§Mm AmMmaY_© cjmV òVmo. lrXÎmmÌo`à^y, lrH¥$îUMH«$dVr, lrMm§JXod amD$i,lrJmoqdXà^y, lrMH«$Ya, ho _hmZw^mdm§Mo n§MH¥$îU hmoV. `m n§WmV gw_mao gmVeo J«§WH$mahmoD$Z Joco. crimM[aÌ, ÑîQ>m§VnmR>, ñ_¥{VñWi, gmVrJ«§W ho H$mhr C„oIZr` J«§W hmoV._hX§~m hr AmÚ _amR>r H$d{`Ìr _mZcr OmVo.

AemàH$mao _amR>rV JÚM[aÌcoIZmÀ`m nm`m KmcÊ`mMo H$m_ _hmZw^mdm§Zr Ho$co.à~§YH$mìò, M[aÌo, àdmgdU©Zo, ñWcdU©Zo, Am»`mZo, X¡Z§{XZr, Ydco, nXo, AmaË`m, AgoAZoH$ gm{hË`àH$ma `m dmL>²_`mV AmT>iVmV. lrMH«$Ya, lrJmoqdXà^y, lrXÎmmÌo` hr_hmZw^mdm§Mo dmL>²_` `mXdH$mcmVrc amOH$s`, Ym{_©H$, gm_m{OH$ d gm§ñH¥${VH$ OrdZmMoXe©Z KS>dVo. Ë`m_wio _hmZw^mdm§À`m gm{hË`mcm _amR>r dmL>²_`mV {deof _hÎd Amho.

`m nwT>rc àH$aUmV AmnU _hmamîQ´>mV 13 ì`m eVH$mV CX`mcm Amcoë`m ^mJdVY_m©{df`r _m{hVr H$ê$Z KoUma AmhmoV.

3.10 gmam§e

WmoS>Š`mV, `mXdH$mcrZ amOdQ>rV g_mO gYZ AgyZhr, MmVwdÊ`m©Mm à^md, Ym{_©H$A§XmYw§Xr_wio `m_wio g_mOmV X¡dVo, d«Vd¡H$ëò. _§ÌV§Ì `m§Mo àñW dmT>co hmoVo. Aem doirÛ¡Vr VÎdkmZ _mZUmè`m _hmZw^md>>n§WmMm CX` Pmcm. MH«$Yam§Zr `m n§WmMm àgma Ho$cm.`m n§Wm_wio {d{dY XodVm§Mo àñW H$_r Pmco. `m n§WmV ñÌr, eyÐ, ~«m÷U, j{Ì` AemgdmªZmM g§Ý`mg KoÊ`mMr gmo` hmoVr. `m n§WmÀ`m VÎdkmZmV AdVma-H$ënZoda {deof âhmoVm. `m n§WmVrc cmoH$ Ord, XodVm, àn§M d na_oída Aem Mma JmoîQ>tZm ñdV§Ì d {ZË`_mZVmV. _hmZw^mdm§Zr gmYH$m§Zm EH$ AmMmaY_© KmcyZ {Xcm. `m n§WmV n§MH¥$îU _mZco


5) kmZà~moY J«§WmMr Amodrg§»`m {H$Vr?

1) 1204 2) 1000 3) 1200

6) Iimoã`mgMm J«§W H$moUVm?

1) ^mJdV 2) gøm{ÐdU©Z 3) kmZn«~moY

7) G${ÕnyadU©ZmMo coIH$ H$moU?

1) ZmamÙ~mg 2) ^mñH$a 3) Za|Ð

OmVmV. n§W{ZîR>o_wio _hmZw^mdm§Zr {d{dY àH$maMo JÚ dmL>²_` {Z_m©U Ho$co. nÚhr {c{hco.MH«$Ya ñdm_tÀ`m crim åhmB§^Å>mZo "crimM[aÌmV' g§H${cV Ho$ë`m. lrJmoqdXà^y§Mo M[aÌ{c{hco. Ho${eamOm§Zr MH«$Yam§Zr VÎdkmZ gm§JVmZm {Xcoco ÑîQ>m§V g§H${cV Ho$cocm"ÑîQ>m§VnmR>' hm J«§Whr `m dmL>²_`mV Amho. `m n§WmMm AmMmaY_© gyÌnmR>mdê$Z {XgVmo. AmÚH¥$îU{ddmhH$WmH$ma R>acocr _hX§~m {hMr Ydio hr aMZm à{gÕ Amho. Amodr~Õ H$mì`mMmg_mdoe Agcoco gmVr J«§W ho _hmZw^mdm§À`m dmL>²_`mMm _hÎdmMm KQ>H$ Amho.lrH¥$îU^ŠVr hm ~hþVoH$ J«§WmMm {df` Amho. Aem àH$mao `mXdH$mimV Û¡Vr VÎdkmZgm§JUmam _hmZw^md n§W Amnë`m dmL>²_`m_wio C„oIZr` R>aVmo.


3.2

1. Û¡Vr 2. O`H¥$îUr 3. lrJmoqdXà^y 4. nyOoMm

3.3

1. AdVma 2. {ZË`~Õ 3. _mòMo 4. AZ§V

3.4

1. gyÌnmR> 2. g§Ý`mer d J¥hñW

3. Aqhgm 4. H$îQ>m§da

3.5

1. nmMdm 2. JmoqdXn«^y

3. lrH¥$îUMH«$dVu 4. Mm§JXodamD$io

3.6

1. lrMH«$Ya^ŠVr 2. Eo{Vhm{gH$ 3. crim{MaÌ 4. åhmB§^Å>5. MH«$Ya 6. gmS>oZD$eo 7. EH$eo EH$gîQ>

_hmZw^md n§W/ 51

3.6

1. G${Õnya crim 2. åhmB§^Å> 3. XdS>Ê`mÀ`m 4. 114

5. Ho${eamO 6. gmS>o~mameo 7. Vm{ÎdH$ 8. _y{V©àH$me

9. ñ_¥{VñWi 10. B. g. 1308

3.7

1. énmB© 2. {ddmhJrV 3. épŠ_Urñd`§da 4. 110

3.8

1. épŠ_Urñd`§da 2. ^mñH$a 3. EH$mXeñH§$Y 4. dÀN>haU

5. 1204 6. gøm{ÐdU©Z 7. ZmamÙ~mg

***


_hmZw^md n§W/ 53

A{YH$ {Q>nUmgmR>r

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A{YH$ {Q>nUmgmR>r

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àH$aU : 4

kmZXod

(kmZoœar, A_¥VmZw^d, A^§JdmUr, g§VM[aÌo,

^«_§Vr d ^mJdVY_m©Mm àgma)

4.0 C{Ôï>o

{dÚmWu {_Ìm§Zmo _hmZw^md H$mbI§S>mZ§VaMm B{Vhmg hm g§Vna§naoMm d g§VdmL²>_`mMmB{Vhmg Amho. Ë`mMr gwédmV kmZoœam§nmgyZ hmoVo. Ë`m_wio `m àH$aUmV AmnU ^mJdVY_m©Mm nm`m KmbUmè`m kmZoídam§À`m H$m`m©Mm Aä`mg H$aUma AmhmoV. ho àH$aUAä`mgë`mZ§Va Vwåhmbm,

l kmZoœam§À`m H$m`m©Mo _yë`_mnZ H$aVm òB©b.

l kmZoœam§À`m dmL²>_`mMr d¡{eîQ>ço ñnï> H$aVm òVrb.

l kmZoœam§À`m H$mìàMZoVrb gm¢X`© ñnï> H$aVm òB©b.

l g§V na§naoVrb kmZoœam§Mo ñWmZ {deX H$aVm òB©b.

kmZXod/ 55

4.0. C{ÔîQ>o

4.1. àmñVm{dH$

4.2. ^mJdV/dmaH$ar g§àXm`

4.3 kmZoœam§Mo ì`{º$JV OrdZ/M[aÌ

4.4. kmZoœam§Mo H$m`©

4.5. kmZoœam§Mo dmL²>_`

4.5.1 kmZoœar4.5.2 A_¥VmZw^d4.5.3 Mm§JXod nmgï>r

4.5.4 A^§JdmUr4.6. g_mamon

4.7. gmam§eAmnbr àJVr Vnmgm CÎmao

joÌr` H$m`©

4.1 àmñVm{dH$

àñVwV àH$aUmV ^mJdV Y_m©Mm nm`m Á`m§Zr KmVbm Am{U dmaH$ar g§àXm`mMrgwédmV Á`m§Zr Ho$br Ë`m§À`m H$m`m©Mm AmT>mdm KoUma AmhmoV. 13ì`m eVH$mVOm{Vì`dñWm, H$_©H$m§S>, OnOmß` `mVM _¾ AgUmam g_mO EH$m {Z{ÐV AdñWoV hmoVm.Aem H$mimV kmZmnmgyZ d§{MV AgUmè`m ór eyÐm§Mr AdñWmhr X`Zr` hmoVr. kmZoœam§Zrg§ñH¥$VmVrb kmZ _amR>rV AmUyZ {ejUmMr Xmao gdmªZm Iwbr Ho$br. Ë`m§Zr ^JdX²JrVoda^mî` Ho$bo. kmZmda AgUmar gdUmªMr _ºo$Xmar _moSy>Z H$mT>br. g_mOmVrb AmOda ~§{XñVAgbobo kmZ gdmªZm Iwbo Pmbo. kmZoídam§Mr "kmZoœar" AmO BVŠ`m dfmªZrhr _hÎdmMrR>aVo. {d{dY XodVm§À`m nyOoV _¾ AgUmè`m bmoH$m§Zm dmaH$ar g§àXm`mÀ`m P|S>çmImbr EH$ÌAmUÊ`mMo lo` kmZoœam§H$S>o OmVo. {dÇ>b `m EH$m XodVoMr ^{º$^mdmZo nyOm Ho$ë`mg g§gmamVamhÿZhr _mojàmár hmoD$ eH$Vo, ho gm_mÝÒZm§Zm d gd©M dJm©Vrb bmoH$m§Zm Ë`m§Zr {eH$dbo.A_¥VmZw^d, Mm§JXodnmgï>r, A^§JdmUr B. aMZmhr kmZoœam§Zr Ho$ë`m. g§V, H$dr, VÎdkåhUyZ kmZoœam§À`m H$m`m©Mm AmT>mdm AmnU KoUma AmhmoV.

4.2 ^mJdV/dmaH$ar g§àXm`

ZmWg§àXm`mÀ`m KamÊ`mV OÝ_mbm Amboë`m kmZoídam§Zr dmaH$ar hm EH$ gwb^ n§W

g_mOmV ê$T> Ho$bm. dmaH$ar åhUOo "dmar H$ar". dmar åhUOo EImÚm [R>H$mUr {Z`_mZoXadfu OmUmao Vo dmaH$ar. n§T>anyaMm nm§Sw>a§J ho `m g§àXm`mMo AmamÜ`. n§T>anyaMr dmarH$aUmao Vo dmaH$ar. ho bmoH$ nm§Sw>a§Jmg {à` AgUmar VwierMr _mi JiçmV KmbVmV åhUyZË`m§Zm _miH$arhr åhUVmV. ^Jd§Vmbm Amnbo gd©ñd An©U H$aUmam ^º$ Vmo ^mJdV. hmn§W ^{º$àYmZ Agë`m_wio ^mJdV n§W 700 dfmªZ§Va AmOhr hr dmaH$ar g§àXm`mMrMidi Aì`mhVnUo gwê$ Amho. `mdê$Z `m g§àXm`mÀ`m gwb^VoMr d bmoH${à`VoMr IyUnQ>Vo.

1. nw§S>{bH$ Vo kmZXod

2. kmZXod Vo Zm_Xodm§Mm H$mi

3. ^mZwXmg-EH$ZmWm§Mm H$mi

4. VwH$mam_-{Zimo~m§Mm H$mi

5. VXZ§VaMm gw_mao 225 dfmªMm H$mi.

Ago `m g§à`Xm`mMo H$mbI§S> nmS>Vm òVmV. gmVmam {OëømVrb h¡~Vamd~m~m `m§Zrgw_mao 125 dfmªnydu gwê$ Ho$bobm nmbIrMm gmohimhr AmOVmJm`V gwê$ Amho. dfm©Zwdf°©kmZmnmgyZ d§{MV Agboë`m gd©gm_mÝ` bmoH$m§n`ªV kmZmMr J§Jm ZoÊ`mMo H$m_ `m g§àXm`mZokmZoídarÀ`m ê$nmZo Ho$bo. {VWnmgyZ Zm_Xod, EH$ZmW, am_Xmg, VwH$mam_ Am{U {d{dY


OmVtVrb g§V_oiçmZo Amnë`m {dnwb H$mìàMZoZo g_mOmÀ`m gm§ñH¥${VH$ OrdZmV M¡VÝÀmUbo. 13 ì`m eVH$mV AgUmao namH$moQ>rMo Om{VôX Amnë`m AmMma{dMmam§Ûmao `mg§Vm§Zr Zï> H$aÊ`mMm _moR>m à`ËZ Ho$bm. Zm__mhmËå` hm Ë`m§À`m VÎdkmZmMm nm`m hmoVm.{ZJw©U na_oídamH$S>o OmVmZm gdmªZm gmonr dmQ>ob, Aer gJwU^º$s `m n§WmZo {eH$dbr.

g_mOmVrb XodY_©{df`H$ ^«m_H$ H$ënZm Xya H$ê$Z, ZoQ>H$m àn§M H$ê$Z na_mWm©H$S>oOmVm òVo. ^º$sMm A{YH$ma OÝ_boë`m àËòH$mbm Amho. hr VÎdo à{Vnm{XV Ho$ë`m_wiodmaH$ar g§àXm`mZo ~arM df} OZgm_mÝ`m§À`m _Zmda amÁ` Ho$bo.

dmaH$ar g§àXm`mV ^º$sMr gm§JS> {ZîH$m_ H$_©`moJmer KmVbr Jobr Amho.kmZoídam§nmgyZ gwê$ Pmbobr hr Midi AmOda Mmby Agbobr {XgVo. 700 dfmªZ§VahrAmfmT>r H$m{V©H$sbm dmar H$aUmao bmoH$ g_mOmV AmhoV. `mdê$Z `m g§àXm`mMo BVa n§Wm§nojmAgbobo doJdoionU OmUdVo.

4.3 kmZoídam§Mo ì`{º$JV OrdZ/M[aÌ

kmZXodm§Mo KamUo ho _yiMo AmnoJmdMo. `m KamÊ`mMo _yi nwéf h[ahan§V Hw$bH$Uu hoeHo$ 1060 À`m gw_mamg AmnoJmdMo Hw$bH$U©nX gm§^miV hmoVo. KamÊ`mVrb na§namZmWg§àXm`mMr hmoVr. kmZXodm§Mo _mVm-{nVm åhUOo épŠ_Ur~mB© Am{U {dÇ>bn§V.{ddmhmZ§Va g§gma H$aÊ`mEodOr, {ZË` h[aH$WoV _¾ AgUmè`m {dÇ>bn§Vm§Zr J¥hË`mJ Ho$bm.H$merÀ`m H$moUm lrnmXñdm_tH$Sy>Z Ë`m§Zr g§Ý`mgXrjm KoVbr. Ooìhm lrnmXñdm_tZm{dÇ>bn§Vm§À`m {ddmhm{df`r g_Obo, Voìhm Ë`m§Zr {dÇ>bn§Vm§Zm g§gmamV naV OmÊ`mMmCnXoe Ho$bm; na§Vw hr Jmoï> Ë`m H$mimÀ`m gZmVZ, ê$T>r{à` g_mOmbm éMbr Zmhr. Ë`m_wiog§Ý`mgml_mVyZ J¥hñWml_mV naV Amboë`m {dÇ>bn§Vm§Zm VËH$mbrZ g_mOmZo dmirVQ>mH$bo. Ë`m§Zm àM§S> OZ{Z§Xobm Vm|S> Úmdo bmJbo. nwT>rb ~mam dfmªV åhUOo eHo$ 1195_Üò {Zd¥ÎmrZmW, eHo$1197 _Üò kmZoída, eHo$ 1199 _Üò gmonmZXod d eHo$ 1201_Üò _wº$m~mB© `m _wbm§Mm OÝ_ Pmbm. (`m Mmar ^md§S>m§À`m OÝ_eH$m§~Ôb {dÛmZm§V _VôXAmhoV.)

AmnU gmogbobr OZqZXm Amnë`m _wbm§À`m dmQ>çmbm òD$ Zò åhUyZ, _wbo CnZ`Zg§ñH$mamg `mo½` Pmë`mda {dÇ>bn§V, Ami§XrH$a ~«÷d¥§Xmg eaU Jobo; na§Vw {VWo Ë`m§À`mnXar nwÝhm {ZamemM Ambr. {dÇ>bn§Vm§Zm Xohm§V àm`píMÎmmMr {ejm gwZmdbr Jobr. Ë`m§ZrAm{U épŠ_Ur~mBªZr XohË`mJ Ho$bm. Hw$Qw>§~mMr gd© O~m~Xmar {Zd¥{ÎmZmWm§da òD$Z nS>br.ZmWn§WmMm AZwJ«{hV Agboë`m {Zd¥ÎmrZo Amnë`m ^md§S>m§Zmhr Ë`mV g_m{dï> H$ê$Z KoVbo.

nwT>o kmZoœam§Zr `moJ~bmZo H$mhr M_ËH$ma H$ê$Z XmI{dë`mZ§Va eHo$ 1209 _Üò `m^md§S>m§Zm ~«÷d¥§XmH$Sy>Z ew{ÕnÌ {_imbo. ~«m÷UdJm©V OÝ_mbm òD$Zhr g_mOmH$Sy>Z{_imbobr Cnojm ghZ Ho$ë`mZ§Va kmZXod d¡`{º$H$ OrdZmVyZ g_mOmH$S>o dibo. AZoH$

kmZXod/ 57

dmaH$ar n§W ^{º$àYmZ Agë`mZo 700 dfmªZ§Va AmOhr hm n§W ApñVËdmV Amho.

na§nam, OmVr-Y_©, ê$T>r `m_Üò OISy>Z Jobobm, CƒdJm©H$Sy>Z emofbm OmUmam gm_mÝÒZg_wXm` Ë`m§Zm {Xgbm. Vo ì`{WV Pmbo. Ym{_©H$ kmZ g§ñH¥$VmV Agë`mZo, kmZmdaAgUmar CƒdUu`m§Mr _ºo$Xmar _moSy>Z H$mT>m`Mo kmZXodm§Zr R>adbo Am{U JrVoMo VÎdkmZ_amR>rV AmUÊ`mMm g§H$ën Ë`m§Zr gmoS>bm. ZmWn§WmMr EH$mZo EH$mbm kmZ XoÊ`mMr na§nam_moSy>Z kmZXodm§Zr EH$mM doir gd© OZg_wXm`mbm kmZoœar EoH${dbr. eHo$ 1212 _Üò"kmZoœar" `m J«§WmMr aMZm Pmbr. g{ƒXmZ§X ~m~m `m§Zr ho boIZ Ho$bo.

`m nmR>monmR> A_¥VmZw^d, Mm§JXodnmgï>r, h[anmR>mMo A^§J B. aMZm kmZXodm§Zr Ho$ë`m.VrW©`mÌoZ§Va kmZXodmXr ^md§S>o Ami§Xrg naVbr. d`mÀ`m 21 ì`m dfu eHo$ 1218 _ÜòkmZXodm§Zr g§OrdZ g_mYr KoVbr. Ë`mZ§Va gmV _{hÝ`m§À`m H$mimV Ë`m§À`m ^md§S>m§ZrhrAmnbr BhbmoH$sMr `mÌm g§n{dbr. òWn`ªV AmnU kmZoœam§À`m OrdZàdmgmMm AmT>mdmKoVbm.


4.3 Amnbr àJVr Vnmgm.

1) dmaH$ar g§àXm`mMo AmamÜ`X¡dV ......................... hmo`.

1) am_ 2) e§H$a 3) nm§Sw>a§J

2) ......................... `m§Zr dmaH$arg§àXm` ñWmnZ Ho$bm.

1) VwH$mam_ 2) kmZoœa 3) Zm_Xod

3) kmZoœam§À`m d{S>bm§Mo Zmd H$m` ?

1) gmoZmon§V 2) {dÇ>bn§V 3) gy`©ZmamÙ

4) kmZoœam§À`m ~{hUrMo Zmd H$m` ?

1) _wº$m~mB© 2) OZm~mB© 3) gmonmZ

5) {Zd¥ÎmrZmW H$moUË`m n§WmVrb hmoVo.

1) XÎm 2) ZmW 3) g_W©

6) kmZoœarMo boIZ H$moUr Ho$bo ?

1) kmZoída 2) g{ƒXmZ§X ~m~m 3) {Zd¥ÎmrZmW

7) kmZoœam§Zr g_mYr H$Yr KoVbr ?

1) eHo$ 1218 2) eHo$ 1215 3)eHo$ 1600

4.4 kmZoídam§Mo H$m`©

kmZoídam§À`m H$m`m©Mo _yë`_mnZ H$aVmZm 13 ì`m eVH$mVrb _hmamîQ´>mÀ`m Ym{_©H$Am{U gm_m{OH$ n[apñWVrMm {dMma H$aUo Amdí`H$ R>aVo. VËH$mbrZ _hmamï´>mMm amOH$s`X¥ï>`m {dMma H$aVm AÚmn naY_r©`m§Mo AmH«$_U Ambobo ZìhVo. `mXd d§emVrb lram_M§ÐD$\©$ am_Xod amOm Xod{Jarbm amÁ` H$arV hmoVm. Ë`mÀ`m H$maH$sXuV g_¥Õr d g§nÞVm Zm§XVhmoVr. kmZoídam§Zr kmZoídarV Ë`mMm C„oI "Ý`m`mVo nmoIrV" Agm Ho$bm Amho.am_XodamdmÀ`m nXar _w»` H$ma^mar AgUmam ho_mSn§V gZmVZ {h§Xy Y_m©Mm nwañH$Vm© hmoVm.gmh{OH$M Ë`mZo {b{hboë`m "MVwd©J©{M§Vm_Ur" `m J«§WmV bhmZ-_moR>çm XmoZ hOma d«Vm§MmC„oI AmT>iVmo. `m{edm` lmÕ, àm`píMÎm, _whÿV© dJ¡ao Jmoï>tZmhr _hÎdmMo ñWmZ Amho. `mgw_mamg _hmamï´>mV ~m¡Õ, O¡Z, qbJm`V, _hmZw^md ho n§W ApñVËdmV hmoVo. H$mhr H$mi VobmoH${à` hmoVo. _hmZw^md n§WmMm {dñVmahr ~amM Pmbm. `m gdmªMm n[aUm_ åhUOo d¡{XH$Y_© {ZñVoO hmoD$ bmJbm. d¡{XH$ n§{S>V `k`mJ, d«Vd¡H$ë`, OnOmß`, OmaU-_maU AemH$_©H$m§S>mV ì`ñV hmoVo. gmh{OH$ AkmZr AgUmao gm_mÝ` OZ ZmZm VèhoMr d«Vo H$aÊ`mV_¾ hmoVo. H$maU Ë`m§Zm {Xem ZìhVr Am{U {Xem XmI{dUmao ñdV:Mo nmoQ> âÊ`mV _¾ hmoVo.d¡{XH$ Y_m©V {ó`m§Zm d eyÐm§Zm àdoe ZìhVm. Om{VôX d Cƒ-ZrMVm g_mOmV ImobdaéObr hmoVr.

Aem doir kmZoídam§Zr `m g_mOmbm {Xbobr {Xem A{Ve` _hÎdmMr R>aVo. _wimVkmZ KoÊ`mnmgyZ {H$ËòH$ df©o d§{MV Agboë`m g_mOmbm kmZmMr Xmao Iwbr H$aÊ`mMo H$m_kmZXodm§Zr Ho$bo. g§ñH¥$VmVrb kmZ gm_mÝ` OZm§Zm g_Oob Aem ^mfoV AmUë`m_wiohiyhiy g_mOmMo S>moio CKSy> bmJbo. OrdZmMo `WmW© Xe©Z Á`m ^JdX²>JrVo_Üò KS>Vo, VokmZ bmoH$m§Zm H$ibo. Amnë`m H$_©H$m§S>m§H$S>o Vo S>moignUo nmhÿ bmJbo. na_oída ^º$s {H$Vrgmonr Amho. Ho$di AkmZm_wio AmnU CƒdUr©`m§H$Sy>Z ZmJdbo OmV hmoVmo, \$gdbo OmVhmoVmo, `mMr OmUrd gd©M gm_mÝ` OZm§Zm hmoD$ bmJbr. OrdZmÀ`m Iè`m ñdê$nmMr AmoiIH$ê$Z XoD$Z, g_mOmbm gË`mÀ`m dmQ>oda MmbÊ`mg àd¥Îm H$aUo ho kmZoídam§Mo A{Ve`_hÎdmMo H$m`© Amho. ~{hUmB©Zo Ho$bobo dU©Z AJXr `WmW© Amho.

g§VH¥$nm Pmbr B_maV \$im Ambr &

kmZXodo a{Mbm nm`mŸ& C^m[abo Xodmb`m &

Zm_m V`mMm qH$H$aŸ& VoUo a{Mbo Vo Amdma &

OZmX©Z EH$ZmWmŸ& Im§~ {XYbm ^mJdV &

ŸVwH$m Pmbmgo H$igŸ& ÔZ H$am gmdH$me &

~{hUr åhUo \$SH$Vr ÜdOmŸ& {ZénUm Ho$bo dmoOm &

nwT>o VwH$mam_m§n`ªV ^mJdV Y_m©Mm Omo {dñVma Pmbm Ë`mMr _yi nm`mâUr kmZoídam§ZrHo$br. _whÿVm©Mm XJS> Á`mà_mUo bmdVmV Ë`mà_mUo g§nyU© _hmamï´>mbm EH$ doJir {Xem

> kmZXod/ 59

XoÊ`mgmR>r, ^mJdV Y_m©À`m gmÜ`m-gmoß`m ^{º$VÎdmMo XJS> aMbo. Ë`m nm`mda nwT>o^mJdV Y_m©Mr B_maV C^r am{hbr.

g_mOmV Y_©, g§ñH¥$Vr, gXmMma `m§Mm àgma H$aÊ`mMr H$m_{Jar `m g§àXm`mZo~Omdbr. {d{dY Xod-XodVm§Mr nyOm H$aÊ`mV ì`J« Agbobo bmoH$ EH$m P|S>çmImbr EH$ÌAmbo. EH$m {dÇ>bmbm Xod _mZyZ Ë`mMo Zm_ñ_aU H$aÊ`mMm gmonm _mJ© kmZXodm§Zr gm§{JVbm.gd© OmVrY_m©Mo bmoH$ `m dmar_Üò ZmMy-JmD$ bmJbo. Zm_Xodm§nmgyZ MmoImo~m§n`mªV dmaH$arg§àXm` ñdrH$maboë`m {d{dY OmVr Y_mªÀ`m g§Vm§_wio `mMr gmj nQ>Vo. EH$ àH$maMrgm_m{OH$ g_Vm àñWm{nV hmoÊ`mg `m_wio hmV^ma bmJbm. 13 ì`m eVH$mV gwê$ Pmbobrd AmOn`ªV AI§{S>VnUo Mmby Agbobr Vr EH$ Ym{_©H$ d gm_m{OH$ Midi Amho. {dÇ>bho AmamÜ` X¡dV Agbo Var BVa XodXodVm§Zm `m g§àXm`mZo ZmH$mabo Zmhr. CbQ> {dÇ>bmÀ`mê$nmV gd© Xodm§Zm nmhÊ`mMr EH$ {demb Ñï>r bmoH$m§Zm {Xbr. `m_wio gm_mÝ` bmoH$m§À`mAm`wî`mV KS>bobm _hÎdmMm ~Xb åhUOo OmV, dU©, Hw$i, ^mfm, dJ© `m§Vrb H$moUVrhrJmoï> na_oída ^º$sÀ`m AmS> òV Zmhr, ho bmoH$m§Zm g_Obo. ñdV: kmZoídam§Zrhr"Hw$iOmVrdU© ho AmKdo{M Jm AH$maU" Ago R>m_nUo gm§{JVbo. kmZoídam§Zr {dídmË_H$XodmH$S>o _m{JVbobo ngm`XmZ AË`§V _hÎdnyU© Amho. BVŠ`m bhmZ d`mV BVHo$ _moR>o H$m`©H$aUmao, g_mOmbm EH$g§Y R>odÊ`mgmR>r, gdmªZm gwI {_imdo Aer na_oídamH$S>o _mJUrH$aUmao kmZoída AmOÀ`m Y_mªY, OmVr` {df_VoÀ`m XheVdmXmÀ`m `wJmV XrnñV§^RaVmV. kmZoídam§Zr g§ñH¥$VmVrb kmZ gm_mÝÒZm§À`m ^mfoV AmUbo d {ejUmMr XmaogdmªZm Iwbr Ho$br.


4.4 Amnbr àJVr Vnmgm.

1) kmZoídam§À`m H$mimV _hmamï´>mV H$moUVr amOdQ> hmoVr?

1) `mXd 2) eH$ 3) hÿU

2) "MVwd©J©qMVm_Ur" J«§WmMm boIH$ H$moU?

1) ho_mS>n§V 2) {Zd¥ÎmrZmW 3) gmonmZ

3) kmZoídam§Zr H$moUË`m Y_m©Mr ñWmnZm Ho$br?

1) qhXy 2) ^mJdV 3) O¡Z

4) dmaH$ar g§àXm`mMo AmamÜ` X¡dV H$moUVo?

1) {dÇ>b 2) OJX§~m 3) e§H$a

5) kmZoída.......åhUyZ AmoiIbo OmVmV.

1) ~m~m 2) ^º$loð> 3) _mD$br

kmZoídam§Zr ^mJdV Y_m©Mm nm`m KmVbm. gd© Om{V-Y_m©À`m bmoH$m§Zm dmaH$arg§àXm`m§_Üò EH$Ì AmUbo.

4.5. kmZoídam§Mo dmL²>_`

4.5.1 kmZoídar

kmZoídarMr aMZm eHo$ 1212 (B.g.1290) _Üò JmoXmdarÀ`m H$mR>r Zodmgo òWo

lr_hmbgm _§{XamV Pmcr. kmZXodm§À`m dmUrVyZ PaUmao eãX g{ƒXmZ§X~m~m `m§Zr {chÿZKoVco. gd©gm_mÝ` bmoH$m§n`ªV kmZmMr J§Jm nmohmoMdyZ Ë`m§À`m Am`wî`mV Zdm àH$meAmUÊ`mMo H$m_ "kmZoídar" aMZoZo kmZXodm§Zr Ho$bo. kmZoídar hr ñdV§Ì à{V^m {XgyZ òVo.Varhr hr JrVmQ>rH$m ^mî`H$mam§Zm dmQ> nwgV aMbr Agë`mMo kmZXod ñnï> H$aVmV.kmZoídam§Zr JrVoMm Ho$di AW© Z gm§JVm Vr gmaê$nmZo gm§JyZ Ë`mda ñdV§Ì ^mî` Ho$bo Amho.åhUyZM kmZoídarbm "^mdmW©Xr{nH$m" Ago åhUVmV. kmZoída ho EH$ loð> VÎdk hmoVo.OrdZmH$S>o VQ>ñWnUo nmhÿ eH$Umè`m kmZoídam§Mr H$mì`à{V^mhr Abm¡{H$H$ hmoVr. åhUyZMVÎdkmZ Am{U H$mì` `m§Mm g§J_ Agbobr kmZoídar BVŠ`m eVH$mZ§Vahr loð>nXmdaam{hbr Amho. ^JdXJrVodarb, _amR>rVrb hr n{hbr Amodr~Õ Q>rH$m Amho. e§H$am{XdoXmÝVr,AmMm`© Xmgmon§V d dm_Z `m§gmaIo _amR>r n§{S>V H$dr, bmoH$_mÝ` {Q>iH$ d _hmË_m Jm§Yr`m§gmaIo amOH$maUr lr Aa{d§XmgmaIo `moJr S>°m. ^m§S>maH$a, S>°m. amYmH¥$îUZ²>, A°Zr ~oP§Q>,Jm~} d A°mQ>mo `m§gmaIo AmYw{ZH$ {M{H$ËgH$ B. bmoH$m§Zr JrVoda Q>rH$m {b{hë`m AmhoV. `mgdmª_Üò kmZoídar hr gd©loð> Q>rH$m Agë`mMm {Zdm©im am. {X. amZS>o `m§Zr Amnë`mJrVodarb J«§WmV {Xbm Amho.

kmZoídarMo A§Va§J :-

Jwé^º$s, lm¡V¥{dZ§Vr, ^mfm{^_mZ, JrVmñVwVr Am{U H¥$îUmOw©Zào_ ho kmZXodm§À`mAmdS>rMo {df` AmhoV. AmB©-d{S>bmZ§Va EH$ dS>rb-~§Yy åhUyZ {Zd¥ÎmrZmWm§Zr kmZoídam§MobmS> nwa{dboM na§Vw EH$ Jwê$ åhUyZ Vo kmZoœam§À`m öX`mV Zoh_r Cƒ ñWmZmda am{hbo.`mMm àË`` kmZoœarV {R>H${R>H$mUr òVmo. {Za{Zamù`m AÜ`m`m§À`m àmñVm{dH$ Am{Ug_mamonmË_H$ Amoì`m§n¡H$s EHy$U AS>rMeo Amoì`m kmZoídam§Zr JwéñVwVrna aMë`m AmhoV. Jwê$hr `moJgwImMo gmohio nwa{dUmar, gmYH$m§Mr _mD$brM AgyZ, {VÀ`m "nmD$br gmañdV{nH$V" Agë`mZo {VMr gmdbr H$Xm{n Z gmoS>Ê`mMm kmZXodm§Mm {ZíM` òWo {XgVmo.J«§WaMZogmR>r Amnë`mbm bm^bobr eãXg¥ï>r, dº¥$ËdJwU Jwê$_wio bm^ë`mMo Vo gm§JVmV.

kmZXod åhUo,

_r MmS>oŸ& gX²Jwê§$Zr Ho$bo H$moS>o

_mWm hmV R>o{dbm Vo \w$S>| & ~rO{M dmBbo Ÿ&&

åhUC{Z òUo§ _wIo Oo Oo {ZKo Ÿ&

Vo g§Vm§À`m öX`r gqM{M bmJo Ÿ&&

gX²Jwê§$Zr _mÂ`m _ñVH$mda hmV R>odyZ _moR>m M_ËH$ma Ho$bm. Vo åhUVmV, "AdYmZXoD$Z _mPo H$WZ EoH$boV Va AmnU gd© gwImg nmÌ ìhmb" Aer CKS> à{Vkm kmZoída

> kmZXod/ 61

lmoË`m§g_moa H$aVmV. gy`©, AmB©-dS>rb, g§V, b{S>dmimMo bio, gwIm_¥VmMo S>moh AemAZoH$ Cn_m XoD$Z Vo lmoË`m§àVr AgUmam Z_«^md ì`º$ H$aVmV. lmoË`m§dmMyZ dº$m Zmhrhm {dídmg Ë`m§À`m Vm|Sy>Z dma§dma ì`º$ Pmbm Amho.

gd©gm_mÝ`m§H$[aVm JrVmgma bmoH$^mfoV AmUUmè`m kmZoídam§Zr _amR>rMm gmW©A{^_mZhr kmZoídarV {R>H${R>H$mUr ì`º$ Ho$bm Amho.

_mPm _èhmQ>m{M ~mobw H$d{VHo$ Ÿ&

n[a A_¥VmV|{h n¡Oogr qOHo$ Ÿ&&

_amR>r A_¥Vmnojm agmi Agë`mMr Aer ½dmhr XoD$Z kmZoída Vr gmW© R>adVmV.

H¥$îUmOw©ZmMo _wimVrb ào_ JrVo_Yo Jwé- {eî`mV n[aUV Pmbo. àíZH$Vm© AOw©Z Am{UË`mMo _ZmoJV AmYrM OmUV Agbobm H¥$îU `m§À`mVrb ào_ dU©Z H$aVmZm kmZoídam§À`mdmUrbm A{YH$ agmiVm òVo. H¥$îUmO¥©Z g§dmXm_Üò {dMmaUmam Am{U gm§JUmam EH$ hmoD$ZOmVmV. _yi JrVoV "AOw©Z CdmM" d "^JdmZ CdmM" EdT>oM eãX AmhoV. kmZoídarV{XgUmao H¥$îUmOw©Z ào_ kmZoœam§À`m à{V^meº$sVyZ CVabo Amho. H¥$îUmOw©Zm§À`m {Z{_ÎmmZo VoAmnbm d Jwê$ {Zd¥ÎmrZmWm§Mm {OìhmimM OUy dU©Z H$aVmV.

kmZoídarV eãXg¥ï>rà_mUo à{V_mg¥ï>rhr {dñV¥V, {d{dY d g_¥Õ Amho. òWo Cn_mÑï>m§VZoh_r _mbmñdê$nmV òVmV. CXm -

CÎm_mV| Y[aOo Ÿ& AY_mVo Aìho[aOo

ho H$hrMr Zo{UOo dgwYm Oo{d Ÿ&&

Ë`m§À`m Cn_mZ Cn_o`m§V q~~à{Vq~~^md A{YH$ Agë`mZo Ë`m§À`m Cn_m Ñï>m§VmnmgyZdoJù`m H$mT>Uo H$R>rU hmoVo. 7 ì`m AÜ`m`mVrb _m`mZXrMo, 15 ì`mVrb JwényOoMo, 13ì`mVrb nwéfàH¥$VrMo, 18 ì`mVrb JrVmàmgmXmMo Am{U 16 ì`mVrb {MËgy`m©Mo hr ê$nHo$kmZoídam§À`m à{VôMr, H$ënZmMmVw`m©Mr Am{U ^mfmà^wËdmMr ÚmoVH$ AmhoV.

nwT>o EH$ZmWm§Zr aMbobm AmÜ`mpË_H$ ê$nH$ nÕVrMm nm`m kmZoídam§ZrM KmVbm hmoVm.ì`{VaoH$, AZÝd`, CËàojm, AnÝhþVr, A{Ve`moº$s Ago AZoH$ Ab§H$ma kmZoídarV AmhoV.VËH$mbrZ ì`mnma, CÚmoJY§Xo, eoVr^mVr, Am{Yì`mYr, arVr^mVr, b¾oH$m`}, OodUrImUr,nmhþUoamdio Aem {d{dY gm_m{OH$ AmMma{dMmam§Mr _m{hVrhr òWo {_iVo.

åhUC{Z ^maVr Oo Zmhr Ÿ& Vo Zmoho{M bmoH$s {Vhr

òUo H$maUo åh{Uò nmhr Ÿ& ì`mgmo{N>ï> OJ_` Ÿ&&

Ago åhUyZ kmZoída _m{_©H$nUo _hm^maVmMo JwUdU©Z H$aVmV. Ë`m§Zm doXm§nojm JrVmA{YH$ loð> dmQ>Vo. H$maU doXm§À`m nwT>o OmD$Z JrVoZo Ì¡d{U©H$m§~amo~a ór-eyÐm§Zmhr gm_mdyZKoVbo Amho. kmZoídarV {d{dY agm§Mr XmQ>r Amho; na§Vw em§Vag hm {VMm Jm^m Amho.e¥§JmamÀ`m _mWm Vmo nm` R>odVmo. H¥$îU-AOw©Z-Y¥Vamï´>-g§O` `m§Mr ì`{º${MÌo ~marH$Vn{ebmgh kmZXod aoImQ>VmV.


kmZoídarÀ`m eodQ>r òUmao ngm`XmZ kmZoídam§À`m ì`mnH$ OrdÑï>rMo d Ë`m§À`m_ZmVrb {dídmË_H$ ^mdmMo CÎm_ Xe©Z KS>{dVo. "AmVm {dœmË_Ho$ Xodo" Ago åhUyZ gdmªÀ`mgd© BÀN>m nyU© H$aÊ`mMr {dZ§Vr na_oídamH$S>o Vo H$aVmV. VËH$mbrZ g_mOmV ñdV:Mo nmoQ>âÊ`mV _¾ Agboë`m n§{S>Vm§Zm, Ë`mM~amo~a A§YnUmZo ñdV:Mo gwI {_idÊ`mgmR>rYS>nS>Umè`m gm_mÝ` OZVobm kmZoídam§Zr EH$ _moR>m {dMma ngm`XmZmVyZ {Xbm. åhUyZMkmZoídarÀ`m aMZoZo dfm©Zwdf} bmoH$m§Zm _mJ©XeH$ R>aUmam EH$ XrnñV§^ {Z_m©U Pmbm AgoåhUVm òB©b. `mdê$Z Aënm`wî`mV kmZoídam§Zr Ho$boë`m gm§ñH¥${VH$, dmL²>_`rZ dgm_m{OH$ H$m`m©Mr H$ënZm òVo.

kmZoídarVrb H$mì`

kmZoídarMm Aä`mg H$aVmZm, kmZoídarVrb H$mì`^mfoMm doJim {dMma H$aUoAmdí`H$ Amho. kmZoídar {bhÿZ kmZXodm§Zr _amR>rVrb H$mì` {dMmam§Mmhr nm`m KmVbm AgoåhUmdo bmJVo. Ë`m§À`m ZmJa-nX-~§YmË_H$ aMZo_wio ^mfobm J«m§{WH$ à{Vð>m {_imbr.kmZoídam§Zr nyd©gwatà_mUo H$moUVohr nwamUm»`mZ Z {ZdS>Vm ^JdX²JrVogmaIm {df`{ZdS>bm. Ë`mVhr H¥$îUmMm M[aÌJm¡ad Z _m§S>Vm, Ë`mMo VÎdkmZ gmoß`m ^mfoV AmUÊ`mMoR>a{dbo. hr Jmoï>M bjmV KoÊ`mgmaIr Amho. JrVoVrb A_yV© AqV{Ð` VÎdkmZ B§{Ð`m§H$adr^moJÊ`mgmR>r Ë`m§Zm _yV© H$am`Mo hmoVo. eãXm§Mo {XgUmao, dmÀ` AgUmao ê$n ho Ho$di EH$Q>a\$b AgVo. Ë`mÀ`m AmVM ì`§½`mW© qH$dm Iam AW© XS>bobm AgVmo. Vo Q>a\$b\$moS>ë`m{edm` AmVbm ag àmeZ H$aVm òV Zmhr. ho gm§JVmZm kmZoída åhUVmV-

"AmhmM ~mobmMr dmbrMr dmbr\$ \o${S>Oo & Am{U ~«÷m{M`m{M Am§Jm K{S>Oo Ÿ&

_J gwI|gr gwIm{S>ò Ÿ& gwIm{M _mOr Ÿ&&

~møV: M_ËH¥$Vr`wº$ Am{U A§Va§JmVhr d¡{eîQ>çnyU© Am{U CX²~moYH$ Aer aMZm kmZoídaH$aVmV. `mMo CXmhaU åhUOo lrH¥$îU - nm§S>d g§~§YmVrb nm§S>dm§Mo ^m½` ñnï> H$aVmZm VoåhUVmV.

"Xod{H$`m§ CXar dm{hbmŸ& èmoXm gm`mgo nm{ibm Ÿ&

H$s eoIr Am`Vm CnoJm Jobm & nm§S>dmgr &'

`m Amodr_wio H¥$îUmÀ`m ZmQ>çnyU© M[aÌmda àH$me Va nS>VmoM; na§Vw _mZdr OrdZmVrb H$mhrgËò ÑJmoMa hmoVmV.

^mfoV Zoh_r dmnamV òUmao eãX A{Vdmnam_wio Zrag dmQy> bmJVmV; na§Vw VokmZoídam§À`m boIZmV A{YH$ AW©dmhr, AW©J^© ~ZyZ OmVmV. CXm. H$_b-^¥§JÝ`m` hmgd©gm_mÝ`nUo ^moJbmobwnVoMo àVrH$ åhUyZ dmnabm OmVmo. _H$a§X godZmgmR>r H$_imV

kmZXod/ 63

kmZoídar hr ^JdX²JrVodarb _amR>>rVrb n{hbr Amodr~Õ Q>rH$m Amho. JrVoVrb_yi gmVeo ûcmoH$m§da gw_mao ZD$ hOma Amoì`m§Mo ^mî` òWo Ho$bo Amho.

àdoe Ho$boë`m ^¥§Jmbm g§Ü`mH$mi Ho$ìhm Pmbr `mMo ^mZ amhmV Zmhr. Ë`m_wio H$_bXbm§_ÜòH$m|S>bm OmVmo ho CXmhaU kmZoídam§Zr doJù`m AWm©Zo dmnabo Amho. JrVoÀ`m n{hë`mAÜ`m`mV Hw$éjoÌmda `wÕmH$[aVm g‚m Pmboë`m AOw©ZmÀ`m _ZmV {Z_m©U Pmbobr Kmb_ob{MVmaÊ`mgmR>r kmZXod åhUVmV,

"OoUo aUr e§H$é qO{Vbm Ÿ& H¥$Vm§Vw AmH$Um KmVbm Ÿ&

Vmo AOw©Z _moho H$d{ibm Ÿ& jUm_mPmar Ÿ&&

O¡go ^«_é V[a ôXo H$m|S>| Ÿ& ^bV¡go H$mð> H$moaS>| Ÿ&

n[a H${bHo$_mqO gmnS>o Ÿ& H$mod{bò Ÿ&

kmZoídar hr Ho$di JrVoMr Q>rH$m Zmhr Va Vo Aà{V_ ^mî`H$mì` Amho. pñWVàk, kmZr^º$, CÎm_ ^º$ `m g§H$ënZm kmZoœarV OUy ì`{º$ê$no KoD$Z AdVaë`m AmhoV. Jwéd§XZoAm{U JwéñVdZo hr CËH¥$îQ> ^mdH$mì`mMr CXmhaUo AmhoV.

^mfm dmnaVmZmhr kmZXod doJdoJù`m àH$mao Vr dmH${dVmV. EImÚm _hÎdmÀ`m nXmda{dñVmamZo ^mî` H$aVmV. Va H$Yr EImÚm nXg_wƒ`mda qH$dm EImÚm ûcmooH$mda ~mobVmV;nU lmoË`m§À`m g§doXZm§Zm AmdmhZ H$aÊ`mMr j_Vm `m ^mfoV nyUmªemZo Amho. hr ^mfmà{V_m§Mr Amho. EImXm kmVm Amnë`m nmM kmZ|{Ð`m§Zr H$gm AZw^d KoVmo Vo gm§JÊ`mgmR>r,Ordê$nr kmË`mda gy`©q~~mMm, kmZ|{Ð`m§da Ë`mÀ`m {H$aUm§Mm Am{U ko` {df`mda nÙmMmAmamon Vo H$aVmV.

V[a Ordgy`©q~{~Mo & Oo apí_ lmoÌm{XH$s nm§MoŸ&

Ymdm¡{Z {df`nÙmMo & \$mo{S>{V _X &&

kmZXodm§Mr _amR>r ^mfm AemgmR>r _amR>r Amho H$s H$YrH$Yr EH$hr VËg_ eãXmMm dmnaZ H$aVm Vo _amR>r Amodr {b{hVmZm {XgVmV.

~miH$m§Vo dmoago Ÿ& _mò OodC§ ~¡go &

Voìh{i Vo`m R>mH${V V¡go Ÿ& Km§g H$ar &&

Am{U ~mnw nwT>m§ Omò Ÿ& XoIm§ CMbVm nm`| Ÿ&

Am{U ~miH$ hiy hiy ò Ÿ& V[a Vo§ Z ndmo H$mBŸ&

_amR>r ^mfoVrb H$mo_bVm, agËd, ZmX_mYw`©, g§doXZerb nXaMZoVrb {d{eï>Vm,ì`§OH$Vm B. gd© {deof kmZoídam§À`m boIUrVyZ {gÕ hmoVmV.

AemàH$mao _hm^maVmMo à{Vê$n Agbobr JrVm g_moa R>odyZ kmZoídam§Zr _amR>r_mUgm§Zm {Za{Zamù`m Jmoï>r gm§JyZ OmUVo H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm Amho. EH$àH$mao _amR>rg§ñH¥$VrMr nm`mâUr Ho$br Amho. nU hr Ho$di {df`mMr V{H©$H$ _m§S>Ur ZgyZ ^mfoMm ghOgw§Xa Am{dîH$ma Amho.


4.5.2 A_¥VmZw^d :-

"kmZoídar" {bhÿZ Pmë`mZ§Va ñdV§Ì J«§WmMr aMZm H$aÊ`mMr BÀN>m {Zd¥{ÎmZmWm§Zrì`º$ Ho$br. Ë`m_wio kmZoídam§Zr "A_¥VmZw^dmMr" aMZm Ho$br. Ë`mMm aMZmH$mi eHo$1214 (B. g. 1292) À`m Amgnmg Agmdm. `m J«§Wmdahr AZoH$ Q>rH$m {b{hë`m Joë`m.n¡H$s B. g. 1635 _Üò {edH$ë`mUm§Zr {b{hbobr Amodr~Õ Q>rH$m " "{ZË`mZ§X¡Š`Xr{nH$m"`m ZmdmZo à{gÕ Amho.

A_¥VmZw^dm_Üò {edeº$s¨Mo EoŠ`, eãX_§S>Z, AkmZmMm Am{U eodQ>r kmZmMmhr{Zamg, ñ\y${V©dmX, {díd {gÕm§V B. {df` ñWyb_mZmZo Ambo AmhoV. gZmVZna_mË_VÎdmMm kmÝ`mMm AÛ¡VmZw^d `m J«§WmV Amho. AmnU H$arV Agbobm dm½`k Ho$dina_mW© gwImñVd Agë`mMo kmZXod gm§JVmV.

Ed§ Xoemon[ZfXo Ÿ& nwT>mam§ Z T>iVr nT>o Ÿ&

XoImo{Z ~wS>r ~moYo Ÿ& òWo{M {XYbr Ÿ&&

(A_¥VmZw^d 101 Vo 118)

darb dMZm§VyZ kmZoídam§Mr Anyd© Jwé^º$s, Ë`m§Mm {dZ`, AmË_àË`` Am{U dº¥$ËdàË``mg òVo. A_¥VmZw^dmV Ñï>m§VmMr ~hma Amho.

`m J«§WmV kmZoídam§Zr {gÕmZwdmX Ho$bm Amho. {gÕ åhUOo ñdV:{gÕ {ÌH$mbm~m{YVdñVy. `m J«§WmMr ~¡R>H$ emór` J«§WmMr Amho. {df`mMr ì`már bjmV KoVm EHo$H Jmoï> ñnï>

kmZXod/ 65


1) kmZoídarMr aMZm eHo$ .................. gmbr Pmbr.

1) 1216 2) 1212 3) 1200

2) kmZoídar hm .................. Mm ^mdmW© Amho.

1) ^JdX²JrVm 2) am_mÙ 3) _hm^maV

3) kmZoídarV {R>H${R>H$mUr .................. ^mfoMm A{^_mZ ì`º$ Pmbm Amho.

1) g§ñH¥$V 2) doXH$mbrZ 3) _amR>r

4) JrVoZo .................. Zm gm_mdyZ KoVbo Amho.

1) d[að>m§Zm 2) gdUmªZm 3) ór-eyÐm§Zm

5) .................. CXar dm{hbm Ÿ& èmoXm gm`mgo nm{ibm Ÿ&

1) èmoXm 2) Xod{H$`m§ 3) Z§X

H$aV kmZXodm§Zr A§{V_ {gÕm§V ñnï> Ho$bm Amho. Varhr AmË_mZw^dmMo ^mZ amIbo Jobo Amho.

O`m EHo$ gÎmoMo ~¡gUo & XmoKm§ EH$m àH$memMo boUoŸ&

Oo AmZmXr EH$nUo Ÿ& Zm§XVr XmoKo &

{ed Am{U eº$s `m§À`m, åhUOoM nwéf Am{U àH¥$Vr `m§À`m àrVrMo, ào_brboMo {Od§V,agnyU© {MÌ kmZoída aoImQ>VmV.

Xwgè`m àH$aUmV lrJwê§$Mo åhUOo {Zd¥{ÎmZmWm§Mo Z_Z H$aVmV.

kmZ Am{U AkmZ `m Jmoï>r eãXm§er {ZJ{S>V AgVmV. nU eãX ì`W© AgVmV Ë`m_wioeãX ZmhrV ho Á`mbm H$iVo Ë`mbm {MX²ñdê$nr EH$ hmoUo eŠ` ~ZVo.

Ed§ eãX¡H$OrdZo Ÿ& ~mnwS>r§ kmZo AkmZo&

gmMnU| dZ| Ÿ& {MÎmtMr O¡erŸ&&

hm ghmì`m àH$aUmMm _{WVmW© Amho. àH¥${V-nwéfm§À`m g§gma H«$sS>onmgyZ gwê$ PmbobodU©Z {gÕnwéfm§À`m OrdZamhUrÀ`m dU©ZmZo `m J«§WmMm {df` nyU© hmoVmo. kmZ _mÌ,ñd`§àH$mer ñdV: {gÕ Agboë`m AmË_ñdê$nmMo d Ë`mÀ`m A_¥VmZw^dmMo ê$n {deXH$aUmam hm J«§W Amho. eodQ>r OrdZ _wº$s hmM `mMm hoVy Amho.

kmZXod åhUo lr_§VŸ& ho J«§W AZw^dm_¥VŸ&

gody{Z OrdÝ_wº$ Ÿ& h|{M hmoVw Ÿ&&

4.5.3 Mm§JXodnmgï>r

"Mm§JXodnmgï>r" ho EH$ àmg§{JH$ àH$aU Amho. Ë`mMr aMZm Ami§Xrg eHo$ 1216(B.g.1294) À`m Amgnmg Pmbr Agmdr. VmnrVrar amhUmao _hmZ hR>`moJr Mm§JXod `m§ZrkmZoídam§Mr H$rVu EoHy$Z Ë`m§Zm EH$ nÌ nmR>{dbo. AZw^dmZo kmZoída Wmoa Agbo Var d`mZoVo bhmZ Agë`m_wio Ë`m§Zm "Amerdm©X" qH$dm VrW©ê$n `mn¡H$s H$moUVm _m`Zm {bhmdm AgmàíZ Mm§JXodm§Zm nS>bm. `m g§e`mV Mm§JXodm§Zr H$mhrM Z {b{hVm EH$ H$moao nÌ nÌkmZoídam§H$S>o nmR>dyZ {Xbo. Vo nÌ nmhÿZ "Mm§JXod BVH$s df} OJyZhr H$moam Vmo H$moamM" Ago_wº$m~mB© CnhmgmZo åhUmbr. na§Vw "Mm§JXodmMo A§Va§J H$moao d ñdÀN> Amho" Ago CÒma{Zd¥{ÎmZmWm§Zr H$mT>bo. Ë`m§À`mM AmkoZo kmZXodm§Zr 65 Amoì`m§Mo CÎma "Mm§JXodnmgï>r" À`mê$nmZo Mm§JXodm§Zm nmR>{dbo Am{U Ë`m§Zm nyU©~moY Ho$bm. hm J«§Whr ñdmZw^dna Agë`mZoË`mVrb {ddoMZhr ~hþVm§er kmZmÀ`m ^y{_Ho$dê$Z Ho$bobo Amho. `m nÌ Amho. EH$m amO`mo½`mZoEH$m hR>`mo½`mbm {b{hbobo ho nÌ Amho. `m nÌmV "ñdpñV lrdQ>oew" Agm _m`Zm {bhÿZ,Am¡nMm[aH$ àñVmd Z H$aVm kmZoídam§Zr gai {dMma_m§S>Urg gwédmV Ho$br Amho.


kmZoídam§Zr {b{hbobm 804 Amodrg§»òMm "A_¥VmZw^d' hm ñdV§Ì J«§W Amho.

àJQ>o V§d V§d Z {Xgo Ÿ& bno V§d V§d Am^mgoŸ&

àJQ> Zm bnbm Ago Ÿ& Z Imo_Vm Omo Ÿ&& (Mm§JXodnmgï>r 2)

`m AmË_mZmË_{dMmamnmgyZ kmZXod àma§^ H$aVmV. kmZXod Am{U Mm§JXod, qH$dm _rAm{U Vy `mVrb EoŠ`à{VnmXZmMo H$m¡eë` Anyd© Ago Amho. `m nmgï> Amoì`m åhUOo OUyEH$ Amagm Amho. Omo H$moUr Ë`mV Amnbo à{Vq~~ nmhrb Ë`mbm AmnU Am{U na_mË_ñdê$n`mVrb A{^ÞVm àVrV hmoB©b. Ago AmídmgZ kmZoída XoVmV.

"{VWo nar Oo B`m Xn©U H$arb Amo{d`m & Vmo AmË_m Ed{X`m Ÿ& {_iob gwImŸ&"

Zm_ê$nmXr CnmYtÀ`m nbrH$S>o Agbobo Amnbo Oo ñdê$n Amho VoM na_mË_mMo ñdê$nAmho. åhUyZ CnmYrVyZ _wº$ hmoD$Z AmnU na_mË_mñdê$n ìhmdo d gwI AZw^dmdo hoMm§JXodm§Zm Ho$boë`m CnXoemMo gma Amho.

kmZoídam§Zr Amnbr OrdZÑï>r `m J«§WmV nyU© ñdê$nmV WmoS>Š`mV _m§S>br Amho. Ë`m§À`mboIr AmË_Xe©Z hm gd©loð> `moJ Amho. Mm§JXodmbm, ñdV:bm AmoiIyZ g{ƒXmZ§Xñdê$nhmoÊ`mg kmZoída gm§JVmV.

Zmhr V|{M H$m` ZoUmo Ago & {Xgo V|{M H¡$go ZoUm| {Xg¡Ÿ&

Ago Vmo{M ZoUm| Amn¡go & V| H$s hmoB©OoŸ&&

H$mì` g§në`mda kmZoída \$blwVr gm§JVmV. Mm§JXodmbm CÔoeyZ Ho$bobo ho ^mîÀgbo Var g§nyU© _mZdOmV hr g§^«{_V AdñWoVrb Mm§JXodM AmhoV. AOw©ZmÀ`m {Z{_ÎmmZogm§{JVbr Jobobr ^JdX²JrVm Á`mà_mUo gd© àm{U_mÌm§gmR>r Amho Ë`mMà_mUo Mm§JXodnmgï>rhr gdmªgmR>r Amho. Mm§JXod d kmZoída `m§Zr AmË_¡Š`^mdmMo gwI Ogo AZw^dbo Vgo gwIgdmªZmM `m Amoì`m§Mm AW© g_OyZ KoUmè`m§Zm {_iob.

kmZXod/ 67


1) A_¥VmZw^dmMr Amodrg§»`m...............Amho.

1) 804 2) 800 3) 101

2) {edH$ë`mUm§Zr..............ZmdmMr Q>rH$m A_¥VmZw^dmda {b{hbr.

1) JrVmgma 2) Xr{nH$m 3) {ZË`mZ§X¡Š`Xr{nH$m

3) A_¥VmZw^dmMr ~¡R>H$............... J«§WmMr Amho.

1) emór` 2) H$bmË_H$ 3) Eo{Vhm{gH$

Mm§JXodm§gma»`m hR>`mo½`mbm 65 Amoì`m§_Üò kmZoídam§Zr Ho$bobm CnXoe åhUOoMm§JXodnmgï>r.

4.5.4 A^§JdmUr

kmZoídam§À`m CnbãY A^§Jm§Mr g§»`m gw_mao 765 Amho. A^§Jmgma»`m AmË_{Zð>

dmL²>_`àH$mamV Ë`m§À`m _ZmVrb CËH$Q> ^mdVa§J AZw^dm`bm {_iVmV. kmZoídarH$makmZXodm§nojm Ë`m§Mo {^Þ ì`{º$Ëd òWo {XgVo. bm¡{H$H$ OrdZmV CƒdJm©_Üò OÝ_mbmòD$Zhr g_mOmH$Sy>Z dmirV Q>mH$bo OmÊ`mMm {dXmaH$ AZw^d kmZoídamXr ^md§S>m§Zm hmoVm.bhmZd`mnmgyZM OZqZXm Ë`m§Zr gmogbobr hmoVr. AmB©-d{S>bm§Mo N>Ì hanë`mZ§§Va Ë`m§À`mdoXZm§_Üò â nS>br. na§Vw bm¡{H$H$ OrdZmV gVV à{VHy$b n[apñWVrer gm_Zm H$aVAgVmZmhr Ë`m§À`m A^§JmVyZ M[aÌmË_H$ Vnerb AmTiV ZmhrV. BWoM Ë`m§Mm _moR>onUm{XgyZ òVmo. OmUdboë`m na_VÎdmMm AZw^d Vo A^§JmÛmao ì`º$ H$aVmV. {dÇ>bôQ>rMrVi_i, {dÇ>bmMo ê$ndU©Z, Ë`mÀ`m ôQ>rZo Pmbobr _ZmMr Anyd© AmZ§XmdñWm, Ë`mÀ`mdarb^º$sZo Ë`m§Zm Ambobr nma_m{W©H$ àMrVr B. gd© Jmoï>tMo dU©Z kmZoída Amnë`m A^§Jm§VyZH$aVmV. gm_mÝ` _mUgmbm éMob Aem eãXm§V, H$mì`_` ^mfoV na_oídamn`ªV OmÊ`mMm_mJ© Vo AJXr ghO gm§JVmV. "Xodm{M`m Ûmar C^m jUârŸ& VoUo _wº$s Mmar gm{Yòë`m &'`m A^§Jmdê$Z Ë`mMr gmj nQ>Vo.

g§gmamÀ`m H$Q>H$Q>tZr ÌmgyZ Jobobo Oo gm_mÝÒZ na_oídambm àgÞ H$ê$ZKoÊ`mgmR>r H$_©H$m§S>m§À`m _mJo bmJVmV, Ë`m§Zm kmZoída gm§JVmV,

"EH$VÎd Zm_ ÑT> Yar _Zm & hargr H$éUm òB©b VwPr &

Vo Zm_ gmono ao, am_H¥$îU JmoqdXmŸ& dmMoer gXJX Ono AmYrŸ&'

Zm_Onmgma»`m AË`§V gmoß`m _mJm©Zohr na_oída àgÞ hmoVmo hr kmZoídam§Mr{eH$dU. na_oídamÀ`m gJwU-{ZJw©U ê$nm§Mo dU©Z Vo AZoH$Xm H$aVmV. "ê$n nmhVm

bmoMZrŸ& gwI Pmbo hmo gmOUr" hm Ë`m§Mm A^§J H$bmË_H$ gm¢X`m©Mm CËH¥$ï> Z_wZm Amho. "JwOJw{OV ê$n gm§dio gJwU

AZw^{dVm§ _Z doS>o hmo`Ÿ&

qH$dm


4) Mm§JXod nmgï>r `m J«§WmMr aMZm eHo$............À`m Amgnmg Pmbr.

1) 1200 2) 1216 3) 1300

5) Mm§JXod BVH$s df} OJyZhr H$moam Vmo H$moamM§ Ago................åhUmbr.

1) OZm~mB© 2) ~{hUm~mB© 3) _wº$mB©

6) ........... hm gd©loð> `moJ Amho.

1) AmË_gwI 2) AmË_¡Š` 3) AmË_Xe©Z.

nm§Sw>a§JH$m§Vr {Xì` VoO PiH$VrŸ&

aËZH$sim \$mH$Vr à^m Ÿ&

AJ{UV bmdÊ` VoO nw§OmiboŸ&

Z dU©do VoWrMr emo^mŸ&

H$mhr A^§Jm§VyZ kmZoída n§T>ar_mhmËå` dU©Z H$aVmV, "n§T>arMo dmQ>o AZ§V KS>Vr `mJ&d¡Hw§$R>rMo _mJ© VoUo g§JoŸ&' Agm {dídmg Ë`m§Zm dmQ>Vmo. ~mbH«$rS>oÀ`m A^§JmV H$ënÐþn,{Q>nar, nmiUm, Km|JS>r, h_m_m, \w$JS>r Aer {H$VrVar ê$nHo$ Ambr AmhoV.

KwimKwim dmOVr Q>miŸ& jUmjUm ZmX agmi&

CXmo Ombr nmhmbr doi & CR>m dmMo dXm Jmonmi?

H¡$gm dmgwXod ~mobVmo ~mob!

Ago Ë`m§Mm dmgwXod åhUVmo. AemàH$mao H$mhr doim Vo dmgwXod, nmB©H$, H$mnS>r, H$mdimAem ì`mdhm[aH$ KQ>H$mAmYmao na_mWm©Mm {dMma gm§JVmV.

"EH$Q> g§Jo {Q>nao doJo ÜdZr JJZr JmOo dmoŸ&

~mnaIw_mXodrda {Q>n[a dmO{V KmB© Om{b {Q>n[a`m OmoJr dmo &&

qH$dm

"kmZXod \w$JS>r ~mB© g§gma CKS>r'

Aer H$mhr CXmhaUo gm§JVm òVrb. kmZoídam§Zr Hy$Q> A^§Jm§Mr aMZmhr Ho$br Amho.

"H$m§Q>çmÀ`m AUrda dg{V VrZ JmdŸ&&

XmoZ AmogmS> EH$ dgo{M Zm

_m¡{IH$ ì`dhma {H$Vrhr Ho$bo Var Vo na_mWm©àmß` àVrMo hmoV ZmhrV. Ë`mMr CÎmao `mbm¡{H$H$ OJmV gmnS>V åhUyZ `m A^§JmÀ`m eodQ>r kmZoída åhUVmV.

kmZXod åhUo `mMm Vmo AZw^d gXJwédm§Mw{Z H$io{M Zm Ÿ&&

""Amaodar Ama ao, qnnimdar nma ao, Imbr Hw§$^ma dar MmH$ ^modo&

qH$dm

"qMMoÀ`m nmZr EH$ {edmb` C^{dboŸ&

AmYr H$igw _J nm`m ao &

hr AmUIr H$mhr CXmhaUo AmhoV.

kmZoídam§Zr aMboë`m {da{hÊ`m Ë`m§À`m H$bË_H$ g¡m§X`©Om{UdoMm Am{U ^mdmoËH$Q>VoMm

kmZXod/ 69

CÎm_ Z_wZm åhUmdm bmJob. {dÇ>bôQ>rMr AmV©Vm Am{U Ë`mÀ`m Xe©ZmZo _Zmbm Ambobrem§VVm `m A^§JmVyZ nwaonya ì`º$ hmoVo.

"n¡b Vmo Jo H$mD$ H$moH$VmhoŸ& eHy$Z Oo _mò gm§JVmho"

"KZw dmOo KwUKwUm & dmam dmho éUPwUmŸ&

gIò gma§JYê$ ôQ>dm H$mŸ&',

"jo_mbmJr Ord CVmdri _mPmŸ&

CMbmoZr Mmar ^wOm XoB©Z jo_Ÿ&'

qH$dm

~mn aIw_mXo{ddao bm{dòbo {ngoŸ&

H$éZr R>o{dbo Amn{U`m Eogo Jo _mòŸ&

Aem n§º$t_YyZ {dÇ>b^º$sMr AmV©Vm ì`º$ hmoVo.

^dVmaH$ hr H$mÝhm doJr ôQ>dm H$m

_O H$am H$m CnMmé

A{YH$ Vmn^é'

nS>bo Xya Xoer _O AmR>do _mZgrŸ&

ZH$mo ZH$mo ho {d`moJ H$ï> hmoVmVr {Odmgr?""

qH$dm

"_rnU _mPo hanbo & eoIr R>H${M {deoIr n{S>bo ~mB© ò"

H$m` gm§JAmo Vwåhm H¡$Mm hm Jmodiw & Z åhUo XrZdoiw Amåhm KarŸ&

qH$dm

"Ordm{M`m OrdmŸ& ào_^mdm{M`m ^mdmŸ&

VwOdmMyZ VS>\$S>Umar, {dÇ>bê$nmÀ`m Xe©Zm{edm` H$emVhr gwI Z _mZUmar hr{da{hUr åhUVo

H¥$îUo do{Ybr {da{hUr ~moboŸ& M§Ð_m H$arVmo C~mam Jo _mò &

Z bdm M§XZw Z Kmbm qdPUdmam & h[a{dUo eyÝ` eoOmé Jo _mò?

_mPo OrdrMo Vwåhr H$m dmo ZoUmŸ& _mPm ~{i`m Vmo n§T>aramUm dmo _mò &

kmZoídam§À`m `m {da{hÊ`m AmV© {dÇ>b^º$sMo {Od§V {MÌU H$aVmV. eodQ>r AmËå`mVMna_oída AmoiIÊ`mMm CnXoe kmZoída H$aVmV.


""{ZOr©dm XJS>m§Mr H$m` H$[agr godm Ÿ&

Vmo VwO {ZX}dm XoB©b H$m` ?

H$dUo JwUo ^wbr nS>br Jìhmam Ÿ&

VrWm©À`m _moham Zmoipídgr Ÿ&

Aï>moÎmoao VrW} O`mÀ`m MaUr Ÿ&

Vmo VwÂ`m öX`^wdZr AmË_mam_

Xod Odir AgVm Omgr AmVm VrWm© Ÿ&

_wH$bmgr AmVm åhUo kmZXodm Ÿ&

kmZoídam§À`m A^§JmMo dmaH$ar g§àXm`mV _hÎdmMo ñWmZ Amho. ÑH$ à{V_m§À`m `moOZoZoA^§JmVrb {MÌU S>moù`mnwT>o Cô amhmVo. `mVrb Üd{Zg§doXZmhr {VVH$sM _hÎdmMr Amho.dmÀ`mWm©nbrH$S>o OmD$Z AWm©À`m ZdZdrZ eŠ`Vm {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mMo gm_Ï`© `m A^§JmVAmho. ^{º$agmV ÝhmD$Zhr H$bmË_H$Vm OnUmao Am{U AqV{Ð`mnbrH$S>Mm AZw^d XoUmaoho A^§J R>aVmV. BVŠ`m dfmªZ§Vahr Vo bmoH${à` R>aVmV.

4.6 g_mamon

{dÚm{W©{_Ìm§Zmo, òWda AmnU kmZoídam§À`m H$m`m©Mm AmT>mdm KoVbm. 13 ì`meVH$m_Yrb gm_m{OH$ n[apñWVr bjmV KoVm ^mJdVY_m©Mo H$m`© _hÎdmMo R>aVo. `m ^mJdVY_m©Mm nm`m kmZoídam§Zr KmVbm. Ym{_©H$ nm`mâUrMo H$m_ Ë`m§Zr Ho$bo. Ë`mda Z§Va àM§S>

kmZXod/ 71

4.5 Amnbr àJVr Vnmgm

1) kmZoídam§Zr ........................ Mo A^§J {b{hbo.

1) JrVmnmR> 2) h[anmR> 3) H¥$îUZm_

2) "KZw dmOo KwUKwUm' hr ........................ `m§Mr {da{hUr hmo`.

1) kmZoída 2) EH$ZmW 3) VwH$mam_

3) "n¡b VmoJo H$mD$ H$moH$Vmho' hr ........................ Amho.

1) IoiJrV 2) h_m_m 3) {da{hUr

4) "nm§Sw>a§J H$m§Vr' `m A^§JmV ........................ Mo dU©Z Amho.

1){dÇ>b 2) JUnVr 3) e§H$a

B_maV C^r am{hbr. `m ^mJdV Y_m©Zo _hmamï´>mÀ`m gm_m{OH$, Ym{_©H$, gm§ñH¥${VH$ OrdZmVEH$ d¡Mm[aH$ OmJaU KS>dyZ AmUco. dmaH$ar g§àXm`mMr `m H$mimV {Z_m©U Pmbobr MidiAmOVmJm`mV gwê$ Amho. `m na§naoZo g_mOmbm ^º$sMr EH$ {ZpíMV {Xem {Xbr. `m nwT>rbàH$aUmV AmnU g§V Zm_Xodm§À`m H$m`m©Mm Aä`mg H$aUma AmhmoV. kmZoídam§Zr nm`mKmVboë`m ^mJdVY_m©Mm àgma Zm_Xodm§Zr g_W©nUo Ho$bm. Ë`m_wio kmZoídam§Z§Va Zm_Xodm§MoH$m`© nmhmUo _hÎdmMo R>aVo.

4.7 gmam§e

{dÚmWu {_Ìm§Zmo, OJmMr _mCbr R>aboë`m kmZXodm§À`m H$m`m©H$S>o ZOa Q>mH$br Va AgobjmV òVo H$s, 700 dfm©Z§Vahr _amR>r ^mfm g_W©nUo C^r Amho. `mMr _wio kmZXodm§Zr{b{hboë`m "kmZoœarV" gmnS>Vrb. EHy$UM A§Y ~Zboë`m Ak g_mOmcm ^º$sMr `mo½`dmQ> XmI{dÊ`mgmR>r kmZoœam§Zr ^mJdVY_m©Mm nm`m KmVcm. g§ñH¥$V JrVoVrc kmZgm_mÝ`m§gmR>r _amR>rV AmUbo. {dœmË_H$ XodmOdi gdmªgmR>r ngm`XmZ _m{JVbo. A{Ve`bhmZ d`mV Ë`m§À`mH$Sy>Z Pmbobo ho H$m`© M_ËH$ma dmQ>mdm AgoM Amho. AmOhr "kmZídar"Oer ^{º$^mdmZo ny{Obr OmVo, VerM ^mfoÀ`m gm_Ï`m©©gmR>rhr AmoiIbr OmVo A_¥VmZw^d,Mm§JXod nmgï>r, h[anmR>mMo A^§J, {da{hUr Aem {d{dY aMZm kmZXodm§Zr Ho$ë`m.g_mOmH$Sy>Z AdhobZm ghZ H$ê$Zhr "ho {díd{M _mPo Ka' åhUUmao kmZoœa åhUyZMOJmMr _mCbr ~Zy eH$VmV.


4.3

1) nm§Sw>a§J 2) kmZoída 3) {dÇ>bn§V

4) _wº$m~mB© 5) ZmW 6) g{ƒXmZ§X ~m~m

7) eHo$ 1218

4.4

1) `mXd 2) ho_mS>n§V 3) ^mJdV

4) {dÇ>b 5) _mD$br


4.5.1

1) eHo$ 1212 2) ^JdX²JrVm 3) _amR>r

4) ór eyÐm§Zm 5) Xod{H$`m§

4.5.3

1) 804 2) {ZË`mZ§X¡Š`Xr{nH$m 3) emór`

4) eHo$ 1216 5) _wº$m~mB© 6) AmË_Xe©Z

4.5.4

1) h[anmR> 2) kmZoída 3) {da{hUr

4) {dÇ>b

joÌr` H$m`©

Ami§Xr òWo OmD$Z kmZoœa g_mYr nmhm. _yi kmZoœar J«§WmMo AdbmoH$Z H$am.

>>***

kmZXod/ 73


A{YH$ {Q>nUmgmR>r

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àH$aU : 5

Zm_Xod

(A^§JJmWm, kmZoídaM[aÌ, g§§VM[aÌ,

^«_§Vr d ^mJdVY_m©Mm àMma)

5.0 C{ÔîQ>o

{dÚmWu {_Ìm§Zmo, kmZXodm§À`m H$m`m©Mm AmT>mdm KoVë`mZ§Va `m àH$aUmVZm_Xodm§À`m H$m`m©Mr _m{hVr KoUma AmhmoV. kmZoídam§Zr nm`m KmVcoë`m ^mJdV g§àXm`mMm{dñVma H$aÊ`mMo H$m_ Zm_Xodm§Zr Ho$co. ho àH$aU Aä`mgë`mZ§Va Vwåhmcm,

l Zm_Xodm§À`m ì`pŠVJV OrdZmMr AmoiI H$ê$Z XoVm òB©c.

l Zm_Xodm§À`m ^mJdV g§àXm`mÀ`m g§X^m©V Ho$cooë`m H$m`m©Mo _hÎd dU©Z H$aVm òB©c.

Zm_Xod / 75

5.0 C{ÔîQ>o

5.1 àmñVm{dH$

5.2 Zm_Xodm§Mo ì`pŠVJV OrdZ

5.3 ^mJdV g§àXm` Am{U Zm_Xodm§Mo H$m`©

5.4 Zm_Xodm§Mo dmL>²>_`

5.4.1 AmË_{ZdooXZna A^§J

5.4.2 kmZoídaM[aÌ, g§VM[aÌo

5.4.3 BVa aMZm

5.5 Zm_Xodm§À`m H$mì`mMr ^mfm

5.6 g_mamon

5.7 gmam§e

Amncr àJVr Vnmgm - CÎmao

l Zm_XodmÀ`m dmL>²>_`m~Ôc {c{hVm òB©c.

l Zm_Xodm§À`m H$mì`mMoo ^mfmgm¢X`§ dU©Z H$aVm òB©c.

5.1 àmñVm{dH$

kmZoídam§Zr nm`m KmVcoë`m ^mJdV g§àXm`mcm n§Om~n`ªV ZoD$Z nmohmoM{dÊ`mMo H$m`©Zm_Xodm§Zr Ho$co. Ë`mgmR>r H$sV©ZmgmaIo AË`§V à^mdr _mÜ`_ Ë`m§Zr dmnaco. Zm_mMo _hÎdË`m§Zr gm_mÝ` OZm§Zm nQ>dyZ {Xco. AË`§V ^mdnyU© eãXm§V Zm_Xodm§Zr g_mOmcm _mZdVm,^yVX`m, ào_^md, ^ŠVr {eH${dcr. gm_mÝ` OZm§À`m ^mfoV aMZm Ho$ë`mZo, cmoH$m§Zm Ë`m§À`maMZm Amnë`mem dmQ>ë`m. kmZoídam§Zr g_mYr KoVë`mZ§Vahr nÞmg df} _hmamîQ´>mV Am{U_hmamîQ´>m~mhoa Zm_Xodm§Zr ^mJdV Y_m©Mr nVmH$m \$S>H$V R>odcr. {dÇ>c^ŠVrMm JOaXw_Xw_V R>odcm.

5.2 Zm_Xodm§Mo ì`pŠVJV OrdZ

kmZoídam§Zr nm`m KmVcoë`m ^mJdVY_m©Mm àgma Am{U {dñVma H$aUmao g§V åhUOoZm_Xod. Ë`m§À`m OÝ_ñWimnmgyZ Vo M[aÌmn`ªV {d{dY _V_Vm§Vao AmT>iVmV._amR>dmS>çmVrc naÛr {OëømVrc Zagr-~m_Ur ho Zm_Xodm§Mo Jmd. Xm_meoQ> qenr Am{UnËZr JmoUmB© `m§À`m nmoQ>r Zm_Xodm§Mm OÝ_ Pmcm. AmD$~mB© hr Zm_Xodm§Mr ~hrU. Xm_meoQ> dJmoUmB© ho XmoKo {ed^ŠV hmoVo. Varhr n§T>arÀ`m dmarMm Ë`m§Mm Zo_ MwH$V Zgo. 1992* hmZm_Xodm§Mm OÝ_eH$ Amho. chmZnUr {dÇ>cmOdi n«gmX àmeZ H$aÊ`mMm hÅ> YaUmamZm_Xod nwT>o Ë`m {dÇ>cmÀ`m Zm_mMm àgma H$aUmam EH$ _hÎdmMm g§V R>acm. Amd§T>çmZmJZmWmÀ`m Xe©Zmcm OmÊ`mMm Ë`mMm Zo_ hmoVm. ^pŠV_mJm©Vrc gd© AS>MUtda _mV H$ê$ZVmo {dÇ>cmMm na_^ŠV Pmcm. naÛr {OëømVrcM J§JmIoS> `m JmdmVrc X_m Am{U H$é§S>`m OmoS>ß`mMr _wcJr OZm~mB©hr Zm_Xodm§gmo~V Ë`m§À`m Kar dmT>V hmoVr. H$maU OZm~mB©cmXm_meoÅ>rcm XoÊ`m{df`rMm ÑîQ>m§V {dÇ>cmZo X_mcm {Xcm hmoVm. _wimV KamVna_oída^ŠVrMm dmagm Agë`mZo, Zm_Xodm§Zm Ë`mMr JmoS>r n{hë`mnmgyZ hmoVr. 11 ì`mdfu Ë`m§Mm amOmB© JmoqdXamd gXmdV} `m _wcrer {ddmh Pmcm; nU Ë`m§À`m {dÇ>c^ŠVrVOamhr A§§Va nS>co Zmhr. ÔZ-nyOZ, H$sV©Z, Zm_On `m§_ÜòM Vo ì`J« am{hco.kmZoídam§Zr g_mYr KoVë`mZ§Va Zm_Xod CÎmaoH$S>o Joco. n§Om~mV 18 df} Ë`m§Zr ^mJdVY_m©Mm àgma Ho$cm. EHy$U 80 dfmªMo Am`wî` Ë`m§Zm {_imco. n§Om~mV AgVmZmXohg_mßVrMm H$mi Odi Amë`mMr OmUrd Ooìhm Ë`m§Zm Pmcr, Voìhm Vo n§T>anyacm naVAmco. eHo$ 1272 _Üò {dÇ>bmÀ`m MaUm§da Ë`m§Zr Xoh R>odbm. {dÇ>bmÀ`m Xe©Zmbm òUmè`mg§Vm§À`m nm`YwirMm Amnë`mbm ñne© ìhmdm, Aer Zm_Xodm§Mr BÀN>m hmoVr. Ë`m_wion§T>anyabm {dÇ>b _§{XamÀ`m _hmÛmamVrb n{hë`m nmàrImbr Ë`m§Mr g_mYr ~m§YÊ`mVAmbr.

Zm_Xodm§Zm Ambobr na_oœamMr àMrVrhr bjmV KooÊ`mgmaIr Amho. Zm_Xodm§Mo gd© Hw$Qw>§~M


{dÇ>b^º$sV a__mU Pmbobo hmoVo. Ë`m§À`mH$Sy>Z H$mì`{Z{_©Vrh§r Pmbr Amho. EH$Xm Zm_XodAmi§Xrbm {Zd¥ÎmrZmW d kmZXodm§Zm ôQ>m`bm Jobo. {Zd¥ÎmrZmW d kmZXod `m§Zr Ë`m§ZmZ_ñH$ma Ho$bm, Ë`m doir Ë`m§Zr CcQ>m Z_ñH$ma Ho$bm Zmhr. H$maU kmZoœa Amnë`mnojmd`mZo bhmZ AmhoV Am{U AmnU Zoh_r XodmÀ`m Odi amhVmo, åhUyZ {Zd¥ÎmtZr Amnë`mbmZ_ñH$ma Ho$bm, Ago Ë`m§Zm dmQ>bo. Ë`m doir "AI§S> O`mbm XodmMm eoOmaŸ& H$m§ ao Ah§H$maZmhr JobmŸ' Aem eãXm§V _wº$m~mB©Zo Ë`m§Mr H$mZCKmS>Ur Ho$br. {Zd¥ÎmrZmWm§Zr Ë`m§Zm Jwê$H$ê$Z KoÊ`mMr gyMZm {Xbr. Vr EoHy$Z Vo Am¢T>çm ZmJZmWbm Jobo. {VWo {dgmo~m IoMa ZmdmMoÒwd}Xr ~«m÷U XodimV Xodmda nm` R>odyZ {Zdm§V Pmonbobo Ë`m§Zm {Xgbo. Zm_Xodm§Zr Ë`m§Zmnm` ~mOybm KoÊ`mg gm§{JVbo. Voìhm "XodmdrU R>md [aVm H$moR>o AmhoŸ& {dMmamoZr nmhoZm_XodmŸ&' Ago åhUyZ {dgmo~m§Zr nwÝhm EH$Xm Zm_Xodm§Mo S>moio CKS>bo. Amnbr MyH$ bjmVòD$Z Zm_Xodm§Zr {dgmo~m§Zm Jwê$ _mZbo. {dgmo~m§Zr Ë`m§Zm B©œamÀ`m ì`mnH$ËdmMo kmZ {Xbod nm§Sw>a§JmMr ^º$s H$aÊ`mMm CnXoe Ho$bm. bhmZnUmnmgyZ na_oœamÀ`m gm{ÞÜ`mVghOnUo am{hboë`m Zm_Xodm§Zmhr JwéôQ>rZ§VaM B©œaàmár Pmbr. Ë`mZ§Va {dÇ>bmÀ`m^º$sgmR>r eVH$moQ>r A^§J H$aÊ`mMm {Zü` Ho$bm. gJwU ^º$sbm {ZJw©U Ü`mZmMr OmoS>{_imë`mZo, Zm_g§H$sV©ZmÛmao {dÇ>b^º$sMm àgma H$aÊ`mMo _moR>o H$m`© Ë`m§À`m hmVyZ KS>bo.

Zm_Xod / 77


1) Zm_Xodm§À`m d{S>bm§Mo Zmd ............................. hmoVo.

1) Xm_meoQ>r 2) ~moëhmo~m 3) gy`©ZmamÙ

2) Zm_Xodm§À`m ~{hUrMo Zmd ............................. hmoVo.

1) OZm~mB© 2) ~{hUm~mB© 3) AmD$~mB©

3) OZm~mB©À`m AmB©Mo Zmd ............................. hmoVo.

1) H$é§S> 2) épŠ_Ur 3) JmoUmB©

4) Zm_Xodm§À`m nËZrMo Zmd .............................. hmoVo.

1) JmoUmB© 2) amOmB© 3) ê$nmB©

5) ............................. ho Zm_Xodm§Mo Jwê$.

1) {Zd¥ÎmrZmW 2) kmZoœa 3) {dgmo~m IoMa

6) Zm_Xodm§Zr ............................. A^§J {b{hÊ`mMm {Zü` Ho$bm.

1) hOma 2) eVH$moQ>r 3) e§â

7) Zm_Xodm§Mm _¥Ë`y H$Yr Pmbm?

1) eHo$ 1272 2) eHo$ 1200 3) eHo$ 1228

kmZoœam§Zr nm`m KmVboë`m ^mJdV Y_m©Mm àgma Am{U {dñVma H$aUmaog§V åhUOo Zm_Xod.

5.3 ^mJdV g§àXm` Am{U Zm_Xodm§Mo H$m`©

^mJdV g§àXm`mMo AmÚnrR> AgUmè`m n§T>anya òWo Xa dfu {Z`_mZo AmfmT>r-H$m{V©H$sbm dmar H$aUmam Vmo dmaH$ar, `mdê$Z Ë`mbm dmaH$ar g§àXm` ho Zmd nS>bo. {dÇ>bho `m g§àXm`mMo AmamÜ` X¡dV. "am_H¥$îUhar' hm _§Ì, JrVm-^mJdV, kmZoœar-A_¥VmZw^d,Zm_Xod-VwH$mo~m `m§À`m JmWm, EH$ZmWm§Mo A^§J B. J«§W `m§Mo à_mU J«§W. h[anmR>mMo A^§JË`m§À`m {ZË`nR>UmV AgVmV. n§T>arbm OmD$Z {dÇ>bmÀ`m ghdmgmV amhUo, Zm_ñ_aUH$aUo, H$sV©ZmVyZ na_oœa H$WoMm AmZ§X bwQ>Uo, BVH$s gmYr-gmonr ^º$s dmaH$ar g§àXm`mZog_mOmbm {eH$dbr. Aem `m dmaH$ar g§àXm`mMm àgma "ZmMy H$sV©ZmMo a§Jr, kmZXrn bmdyOJr' Ago åhUV Zm_Xodm§Zr CÎma ^maVmV n§Om~n`ªV Ho$bm.

Amnë`m CËH$Q> ^mdmZo na_oœambm {à` Pmboë`m AZoH$ g§Vm§Mo AmXe© Zm_Xodm§ZrAmnë`m A^§Jm§VyZ g_mOmnwT>o _m§S>bo. "h[aham ôX ZmhrŸ& H$ê$ Zò dmX' Ago gm§JyZ Ë`m§Zre¡d-d¡îUd dmXmMo àñW H$_r Ho$bo. gm_mÝ`m§À`m A§V:H$aUmbm ñne© H$arb Aem àmgm{XH$^mfoV Ë`m§Zr g§àXm`mMr VÎdo bmoH$m§Zm g_Omdbr. Ë`m§Mr dmUr EdT>r agmi hmoVr, H$sàË`j nm§Sw>a§J Ë`m§À`m H$sV©ZmV òD$Z ZmMV Ago, Ago åhQ>bo OmVo. naY_©g{hîUwVm Am{Ugd©g_mdoeH$Vm `m§_wio ^mJdV Y_m©Mm {dñVma dmT>bm. kmZoœam§Zr g_mYr KoVë`mZ§Va H$mhrH$mimZo Zm_Xod _hmamï´>m~mhoa nS>bo. 50 df} Ë`m§Zr JwOamV, _midm, amOnwVmZm, n§Om~ B.àm§Vm§V ^{º$_mJm©Mm àMma Ho$bm. AZoH$ {R>H$mUr dmaH$è`m§À`m dgmhVr dgdë`m. CÎma^maVmV Zm_Xodm§À`m AZw`m`m§Zr C^mabobo Zm_Xod _§{Xa Ë`mMr gmj XoVmV. ^{º$_mJm©Mog§dY©Z H$aUmao H$~ra, am{hXmg, O`Xod, na_mZ§X, ZmZH$, gyaXmg B. bmoH$moÎma H$drhmoD$Z Jobo. `m gdmªV Zm_Xod dS>rb. Zm_Xodm§Mr 61 qhXr nXo "^º$ Zm_XodOr H$s_wI~mZr' åhUyZ "J«§Wgmho~'_Üò g_m{dï> AmhoV. amo{hXmgmZo Zm_Xodm§À`m nma_m{W©H$OrdZm~Ôb Jm¡admoX²>Jma H$mT>bo AmhoV. ""ì`mgm§Mo, gZH$m{XH$m§À`m J«§Wm§V Zm__mhmËå`Mà{VnmXbobo {XgVo. Á`mbm na_oœamÀ`m Zmdm{edm` H$mhrM _mhrV ZìhVo, Á`mbm ^º$sZoM_mojàmár Pmbr, Vmo EH$ Añn¥í` qenr hmoVm.''

"ì`mg _{h bo{IE, gZH$ _{h no{IòŸ&

Zm_H$s Zm _Zm gnVXrnmŸ&&

OmH¡$ ^mJdVw bo{IE Adé Z{h _o{IEŸ&

VmgH$s OmV AmN>mon N>rnmŸ&&'

g_mOmbm ^yVX`m, _mZdVm, gd©Y_© g_^md `m§Mr {eH$dU {Xbr. Ë`mgmR>r Ë`m§ZrH$sV©ZmMo _mÜ`_ ñdrH$mabo. `m Ñï>rZo Vo H$sV©Zna§naoMo AmÚ àdV©H$ R>aVmV.Zm_ñ_aUmgma»`m gmoß`m _mJm©Mm nwañH$ma Zm_Xodm§Zr Ho$bm. Cndmg, AZwð>mZ, XmZ-d«Vo,`k`mJ B. Xohmbm ŠboeXm`H$ Jmoï>tMm {ZfoY Ho$bm.

"Z bJVr gm`mg H$aUo H$m`mŠboeŸ& AmnU d¡Hw§$R> òB© gdoŸ&&'

78 / àmMrZ _amR>r dmL>²_`mMm B{Vhmg

IoS>monmS>r MmbUmar jwÐ Xod-XodVm§Mr AKmoar nyOmhr Ë`m§Zr nwT>rb eãXm§V {Y¸$mabrAmho.

b{Q>Ho$ dmgZoMm Zdgm & H$[aVr H$a{dVr newqhgmŸ&

Zm_m åhUo EŠ`m nmV{H$`m X§{S>VrŸ& ZmZm {dnÎmr H$m` gm§JyŸ&&

kmZoœam§Zr Amnë`m H$m`m©VyZ {Xbobr ^yVXòMr, nañna ào_^mdmMr {eH$dUZm_Xodm§Zr bmoH$m§n`ªV gmVË`mZo ZoD$Z nmohmoMdbr. Zm__{h_m gm§JV bmoH$m§Zm g§K{Q>V Ho$bo.Ë`m_wio ^mJdV Y_m©Mo Vo EH$ à_wI àgmaH$ ~Zbo.

B©œamÀ`m gd©ì`mnH$ËdmMo Ë`m§Zm Pmbobo kmZ g_mOmV gd©Ì nga{dÊ`mgmR>r Ë`m§Zrà`ËZ Ho$bo. Zm_On H$arV am{hbo Varhr AmË_kmZàmár hmoD$ eH$Vo, Agm {dœmg Ë`m§Zr^º$m§_Üò {Z_m©U Ho$bm. hm AmË_{dH$mg gmYm`Mm Agob, Va X`m, j_m, em§Vr, Aqhgm,gË`, g_Vm `m gX²JwUm§Mr H$mg Yamdr bmJVo, Aer {eH$dU Vo Amnë`m H$Wm-H$sV©Zm§VyZXoV am{hbo.

CR>m CR>m gmYwg§V & gmYm Amnwbo {hVŸ&

Jobm Jobm hm ZaXohŸ& _J H¡$Mm ^Jd§VŸ&&

Ago AmdmhZ gm_mÝÒZm§Zm Zm_Xod H$aVmV.

MmoIm_oim, kmZoœa, OZm~mB© `m§gma»`m§Zm g_mOmH$Sy>Z Pmbobm Ìmg Zm_Xodm§Zrnm{hbm hmoVm. Ë`m_wio ^º$m§Zm Ìmg XoUmè`m, g_mOmVrb Xm§{^H$m§da Ë`m§Zr Q>rH$m Ho$br.

"~oSy>H$ åh{UOo {MIbmMm ^moº$mŸ& jra gm§Sy>Zr aº$m JmoMrS> Pm|~oŸ&&...'

Aem eãXm§V Vo Xm§{^H$VoMr {Z^©Ëg©Zm H$aVmV. ñdV:cm Amcocr AÛ¡VmMr AZw^yVrXwgè`m§Zmhr AZw^dm`cm {_imdr hr Zm_Xodm§Mr Vi_i hmoVr. "" _r _mPm Xod _rM _mPm^º$ Ÿ& _r _mPm H¥$VmW© ghO Ago.'' B©ídamÀ`m gmYZoV ôXmôXm§Zm OmJm Zmhr ho Amnë`mAmMaUmVyZ Ë`m§Zr XmI{dbo. MmoIm _où`mgma»`m gËnéfmbm Ë`mÀ`m _ñVH$mda hmV R>odyZCnXoe Ho$bm d MmoImo~m§À`m _¥Ë`yZ§Va Ë`m§À`m AñWr ñdV: n§T>anyabm AmUyZ{dÇ>b_§{XamÀ`m _hmÛmamg_moa Ë`mMm {Z:jon Ho$bm. Zm_Xodm§Mo ho H$m`© OmVr`VoÀ`m{di»`mV AS>H$boë`m Ë`m H$miÀ`m g_mOmV dmImUÊ`mOmoJo Amho.

na§namJV Y_m©Mo nmbZ H$aV dfm©Zwdf} Ë`mM MmH$moarV A§YnUmZo _mJ©H«$_U H$aUmè`mOZm§Zm Zm_Xodm§Zr

d«V Vn Z bJo H$aUo gd©Wm & Z bJo Vwåhm§ VrWm© OmU| V`m &&

Anwbo{M R>m`r Agm gmdYmZ & H$am h[aH$sV©Z gd©H$mi &&

Agm CnXoe Ho$bm Amho.

Zm_Xodm§Mo AmUIr EH$ _hÎdmMo H$m`© åhUOo Ë`m§À`m_wio MmoIm_oim, OZm~mB©, ~§H$m

Zm_Xod / 79

_hma B. ^º$ Amnbo {dÇ>b^º$sMo AZw^d ~moby bmJbo. OZm~mB© hr Va Zm_Xodm§Mr {eî`mñdV:bm Zm_`mMr Xmgr OZr åhUdyZ KoV EH$m gm_mÝ` órZo Ë`m H$mir na_oídamMrAZw^yVr ì`º$ H$aUo hr Jmoï> C„oIZr` R>aVo.

Zm_Xodm§Zr gm§{JVboë`m gmÜ`m-gmoß`m ^{º$_mJm©_wio bmoH$m§Zm H¥${VàYmZVoMo _hÎdH$ibo. dmaH$ar n§WmÀ`m ^Jì`m P|S>çmImbr EH$Ì Amboë`m bmoH$m§Mr EH$ na§namM {Z_m©UPmbr, Or AmOhr {Q>Hy$Z Amho. AkmZrnUo {d{dY XodVm§À`m nyOoV Jwa\$Qy>Z Jobobogm_mÝÒZ EH$m {Zð>oZo nm§Sw>a§Jmbm Amidy bmJbo. Zm_Xodm§Zr EH$ àH$mao bmoH$m§Zm Zdo diUbmdbo.

Zm_Xodm§Zr n§Om~n`ªV Ho$boë`m ^mJdV Y_©àgmamÀ`m H$m`m©Mo _mobhr _moR>o Amho.dmaH$è`m§À`m _où`mà_mUo n§Om~mVhr Ë`m§Zr {eî`na§nam {Z_m©U Ho$br. {dîUwñdm_r, O„mogwVma, Ho$gmo H$bmYmar , ~hmoaXmg , bÜYm, IÌr hr Ë`m§À`m H$mhr {eî`m§Mr Zmdo gm§JVmòVrb. CÎmaoVrb _Ü``wJrZ ^{º$g§àXm`mÀ`m OS>UKS>Urbm EH$ Zdr {Xem Zm_Xodm§Zr{Xbr. H$maU {ZJw©UmonmgZm, JwéJm¡ad, Zm__mhmËå`, B. VÎdm§Mm à^md CÎmaoVrb ^{º$àYmZdmL²>_`mda nS>bobm {XgVmo. Zm_Xodm§Mr qhXrVrb H$mhr nXo CXmhaUmXmIb nmhVm òVrb.

"Oh {P{b{_{bH$mé {Xg§Vm & Vh AZhV g~X ~O§Vm &&

Á`mo{V Á`mo{V g_mZr & _¢ JwéndgmXr OmZrŸ&&'

qH$dm

AmnU XoD$ Xohþam AmnZ Amn bJmd¡ nyOm &

Ob Vo Va§J, Va§J Vo h¡ Ob, H$hZ gwZZ H$D$ XyOrŸ&

kmZoídam§Zr {dídmË_H$ XodmOdi _m{JVboë`m ngm`XmZmMm dgm Zm_Xodm§ZrhrAmnë`m A^§Jm§VyZ nwT>o Mmby R>odbm.

Ah§H$mamMm dmam Z bmJmo amOgmŸ&

_mÂ`m {dîUwXmgm§ ^m{dH$m§gr

Zm_m åhUo V`m§ Agmdo H$ë`mUŸ&

Á`m _wIr {ZYmZ nm§Sw>a§J &&

Zm_Xodm§À`m {eH$dUrbmhr _mZdVmdmXmMm ñne© Amho. Ë`m§Mo gdmªV _hÎdmMo H$m`©åhUOo na_oídambm Ë`m§Zr _mUgm§V AmUbm. Xod H$moUr doJim ZgyZ, Amnë`m gdmªV Ë`mMmdmg Amho. Ë`mÀ`mer AmnU ^m§Sy> eH$Vmo. h¸$mZo H$mhr _mJy eH$Vmo, hr OmUrd àW_Zm_Xodm§Zr {Z_m©U Ho$br. Ë`m_wio gm_mÝ` OZ {dÇ>b^º$sH$S>o AmoT>bo Jobo. Ë`m§À`m CnmgZoVghOV òD$ bmJbr. e¡d-d¡îUd dmX Á`m H$mimV {h[aarZo bT>bo OmV hmoVo, Ë`m H$mimVZm_Xodm§Zr

Zm_m åhUo òWo XwOm ZH$mo ^mdŸ& {dîUw Vmo{M {ed {ed {dîUw &&


hr lÕm noabr. e§H$a, {dîUy, am_, H¥$îU, {dÇ>b H$moUmMohr Zm_ KoVbo, Var Vo^dgmJa CÕê$Z Om`bm VmaH$M R>aVo, Ago à{VnmXZ Ho$bo. åhUyZ Zm_Xodm§Zr OZ_mZgmVéO{dboë`m "Zm_' H$ënZobmhr gd©ì`mnH$ËdmMo A{Yð>mZ hmoVo. am_mÙ, _hm^maV,nwamUm§Vrb XmIbo XoD$Z Ë`m§Zr Zm__{h_m gm§{JVbm. na§naobm Yê$Z MmbUmar ^º$såhUyZM Ë`m doir bmoH$m§Zm bdH$a nQ>br. `m gdmªVyZ

Zm_ KoVm ^Jd§VmMo &

nme VwQ>Vr ^dmMoŸ&&

hoM Zm_Xodm§Zm bmoH$m§À`m _Zmda q~~dm`Mo hmoVo.

AemàH$mao ^mJdV n§WmMm àgma H$aUmao Zm_Xod bmoH$m§_Üò OmD$Z, bmoH$m§À`mOdiMo Pmbo. bmoH$m§_Üò amhÿZM Ë`m§Zr {dÇ>c^º$s Ho$br Am{U Zm_ñ_aU bmoH$m§À`mA§JdiUr nmS>bo. ^º$sÀ`m gmoß`m dmQ>m XmIdyZ gm_mÝ` OZm§Zm _mojmàVr OmUo {H$Vr gwbÂmho Vo {eH${dbo.

5.4 Zm_Xodm§Mo dmL²>_`

Zm_Xodm§Zr ^mJdV Y_m©Mm àgma H$sV©ZmÀ`m _mÜ`m_mVyZ Ho$bm. Amnbo VÎdkmZ{deX H$aÊ`mgmR>r Ë`m§Zr A^§Jm§Mr aMZm Ho$br. `m A^§Jm§Vhr Vo H$WZH$mamMr ^y{_H$mKoVmV. AmË_{ZdoXZmË_H$, ghOVoZo Ë`m§Zr ^mdH${dVoÀ`m nmVirda A^§JaMZm Ho$br.AmË_M[aÌmË_H$, ^mdOrdZ dU©Zna, VrWm©dir, g§VM[aÌ H$WZna. Zm__{h_m,n§T>ar_mhmËå`, {dÇ>b^º$s, CnXoedmUr Aer `m A^§Jm§Mr gd©gmYmaU dJ©dmar H$aVm òB©b.Ë`m§Vrb H$mhr _hmÎdmÀ`m àH$mam§Mm AmT>mdm AmVm KoD$.

Zm_Xod / 81


1) ZmMy H$sV©ZmMo a§Jr ....................... hr Cº$s H$moUmMr ?

1) VwH$mam_ 2) Zm_Xod 3) EH$ZmW

2) Zm_Xodm§Mr qhXr nXo H$moUË`m J«§WmV AmhoV ?

1) J«§Wgmho~ 2) ^mJdV 3) _wI~mZr

3)Zm_Xod ho ^mJdVY_m©Mo H$moU hmoVo ?

1) g§ñWmnH$ 2) àgmaH$ 3) ì`dñWmnH$

4) Zm_Xodm§Zr ....................... _mhmËå` gm§{JVbo.

1) Zm_ 2) ^º$s 3) Xod

Zm_Xodm§Zr dmaH$ar g§àXm`mMm àgma H$sV©ZmÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ CÎma ^maVmVn§Om~n`ªV Ho$bm. Ë`m§Mr 61 qhXr nXo "J«§Wgmho~'_Üò g_m{dï> AmhoV.

5.4.1 AmË_{ZdoXZna A^§J

^mJdV Y_m©Mm àMma H$aV AgVmZmM d¡`{º$H$ gmYZoVrb AZw^dm§Mo ghOnUo{ZdoXZ H$aÊ`mÀ`m hoVyZo Zm_Xodm§À`m AmË_{ZdoXZna A^§Jm§Mm OÝ_ Pmbm. AZw^yVrVyZ{Z_m©U Pmbobo ho H$mì` åhUyZM AmË_{ZîR> Amho.

Zm_Xodm§Mo A^§J åhUOo ^mdH${dVoMm CËH¥$ï> Z_wZm. ^mdH${dVoV gmÜ`m ^mdZmhr H$drA{Ve` CËH$Q>nUo _m§S>Vmo. eVH$moQ>r A^§J H$aÊ`mMr à{Vkm H$aUmè`m Zm_Xodm§ZrAmË_M[aÌna Ago 491 A^§J {b{hbo. Zm_Xodm§Mr {dÇ>b^º$s AË`§V EH${Zð> Amho. AJXrbhmZ d`mnmgyZ Yabobm na_oída àrVrMm Ü`mg, _moR>onUr g§gmagwImnojm {dÇ>bôQ>rMrbmJbobr Amg Am{U _aVog_`r {dÇ>bmÀ`m MaUm§da g_{n©V hmoÊ`mMr AmH$m§jm, AgmZm_Xodm§Mm OrdZàdmg Amho. `m_Üò {dÇ>bmàVr A{Ve` CËH$Q> ^md Vo A^§Jm§VyZ ì`º$H$aVmV.

"VrW© {dÇ>b joÌ {dÇ>b & Xod {dÇ>b XodnyOm {dÇ>b &

Zm_m åhUo _O {dÇ>b gmnS>bm & åhUmo{Z H${iH$mbm nmS> Zmhr &'

àm§n{MH$ ZmVr hr ñdmWm©da AmYmabobr AgVmV; nU AmB©Mo ào_ {Zñgr_ d {ZanojAgVo. åhUyZM {dRy>_mD$br{df`r hmM ^md AZoH$Xm Zm_Xodm§À`m A^§Jm§VyZ ì`º$ hmoVmo.

H$mgdrMr Ñï>r gXm ~mimdar & V¡gr X`m H$ar nm§Sw>a§Jo &

Zm_m åhUo {dR>mo ^º$sÀ`m d„^m & _mJo nwT>o C^m gm§^m{igr &

gH$bOZm§Mm AmYma AgUmam {dÇ>b àgÞ hmoV Zmhr, Voìhm Zm_Xod Ë`mbmH$iH$irMr {dZ§Vr H$aVmV. Ë`mÀ`m Xe©Zm{edm` Ë`m§Mo {MÎm H$emVhr a_V Zmhr.

VwPm _mPm Xodm H$m ao d¡amH$ma & Xw:ImMo S>m|Ja XmI{der &

~io ~m§Ymo{Z`m Xogr H$mim hmVr & Eogo H$m` {MÎmr Ambo VwÂ`m &

Amåhr Xodm VwPr Ho$br hmoVr Amem & ~ado öfrHo$e H$imo Ambo &

Zm_m åhUo Xodm H$am _mPr H$sd & Zmhr Var Ord ¿`mdm _mPm &&

{dÇ>b^º$sV a_VmZm H$YrVar Ë`m§Zm AÝ` X¡dVo ZH$moer hmoVmV.

Z nmho Jo _mò {dR>mB©{dU S>moim§

gd©ñdo H§$Q>mim Am{UH$m§Mm

`m {dR>mo~mnaVo X¡dV åhUob g¥ï>r

Mibm nmoQ>r {Z^«m§V OmUm

Ago Agbo Var gd© X¡dVo hr Ë`m na_oídamMr {d{dY ê$no AmhoV, ho Ë`m§À`m _ZmVéObo Amho. åhUyZM Ë`m H$mir e¡d-d¡îUd n§Wm§Vrb ôXmôXmMm Vo {ZfoY H$aVmV.


Zm_m åhUo {ed{dîUy_yVu EH$ & doXmMm {ddoH$ AmË_mam_ &

"qe{n`mMo Hw$ir OÝ_ Ombm & n[a hoVw Jw§Vbm gXm{edr &'

`m A^§JmV Amnbm ì`dgm` Am{U Ë`mV àË``mbm òUmao {dÇ>bê$n Vo CÎm_ arVrZoì`º$ H$aVmV. {dÇ>bmnm`r doS>m Pmboë`m Amnë`m _wbmgmR>r Ë`mÀ`mOdi ^m§S>UmarZm_Xodm§Mr AmB© JmoUmB©, nVrMo g§gmamH$S>o Xwb©j Pmë`mZo CXmg Pmbobr aOmB© `m§Mo {MÌhrZm_Xod A^§Jm§VyZ ghOgw§Xa aoImQ>VmV.

JmoUmB© åhUo Zmå`m ~ao Zmhr Ho$bo &

Ka ~wS>{dbo Hw$img{hV Am{U gd©ñdo gm§S>mo{Z Y[abm Vwåhr Xod &

òUo nw{gbm R>md g§gmarMm &

Am_Mm H$Ud Z dmQ>o{M H$mhr & {dZm{dVo amOmB© Zm_Xodm &&

Amnë`m ^modVrÀ`m g_mOV Agbobo dU©ôX, kmZoídamXr ^md§S>m§da PmbobmAn_mZ, MmoIm_oim, OZm~mB© `m§Mm Pmbobm N>i ho gd© Zm_Xodm§Zr nm{hbo hmoVo. Ë`m_wio XodAm{U ^º$ `m§À`m AmS> òUmè`m Y_©_mVªS>m§da Ë`m§Zr Q>rH$m Ho$br.

VÎd nwgmd`m Jobmo doXkmZr & V§d âbo Ë`mnmgr {d{Y{ZfoYo &

V`m g_mYmZ ZwnOo H$Xm H$mir Ÿ& Ah§H$ma ~{I Ombm VoWo &

"Zm_' hoM g§gmamÀ`m ^dgmJamVyZ _mUbmgm Vê$Z ZoB©b. Vmo na_oídaàmárMm EH$ gmonm_mJ© Amho, ho Ë`m§Zr g_mOmbm nQ>dbo.

gmYZm§V gmono Zm_ ho Ho$di & `m{dU gH$i erU dm`m &

Yam ao Yam Zm_ {dR>mo~mMo & VoUo AkmZmMo _yi Zmgo &&

Zm_Xod Oar gJwU^º$ Agbo, Var na_oídamÀ`m {ZJw©U, {ZamH$ma ê$n{df`rhr Vo{b{hVmV.

gJwUr {ZJw©U EH${M AmdS>r &

_Zo {Xbr ~wS>r {MXmH$mer &

Amnbo AmamÜ` X¡dV {OWo {dQ>oda Cô Amho, Ë`m n§T>arMm _{h_mhr Zm_Xod gm§JVmV.

AmYr a{Mbr n§T>ar & _J d¡Hw§$R>ZJar &

Ooìhm ZìhVo MamMa & Voìhm hmoVo n§T>anya &

Omon`ªV _mUgmMm Ah§H$ma Zmhrgm hmoV Zmhr, Vmon`ª§V Ë`mbm na_oídmamMr _yVu{Xgob; na§Vw Ë`mVrb XodËdmMr àMrVr òUma Zmhr. ho gm§JVmZm Zm_Xod åhUVmV-

Zm_Xod / 83

O[a åhUgr Xod Xo{Ibm & Var hm ~mob _bm Zìho Zmå`m &

Omodar _r-_mPo Z VwQ>o & V§d AmË_mam_ H¡$go{Z ôQ>o &&

Zm_Xodm§À`m H$mì`mV g§ñH¥$VàMwaVm ~hþYm Zmhr. Ë`m§Mo g§nyU© boIZ gmÜ`m,{Oìhmù`mÀ`m eãXm§VyZ ì`º$ hmoVo. H$mhr A^§Jm§V aMZmM_ËH¥$Vr AmT>iVo. nwT>rb A^§JmV^º$sÀ`m ~imda g§H$Q>mVyZ Vaboë`m ^º$m§Mr _m{bH$m Vo XoVmV. àËòH$ MaUmVna_oídamÀ`m doJdoJù`m Zmdm§Mm dmna H$aVmV.

A¾r Omir Var Z OiVr nm§S>d & öX`r _mYd åhUmo{Z`m &

A¾r Omir Var Z Oio hZw_§V Ÿ& öX`r grVmH$m§V åhUmo{Z`m

Zm_ åhUo Vwåhr ñ_amdo Jmo{d§Xm Ÿ& MwHo$ ^d~mYm g§gmamMr &&

Agm {dÇ>b{df`H$ {d{dY ^mdZm§Mm ghO Am{dîH$ma Zm_Xodm§À`m AZoH$ A^§Jm§VyZ{XgVmo. XodmOdi g»`Ëd ^md XmI{dUmao Zm_Xod Xodmer AZoH$ doim g§dmX gmYVmZm{XgVmV.

XodmÀ`m g»`ËdmgmR>r & nS>mì`m {OdbJm§{g VwQ>r &

gd© AWm©Zo godQ>r & àmU Vmohr d|Mmdm &&

dËgb Aem nm§Sw>a§JmOdi EImX`m ~mbH$mà_mUo Zm_Xod hÅ> H$aVmV.

AnË`mMo {hV {H$Oo Ë`m OZHo$ &

Oar doS>o _wHo$ Pmbo Xodm &

Zm_Xodm§Mm hoVy Ho$di ^º$sMo VÎdkmZ gm§JÊ`mnojm, gm_mÝ` OZm§À`m _ZmVrb^{º$^md dmT>{dÊ`mMm Amho. EHy$UM A^§JaMZoV ñdV:À`m AÜ`mË_ OrdZmMm nQ> Ë`m§Zr_m§S>bm Amho.

_wº$m~mB©Zo Zm_Xodm§Mr Ho$bobr H$mZCKmS>Ur, {dgmo~m IoMam§Zr {Xbobo AmË_kmZ,Zm_Xodm§Zm Pmbobm B©ídar gmjmËH$ma, `m gd© Jmoï>r AmË_{ZdoXZna A^§Jm§V eãX~Õ Pmë`mAmhoV. eodQ>r

Zm_m åhUo `mMo ÑT> Y[abo MaU &

H${iH$mimnmgmo{Z gmoS>{dbo &&

Agm na_oídamàVr gmW© {dídmg Zm_Xod ì`º H$aVmV.


Zm_Xodm§Mo A^§J åhUOo ^mdH${dVoMm CËH¥$ï> Z_wZm. åhmB§^Q>mZ§Va _amR>rVrbn{hbo M[aÌH$ma åhUyZ Zm_Xodm§Mm C„oI Ho$bm OmVmo.

5.4.2 kmZoídaM[aÌ

_hmZw^mdr` J«§WH$ma åhmB§^Q> `m§À`mZ§Va _amR>rVrb n{hbo M[aÌH$ma åhUyZZm_Xodm§Mm C„oI Ho$bm OmVmo, Am{X, g_mYr Am{U VrWm©dir Aem VrZ àH$aUm§VyZ Ë`m§ZrAmnë`m na_{à` göXmMo- kmZoídam§Mo- M[aÌ {b{hbo Amho. Ë`mVrb EHy$U A^§Jg§»`mgw_mao gmS>oVrZeo Amho.

"Am{X" àH$aUmV "g§Ý`memMr _wbo' åhUyZ kmZXodmXr ^md§S>m§Mr Cnojm d Ë`m_wiokmZXodm§Zm Pmbobm _mZ{gH$ Ìmg `mMo dU©Z òVo.

"VrWm©dir' `m àH$aUmV Zm_Xodm§Zr kmZoídam§~amo~a Ho$boë`m VrW©`mÌoMr hH$sJVAmho. `m VrW©`mÌoMo dU©Z 61 A^§Jm§VyZ Ho$bo Amho. Zm_Xodm§Mm ghdmg bm^mdm åhUyZZ_«nUo VrW©`mÌog MbÊ`mMr {dZdUr kmZoída Ë`m§Zm H$aVmV. Ë`m_wio `m A^§Jm§VkmZoída-Zm_Xod g§dmXmMo gma Amho. ho XmoÝhr g§V XohmZo doJio Agbo, Var ^º$sÀ`m dmQ>odaH$go EH$ê$n Pmbo hmoVo, ho bjmV òVo. hr VrW©`mÌm g§ndyZ n§T>arbm naV Amë`mda n§T>arMogwI AÝ`Ì H$moR>ohr Zgë`mMo Zm_Xodm§Zm OmUdVo. `mÌoV AgVmZmhr {dÇ>bmbm gmoSy>Z bm§~Amë`m_wio CXmg hmoUmao Zm_Xod {XgVmV. eodQ>r _md§ÚmÀ`m doir H$_©R>m§Zm ^º$sMo _hÎd Vo{deX H$aVmV.

VrW©`mÌohÿZ naVë`mZ§Va kmZoída g§OrdZ g_mYr KoÊ`mMm {ZU©` gm§JVmV. Ë`mdoir EH$ Agm_mÝ` `moJr, Amnbm gIm Amnë`mbm gmoSy>Z OmUma, `m H$ënZoZo Zm_XodXw:Ir hmoVmV. kmZoídam§À`m ^md§S>m§Mr Or AdñWm `m {ZU©`mZo Pmbr Agob, Ë`mhÿZZm_Xodm§Mr _ZmodñWm {ZpíMVM doJir Zgob. OJmMr _mCbr ~Zbobo kmZoída Amnë`mOmÊ`mZo gdmªZm nmoaHo$ H$ê$Z OmVm`V, hr ^mdZm A{Ve` öÚnUo Zm_Xod aoImQ>VmV.{Zd¥ÎmrZmWm§À`m ^mdZm ì`º$ H$aVmZm Zm_Xod {b{hVmV-

Zm_Xod / 85


1) Zm_Xodm§Zr AmË_M[aÌna ....................... A^§J {b{hbo.

1) 491 2) 200 3) 112

2) Zm_Xodm§Mm OÝ_ H$moUË`m Hw$imV Pmbm hmoVm ?

1) Hw§$^ma 2) qenr 3) dmUr

3) Zm_Xodm§À`m _Vo na_oídaàmárMo gmono gmYZ ....................... hmo`.

1) Zm_ 2) nyOm 3) Ü`mZ

4) "A¾r Omir Var Z OiVr nm§S>d & öX`r ....................... åhUmo{Z`m.

1) h[a 2) Ho$ed 3) _mYd

"{Zd¥ÎmrXod åhUo H$[aVm g_mYmZ'

kmZoída M[aÌm~amo~a Zm_Xodm§Zr H$mhr g§VM[aÌohr {b{hbr AmhoV. kmZoídam§Zr g_mYrKoVë`mZ§Va {Zd¥ÎmrZmWm§g{hV Ë`m§À`m ^md§S>m§Mr Pmbobr emoH$mHw$b AdñWm Zm_Xodm§Zr{M{ÌV Ho$br Amho. {Zd¥ÎmrZmW, _wº$m~mB©, `m§Mr M[aÌo ghOñ\y$V© Am{U àmgm{XH$ AmhoV._wŠVm~mB©hr g_m{YñW Pmë`mda {Zd¥ÎmrZmW A{YH$ IMVmV.

Áòð>mÀ`m AmYr H${Zð>mMo OmUo & Ho$bo ZmamÙo Ca\$mQ>o

Ca\$mQ>o \$ma H$ibo _mPo _Zr & diMUrMo nmUr AmT>çm JoboŸ&

Aer {Zd¥ÎmrZmWm§Mr H$éU AdñWm Zm_Xodm§Zr `WmW©nUo aoImQ>br Amho. Eo{Vhm{gH$XñVEodO åhUyZ ho _hÎdmMo Amho.

YÝ` Vo AaU aËZmMr ImU & OÝ_bm {ZYmZ gmdVm Vmo &

gmdVm gmJa ào_mMm AmJa & KoVbm AdVma _mù`mKar &

Ago gmdVm _mitMo eãX{MÌ Zm_Xod aoImQ>VmV.

`m{edm` Zm_Xodm§Zr XemdVma, eH«$, åhmigoZ, amOm h[aíM§Ð, lr`miM[aÌ,àëhmXM[aÌ, Y«wdM[aÌ, gwXm_M[aÌ, ^rî_à{Vkm Aem H$Wm-M[aÌm§Ûmao Amnbm gm§ñH¥${VH$R>odm OVZ Ho$b Amho. VgoM H$~ra, H$_mb, _ram, ^mZwXmg, OJ{_Ì ZmJm, OZm~mB©, JmoamHw§$^ma, MmoIm _oim, Zagr _ohVm B. g§Vm§Mr M[aÌo A^§Jm§Ûmao H$WZ Ho$br AmhoV.

5.4.3 BVa aMZm

Zm_Xodm§Zr Am»`mZH$mì`mMr aMZmhr Ho$br. Amnë`m g^modVmbÀ`m Ak OZm§gmR>rH$WmË_ aMZm H$ê$Z ^º$sMo _mhmËå` Ë`m§Zr nQ>dyZ {Xbo. Zm_Xodm§Mr Am»`mZ H${dVmEo{Vhm{gH$ d nm¡a{UH$ ñdê$nmMr Amho. kmZoídaM[aÌ, AmË_mM[aÌ, g§VM[aÌo hr Ë`m§MrEo{Vhm{gH$ Am»`mZo; Va ~mbH«$sS>m, lrH¥$îUbrbm, am_H$Wm _mhmËå`, {edbrbm_¥V hrnm¡am{UH$ Am»`mZo hmoV. n§{S>V na§naoVrb Am»`mZ H${dVoV nm§{S>Ë` àXe©Z AmT>iVo; na§VwZm_Xodm§Mr Am»`mZ H${dVm ^º$sZo AmoW§~bobr Amho. ^º$sMo CËH$Q> Xe©Z KS>{dUo hm `mH$ì`m_mJrb hoVy Amho. g_mOmVrb ~hþg§»` bmoH$ {Zaja, AkmZr Agë`mZo, Ë`m§Zm éMobAem H$WmË_ dmL²>>_`mMm AmYma Zm_Xodm§Zr na_oídamMo JwUmZwdmX gm§JÊ`mgmR>r KoVbm.{edamÌr _mhmËå` H$WoV {ed^º$s{df`r gm§JyZ e§H$a Am{U {dîUy `m§À`m EH$ê$nVoda â{Xbm Amho. ~mbH«$sS>oÀ`m A^§Jm§_Üò "lrH¥$îU _mhmËå`' `m erf©H$mImbr "~mbH«$sS>m' Am{U"lrH¥$îU brbm' Aem XmoZ ^mJm§V åhUOo 238 A^§Jm§V lrH¥$îUmÀ`m crcm§Mo dU©ZZm_Xodm§Zr Ho$co Amho. H¥$îUOÝ_mÀ`m AmYrnmgyZ H§$gdYmn`ªVÀ`m KQ>Zm§Mo {MÌU `mV AmboAmho. lrH¥$îUmÀ`m brbm§~amo~aM Jmon-JmontÀ`m ^mdZm§Mo {MÌU _Zmohmar Amho.


kmZoídaM[aÌmMr A^§Jg§»`m gmS>oVrZeo Amho.

"YmD$Z CÕdmMo Y[aVr MaU Ÿ&

Am_wMo ñ_aU H$arVgo ?

ñdê$nhrZ Amåhr, gw§Xa H§$gemór

åhUy{Z VwOgr nwgVgo...'

Aem eãXm§V H¥$îUmàVr AgUmam ^md Jmonr ì`º$ H$aVmV. ~mbH«$sS>m d VrWm©dir `mA^§Jm§VyZ Zm_Xodm§Zr VrW©`mÌm, d«Vd¡H$ë` `m§Mr Amdí`H$Vm ZgyZ, Ho$di {dÇ>c^º$sZogm_mÝ` _mUyg Vê$Z OmD$ eH$Vmo, `mMo à{VnmXZ Ho$bo Amho.

"Z nmho V`mMo OmVr Hw$iY_©

dUm©l_ Y_© ewÕ dmUr &'

am_H$Wogma»`m ñ\w$Q> Am»`mZmVhr VÎdà{VnmXZmnojm ^º$sMo _mhmËå` dU©Z Ho$boAmho. h[aíM§Ð d Cn_Ý`y `m§Mo M[aÌ, ^rî_ à{Vkm, åhmigoZ H$Wm hr Am»`mZo ^JdVJrVmAm{U _hm^maV `m§da AmYm[aV AmhoV; Va àëhmX M[aÌ, Y«wd M[aÌ, gwXm_M[aÌ B.^mJdVmda AmYm[aV AmhoV. `m{edm` Zm_Xodm§Zr H$~ra, _ram, H$_mb, ^mZwXmg, OJ{_ÌZmJm, ~moYbo ~m~m, OZOgd§V, OZm~mB©, gmdVm _mir, amH$m Hw§$^ma, Jmoam Hw§$^ma, MmoIm_oim, Zagr _ohoVm B.Mr M[aÌo A^§Jm§Ûmao H$WZ Ho$br AmhoV.

H$mhr Ho$ë`m Ÿ& _Z amhmV Zmhr &

~m§Yë`m Vù`mMm \w$Q>bmgo nmQ> &

AmoK ~mam dmQ> _waS>VmVr &

kmZoídam§Zr KoVboë`m g§OrdZ g_mYrMo Zm_Xod gmjrXma hmoVo. kmZXodm§~Ôb Ë`m§À`m_ZmV lÕm^md d {Za{Ve` ào_ hmoVo. "g_mYr" ho àH$aU H$éU agmMm na_moƒ q~Xy R>aVo.Zm_Xodm§gmaIm ^mdH$dr kmZXodm§À`m g_mYrMo öX`ñneu dU©Z H$aVmo. kmZXod g_m{YñVPmë`mda Ë`m§À`m AmR>dUtZr ì`mHw$i hmoD$Z Ë`m§À`m nwZX©e©ZmMr AmoT> Zm_Xodm§Zm cmJVo.Zm_Xodm§À`m ^mdOrZmV nm§Sw>a§JmBVHo$M _hÎdmMo ñWmZ kmZoídam§Zm Amho.

"Zm_m åhUo AmVm bmonbm {XZH$a &

~mn kmZoída g_m{YñV &'

`m eãXm§V Vo kmZXodm§Mr _hÎmm dU©Z H$aVmV. òWo àg§JmMo Jm§^r`© amIyZ, _moOŠ`m eãXm§Vhm AmV© ^md Amnë`m boIZmV CVa{dVmV. {Zd¥ÎmrZmWm§À`m Hw$Qw>§~mnmgyZ, g§V_oim,gd©gm_mÝ` OZ Am{U n`m©`mZo g§àXm`mMr hmZr Pmë`mMo `mVyZ AYmoao{IV hmoVo.

g_m{Y_{hå`mÀ`m A^§Jm§V kmZXodm§Z§Va Ë`m§À`m ^mdS>m§Mo Pmbobo XohmdgmZ,Ami§XrMm nyd}{Vhmg, _mhmËå` B. àgJm§Mo dU©Z Zm_Xod H$aVmV. kmZXodm§À`m OrdZmda^mî` H$aVmZm Vo åhUVmV,

Zm_Xod / 87

"" Omo Omo {Xdg CJdbm & Vmo Vmo kmZXodo g\$i Ho$bm &

nX nXm§Va H${Wbm & OoWo AmË_mam_ g§Vmofo &''

`m àg§Jr {Zd¥ÎmrZmW, _wº$m~mB© `m§Mr Zm_Xodm§Zr aoImQ>bobr M[aÌohr CËñ\y$V© d ghOAmhoV.

Ad¿`mnarg H$ï>r Ho$bo _wº$m~mB©Zo & H$mhrM ~mobUoo KS>bo Zmhr &

Zm_m åhUo {dR>mo~m EoH$er ~mobUo & Ad{K`m§Mr _Zo H$idiVr &

Ago _wº$m~mBª~ÔbMo CX²>Jma Zm_Xod H$mT>VmV Va gmdVm _mir `mZo {dÇ>b^º$s dì`dgm` `m§À`m EH$ê$nËdmZo na_mW© H$gm gmYbm, `mMo dU©Z H$aVmZm Zm_Xod åhUVmV-

""Zm_ åhUo Ë`mMm OÝ_ gw\$i Pmbm &

d§e CÕ[abm _m{i`mMm &''

Zm_Xodm§Zr CnXoena A^§Jhr {b{hbo. ^mJdV Y_m©Mr AÛ¡VmMr {eH$dU Ë`m§ZrAmnë`m A^§Jm§Ûmao {Xbr. _mUgmMm "_rnUm' OmV Zmhr. Ë`m{df`r Zm_Xod åhUVmV-

"XohmMo __Ëd Od Zmhr gwQ>bo Ÿ&

Vmodar Z PS>o _r-Vy nU &'

gd© Xw:Im§da {dÇ>bZm_ hmM Cnm` Amho. Zm_Xodm§Mo {dÇ>b_` _Z åhUVo,

"VrW© {dÇ>b joÌ {dÇ>b & Xod {dÇ>b XodnyOm {dÇ>b &&

Zm_m åhUo _O {dÇ>b gmnS>bm Ÿ& åhUmo{Z H${iH$mim§ nmS> Zmhr &&'

e¡d-d¡îUd ôXmôXm{df`r Zm_Xod gm§JVmV,

"Zm_m åhUo {ed-{dîUy _yVu EH$ & doXmMm {ddoH$ AmË_am_ &

On-Vn. VrW©`mÌm, doXmÜ``Z B. Jmoï>r AZmdí`H$ AgyZ, XodmàVr CËH$Q> ^md R>odyZKoVbobo Zm_M _hÎdmMo, Ago Zm_Xod {ZjyZ gm§JVmV.

"" doXmÜ``Z H$[agr Var d¡{XH${M hmogr & nar d¡îUd Z hmogr Ago OZm

Zm_m åhUo Zm_ Ho$edmMo Kogr & VarM d¡îUd hmogr Aao OZm''

pñWVàkmMr bjUo gm§JVmZm Zm_Xod åhUVmV,

""qZXrb ho OZ gwIo qZXy Úmdo & g‚mZr jmo^mdo Zò ~mnm

qZXm-ñVw{V Á`mbm g_mZ n¡ Ombr & Ë`mMr pñWVr Ambr g_m{Ygr''

{dÇ>bZm_mMm àMma H$arV H$sV©ZmV a§JyZ OmUmao Zm_Xod ^º$sMo _mhmËå` {deXH$aVmZm Iè`m kmZmMr ì`m»`m H$aVmV,


""^º$ {dR>mo~mMo ^moio & Ë`m§Mo nm`r kmZ bmoio

^{º${dU eãXkmZ & ì`W© AdKo Vo OmU &''

Zm_Xodm§Zr {b{hbobr {dÇ>bmMr AmaVr AmOhr gd© bmoµH$m§_Üò àM{bV Amho.

""`wJo AÇ>mdrg {dQ>odar C^m & dm_m§Jr aIw_mB© {Xgo {Xì` emo^m

nw§S>m{bH$m ôQ>r na~«÷ Ambo Jm & MaUr dmho ^r_m CÕar OJm

O`Xod O`Xod O` nm§Sw>a§Jm &&

aIw_mB© d„^m amhrÀ`m d„^m nmdo {OdbJm &&''

AemàH$mao AmË_{ZdoXZna, ^mdOrdZna, VrWm©dir, Zm__{h_m, {dÇ>b^º$s,CnXoena, Aem {d{dY àH$maÀ`m A^§Jm§_YyZ Zm_Xodm§Zr dmaH$ar g§àXm`mMm P|S>m \$S>H$dVR>odbm. AmMaUmVyZ Zm_mMo _hÎd OZgm_mÝ`m§n`©V nmohmoM{dbo. ^º$sMr loð>Vm nQ>dyZ {Xbr.

5.5 Zm_Xodm§À`m H$mì`mMr ^mfm

{dÚmWu {_Ìm§Zmo, Zm_Xodm§À`m H$mìàMZm§Mm AmT>mdm KoVë`mZ§Va, Zm_Xodm§À`mH$mì`mÀ`m ^mfoMo gm¢X`©, {VMr d¡{eîQ>ço AmnU Aä`mgUma AmhmoV. Zm_Xodm§Zr gmYmaUnUo

Zm_Xod / 89


1) Zm_Xodm§Zr Am{X, ....................... Am{U VrWm©dir hr VrZ àH$aUo {b{hbr.

1) g_mYr 2) _Ü` 3) VrWm©Q>Z

2) Zm_Xodm§Zr kmZoídam§~amo~a Ho$boë`m A^§Jm§Mo dU©Z .................. A^§Jm§VyZ Ambo Amho.

1) 20 ) 61 3) 50

3) kmZoídam§Zr KoVboë`m g§OrdZ g_mYrMo dU©Z ....................... `m àH$aUmV òVo.

1) Am{X 2) VrWm©dir 3) g_mYr

4)Zm_Xodm§Zr ....................... H$mì`mMr aMZm Ho$br.

1) Am»`mZ 2) _hm 3) I§S>

5) ....................... Mo CËH$Q> Xe©Z KS>{dUo, hm Zm_Xodm§À`m H$mì`m_mJrb hoVy Amho.

1) g_mOpñWVr 2) ^º$s 3) B©ída

6) "`wJo AÇ>mdrg...' hr AmaVr ....................... Zr {b{hbr.

1) VwH$mam_ 2) EH$ZmW 3) Zm_Xod

Zm_Xodm§Zr ^mJdV g§àXm`mVrb Zm__{h_m A^§JmÛmao JmD$Z H$sV©ZmÛmao gd©Xyanga{dbm.

2500 A^§Jm§Mr aMZm Ho$br. Ë`m§Zr {b{hboë`m qhXr nXm§Mr g§»`m 229 BVH$s Amho.nm¡a{UH$ M[aÌo, H$WmZHo$, g§VM[aÌo, AmË_M[aÌ, A^§JaMZm, ^ynmù`m, AmaË`m AemàH$maoË`m§À`m boIZmMr {d^mJUr hmoB©b.

Zm_Xod {dÇ>bmMo na_^º$ hmoVo. Ë`m§Mo _Z AVrd {dÇ>bào_mZo gX¡d ^maboboAgë`mZo, VrM CËH$Q>Vm Ë`m§À`m A^§Jm§VyZ àË``mg òVo. Ë`m§Mo A^§J ^mdJrVmà_mUoVab Am{U CËH$Q> AmhoV. ^mJdV Y_m©Mm àgma H$aVmZm Ë`m§Zr Zm__mhmËå` A{Ve`g_n©H$ Aem eãXm§Ûmao OZgm_mÝ`m§Zm nQ>{dbo. CXm.

""A_¥Vmhþ{Z JmoS> Zm_ VwPo Xodm & _Z _mPo Ho$edm ~m ZoKo''

Va n§T>ar_mhmËå` dU©Z H$aVmZm A{Ve` gmÜ`m eãXm§V Vo åhUVmV-

""AmYr a{Mbr n§T>ar & _J d¡Hw§$R> ZJar

Ooìhm ZìhVo MamMa & Voìhm hmoVo n§T>anya''

Zm_Xodm§À`m Am»`mZ H${dVoMm CÔoe ^º$sMo _hÎd gm§JUo, hmM Amho. CX²>~moYH$Vm,AmoKdVr ^mfm, {MÌ_`Vm, H$ënZmaå`Vm B. d¡{eîQ>ço `m H$mì`mVyZ ì`º$ hmoVmV. {ed_mhmËå`, lwd M[aÌ, XemdVma dU©Z B. H$mhr aMZm§Mr H$WmZHo$ AmQ>monera AmhoV. VakmZoída M[aÌmV H$WmZH$mVrb ZmQ>ç bjmV KoD$Z CËH§$R>mdY©H$ aMZm Ho$bobr {XgVo._wimV hr Am»`mZo H$WZna Agë`mZo, lmoË`m§Mr _Zo doYyZ KoUmar AmhoV. Zm_Xodm§ZrH$sV©Zna§naoÛmao h[a^º$sMm àgma Ho$ë`m_wio H$sV©ZmgmR>rhr Am»`mZaMZm KS>cr Agmdr;na§Vw `m Am»`mZm§VyZhr ^º$sMoM _mhmËå` Ë`m§Zr dma§dma nQ>dyZ {Xbo.

ê$nH$ Am{U Ñï>m§V Ab§H$ma hm Zm_Xodm§À`m ^mdH${dVoMm AmUIr EH$ {deof hmo`.nmS>g, hÎmr, gn©, Sw>¸$a, MmVH$, _`ya, JmoMrS>, ~oSy>H$ Aer àm{Ug¥îQ>r; àëhmX, nm§S>d,~ir, Jmonmi, grVm, {~^rfU, nw§S>{bH$ Aer nm¡a{UH$ nmÌo Ë`m§À`m H$mì`g¥ï>rV òVmV.~mo^mBUo, Hw$d{iUo, ñdpñVjo_, AmiwH$, XmXwbm, _hþS>o, H$bÌ B. Ame`J^© eãX`moOZmZm_Xod H$aVmV.

A^§J {b{hVmZm {dÇ>bmH$S>o ^ì`nUm XoD$Z ñdV:H$S>o H$_rnUm KoVmZm {XgVmV. `mg§X^m©V ^y_r, gmiw§H$m, AjVm, _mohar, Mm§XUr, ^mVmoS>r B. à{V_m dmnaVmV. H$mim JoXmXwbm, amÌ H$mir KmJa H$mir, _ëhma _hþS>o `m§gma»`m A^§Jm§VyZ a§J, ZmX, ê$n, ñne©Aem g§doXZm AZw^dmg òVmV.

Zm_Xodm§Mr H${dVm {dÇ>bm{df`rMm {Oìhmim dma§dma ì`º$ H$aVo. Vo H$Yr

""Zm_m åhUo Ho$edm Vy gd©k OmUVm & g_`rÀ`m O{nVm MwH$mo ZH$mo &''

Aer em§VnUo AmidUr H$aVmV, Va H$Yr,

""Zm_m åhUo Xodm H$am _mPr H$s¨d

ZmhrVa Ord ¿`mdm _mPm &&''


Aer H$méÊ`nyU© {dZdUr H$aVmV. Zm_Xodm§À`m EHy$UM A^§Jm§_Üò ^º$s{df`rMr{Zð>m nwaonya OmUdVo Am{U `m {Zð>o_wioM Ë`m§Mo H$mì` ^mdJ^© ~Zbo Amho. Ë`m§À`m H$mì`mMr^mfm g_Vmob ~Zbr Amho.

""Xoh Omdmo AWdm amhmo & nm§Sw>a§Jr ÑT> ^mdmo &''

{dÇ>bmàVr AgUmam g»`^md Zm_Xodm§À`m A^§Jm§V {_giyZ Jobm Amho. H$ënZoMm,Ab§H$mam§Mm PJ_JmQ> Ë`m§À`m ^mfoV Zmhr. ê$nH$m§Mr Ë`m§À`m ^mfobm {deof JmoS>r Amho. Jm`-nmS>g, h[aUr, XwS>rda XwS>r KoD$Z OmUmar Jm¡iU, Vwig, qnni, Xrn, \y$b Aem {ZË`n[a{MV Cn_mZm§Mm dmna Vo H$aVmV. Zm_Xodm§Mo ào_i ì`{º$_Îd Ë`m§À`m ^mfobm A{YH$dËgb Am{U AmV© ~Z{dVo.

"Zmhr Zmhr _O Am{UH$ gmoàm'

qH$dm " Ord Vy àmU, Vy Amåhm {dÇ>bm' Ago Vo åhUVmV; na§Vw XodmMo g»`Ëdhr AË`§Vg§`V ^mdmZo Vo ì`º$ H$aVmV. CXm.

""AZ§V OÝ_m§Mm hm F$UmZw~§Y, VarM àrVrdmXw Z VwQ>o VwPm &&''

Ë`m§À`m H${dVoV H$Yr H$Yr Z_©{dZmoXmMr N>Q>mhr {XgVo. CXm. "Hw$VZm W_mb ao W_mbAnwë`m JmB© Ÿ& Amåhr Anwë`m Kb{g OmVmo ^mB© &&'' Aer VH«$ma H$aUmam "~mo~S>m'H$moH$Ur-_amR>r- H$mZS>r- JwOamVr-qhXr Aem {d{dY ^mfm§Mm _oihr Zm_Xodm§À`m H$mì`mVAmT>iVmo.

H$sV©Zm_wio Ë`m§À`m H$mì`mbm Jo`Vmhr ghOr àmá Pmbr Amho. ^mJdV Y_m©À`màgmamW©, " ào_{ngo âbo A§Jr & JrVg§Jo ZmMmo a§Jr &' `m AZw^yVrV Zm_Xod a§JyZ Jobo hmoVo.Ë`m_wio Ë`m§Mr H${dVmhr Ë`mM CËH$Q> ^{º$^mdmZo âbobr {XgVo.

Zm_Xodm§À`m à{V_m§VyZ {MÌ_`Vm {XgVo. "bmonbmgo ^mZw " " dmog§S>br ", "H¥$îUmB©',"bdS>gdS>o ","Xmad§Q>m", "{nH$br', "XwS>XwS>m" ZmoViVr B. AZoH$ Ñíò, JVr, ^md,àVrH$mË_H$, doXZmZw^yVr Aem {d{dY à{V_m AmH$mamg òVmV.

"_§wJrZo Ì¡bmoŠ` Y[aòbo Vm|S>r & Zm_m åhUo qnS>r àMrV Amho &&'

Ago AVm{H©$H$ AZw^dhr Hy$Q>aMZm§_Üò nmhm`bm {_iVmV. CnXoemË_H$ A^§JmVàmgm{XH$Vm AmT>iVo. ghgm H$R>moa Aer ^mfm Zm_Xod dmnaV ZmhrV.

"Zm_mMr AmdS>r ào_mMm {Oìhmim

jU OJmdoJim Z H$ar Ë`mgr

Zm_m åhUo _mPm gmoàm OrdcJ

gXm nm§Sw>a§J V`mOdir'

Aer ImÌr Zm_Xodm§Mr H${dVm ^º$m§Zm XoVo.

Zm_Xod / 91

VrZ MaUr A^§JmnmgyZ ~mdrg MaUr A^§Jmn`ªV aMZm Zm_Xodm§Zr Ho$br.

5.6 g_mamon

{dÚmWu {_Ìm§Zmo, òWda AmnU Zm_Xodm§À`m dmL>²_`rZ H$m_{Jar{df`r MMm© Ho$br.ì`{º$JV OrdZmV Ë`m§Zm Pmbobm na_oídamMm gmjmËH$ma, eVH$moQ>r A^§JaMZm H$aÊ`mMm{ZíM` Am{U ^mJdV Y_m©Mm n§Om~ àgma H$aÊ`mMo Ë`m§Zr Ho$bobo H$m`© `m{df`r _m{hVrKoVbr. H$sV©Z _mÜ`_mMm Cn`moJ H$ê$Z _hmamï´>m~mhoahr Ë`m§Zr Ho$bobm " Zm_mMm ' àgmanm{hbm. gmÜ`m-gmoß`m ^{º$_mJm©_wio dmaH$ar n§WmMm àgma hmoD$Z, Ë`mMr EH$ na§namM{Z_m©U Pmbr. AmË_M[aÌna, ^mdna, CnXoena, H$WZna Aem {d{dY àH$maMr A^§JaMZmË`m§Zr Ho$br. kmZoídam§~amo~a Ë`m§Zr Ho$boë`m VrWm©Q>Zm{df`rMo Ë`m§Mo A^§J kmZoídam§À`mEHy$UM ì`{º$_Îdmda àH$me Q>mH$Umao AmhoV. `m{edm` Am»`mZH$mìàMZm Ë`m§Zr Ho$br.Ë`m§À`m EHy$UM A^§Jm§V ^mdJ^© Ame` _m§S>Ê`mMr VmH$X Amho. `mnwT>rb àH$aUmV AmnU^mJdVY_© àgmambm hmV^ma bmdUmè`m g§V_oiçmÀ`m H$m`m©{df`r {dMma H$aUma AmhmoV.

5.7 gmam§e

{dÚmWu {_Ìm§Zmo, dmaH$ar g§àXm`m_Üò Zm_Xodm§Mo H$m`© n§WàgmaH$mMo Amho.kmZoídam§Zr ñWmnZ Ho$boë`m ^mJdV Y_m©À`m amonQ>çmMo dQ>d¥jmV ê$nm§Va H$aÊ`mMo H$m_Zm_Xodm§Zr Ho$bo. H$sV©ZmgmaIo ~hþa§Jr d ~hþAm`m_r _mÜ`_ dmnê$Z {dÇ>b^º$sMm àgmaOZgm_mÝ`m§_Üò Ho$bm. `m H$m`m©_wio nwT>o AZoH$ bhmZ-_moR>çm g§Vm§Mr na§namM dmaH$arg§àXm`mV {Z_m©U Pmbr. "Jwé J«§Wgmho~' `m J«§WmVhr Ë`m§À`m nXm§Mm g_mdoe AmT>iVmo.EH$sH$S>o _hmamï´>m~mhoahr n§Wàgma H$aUo d XwgarH$S>o MmoIm_oµiçmÀ`m AñWtMm



1) Zm_Xodm§Mr A^§Jg§»`m gmYmaUnUo ....................... Amho.

1) 100 2) 2500 3) 102

2) Zm_Xodm§Mr H${dVm CËH¥$ï> ....................... Z_wZm Amho.

1) ^mdH${dVoMm 2) _hmH$mì`mMm 3) g§VH$mì`mMm

3) Xoh Omdmo AWdm amhmo &

....................... ÑT> ^mdmo Ÿ&

1) H¥$îUr 2) nm§Sw>a§Jr 3) {dÇ>bMaUr

4) ào_{ngo âbo A§Jr

....................... g§Jo ZmMmo a§Jr

1) JrV 2) {dÇ>b 3) H¥$îU

{dÇ>b_§{XamÀ`m _hmÛmamg_moa {Zjon H$aUo Aem XmoÝhr ~mOy§Zr n§W éO{dÊ`mMo, ôXmôX Zï>H$ê$Z g_Vm àñWm{nV H$aÊ`mMo H$m_ Zm_Xodm§Zr Ho$bo. CÎmaoVrb ^{º$àYmZ dmL>²_`mdaË`m§À`m à~moYZmMm à^md {XgVmo. na_oída H$moUr doJim ZgyZ, Amnë`mVcmM Amho hoAmnë`m d¡`pŠVH$ OrdZmVrc >CËH$Q> ^º$sZo Zm_Xodmm¡Zr {gÕ H$ê$Z XmI{dco.AmË_{ZdoXZna A^§J kmZoída M[aÌ, Eo{Vhm{gH$ d nm¡am{UH$ Am»`mZo, g§VM[aÌo,CnXoena A^§J, AmaVr B. {d{dY aMZm§_YyZ Zm__hmËå`,{dÇ>b^º$s OZgm_mÝ`m§n`ªVnmohmoM{dbr. CËH$Q> ^{º$^md Am{U g§doXZerb, _¥Xy ì`m{º$_Îd `m§_wio Ë`m§À`m H${dVobm^mdH${dVoMo ñdê$n àmá Pmco.

Amnbr àJVr Vnmgm - CÎmao 5.2

1) Xm_meoQ>r 2) AmD$~mB© 3) H$é§S>

4) amOmB© 5) {dgmo~m IoMa 6) eVH$moQ>r

7) eHo$ 1272

5.3

1) Zm_Xod 2) J«§Wgmho~ 3) àgmaH$

4) Zm_

5.4

1) 491 2) qenr 3) Zm_ 4) _mYd

5.4.2

1) g_mYr 2) 61 3) g_mYr

4) Am»`mZ 5) ^º$s 6) Zm_Xod

5.5

1) 2500 2) ^mdH${dVoMm 3) nm§Sw>a§Jr

4) JrV

***

> Zm_Xod / 93


A{YH$ {Q>nUmgmR>r

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àH$aU : 6

g§V_oim

(JmoamHw§$^ma, gmdVm_mir, MmoIm_oim,

goZmÝhmdr B.Mm ñWyb n[aM` d H$V¥©Ëd )

6.0 C{Ôï>o

{dÚmWu {_Ìm§Zmo, `m àH$aUmV AmnU g§V_où`m{df`r OmUyZ KoUma AmhmoV.kmZoídam§nmgyZ VwH$mam_m§n`ªV {dñVmaboë`m ^mJdV Y_m©À`m dQ>d¥jmH$S>o nmhVmZm JmoamHw§$^ma, MmoIm_où`mgma»`m AZoH$ g§Vm§Zr `m Y_m©À`m àgmamW© Ho$bobr H$m_{Jar Xwb©jyZMmbUma Zmhr. dmaH$ar g§àXm`mÀ`m P|S>çmImbr EH$Ì Amboë`m `m AR>amnJS> OmVrÀ`mg§Vm§dê$Z ^mJdV Y_m©Mo H$m`© bjmV òVo. ho àH$aU Aä`mgë`mda Vwåhmbm,

g§V_oim / 95

6.0 C{ÔîQ>o

6.1 àmñVm{dH$

6.1.1 Jmoam Hw§$^ma

6.1.2 gmdVm _mir

6.1.3 Zahar gmoZma

6.1.4 MmoIm_oim

6.1.5 goZmÝhmdr

6.1.6 {dgmo~m IoMa

6.1.7 n[agm ^mJdV

6.1.8 ZmJm Am{U OmoJm, ~§H$m

6.2 g§V_où`mMo `moJXmZ

6.3 g_mamon

6.4 gmam§e

Amnbr àJVr Vnmgm CÎmao

l {d{dY g§Vm§{df`r _m{hVr {b{hVm òB©b.

l g§V_où`mMo dmS²>_`rZ H$m`© ñnï> H$aVm òB©b.

l EHy$UM g§V_où`mMo gm_m{OH$ `moJXmZ dU©Z H$aVm òB©b.

6.1 àmñVm{dH$

kmZoídam§Zr Á`m ^mJdV Y_m©Mm nm`m KmVbm, Ë`mMm H$ig VwH$mam_ R>abo. `m g§nyU©àdmgmV `m g§àXm`mZo OmVr-Y_m©Mo CƒmQ>Z Ho$bo `mMr gmj MmoIm_oim, Zahar gmoZma,gmdVm _mir B. AZoH$ g§Vm§À`m H$m`m©VyZ nQ>Vo. {d{dY OmVr-O_mVt_Yrb bmoH$n§T>anyaÀ`m dmarV, {dÇ>bmMm JOa H$arV AmZ§X bwQy> bmJbo. na_oída àmárgmR>r Hw$i,OmVr, dUm©Mr H$moUVrhr ~§YZo AmS> òV ZmhrV. hr ^mJdV Y_m©Mr {eH$dU ! _hÎdmMoåhUOo Zm_Xod, gmdVm_mir, MmoImo~m, JmoamHw§$^ma VwH$mam_ Ago àËòH$ OmVrV g§V {Z_m©UPmbo. na_oída àmárMm, n`m©`mZo _mojàmárMm A{YH$ma Cƒd{U©`m§nmgyZ ór- eyÐmXtn`ªVgdmªZm Amho, ho Ë`m§Zr Amnë`m OJÊ`mVyZ g_mOmbm nQ>{dbo. `m g§Vm§Zr Amnë`mbmAmbobr AZw^yVr OZgm_mÝ`m§n`ªV nmohmoM{dÊ`mgmR>r "A^§J' `m H$mì`àH$mamMo Cn`moOZHo$bo. gmÜ`mgmoß`m ^mfoV aMbo Jobobo ho A^§J bmoH${à` Pmbo. {d{dY Xod-XodVm§À`mnyOZmV _¾ AgUmè`m bmoH$m§Zm {dÇ>bmMr ^º$s {eH$dyZ ^mJdV Y_m©À`m P|S>çmImbr EH$ÌAmUÊ`mMo A{Ve` _hÎdmMo H$m`© gd©M g§Vm§Zr Ho$bo.

6.1.1 Jmoam Hw§$^ma : ( B. g. 1267 - 1309 / eHo$ 1189 - 1231 )

Jmoam Hw§$^ma ho gd© g§V_§S>itV dS>rb. Vo n§T>anyaÀ`m n[agamV amhV. Ë`m§ZrkmZXodm§À`m ôQ>rg Amboë`m Zm_Xodm§Zm ^pŠV_mJm©V An[anŠd R>a{dë`m_wio, Zm_XodIè`m ^{º$_mJm©bm bmJbo. Jmoamo~m§Mo ~aoMgo A^§J Zm_Xodm§Zm CÔoeyZ AmhoV. g§VZm_Xodm§Zrhr Jmoam OwZmQ> n¡ OwZo& hmVr Wmnbmo AZw^dmMo Ago Jm¡admoÒma H$mT>bo AmhoV.{MIb VwS>{dVmZm, _S>H$s KS>{dVmZm Ë`m§À`m _wIr {dÇ>bZm_ gX¡d Ago. {dÇ>bmÀ`mZm_OnmV Vo EdT>o EH$VmZ hmoV H$s EH$Xm {MIb VwS>{dVm VwS>{dVm Ë`m§Mm bhmZ _wbJmË`m§À`m nm`Xir VwS>{dbm Jobm; na§Vw na_oídamZo Ë`mbm OrdZXmZ {Xbo. Jmoamo~m§Mo drg-EH$drg A^§J CncãY AmhoV.

Xodm VwPm _r Hw§$^ma& Zmgr nmnmMo S>m|Ja

Eoem g§Vá hmo OmVr& KS>o gmYyMr g§JVr

åhUo H¥$nm ^Jd§VmMr& Jmoam Hw§$^ma _mJo ho{M&&

gJwU-{ZJw©U na_mËå`mMo dU©Z H$aVmZm Vo åhUVmV,


{ZJw©UmMo ôQ>r Ambmo gJwUmg§Jo&

Vd Pmbmo àg§Jr JwUmVrV&&

qH$dm

{ZJw©UmMm g§J Y[abm Omo AmdS>r VoUo Ho$bo XoemoYS>r

Amn{U`mgr _mWYS>r&&

Jmoamo~m§À`m AmÜ`mpË_H$ AZw^dm§Mr C§Mr Ë`m§À`m A^§JmVyZ àË``mg òVo. Amnë`mbmAmbobm AmpË_H$ AZw^d ì`º$ H$aÊ`mgmR>r hm AmZ§X g_OmdyZ gm§JÊ`mgmR>r Ë`m§Zm eãXgmnS>V ZmhrV. Vo åhUVmV,

_w{H$`m gmIa MmIm`m {XYbr

~mobVm§hr ~mobr ~mobdoZm&

åhUo Jmoam Hw§$^ma OrdÝ_wº$ hmoUo

OJ ho H$aUo emhUo ~mnm&

gJwU - {ZJw©U ê$nm_Üò dmdaUmam na_oída eodQ>r EH$M AgVmo.

{ZJw©U énS>o gJwUmMo ~w§WrŸ&

{dÇ>b {Zd¥{Îm, àd¥{Îm {Xgo&

åhUo Jmoam Hw§$^ma Zm_`m ^mo{JVm&

Caë`m C{MVm§ gody§ gwIo&

6.1.2 gmdVm_mir : ( B. g. 1250 - 1295 / eHo$ 1172 - 1217 )

_mir g_mOm_Üò OÝ_boë`m gmdVm§Zr na_oída ^º$sV ñdV:bm ~wS>dyZ Q>mH$bo.Amnë`m ì`dgm`mV jUmojUr {dÇ>bmMo ê$n Vo nmhV AgV.

H$m§Xm _wim ^mOr& AdKr {dR>m~mB© _mPr&

bgyU {_aMr H$moqW{~ar& AdKm Pmbm _mPm har&

_moQ> ZmS>m {dhra Xmoar& AdKr ì`m{nbr n§T>ar&

gmdVm åhUo Ho$bm _im& {dÇ>bnm`r Jmo{dbm Jim&&

Ago Amnë`m ì`dgm`mV amhÿZ na_oídamÀ`m qMVZmV EH$ê$n Pmbobo gmdVm_mirË`m§À`m A^§JmVyZ {XgVmV. hrZ `mVrV OÝ_bm Amë`m~Ôb Ë`m§À`m _ZmV H$moUVrhr I§V

> g§V_oim / 97

Jmoam Hw§$^mam§Zr ^{º$_mJm©V Zm_Xodm§Zmhr CnXoe Ho$bm.

Zmhr. CbQ> Ë`m_wio Amnbm Ah§H$ma dmT>bm Zmhr Am{U {dÇ>bmMr H¥$nm Pmbr, `mMm Ë`m§ZmAmZ§X dmQ>Vmo.

^br Ho$br hrZ `mVr

Zmhr dmT>br _h§Vr

gmdVm åhUo hrZ `mVr

H¥$nm H$amdr lrnVr

^mJdVY_m©Zo gm§{JVbobo Zm_mMo _hÎd OmUyZ gmdVm_mitZr Vo AmMabo Am{U Ë`m§MrË`m§Zm Ambobr AZw^yVr gm§JVmZm Vo åhUVmV,

Zm_m{M`m ~io Z {^D$ gd©Wm& H${iH$mµµimÀ`m _mWm gmoQ>o _mé§&

d¡Hw§$R>rMm Xod AmUy `m H$sV©Zr& {dÇ>b JmD$Zr ZmMmo a§Jr&&

Zm_Xodm§Zr Ë`m§Mo dU©Z "gmdVm gmJa, ào_mMm AmJa' Ago Ho$bo Amho.

gmdVm§Mo 12 A^§J CnbãY AmhoV. Ë`m§Mo A^§J A{Ve` àmgm{XH$ AgyZ, gmYr ^mfmào_i ^mdmoËH$Q>Vm B. d¡{eîQ>ço Ë`m§À`m A^§JmVyZ {XgVmV.

h[aê$nmMo dU©Z H$aVmZm Ë`m§Mr dmUr A{YH$ CËgmhnyU© ñdê$nmV àH$Q>Vo.

"" n¡b nmhmhmo na~«÷ ^wbbo& OJXre H$m hmo naV§Ì Ombo&&

H$m` gwI Ho$bo òUo Zo{UOo& H$moU ^m½` Jm¡{i`m§Mo d{U©Oo&&

`mo{J`m öX`H$_irMo ho {ZYmZ& Ñï>r bmJo PUr CVam qZ~bmoU&

gm§dË`mMm ñdm_r na~«÷ nwVim& VZw_ZmMr Hw$ad§S>r Am|dmim&&''

6.1.3 Zahar gmoZma : ( _¥Ë`y B. g. 1313)

Zahar ì`dgm`mZo gmoZma hmoVo. Ë`m§Mo dmñVì` n§T>anwamV hmoVo. gwédmVrbm Vo H$Åa>«{ed^º$ hmoVo. {dÇ>bmMo Xe©Z Vo KoV ZgV; na§Vw H$mhr H$mimZ§Va h[aham§À`m EoŠ`mMrà{MVr Pmë`m_wio Ë`m§Zr Amnbm hÅ> gmoS>bm Am{U Vo {dÇ>bmMo na_^º$ Pmbo.

{ed Am{U {dîUw EH${M à{V_m

Eogm Á`mMm ào_m gXmo{XV

Zmhr n¡ Vmo ôX, AdKm{M AôX

Ûof{Ûfg§~§Yr Car Zwao


{dÇ>bZm_mMm _im {nH${dUmam g§V åhUOo gmdVm_mir.

gmoZma Zah[a Z XoIo n¡ Û¡V

AdKm _y{V©_§V EH$ê$n

hm Ë`m§Mm A^§J VËH$mbrZ e¡d-d¡îUd n§Wr` dmXm§Zm Mm§Jbo CÎma Amho. kmZoídamXr^md§S>m§Mr godm H$aÊ`mV ZahatZm YÝ`Vm dmQ>o. ñdV:À`m ì`dgm`mdaXoIrb Ë`m§Zr aMboboê$nH gw§Xa Amho. `mV Zm_ê$nr gwdUm©MmM AmnU ì`dhma H$aVmo, Ago Vo åhUVmV.

Xodm VwPm _r gmoZma

VwPo Zm_mMm ì`dhma

Xoh ~mJogar OUo

A§VamË_m Zm_ gmoZoŸ&

g§VgH$bJmÏ`mV Ë`m§À`m Zmdmda Mm¡Vrg A^§J AmT>iVmV. dmaH$ar g§àXm`mVAgUmao Zm__hmËå` Zahar AË`§V gmoß`m eãXm§V gm§JVmV.

"Zm_ \w$H$mMo \w$H$mMo& Xodm n§T>[aam`mMo&

Zm_ A_¥V ho gma& öX`r Onm {Za§Va&

Zm_ g§Vm§Mo _mhoa& ào_gwImMo AmJa&

Zm_ gdmª_Üò gma& Zahar Ono {Za§Va&'

dmaH$ar {ZË` n§T>anyabm OmV AgV. Q>mi-_¥X§JmÀ`m JOamV n§T>anyabm OmVmZm gd©MOUh[aZm_mMo gwI bwQ>V. ZahatZr hm gmohim ^mdaå` eãXm§V dU©Z Ho$bm Amho.

"n§T>ar ZJar X¡dV lrhar&

OmVr dmaH$ar d«VZo_o&

AmfmT>r H$m{V©H$s _hmnd} Wmoa

ÔZmMm JOa H$[aVr VoWo&

gmYwg§V Wmoa nVmH$m§Mm ^ma&

_wIr Vmo Cƒma Zm_m_¥V&

AmZ§XmMm H$mbm JmonmiH$mbm Ho$bm&

öX`r q~~bm Zahar&'

g§Vm§Zr Amnë`m A^§JmVyZ Jwé_{h_m dU©Z Ho$bm Amho. gd©M VmnÌ` Jwê$À`mH¥$nmàgmXmZo Zmhrgo hmoVmV ho AZw^dmMo ~mob g§Vm§À`m OrdZ M[aÌmdê$Z àË``mg òVmV.Zahar åhUVmV,

g§V_oim / 99

"EoamdVr ~hþ Wmoa& Ë`mbm A§Hw$emMm _ma&

ì`mK« ~hþ ^`§H$a& Ë`mbm gmnim hmo Wmoa&

gn©{df hmo {dIma& _§Ìd„r Ho$br Wmoa&

Xoh OR>am¾r ^mar& AÞnmUr em§V H$ar&

Jwê$ J¡~rZmW& Zahar Xmg&

dmaH$ar g§àXm`mVrb gd©M g§V Amnmnë`m ^º$sZo {dÇ>bmbm {à` Pmbo. {dÇ>bmZo gdmªZmMöX`mer Yabo `mMr AZw^yVr àËòH$mÀ`m A^§JmV nmhm`bm {_iVo.

YÝ` nw§S>{bH$ ^º$ {ZdS>bm& Aj`r am{hbm M§Ð^mJr&

g§V gmYwOZ d§{XVr MaU& Zahar {Z{g{XZ godobmJr&

`m g§VMaUm§nmerhr Zahar brZ^md ì`º$ H$aVmV.

"{ZJ_ hm dob àH$me_mZ Omhbm&

^{º$\w$bo Ë`mbm emo^VmVr'&&

{Zd¥{Îm kmZXod gmonmZ _wº$m~mB©& KZXmQ>

nmhr \$io Ambr&&

V`m§{M`m MaUr gmoZma Zahar&

PmS>bmoQ> H$ar V`m Ûmar&&

6.1.4. MmoIm_oim

OmVrZo _hma Agbobo MmoIm_oim _§JidoT>çmbm amhV. Ë`m§Mr nËZr gmoàm, Va _wbJmH$_©_oim. gm§gm[aH$ AS>MUr Am{U `mVrhrZVo_wio g_mOmH$Sy>Z {_iUmar Cnojm `m§Zr Ë`m§Mo_Z J«mgbo. AZoH$ VrW©`mÌm H$ê$Zhr _Z em§V Pmbo Zmhr. eodQ>r {dÇ>bmÀ`m MaUr Ë`m§ZmgwI bm^bo. `mVrhrZVoMr ~moM dmaH$ar g§àXm`mV Amë`mda Zmhrer Pmbr. MmoIm_oimn§T>arMr dmar {ZË`Zo_mZo H$ê$ bmJbo.

A~ra Jwbmb CYirV a§J&

ZmWmKar ZmMo _mPm gIm nm§Sw>a§J&&

Ago dU©Z Vo H$aVmV. VgoM "n§T>arMo gwI Zmhr {Ì^wdZr& àË`j MH«$nmUr C^m Ago&'Aer ½dmhr XoVmV. Amnë`mbm jwÐVoMr dmJUyH$ XoUmè`m gm_mOmbm Vo H$Yr H$Yr "D$g S>m|Jmnar ag Zìho S>m|Jm& H$m` ^wbbmgr dabr`m a§J&' Agm naIS> gdmb H$aVmV. Varhr hrZ


{ed - {dîUy ôX H$aUmam Zahar {dÇ>bmÀ`m Xe©ZmZo {dÇ>b_` Pmbm.

`mVrV OÝ_mbm Amë`mMr I§V dma§dma MmoImo~m§À`m A^§JmVyZ ì`º$ hmoVo.

{dR>mo~mÀ`m Jù`mVrb aËZhma Mmoaë`mMm Ami Amë`mda MmoImo~m§Zr Ho$bobr{dÇ>bmMr {dZdUr öX`mbm {^S>Umar Amho.

Ymd Kmbr {dRy> AmVm Mmby ZH$mo _§X

~S>do _O _m[aVr, Eogm H$mhr AnamY

{dR>mo~mMm hma VwPo H§$R> H¡$gm Ambm

{eì`m XoD$Zr åhUVr, _hmam Xod ~mQ>drbm.

"Omohma _m`~mn Omohma' hm Ë`m§Mm A^§J à{gÕ Amho. Zm_Xodm§à_mUo MmoImo~m§MoHw$Qw>§~r`hr H${dËd H$aV AgV. " {ddoH$Xn©U " ho EH$ àH$aU Am{U 157 A^§Jm§Mr Zm|XMmoImo~m§À`m Zmdmda AmT>iVo.

g§V Zm_Xodm§Mm JwénXoe bm^ë`mZ§Va MmoImo~m§Mr AI§S> ^mdg_mYr bmJy bmJbr.{d{Y-{ZfoYmMo ^` dmQ>oZmgo Pmbo. qbJ-Xoh, g_mOmMm amof, `m gJù`mMmM Ë`m§Zm {dganS>bm. dmaH$ar g§àXm`mMm dgm Ë`m§Zr Amnë`mgma»`m AZoH$ XrZ-Xw~ù`m, n{VVbmoH$m§n`ªV nmohmoM{dbm. `m MmoImo~m§À`m ApñW¨Mo {ZjonU ñdV: Zm_Xodm§Zr Ho$bo. Ë`m§Mrg_mYr {dÇ>bmÀ`m _hmÛmar ~m§Ybr. Á`m H$mimV MmoImo~m§Zm Xwê$ZM {dÇ>bmMo Xe©Z ¿`mdobmJbo, Ë`m H$mimV Zm_Xodm§Zr MmoImo~m§gma»`m `m{VhrZ g_Oë`m OmUè`m ^º$mcmnm§Sw>a§JmÀ`m nmàrOdi AmUyZ ~g{dbo `mVM MmoIm~m§À`m ^º$sMr loð>Vm bjmV òVo.Zm_Xodm§Zr Ë`m§À`m{df`r {b{hbo Amho.

"MmoIm _mPm Ord, MmoIm _mPm ^md&

Hw$i, Y_© Xod MmoIm _mPm&

H$m` Ë`mMr ^ŠVr H$m` Ë`mMr eº$s&

_rhr Ambmo ì`º$s V`mgmR>r&

_mÂ`m Mmo{I`mMo H$[aVr Oo Ü`mZ&'

na_oída gd©Ì âbobm Amho. Vmo {Xgbm Zmhr, Var Ë`mMo ApñVËd gdmªR>m`r Amho.`mMr AZw^yVr MmoImo~m§Zr nwT>rb A^§JmV gw§Xa[aVrZo d{U©br Amho.

"Xodm Zmhr ê$n Xodm Zmhr Zm_&

Xod hm {ZîH$m_ gdmªR>m`r

S>mo{i`mMm S>moim Ñï>rM ^mgbm&

Xod àH$mebm Am{X A§Vr&

Zdb dmQ>bo Zdb dmQ>bo& Xod H$m|XmQ>bo _mJo nwT>o&

g§V_oim / 101

MmoIm åhUo _mPm g§Xoh {\$Q>bm& Xod àH$Q>bm Xohm_mOr&'

g§gmamV amhÿZ Zm_ñ_aUmZo `m ^dnmemVyZ Vê$Z OmVm òVo.

"Zm_mMo gm_Ï`© {df Vo A_¥V&

Eogr ho à{MV Amho Ordm&

Vo Zm_ gmono {dÇ>b {dÇ>b

ZH$mo H$mi doi Ono AmYr&

Zo_Y_© H$mhr ZbJo gmYZ&

gwIo ZmamÙ On H$ar&

MmoIm åhUo _O âdgm Zm_mMm

òUo H${iH$mimMm ôd Zmhr&'

g_mOmV hrZ dmJUyH$ {_imboë`m `m g§VmMo VÎdqMVZ nm{hbo, H$s Ë`mMr `mo½`VmH$iyZ òVo. dmaH$ar g§àXm`mMm {eH$dUwH$sMm àgma MmoImo~m§Zr ViJmimn`ªV _moR>çmgm_Ï`m©Zo Ho$bm.

6.1.5. goZm Ýhmdr

ho _yiMo O~bnyaOdirb ~m§XwJS>Mo. VrWm©Q>Z H$aVm H$aVm Vo _hmamï´>mV òD$Z Jobo.Ë`m§Mr _mV¥^mfm qhXr, nU n§T>arMo dmaH$ar Agë`mZo Vo _amR>r ^mfm Mm§Jbr OmUV.Zm{nVmÀ`m ì`dgm`mVrb H$mhr Img eãX dmnê$Z, AmÜ`mpË_H$ ê$nHo$ Ë`m§Zr gmYbrAmhoV. H$moUVmhr Y§Xm loð> qH$dm H${Zð> Zmhr. {nT>rOmV ì`dgm` Zm{^H$mMm Agbm, Var{dÇ>b^º$sZo AmnU na_nX àmá H$ê$ eH$bmo ho gm§JVmZm Vo åhUVmV, "Amåhr dmarH$dmarH$& H$ê$ hOm_V ~marH$&& {ddoH$Xn©U XmD$& d¡am½` hmbdy&& CXH$em§Vr S>moB© Kmoiy&Ah§H$mamMr e|S>r {niy&& ^mdmWm©À`m ~Jbm PmS>y& H$m_H«$moY ZIo H$mTy>& Mm¡dUm© XoD$Zr hmVmgoZm am{hb {Zdm§V. goZm Ýhmdr `m§À`m Zmdmda 143 A^§J AmhoV.

H$[aVm {ZË` Zo_& amò ~mobm{dbo OmU&

nm§Sw>a§Jo H¥$nm Ho$br& am`m CnaVr Ombr&

_wI nmhVm Xn©Ur& Am§V {Xgo MH«$nmUr&

H¡$gr Ombr Zdbnar& dmQ>r_mOr {Xgo h[a&


OmVrhrZ åhUyZ g_mOmH$Sy>Z {hUdë`m Joboë`m MmoImo~m§Mr g_mYr n§T>anyabm_hmÛmamg_moa ~m§Ybr Jobr.

aIw_mXodrda& goZm åhUo _r nm_a&

Aer {dÇ>bmàVr ^º$s Ë`m§À`m eãXm§VyZ ì`º$ hmoVo.

"Jmo{nH$m doëhmim& Ad¿`m {_imoZr gH$im&

Mm{bë`m `_wZmOim& V§d gÝ_wI Xo{Ibm gm§dim dmo&

....... hm ~«÷m§S>Zm`H$& òUo _mo{hco {VÝhr cmoH$&

goZm åhUo `XwZm`H$& H$_m©VrV n[anyU© dmo&

na_oídamMo Zm_ KoVm KoVm `m g§gmamVyZ nma OmVm òVo. ^mJdV Y_m©Vrb Zm__hmËå`goZm§Zrhr dma§da gm§{JVbo Amho.

"KoVm Zm_ {dR>mo~mMo& nd©V OiVr nmnm§Mo&

Eogm Zm_mMm _{h_m& doX {eUbm Pmbr gr_m&&

Zm_o Vm[abo Anma& _hmnmnr XwamMma&&

dmëhm H$moir ~«÷hË`mar& Zm_o Vm[abm {ZYm©ar&&

goZm ~¡gbm {Zdm§V& {dÇ>bZm_ CƒmarV&&'

EdT>oM Zìho Va na_oída Zm_ Z KoUmè`m _mUgm§Zm Vo

" H$[agr IQ>nQ>r& nmoQ>mgmR>r AmQ>mAmQ>r &

Zm_ KoVm {dR>mo~mMo& H$m` VwÂ`m dmMo doMo ?Ÿ&&'

Agm naIS> gdmbhr Vo H$aVmV.

_wº$s àmá H$aÊ`mEodOr ^º$sV a_^mU hmoUo A{YH$ AmZ§XXm`r AgVo. ^º$sH$aÊ`mMo ho ^m½` gJù`m§ZmM àmá hmoVo Ago Zmhr. Amnë`mbm àmá Pmboë`m `m ^m½`mModU©Z H$aVmZm goZm åhUVmV,

"`m gwImMm W|~wQ>r Z {_io ~«÷m{XH$m&

VoWo goZm XoIm gaVm Pmbm&'

eodQ>r H$moUr H$moUmMo ZgVo. hm g§gmamMm gmJa Mm§Jë`m nÜXVrZo nma H$am`MmAgob, Va Mm§Jbo H$_© H$aUo Amdí`H$ Amho. na_oídamMo Zm_ Amnë`mbm eodQ>n`ªV gmWXoVo Ë`mÀ`m{edm` OdiMo H$moUr ZgVo.

"YZ H$moUm H$m_m Ambo&

nhm {dMmé{Z ^bo?

Eogo gH$i OmUVr&

g§V_oim / 103

H$imo{Z`m Am§Yio hmoVr&

{ó`m nwÌ ~§Yw nmhrg&

Ë`m§Mm VwPm g§~§Yw Zmhr&

gIm nm§Sw>a§JmdrU&

goZm åhUo XwOm H$moU&'

Ë`m H$mir `m{VhrZËdmMo Xw:I nMdyZhr goZm Ûoer Pmbo ZmhrV. CbQ>

kmZXod Jwê$ kmZXod Vmê$&

CVarb n¡bnmê$ kmZXodo&

goZm åhUo _mPm kmZXod {ZYmZ&

Xm{dbr {ZOIyU kmZXodo&

Ago kmZXodm§er Agbobo Am§V[aH$ {Oìhmù`mMo ZmVo Vo ñnï>nUo AYmoao{IV H$aVmV.

6.1.6 {dgmo~m IoMa

naÛr àm§VmVrb Am¢T>o ZmJZmW `m {R>H$mUr {dgmo~m IoMam§Mo dmñVì` hmoVo. Vo _yiMoÒwd}Xr ~«m÷U hmoVo. Vo gam\$sMm ì`dgm` H$arV AgV. nwT>o Vo kmZXodmXr g§V_§S>ir§Vgm_rb Pmbo d na_mWm©H$S>o dibo. nyd© d`mV nmI§S>r AgyZhr kmZoídam§H$Sy>Z AÛ¡V ~moY{_imë`mda Vo ~Xbbo. {dgmo~m IoMa ho Zm_Xodm§Mo Jwê$. Ë`m§Zr A§Y^º$sV a_boë`mZm_Xodm§Mo S>moio CKSy>Z Ë`m§Zm S>moig Zm_^º$sMm _mJ© XmI{dbm. Vo Zm_Xodm§Zm åhUVmV.Zmå`m Vy ^º$ ^bm _O Zmhr H$ibm Xod VwPm&& OoWo VZmhr Xodm VoWo R>odmo R>m`m& XododrUR>mdm& ho ~mobUo{M dmd& "_hm{dîUwMm AdVma Ÿ& Jwê$ Pmbm kmZoída' Ago kmZoídam§Mo dU©ZVo H$aVmV. n§T>ar_hmËå`hr {dgmo~m gm§JVmV. H$mì`M_ËH¥$VrMm AmT>ihr Ë`m§À`m A^§JmVhmoVmo. {ZJw©U na_oídamMm AZw^d ì`º$ H$aVmZm Vo åhUVmV,

gS> Zm gm§OdU, Iw§Q> Zm Xmdo&

Jmò Zm dmgé, H$m` VoWo ìhmdo&

Amno Jm` AmnU Xmoho& AmnU AmnUm àH$me

IoMa {dgm Xmoho nm§Mhr JmB©&

boH$s Zmhr VoWo H¡$Mm OmdmB©&

{dgmo~m `moJ_mJ© d kmZ_mJ© `m XmoÝht_Üò VÁk hmoVo ^º$m§Zm Vo gm§JVmV,


Zm{nVmÀ`m ì`dgm`mVrb Img eãX dmnê$Z goZm§Zr AmÜ`mpË_H$ ê$nHo$gmYbr AmhoV.

"H$mi AZwHy$b AWdm à{VHy$b

n[a gmoSy> Zò Y¡`© ~i

AZmMmar _Z Ho$di&

Zò ~mQ>dy gd©Wm&'

na_oída gd©Ì âbobm Amho. Ë`mbm Zmd Am{U ê$n ZmhrM. Vw_À`m-_mÂ`mV Oir-ñWi-H$mð>r-nmfmUr Ë`mMmM dmg Amho. ~mH$s gd© ImoQ>o Amho ho {dgmo~m§Mo VÎdkmZ hmoVo.

"Zm_ Am{U ê$n& XmoZr O`m Zmhr&

Vmo{M Xod nmhr& òa {_Ï`m&&

Oi ñWi H$mð> nmfmUw& qnS> ~«÷m§S> AUwaoUw&

gd©ñdo AmnUw& gmj Ago

ho OmUmo{Z`m naVo& OmU Amn Amn{U`m V|&

IoMa åhUo Zm_`mVo& AdKm{M Xod&&'

åhUyZ _mUgmZo Zoho_r gV²>g§JVr Yamdr. g§Vm§Zm Zoho_r eaU Omdo& Ë`m§À`m_wioAmnbm CÜXma hmoVmo.

"gd©H$mir na_mË_m Amho gd©Xoer&

^mdZm ho Ah{Z©er ÑT> Yar&

g§V g_wXm` {_iVr OoWo OoWo&

Om` VoWo VoWo bmoQ>m§JUr&'

6.1.7. n[agm ^mJdV

Zm_Xodm§Mr `m{VhrZ åhUyZ Q>dmirH$aUmao ho nwamo{hV, nwT>o Ë`m§Mo {eî` Pmbo. ho {dÛmZ~«m÷U n§T>anwamV, épŠ_UrÀ`m XodimV ^mJdVmda nwamU gm§JV d "^mJdV n[agm' åhUOoEoH$m, Ago gdmªZm gm§JV. Ë`m_wio bmoH$ Ë`m§Zm "n[agm ^mJdV' åhUy bmJbo AerAm»`m{`H$m Amho. "nagm doX Zm_`mgr& VwPo nyd©O _mPo MaUm§nmer& Var `mVr hrZMr&'Aer Zm_Xodm§Mr Q>dmir H$aUmao n[agm nwT>o "XwYmdar gm` Vo _r dmZy H$m`& V¡go JmUo Jm`Zm_Xod&' Aer Zm_Xodm§Mr ñVwVr H$aVmV.

"kmZr kmZXod, Ü`mZr Zm_Xod& ^º$s Mm§JXod nwT>mabo' Agm kmZXod, Zm_Xod dMm§JXod `m§Mm Jm¡ad Vo Amnë`m A^§JmVyZ H$aVmV.

Zm_Xodm§À`m ghdmgmZo Ë`m§À`mV Pmboë`m ~XbmMo dU©Z H$aVmZm Vo åhUVmV,

g§V_oim / 105

{dgmo~m IoMa ho Zm_Xodm§Mo Jwê$.

"_mJo hmoV Vo AdKo{M {dgabo&

bmoQ>m§JUr Ambmo Zm_`mgr&

n[agm åhUo Zmå`m VwPo ~ado JmUo&

O¡go H$m ZmUo Q>mH$gmirMo&'

kmZXod Zm_Xodm§~amo~a VrWm©Q>Z H$aÊ`mgmR>r Jobo hmoVo. gd© MamMam§V am_ âbobmAmho. Ë`mÀ`m nm`r brZ hmoUo hoM n[agm§Mo Üò` Amho.

"AUw_mOr am_ aoUw_mOr am_&

V¥U H$mð>r am_ dV©Vgo&

n[agm ^mJdV H$m`mdmMm_Zo&

lram_mdm§My{Z AmZ ZoUo&'

n[agm ^mJdVm§Zr g§Vm§Mr EH$ AmaVrhr aMbr Amho.

"Eog na CnH$mar& bmoimdo Ë`m§À`m Ûmar&

V|{M Ho$edÜ`mZ& òa§ b{Q>Ho$ g§gmar&&'

6.1.8 ZmJm Am{U OmoJm, ~§H$m

Zm_Xodm§Mo g_H$mbrZ AgUmao ho g§V AmhoV. ZmJm hm nair d¡OZmWMm a{hdmgr hmoVm.Vmo KaMm g§nÞ hmoVm, nU EH$mEH$s {dn[aV H$mi òD$Z Vmo XoemoYS>rbm bmJbm Am{U Z§Va^{º$_mJm©g bmJbm. na_oídamÀ`m {dídì`mnH$ËdmMm AZw^d Ë`mZo nm¡am{UH$ H$WoÀ`m AmYmaodU©Z Ho$bm Amho.

H¥$îU cmoUr Im`m Jocm& òD$Z JmonrZo Y[acm&

_mònmer KoD${Z Amcm& VoWo H¥$îUm nmhVr Omir&

òWo H¥$îU VoWo H¥$îU& {OH$S>o {VH$S>o AdKm H¥$îU&

Eogo AmíM`© Jo _mò& OJ{_Ì ZmJm nmhþ{Z Ymò&&

Vo OJ{_Ì ZmJm åhUyZ AmoiIco OmV. {dÇ>cmcm OdirH$VoZo Vo {Zamon nmR>{dVmV.

_hmàgmX VmQ>rMm& {dS>m Amnwbo hmVrMm&

BVwHo$ PS>H$ar nmR>dmdo& ZmhrVar ~{i`m hmoD$Zr amhmdo&

Mwdm M§XZ Ho$eamMm& PJm Amnwbo A§JrMm&


n§T>anwamV ^mJdVmda nwamU gm§JUmao nwamo{hV n[agm ^mJdV Zm_Xodm§Mo{eî` Pmbo.

VrW© MaUrMo erVi& Am{U H§$R>rMr Vwigr_mi&

{dZdr OJ{_Ì ZmJm& OmCZr {dR>mo~mbm gm§Jm&&

ZmJm Hw$UmMm Ûof H$arV ZgV; na§Vw EH$Xm Hw$UrVar Ûof~wÜXrZo Ë`m§À`m _R>rg AmJbmdbr. B©ídaH¥$noZo Vo Ë`mVyZ dmMbo. `m àg§Jmda {b{hboë`m A^§JmV Vo åhUVmV,

"A¾r Omir Var Z Oio àëhmXw&

öX`r JmoqdXw åhUmo{Z`m&

A¾r Omir Var Z OiVr Jmonmiy&

öX`r XodH$s~miw åhUmo{Z`m&

A¾r Omir Var Z OiVr nm§S>d&

öX`r dmgwXod åhUmo{Z`m&

A¾r Omir Var Z Oio {~^rfUmMo Ka&

öX`r grVmda åhUmo{Z`m&

OJ{_Ì ZmJm Z Oio O[a A¾r Omir&

öX`r dZ_mir åhUmo{Z`m&'

~meu JmdmV, Vobr OmVrV OmoJmMm OÝ_ Pmbm. OmoJm {dÇ>b^º$ hmoVm. ^Jd§VmÀ`mXe©Zmg Vmo Zo_mZo OmV Ago. Ë`mÀ`m H$mì`mV CËH$Q> ào_ag, Jwé^º$s AmT>iVo. Jwê$darbAmnbr {Zð>m ì`º$ H$aÊ`mgmR>r OmoJmZo Amnbo Zmd OmoJm na_mZ§X Ago YmaU Ho$bo.Jwé_{h_m dU©Z H$aVmZm Vmo åhUVmo.

"dgmo{Z g§VmKar hmo& KoVbr JwaJwS>r&

AmYr ~«÷m§S> Zmai& _oé gËd Vmo AT>i&

{Z_©i gÌmdrMo Oi& gmoh§ JwaJwS>r&

{Mb_r {ÌJwU {Ì{dY& _rnU IS>m Vmo AôX&

V_ V_mIy OmiyZ ewÜX& d¡am½` qnJi YS>YS>r&

gmdYmZ bmdy{Z`m§ Zir& _rnU PwaH$m {daim {Jir&

OÝ__aUmMr _waHw§$S>r g§^mir& Yya {df`mMm gmoS>r&

bmJbm JwéJmoS>rMm N>§X& Ë`mbm àgÞ na_mZ§X&

OmoJm ñdm_r Vmo A^§J& JwéMaU Z gmoS>r&'

g§V_oim / 107

ZmJm Am{U OmoJm ho Zm_Xodm§Mo g_H$mbrZ g§V.

6.1.9 ~§H$m

MmoImo~m§Mr nËZr gmoàm {hMm ^mD$ ~§H$m. MmoImo~m d ~§H$m `m§À`mV gmQ>obmoQ>o {ddmhPmbm hmoVm Ago åhQ>bo OmVo. åhUOo MmoImo~m§Mr ~hrU {Z_©bm hr ~§H$mbm d ~§H$mMr ~hrUgmoàm MmoImo~m§Zm {Xbr. ~§H$mMo OÝ_Jmd {dX^m©Vrb H$moaoJmd. ~§H$m d Ë`mMr nËZr {Z_©bmXmoKohr ^pŠVnamÙ hmoVo. ^º$s_Yrb MmoImo~m§Mm A{YH$ma ~§H$mbm _mhrV hmoVm.MmoImo~m§{df`r Ë`mZo Jm¡admoX²>Jma H$mT>bo AmhoV.

"MmoIm MmoIQ> {Z_©b& V`m A§Jr Zmhr _i&

MmoIm gwImMm gmJa& MmoIm ^{º$Mm AmJa&

MmoIm ào_mMr _mCbr& MmoIm H¥$noMr gmD$br&

MmoIm _ZmMo _mohZm& ~§H$m Kmbr bmoQ>m§JU&'

~§H$m§Zr MmoImo~m§Zm JwéñWmZr _mZbo hmoVo. MmoImo~m§ZrM Amnë`mbm Iar ^º$s dË`mVrb AmZ§X XmIdyZ {Xbm.

"gwImMm gmJa MmoIm hm {ZYm©a& H$m` _r nm_a JwU dmZw&

YÝ` ào_ nmÝhm nmOw{ZB`m _mVo& Ho$bo gaVo AmnUm_mOr&

AmZ§Xr AmZ§X Xm{dbmgo S>moim& {Xbr OrdZ H$im _mPr _O&

~§H$m åhUo _mPr ào_mMr _mCbr& H¥$noMr gmD$br Ho$br _O&'

n§T>anyaMr dmar H$aUmè`m g§V_§S>itÀ`m ghdmgmV am{hë`mZo ^pŠVagmV Sw>§~Vm òVo.na_oídamMo Zm_ Onë`mZo AVrd AmZ§XmMr àmár hmoVo Ago ~§H$m§Zm dmQ>V Ago.

Zmhr ào_^md Z H$io _mÝ`Vm& gbJr ~mobVm gwI dmQ>o&

AI§S> Zm_mdir JmB©Z doimodoir& {ZË` Vr {Xdmir Amåhm Kar&

g§Vg_mJ_ d¡îUdm§Mm hmQ>& n§T>arò noR> Xw_Xw_br&

~§H$m åhUo gwI V`m§Mo g§JVr& ~¡goZ n§JVr h[aXg &


~§H$m _hma MmoImo~m§Mr nËZr gmoàm {hMm ^mD$.

6.2 g§V_où`mMo `moJXmZ

kmZoídam§Zr ñWmnZ Ho$boë`m ^mJdV Y_m©À`m àgmamMo _hÎdmMo H$m_ g§V_où`mZoHo$bo. Zm__hmËå`, {dÇ>b ê$nmMo dU©Z, n§T>ar_hmËå`, gXJwê$Mm _moR>onUm, gJwU - {ZJw©U^º$s, AÛ¡VdmX B. Jmoï>r gm_mÝÒZm§Zm Amnë`m àmgm{XH$ A^§JmÛmao `m g§Vm§Zr nQ>dyZ{Xë`m.

g§V_oim / 109


1) ....................... ho g§V g§V_oiçmV gdmªV dS>rb hmoVo.

1) MmoIm_oim, 2) JmoamHw§$^ma, 3) ~§H$m

2) "H$m§Xm, _wim, ^mOr hm A^§J ....................... `m§Mm Amho.

1) gmdVm _mir, 2) JmoamHw§$^ma, 3) OZm~mB©

3) ....................... ho ì`dgm`mZo gmoZma hmoVo.

1) MmoImo~m, 2) Zahar, 3) ZmJm

4) MmoIm_où`mÀ`m _wbmMo Zmd ....................... hmoVo.

1) H$_©_oim, 2) ~§H$m, 3) OmoJm

5) MmoIm_où`mbm ....................... Mm JwénXoe bm^bm.

1) kmZoída, 2) VwH$mam_, 3) Zm_Xod

6) "Mm¡dUm© XoD$Zr hmV ....................... hm A^§J ....................... `m§Mm Amho.

1) goZm Ýhmdr, 2) ZriH§$R>, 3) OmoJm na_mZ§X

7) ....................... {dgmo~m IoMa ho ....................... Mo Jwê$.

1) kmZoída, 2) Zm_Xod, 3) EH$ZmW

8) n[agm ....................... da nwamU gm§JV.

1) ^mJdV, 2) kmZoídar, 3) ^JdX²>JrVm

9) "A¾r Omir Var Z Oio àëhmXw" hm A^§J ....................... `m§Mm Amho.

1) ZmJm, 2) OmoJm, 3) ~§H$m

10) ~§H$ hm ....................... Mm ^mD$ hmoVm.

1) {Z_©im, 2) bmS>mB©, 3) gmoàm

gJù`mV _hÎdmMo åhUOo àn§MmV amhÿZhr na_mW© gmYVm òVmo hr ^mJdV Y_m©Mr{eH$dU g§V_où`mZo Amnmnë`m OrdZmV V§VmoV§V nmibr. `mVrb àËòH$ g§VmZo o Amnë`mH$m_mV na_oída nm{hbm Amho. _J "H$m§Xm _wim ^mOr& AdKr {dR>m~mB© _mPr&' Ago åhUUmamgmdVm_mir Agmo {H$§dm "Omohma _m`~mn OmohmaŸ&' åhUUmam MmoIm_oim Agmo.

`m g§Vm§Zm `m{VhrZËdmMo Xw:I Agbo Var H$moUË`mhr OmVr-Y_m©bm Xmof Z XoVm qH$dmAmnë`m Z{e~mVM Vo hmoVo Ago _mZyZ Jßn Z ~gVm CËH$Q> ^º$sZo na_oídaàmár àËòH$mZoMH$ê$Z KoVbr Amho. Amboë`m àËòH$ g§H$Q>mda gm_moao OmV {dÇ>bZm_mMm JOa H$aV ^º$sVa§JyZ OmUo hm `m g§Vm§§Mm ñWm`r^md Amho. `m OmoamdaM àËòH$mZo na_oída Xe©ZmMm, Ë`mÀ`mH¥$noMm bm^ KoVbm Amho. {MIb VwS>dVmZm VwS>{dbo Jobobo Jmoam Hw§$^mamMo _yb dmMbo.{dÇ>bXe©ZmZo Zahar§Zm h[a-ha¡Š`mMr à{MVr Ambr OJ{_Ì ZmJm AmJrVyZ dmMbo hr Ë`mMrCXmhaUo hmoV.

g_mO Á`m H$mimV A§YlÕm, AkmZ, Xm[aÐç Om{VôX `m§V Jwa\$Q>bm Jobm hmoVm,Ë`m H$mimV Oar kmZoída Zm_Xodm§gmaIo g§V CX`mbm Ambo Agbo, Var g§V_où`mVrbg§V g_mOmÀ`m VimJmimVyZ Ambo hmoVo. {d{dY OmVtVyZ Ambo hmoVo. Vo g_mOmÀ`m A{YH$Odi hmoVo. bmoH$m§À`mV hmoVo. `m g§Vm§Zr g_mOmH$Sy>Z ñdV: `m{VhrZËdmMo XmofmamonU ghZH$ê$Zhr EH$_oH$m§{déÕ _mUgo C^r Ho$br ZmhrV, Va na_oídambm gd© _mUgo gmaIrAgVmV. Á`mZo-Ë`mZo Amnbm CÕma ñdV:M H$ê$Z ¿`m`Mm AgVmo hr {eH$dU, EH$ñdÀN> Ñï>r g_mOmbm {Xbr. {OMr JaO AmOÀ`m H$mimVhr àH$fm©Zo OmUdVo.

6.3 g_mamon

{dÚmWu {_Ìm§Zmo, kmZoídam§nmgyZ EH$ZmWm§n`ªVMm H$mbI§S> Aä`mgV AgVmZm,_Yë`m H$mimV Oo bhmZ - _moR>o g§V hmoD$Z Jobo, Ë`mVrb _hÎdmÀ`m g§Vm§Mm {dMma AmnU`m àH$aUmV Ho$bm. JmoamHw§$^ma, gmdVm_mir, Zahar gmoZma, MmoIm_oim, goZmÝhmdr, {dgmo~mIoMa, n[agm ^mJdV, ZmJm, OmoJm, amH$m Am{U ~mH$m Aem gdmªÀ`m M[aÌmMr WmoS>Š`mVAmoiI H$ê$Z KoD$Z Ë`m§Mr gm{hË`g§nXmhr Aä`mgbr. kmZoídam§Zr nm`m KmVboë`m^mJdV Y_m©À`m dmT>rgmR>r `m g§V _où`mZo _hÎdmMo `moJXmZ {Xbo. ho g§V Amnmnë`md¡{eîQ>çnyU© A^§Jm§_wiohr à{gÕ AmhoV. `mnwT>rb àH$aUmV AmnU g§V H$d{`Ìt{df`rOmUyZ KoUma AmhmoV. g§V_où`m~amo~aM g§V {ó`m§Mo H$m`©hr _Ü``wJrZ _amR>r dmL>²>_`mÀ`mB{VhmgmV Xwb©{jÊ`mOmoJo Zmhr. Ë`m_wio Ë`m§Mm AmT>mdm ñdV§ÌnUo KoVbm Amho.

6.4 gmam§e

{_Ìm§Zmo, òWda g§V_où`mÀ`m H$m`m©Mm YmdVm AmT>mdm AmnU KoVbm. ^mJdVY_m©À`màgmam_Üò Zm_Xodm§gma»`m _moR>çm g§VmÀ`m H$mimV, Z§Va, AmJo - _mJo `m g§V_oiçmZo


dmL>²_`{Z{_©Vr Ho$cr Amho. `m gJiçm >g§Vm§Mo d¡{eï>` åhUOo H$moUË`m Zm H$moUË`m H$maUmZog_mOmMm amof Ë`m§À`mda AmoT>dbm; na§Vw Varhr H$moUË`mhr OmVr - Y_m©~Ôb, _mUgm~ÔbË`m§À`m _ZmV H$Qw>Vm {Z_m©U Pmbr Zmhr. CbQ> bmoH$m§À`m amofm_wio AmnU na_oídaÀ`mAm{YH$ Odi Jobmo Ago Ë`m§Zm dmQ>Vo. Ë`m§Zr Amnë`m A^§Jm§VyZ Zm__hmËå` n§T>ar_hmËå`,{dÇ>bê$n dU©Z, B. {df`m§da ^mî` Ho$bo Amho. kmZoída Am{U Zm_Xod Aem AmYrÀ`mg§Vm§~ÔbMm d gXJwê§$~ÔbMm AmXa^md `m A^§JmVyZ àH$Q> hmoVmo; na§Vw na_oída gd©Ìâbobm AgyZ Ë`mMo Zm_ KoVë`mZo hm g§gmaê$nr gmJa Vê$Z OmVm òVmo Ago g§V_où`mMogm§JUo Amho. ^mJdV Y_m©V Om{V-ôXm§Zm ñWmZ ZìhVo `mMr gmj g§V_où`mdê$Z nQ>VoH$maU `m_Üò {d{dY OmVr- O_mVtMo g§V hmoD$Z Jobo. g§V_où`mZo kmZoídam§Mm AÛ¡V{dMmag_mOmÀ`m VimJmimn`ªV ZoD$Z nmohmoM{dbm.


6.1

1) JmoamHw§$^ma 2) gmdVm_mir 3) Zahar

4) H$_©_oim 5) Zm_Xod 6) goZmÝhmdr

7) Zm_Xod 8) ^mJdV 9) ZmJm

10) gmoàm

>***

g§V_oim / 111


A{YH$ {Q>nUmgmR>r

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àH$aU : 7

g§V H$d{`Ìr

(_wŠVm~mB©, OZm~mB©, H$mÝhmonmÌm, ~{hUm~mB©,gmoàm~mB©, {Z_©im, ^mJy~mB©, Zm_Xod Hw$Qw>§~mVrc

pñÌ`m, doUm~mB©)

g§V H$d{`Ìr / 113

7.0 C{ÔîQ>o

7.1 n«mñVm{dH$

7.1.1 _wŠVm~mB©

7.1.2 OZm~mB©

7.1.3 H$mÝhmonmÌm

7.1.4 ~{hUm~mB©

7.1.5 gmoàm~mB©

7.1.6 {Z_©im

7.1.7 ^mJy~mB©

7.2. Zm_Xod Hw$Qw>§~mVrc pñÌ`m

7.2.1 JmoUmB©

7.2.2 amOmB©

7.2.3 cmS>mB©

7.2.4 qc~mB©

7.2.5 AmD$~mB©

7.2.6 ÜdmS>r ZmJr

7.3 doUm~mB©

7.4 g§V H$d{`ÌtMo `moJXmZ

7.5 g_mamon

7.6 gmam§e

Amncr àJVr Vnmgm - CÎmao

7.0 C{ÔîQ>o

{dÚmWu {_Ìm§Zmo, g§V na§nao_Üò g§V pñÌ`m§Mohr `moJXmZ Amho. Amnë`m H$m_m_Üòna_oída ~KÊ`mMr {eH$dU g§Vm§Zr g_mOmcm {Xcr, Va pñÌ`m§Zrhr ^ŠVrMm Cƒm§H$ JmRy>Zna_oídamcm Amncogo H$ê$Z XmI{dco. `m_Üò _wŠVm~mB©nmgyZ H$mÝhmonmÌon`ªV gd© OmVr-O_mVtÀ`m pñÌ`m hmoË`m. ho àH$aU Aä`mgë`mZ§Va Vwåhmcm,

l dmaH$ar g§àXm`mVrc ñÌr g§Vm§Mr AmoiI H$ê$Z XoVm òB©c.

l ñÌr g§Vm§Mr dmL²>_`rZ H$m_{Jar ñnîQ> H$aVm òB©c.

l g§V H$d{`ÌtMo `moJXmZ ñnîQ> H$aVm òB©c.

7.1 n«mñVm{dH$

13 ì`m eVH$mV kmZoídam§Zr ^mJdV Y_m©Mm nm`m KmVcm. "kmZoídarÀ`m' ê$nmZog_mOmVrc ñÌr eyÐmXtn`ªV kmZmMr J§Jm ZoD$Z nmohmoMdcr. Zm_Xodm§nmgyZ VwH$mam_m§n`ªVgd©M g§Vm§Zr kmZoídam§À`m H$m`m©Mm dgm KoD$Z, Amnë`m AmMaUmVyZ Am{U dmL²>_`mVyZ^mJdV g§àXm`mMm àgma Ho$cm. nwéfm§à_mUoM `m ^pŠVMidirMm n[aUm_ pñÌ`m§dahrPmcocm {XgVmo. g§V dmL²>_`mV g§V H$d{`ÌtÀ`m ^mdH${dVoMo EH$ ñdV§Ì ñWmZ Amho._amR>rMr AmÚ H$d{`Ìr _hX§~m hr _hmZw^md Agcr, Var "Ydio' `m {VÀ`m aMZoV g§VH$d{`Ìtà_mUo ^pŠV^md {XgVmo. _wŠVm~mBªnmgyZ VwH$mo~m§Zm Jwê$ _mZUmè`m ~{hUm~mBªn`ªVAm{U am_Xmgm§Zm JwéñWmZr _mZUmè`m doUm~mB©, ~`m~mB©, A§~m~mBªn`ªV g§V H$d{`ÌtMr EH$AI§S> na§nam _amR>r dmL²>_`mÀ`m àma§^H$mcmnmgyZ WoQ> 17 ì`m eVH$mÀ`m AIoarn`ªV{XgyZ òVo. Zm_Xodm§Mo gd© Hw$Qw>§~M H$mìàMZm H$arV hmoVo. Ë`m§Mr Xmgr OZr, AmB© JmoUmB©,~m`H$mo amOmB©, ~hrU AmD$~mB©, coH$ {c§~mB© `m gJiçm aMZm H$arV hmoË`m. MmoIm_oiçmMrnËZr gmoàm~mB© {hZohr A^§JaMZm Ho$cocr Amho.

7.1.1 _wŠVm~mB© - (B. g. 1279-1297)

{Zd¥Îmr-kmZXodm§À`m ~amo~arZo {OÀ`m Zm_mMm JOa dmaH$ar g§àXm`mV Ho$cm OmVmo, Vr_wŠVm~mB© kmZXodm§Mr chmZ ~hrU. {VMm OÝ_ Am{ídZ ewÕ à{VnXm eHo$ 1201/ B. g.1279 cm Pmcm. g_mOmZo Ho$cocr Cnojm kmZXodm§À`m ^md§S>m§~amo~a {VÀ`mhr dmQ>çmcmAmcr. {VMm g§gma {VÀ`m ^mdm§nojm doJim ZìhVm. d`mMr 18 df} Vr Ë`m§À`m~amo~aMam{hcr. d`mZo chmZ AgyZhr Zm_Xod, Mm§JXodm§Zm AÜ`mË_mMm CnXoe H$aÊ`mBVH$s {VMr`mo½`Vm hmoVr. Amnë`m ^md§S>m§À`m d BVa g§Vm§À`m ghdmgmV {VZo A^§JaMZm Ho$cr."Zm__§Ìo h[a {ZOXmgm nmdo ! EH$moZr ¿`mdo PS>H$ar' Aem eãXm§V {VZo Zm__mhmËå`gm§{JVco Amho.


_w§Jr CS>mcr AmH$mer Ÿ& {VZo {J{ico gy`m©er &

Wmoa Zdcmd Omcm & dm§Po nwÌ àgdcm &&

qdMy nmVmimer Om` & eof _mWm d§Xr nm` &

_mer ì`mcr Kma Pmcr & XoImoZ _wŠVmB© hgcr &&

Aer Hy$Q aMZmhr {VZo Ho$cr. g_mOmÀ`m Cnojocm H§$Q>miyZ kmZoída EH$Xm VmQ>rcmdyZ ~gco AgVm, Ë`m§À`mVrc g§VËd cjmV AmUÊ`mgmR>r, Ë`m§Zm {ZameoVyZ ~mhoaH$mT>Ê`mgmR>r _wŠVm~mB©Zo Oo A^§J aMco, Vo VmQ>rMo A^§J åhUyZ à{gÕ AmhoV.

`moJr nmdZ _ZmMm & gmhr AnamY OZmMm &&

{dídamJo Pmco dÝhr & g§V gwI ìhmdo nmUr &&

eãXeñÌo Pmco Šcoe & g§Vr _mZdm CnXoe &&

{dídnQ> ~«÷Xmoam & VmQ>r CKS>m kmZoídam &&

cmo^ Ah§Vm Z ò _Zm & OJr {daŠV Vo{M OmUm &&

BhnacmoH$s gwIr & ewÕ kmZ Á`m§Mo _wIr &&

{^Í`m H$ënZm _mJo gmam & VmQ>r CKS>m kmZoídam &&

Aem eãXm§V Vr kmZoídam§Zm {dZdUr H$aVo. g§VmMo g_mOmàVr AgUmao H$V©ì`M EH$àH$maoVr `mVyZ gm§JVo. ^mJdV Y_m©À`m AÛ¡V VÎdkmZmMo A{YîR>mZ _wŠVm~mB©À`m qMVZmcm Amho.

AmYr Vy _wŠV{M hmoVm{g ao àm{U`m

n[a dmgZo nm{n{U`m Zm{S>cmgr &&

Ago _mZdmMo dU©Z H$ê$Z Ë`mcm {dÇ>cZm_ OnÊ`mMm CnXoe Ho$cm Amho. jU^§Jwa g§gmamV_Zwî` _mòÀ`m ~§YZm_wio JmoVo ImVmo. Ë`mVyZ Vê$Z Om`Mo Agoc, Va gX²>Jwê${edm` n`m©`Zmhr, ho gm§JVmZm Vr åhUVo,

åhUo _wŠVm~mB© Mm§½`m A§V[aMr IyU

Y[a gX²Jwê$Mo nm` VwOcm Zo{Vc CÕê$Z &

_wŠVm~mB©Mo OrdZ d dmL²>_` {dÚwëcVoà_mUo M_H$Umao Amho. chmZ d`mV {VcmAgUmar AÜ`mË_mMr g_O M{H$V H$aUmar Amho.

d¥ÎmrZo VoOñdr Am{U A{^ì`ŠVrZo naIS> AgUmar _wŠVm~mB© àË`j Mm§JXodm§ZmhrgwZmdVo. Ë`m§Zr kmZoídam§Zm nmR>{dcoco H$moao nÌ nmhÿZ, "BVHo$ àXrK© Am`wî` OJyZhr Mm§JXodH$moam Vmo H$moamM am{hcm' Ago Vr åhUVo. g§Vm§À`m ôQ>ràg§Jr kmZXodm§nwT>o Z dmH$Umè`mZm_Xodm§Zmhr "AI§S> XodmMm O`mcm eoOma & H$m` Ah§H$ma Jocm Zmhr &' Agm àíZ Vr{dMmaVo.

g§V H$d{`Ìr / 115

AÜ`mË_joÌmV dS>rc~§Yy {Zd¥{ÎmZmW ho {VMo Jwê$ hmoVo. gH$c g§VJmWo_Üò {VÀ`mZmdmda ~oMmirg A^§J {XgVmV. gJwU-{ZJw©U ^ŠVrÀ`m ncrH$S>o OmUmar H$ënZmeŠVr{Vcm cm^cr. åhUyZM "gJwUmMr goO & {ZJw©UmMr ~mO & VoWo Ho${edmO nhwS>co &&' Ago Vr{c{hVo. kmZoídamXr ^md§S>m§_Üò _wŠVm~mB© chmZ Agcr, Var {VMm AmÜ`mpË_H$ A{YH$ma_moR>m Amho. Mm¡Xmeo df©o d`mÀ`m `mo{JamO Mm§JXodm§Zr {Vcm Jwê$ Ho$co, `mVM {VMm A{YH$maH$iyZ òVmo. Mm§JXodm§Zm `moJ{ZÐm àmá ìhmdr, åhUyZ {VZo A§JmB©JrVmgmaIo A^§J åhQ>coAmhoV.

{ZJw©UmMo S>hmir nmiUm cm{dcm &

VoWo gwV nhþS>cm _wŠVmB©Mm &

ZrO ZrO ~mim Z H$ar n¡ Amir &

AZwhV Q>mir dmO{dVo &

_wŠVmB©À`m Amoì`mhr AmH$cZmgmR>r AdKS>M AmhoV.

n{hcr _mPr Amodr & naVy{Z nm{hco &

ÑpîQ>Zo Xo{Ico & {ZOê$n &&

Xwgar _mPr Amodr & XwOo Zmhr _Zr &

cj VwPo MaUr & cm{Jòco &&

{Vgar _mPr Amodr & lrgê$nVm &

hmV VwPm _mWm§ & gXJwéZmWm &&

MdWr _mPr Amodr eyÝ` OoWo AmQ>o &

dñVwKZ XmQ>o & _mJo nwT>o &&

VmQ>rÀ`m A^§Jm§Vrc àmgm{XH$Vm d öX`Vm gmoS>cr, Va BVa A^§Jm§V JyT>mZw^dMA{YH$ {XgVmo. Ho$di AR>am dfmªÀ`m Am`wî`mV ~mcnUmnmgyZ KS>coë`m OrdZ_wŠVVoÀ`mg§ñH$mam§_wio _wŠVm~mB©Mo ì`pŠV_Îd EH$m `mo{JZrÀ`m nmVirda am{hco.


7.1.1 Amnbr àJVr Vnmgm : 1. "_w§Jr CS>mcr AmH$mer..' hr Hy$Q> aMZm H$moUmMr?

1. _wŠVm~mB© 2. OZm~mB© 3. doUm~mB©2. _wŠVm~mB©Mm OÝ_ H$Yr Pmcm?

1. B. g. 1204 2. B. g. 1279 3. B. g.1200

kmZoídamXr ^md§S>m§Mr YmH$Q>r ~hrU _wŠVm~mB©. JyT> AZw^d {c{hUmar, Hy$Q> aMZmH$aUmar, AmÜ`mpË_H$ A{YH$ma _moR>m AgUmar g§V H$d{`Ìr.

7.1.2 OZm~mB© - (A§XmOo B. g. 1265-1335)

OZm~mB©À`m ì`pŠVJV M[aÌm{df`r AZoH$ _V{^ÞVm AmT>iVmV. _amR>dmS>çmÀ`mnaÛr {OëømVrc JmoXmH$mR>Mo J§JmIoS> ho OZm~mB©Mo Jmd. {VÀ`m d{S>cm§Mo Zmd X_m Am{UAmB©Mo Zmd H$é§S>. X_m Zo_mZo n§T>arMr dmar H$arV Ago. g§VmZàmárgmR>r {dÇ>cmcm Ho$coë`mZdgm_wio OZm~mB©Mm OÝ_ Pmcm. {dÇ>cmZo ÑîQ>m§VmV gm§{JVë`mà_mUo-

d`mÀ`m 5ì`m, 6ì`m dfu {VÀ`m d{S>cm§Zr {Vcm Zm_Xodm§Mo dS>rc Xm_meoQ>r`m§À`mH$S>o AmUyZ gmoS>co. VoìhmnmgyZ AIoan`ªV Vr Zm_Xodm§À`m Hw$Qw>§~mVM am{hcr. VrZm_Xodm§hÿZ nmM-ghm dfmªZr _moR>r. {VZo Zm_Xodm§Zm A§Jm-Im§Úmda Ioi{dco Agë`mMmCëcoI AmT>iVmo. Zm_Xodm§gma»`m loîR> ^ŠVmÀ`m gm{ÞÜ`mV Am`wî` Joë`mZo, Ë`mMmn[aUm_ {VÀ`m OrdZmda d gm{hË`mda Pmcm.

na_oída àmárÀ`m Vi_irVyZ {VÀ`m ~è`mM A^§Jm§Mr {Z{_©Vr Pmcr. Ë`m_wio {VMoA^§J ^mdH$mì`mMm dñVwnmR> R>aVmV. {dÇ>c {VÀ`m ^ŠVrcm ^wcyZ {VÀ`m Kar, {VcmXiUH$m§S>UmV _XV H$ar. EH$Xm XodmMm hma Mmoaë`mMm Amihr {VÀ`mda Amcm, AerAm»`m{`H$m AmhoV. Ë`mdoir {VZo AmV©nUo {dÇ>cmMr ^mH$cocr H$ê$Um nwT>rc eãXm§V ì`ŠVHo$cr.

Am§YiçmMr H$mR>r AS>H$cr H$dUo ~oQ>r &

_m{Pò h[aUr H$moR>o Jw§Vcrg amUr &

VwO{dU H$m` H$ê$ àmU {VMr H§$R>r Yê$ &

AmVm Ord OmD$ nmho Ymd Kmcr _mOo Amò &

_mPr ôQ>dm OZZr g§Vm {dZdr Xmgr OZr &

Zm__{h_m gm§JVmZm Vr åhUVo,

Zm_ \w$H$Q> MmoIQ> & Zm_ KoVm Zò drQ >&

OS> {eim Á`m gmJar & AmË_mam_| Zm_| Vmar &&

"{dR>mo _mPm coHw$admim, g§Jo coHw$am§Mm _oim' Ago ^ŠVm§Zm Camer H$dQ>miUmè`m{dÇ>cmMo dU©Z {VZo Ho$co Amho. "X{iVm, H$m§{S>Vm VwO JmB©Z AZ§Vm' Ago åhUV OZm~mB©

g§V H$d{`Ìr / 117

3. _wŠVm~mB©Zo H$moUVo A^§J {c{hco?

1. gm§àXm{`H$ 2. VmQ>rMo 3. n§WmMo

4. _wŠVm~mB©Zo H$moUmcm CnXoe Ho$cm?

1. g_WmªZm 2. EH$ZmWm§Zm 3. Mm§JXodm§Zm

àn§MmVrc H$îQ>mMr H$m_o H$aV Ago. _Zwî` Am{U na_oída `mVrc "_r' "Vy' nUmMm ^md{VZo ^ŠVrZo Zmhrgm Ho$cm. nyU©nUo Xod_` Pmë`mMm AZw^d Vr EH$m A^§JmV ì`ŠV H$aVo.

Xod ImVo Xod {nVo & Xodmdar _r {ZOVo &&

Xod XoVo Xod KoVo & Xodmgdo ì`hm[aVo &&

Xod òWo Xod òWo & Xodm{dU Zmhr [aVo &&

OZr åhUo {dR>m~mB© & ^ê${Z Caco A§Va~mhr &&

na_oídamMm gmjmËH$ma hmoD$Z Amcocm AmË_mZw^d Vr "OZr åhUo Xodm _r Omco dogdm&[aKmco Ho$edm Ka VwPo' `m eãXm§V dU©Z H$aVo.

OZm~mB©Zo H¥$îUOÝ_, ~mcH«$sS>m, H$më`mMo A^§J {c{hco AmhoV. kmZoídam§À`m ñVwVrnaA^§J, goZm Ýhm~m d Zm_Xod `m§À`mda M[aÌna A^§J, WmcrnmH$, VrWm©dir, nmiUm,XemdVma dU©Z `m§gmaIr ñ\w$Q>aMZm Ho$cr Amho. {dÇ>cmMr ^ŠVr H$aÊ`mMm Amnë`mcm nyU©A{YH$ma Amho. na_oídamer EH$ê$n Pmë`mZ§Va "S>moB©Mm nXa Amcm Im§Xmdar & âë`m~mOmar OmB©Z _r' Ago {Z^©`nUo åhUUmar OZm~mB© AmÜ`mpË_H$ joÌmV, ^ŠVrÀ`m Omoamda{damoYmcm Z Ow_mZVm, g_W©nUo C^r am{hcocr {XgVo.

{VÀ`m AmË_{ZdoXZna A^§Jm§VyZ XmgrnXmnmgyZ g§VËdmn`ªVMm {VMm ì`pŠV_Îd{dH$mg ñnîQ> {XgVmo. na_oída ôQ>rMr AmVwaVm, eaUmJVr, dmQ> nmhmUo, Ymdm H$aUo, Xodmer^m§S>Uo, [Zamem, AIoa Xe©Z Aem AdñWm§VyZ OZm~mB© Jococr Amho.

hmV {ZT>imdar R>odyZr & dmQ> nmho MH«$nmUr &&

Ymd Ymd nm§Sw>a§Jo & gIo {OdcJo A§Va§Jo &&

VwOdmMw{Z Xmhr {Xem & dmQ> nmhVo OJXrem &

hmgo H$ê$ ZH$mo OZmgr & åhUo Zm_`mMr Xmgr &

Ago Vr hŠH$mZo nm§Sw>a§Jmcm ~OmdVo.

Ordm-{edmÀ`m EH$mH$mamM AZw^d Vr AË`§V gmÜ`m eãXm§V dU©Z H$aVo.

Á`moV nhm M_H$cr & H$m` gm§Jy Ë`mMr ~mocr,

OmoS> Pmcr ao {edmer & ^«m§V {\$Q>cr {Odm§Mr &

AmZ§X{M AmZ§Xcm & AmZ§X ~moYm{M ~moYcm &&

AmZ§XmMr cha CR>r & ~«÷mZ§Xo {J{icm nmoQ>r &&

~mcH«$rS>oÀ`m A^§JmV ~mcH¥$îUmMo öX` dU©Z Vr H$aVo-

~«åhm d§Xr Á`mMo nm` & Ë`mMr èmoXm Vo _m` &&


gm_amÁ`mMm Omo XmZr & _mJo èmoXogr cmoUr

jragmJa Á`mMo MaUr & Ë`mcm nm`mdaVo ÝhmUr &&

Xod ~«÷m§S> nmcH$s & Ë`mMr Q>miy hmVo _mIr &

ewH$ gZH$m{XH$ `moJr & OZr åhUo Xiy cmJr &&

dU©Z H$am`À`m àg§JmVrcM EH$ KQ>H$ ~ZyZ OZm~mB© Amnco ^md ì`ŠV H$aVmV.ñÌrgwc^Vm hm {VÀ`m g§nyU© H$mì`mMm EH$ {deof {XgVmo.

OZm~mB©À`m A^§Jm§VyZ CnojoMm gyahr OmUdVmo. Zm_Xodm§Mr _wco {VÀ`mnojm chmZAgyZhr Ë`m§Zm {dÇ>cmÀ`m Odi OmVm òVo Am{U AmnU _mÌ Om{VhrZËdm_wio nm§Sw>a§JmnmgyZcm§~M amhmVmo hr gc {Vcm Amho.

amOmB© & JmoUmB© & AI§{S>V VwPo nm`r &

_O R>o{d`co Ûmar & ZrM åhUmo{Z ~mhoar &

Zmam, Jm|Xm, _hmXm {dU & R>o{d`co AJ«dmQ>m &

Xodm Ho$ìhm jo_ Xogr & Amnwcr åhUmo{Z Xmgr OZr

Zm_Xodm§À`m Mm¡Xm _mUgm§À`m Hw$Qw>§~mV h{aZm_ KoÊ`mMr nÕV Agcr Var OZm~mB©Ë`mV ZgVo. Vr AI§S> Kam~mhoa PmS>cmoQ>, XiUH$m§S>U H$arV amhmVo. Ë`m_wio _JEH$conUmV {Vcm gmo~V H$aUmam {dÇ>c {Vcm A{YH$M OdiMm dmQ>Vmo. Vmo àËòH$ H$m_mV{Vcm _XV H$aVmo Aer {VMr g_OyV hmoVo.

gd© A§Jr Km_ Amcm & VoUo nrVm§~a {Ôcm &&

nm`r n¢OU hmVr H$S>r & H$m|S>m nmISy>Z H$mcr &&

hmVr Amcm Ago \$moS> & OZr åhUo _wgi gmoS>m & Ago nm§Sw>a§JmMo _Zmok {MÌUOZm~mB© H$aVo.

g§V H$d{`Ìr / 119

7.1.2 Amnbr àJVr Vnmgm : 1. OZm~mB©À`m d{S>cm§Zr {Vcm Hw$UmH$S>o AmUyZ gmoS>co?

1. Xm_meoQ>r 2. EH$ZmW 3. am_Xmg2. {dÇ>c H$m_m_Üò H$moUmcm _XV H$aV Ago?

1. doUm~mB© 2. OZm~mB© 3. _wŠVm~mB©3. OZm~mB©Zo H$moUVo A^§J {c{hco?

1. Hy$Q> 2. ~mcH«$sS>oMo 3. VmQ>rMo4. "S>moB©Mm nXa Amcm Im§Úmdar' hr aMZm H$moUmMr?

1. _wŠVm~mB© 2. gmoàm~mB© 3. OZm~mB©>

CËH$Q> ^mdmZw^wVr, nmaXeu A{^ì`ŠVr d ñÌr gwc^Vm hr OZm~mB©À`m H$mì`mMrd¡{eîQ>ço hmoV.

7.1.3 H$mÝhmonmÌm (B. g. 1468)

H$mÝhmonmÌm hr 14 ì`m eVH$mV _§JidoT>çmÀ`m em_m Zm`{H$UrÀ`m nmoQ>r OÝ_mcmAmcr. Agm_mÝ` ê$n, Jm`Z d ZV©ZmMr H$cm `m JmoîQ>r {VÀ`mH$S>o AgyZhr AH$mcr d¡am½`àmá Pmë`mZo Jm`ZH$coMm Cn`moJ Vr {dÇ>cmMo JwU JmÊ`mgmR>r H$ê$ cmJcr. Hw$imÀ`mna§naoZwgma AWm©O©Z H$aÊ`mEodOr n§T>anyacm òD$Z {dÇ>cmg_moa Jm`Z-H$sV©Z H$arV H$miKmcdy cmJcr. {VÀ`m ê$nmMr H$sVu EoHy$Z ~oXaÀ`m ~mXehmMo g¡{ZH$ {Vcm nH$Sy>ZZoÊ`mgmR>r Amco Voìhm {dÇ>cmÀ`m MaUr {VZo àmUmn©U Ho$co. Ë`mdoiMr {VMr _Z:pñWVrnwT>rc eãXmV ì`ŠV hmoVo.

n{VVnmdZo åhU{dgr AmYr Var H$m Cnm{Y ^ŠVm_mJo &

VwPo åhU{dVm XwOo A§Jg§J-CUonUm gm§J H$moUmH$S>o &

qghmMo ^mVwH¡$ O§~wH$ n¡ ZoVm- Wmoam{M`m _mWm cmO dmQ>o &

åhUo H$mÝhmonmÌm Xohg_n©Uo-H$amdm OVZ ~«rXmgmR>r &

Zm__{h_m gm§JyZ "¿`mao ¿`mao _wIr Zm_ & A§Var Yamo{Z`m ào_ &' Agm AmJ«hH$mÝhmonmÌm YaVo. gw~moY, ^mdmoËH$Q> eãXm§V Vr {dÇ>cmcm Amnco ajU H$aÊ`mMr {dZ§VrH$aVo.

AJm d¡Hw§$R>rÀ`m am`m & AJm {dÇ>c gI`m &&

AJm ZmamÙm & AJm dgwXodZ§XZm &

AJm nw§S>{cH$ daXm & AJm {dîUw Vy JmoqdXm &

AJm aIw_mB©À`m H$m§Vm & H$mÝhmonmÌm amIr AmVm &&

Va na_oídamÀ`m ôQ>rMr Vi_i, AmV©Vm nwT>rc eãXm§V ì`ŠV hmoVo.

"ZH$mo Xodam`m A§V AmVm nmhÿ & àmU hm gd©Wm \w$Q>mo nmho &'

h[aUrMo nmS>g ì`mK«o Y{aòco & _OcmJr Omhco V¡go Xodm &&

{df` dmgZoÀ`m AmYrZ Pmcoë`m _Zwî`mMr AYmoJVr Pmë`m{edm` amhmV Zmhr. Ë`mcmna_oída àmár hmoV Zmhr. Ë`m_wio dmgZoda {Z`§ÌU R>odUo _hÎdmMo Amho, Ago Vr gm§JVo.

{df`mMo g§JVr & Zme nmdco {ZpíMVr &

^Jo nS>cr B§Ðmcm & ^ñ_mgya ^ñ_ Pmcm &

YÝ` H$mÝhþnmÌm AmOr Pmcr ^m½`mMr &

ôQ>r Pmcr kmZXodmMr åhUw{Z`m &&

`m A^§Jmdê$Z H$mÝhmonmÌm kmZXodm§Zm g_H$mcrZ Agë`mMo H$iVo. {dÇ>côQ>rMrVi_i hm {VÀ`m H${dVoMm AmË_m Amho. AmnU XrZ, n{VV, `m{VhrZ Agë`mZo


{dÇ>c^ŠVrMm Amnë`mcm A{YH$ma Zmhr Ago {Vcm dmQ>o. Vr åhUVo,

_r Vmo Amho `m{VhrZ & Z H$io H$mhr AmMaU &

_O A{YH$ma Zmhr & ôQ> XoB© {dR>m~mB© &&

na§Vw EHo$ {R>H$mUr Vr {dÇ>cmcm naIS>nUo gdmc H$aVo -

n{VV nmdZ åhU{dgr AmYr &

Var H$m CnmYr ^ŠVm_mJo &

VwPo åhU{dVm XwOo A§Jg§J &

CR>monUm gm§J H$moUmH$S>o &&

qghmMo ^mVwH|$ O§~wH$ n¡ ZoVm &

Wmoam§{M`m _mWm cmO dmQ>o &&

7.1.4 ~{hUm~mB© (B. g. 1629-1700)

doê$iÀ`m npíM_og AgUmè`m XodJmdr ^mÐnX dÚ Ì`moXer eHo$ 1550 (B. g.1629) `m {Xder ~{hUm~mB©Mm OÝ_ Pmcm. d{S>cm§Mo Zmd AmD$Or d AmB© OmZH$s.AmD$OtZr g§VmZn«márgmR>r {edmMo AZwîR>mZ Ho$co d ñdßZmVrc ÑîQ>m§Vmà_mUo ~{hUm~mB©OÝ_ë`m. ~{hUm~mB© VrZ dfmªMr AgVmZmM {VMm EH$m Vrg dfmªÀ`m J§JmYa nmR>H$ ZmdmÀ`m{~Odamer {ddmh Pmcm. c¾mZ§Va H$mhr dfmªZr H$m¡Qw>§{~H$ AS>MUt_wio {VÀ`m AmB©d{S>cm§ZmJmd gmoS>mdo cmJco. gmao Hw$Qw>§~ VrW©`mÌm H$arV Xohÿcm nmohmoMco. n§T>anyacm {dÇ>cmMo Xe©ZKoVë`mda ~{hUm~mB©cm {VWoM amhmdogo dmQy> cmJco. H$Wm-H$sV©ZmMo doS> cmJë`mZo Zdè`mMmnwéfr OmM {Vcm gmogmdm cmJcm.

B©g Z_ñH$ma H$[aVrc OZ& Amåhr Bg V¥U dmQ>mo nar &&

nwgVmMr òVr B©g nhm OZ & Amåhr H$m ~«m÷U _yI© OmhOo &

Ago åhUUmè`m nVr~m~Vhr {VZo H$V©ì`^mdZoZo n[Vd«VmY_m©Mo nmcZ Ho$co.nma_m{W©H$ dmQ>MmcrV ~{hUm~mB©cm Oàm_ñdm_r dS>JmdH$a d VwH$mam_ _hmamO `m§MmCnXoe cm^cm. gm§gm[aH$ ÌmgmV Oàm_ñdm_r {Vcm Yra XoV. Ë`m§À`mH$Sy>ZM {VcmVwH$mam_m§Mr H$rVu g_Ocr. Ë`m§À`m ôQ>rgmR>r Vr Vi_iy cmJcr. AIoa VwH$mam_m§Zr {VcmÑîQ>m§V {Xcm. Ë`m AZw^dmMo dU©Z H$aVmZm Vr åhUVo,

^«Vma åhUVgo Amåhr H$s ~«m÷U & doXmMo nR>Z gXm H$ê$

H¡$Mm eyÐ VwH$m ñdßZrMo Xe©Zr & {~KS>cr nËZr H$m` H$ê$ &&

g§V H$d{`Ìr / 121

14ì`m eVH$mVrc EH$m Zm`{H$UrMr _wcJr AgyZ, {dÇ>c^ŠVrV a__mU hmoD$ZAmnco erc dmM{dÊ`mgmR>r Ord XoUmar g§V H$d{`Ìr.

na§Vw ho gJio ~{hUm~mB©Zo nM{dco. ~{hUm~mB©Zo {dnwc A^§JaMZm Ho$cr. g§VOZ, gËg§J,gmYyMr cjUo, Zm__{h_m, n§T>ar_mhmËå`, Vwcgr_mhmËå` Aem {d{dY {df`m§da {VZoñ\w$Q>aMZm Ho$cr Amho.

EH${ZîR> ^md VwH$mo~mMaUr & åhUmoZr ~{hUr cmK{cgo &&

~{hUr åhUo VwH$m gXJwê$ ghmXa & ôQ>cm Anma gwI hmo` &&

Aer VwH$mam_m§{df`r Jwé^ŠVr {VZo ì`ŠV Ho$cr. nmiUm, dmgwXod, X_m_m, gm¡ar,hþ§~ar, Ioir`m, S>\$JmUo Aer {d{dY àH$maMr aMZmhr {VZo Ho$cr.

Zm_ g§H$sV©Z gXmH$mi O`m &

^pŠVd§V V`m åhUmo Amåhr & Agm Zm__{h_m Vr gm§JVo -

g§VH¥$nm Pmcr B_maV \$im Amcr

kmZXodo a{Mcm nm`m & C^maco Xodmc`m &&

hm {VMm ^mJdV g§àXm`mMm B{Vhmg gm§JUmam A^§J à{gÕ Amho. {VÀ`m Zmdmda400 A^§J CncãY AmhoV. n§T>anwamMo Pmcoco àW_ Xe©Z Am{U VwH$mam_m§À`m A^§Jm§Mm_Zmda Pmcocm n[aUm_ eodQ>n`ªV am{hcm. {dÇ>c^ŠVr Ho$ë`mZ§Va ~{hUm~mB©cm AmË_mZw^dAmcm.

nmhmo, Omo Jo{c`m _rM ha{nco & Zdc H¡$go Omco ~mB©`m§Zmo &&

H$m` gm§Jmo H¡$go {dnarV MrO & n{S>co _mPo _O R>H$ H¡$go &

XoIV XoIV A§Jr g§Mmaco & ZmR>dogo Omco _r ho _mPo &&

~{hUr åhUo Zdc gm§Jmo H$moUmnmgr & _mPo _r _mZgr cm{O{cò &

Ago ZdcnyU© AZw^dmMo dU©Z Vr H$aVo

H$moëhmnya _wŠH$m_r AgVmZm ~{hUm~mB©cm H$mer d {dÇ>c Aer XmoZ _wco Pmcr. {Vcm~hmÎma dfmªMo Am`wî` cm^co. {eê$a Jmdr AmpídZ ewÕ à{VnXm ~wYdma eHo$ 1622(B. g. 1700) `m {VWrcm {VZo Xoh R>odcm.



1. ~{hUm~mB©Mm OÝ_ H$Yr Pmcm?

1. eHo$ 1550 2. eHo$ 1600 3. eHo$ 1502

"kmZXodo a{Mcm nm`m..' hm A^§J {c{hUmar VwH$mam_m§Mr {eî`m ~{hUm~mB© {hÀ`mZmdmda Mmaeo A^§J AmhoV.

7.1.5 gmoàm~mB©

g§V gmoàm~mB© hr g§V MmoIm_oiçmMr nËZr. nmoQ>r g§VmZ Zgë`mZo Vr Xw:Ir Ago.EH$ {Xdg àË`j nm§Sw>a§JmZo ~«m÷UmÀ`m ê$nmZo òD$Z {VÀ`mH$S>o AÞ _m{JVco. `mVrhrZAgë`mZo AÞ XoÊ`mg àW_ {VZo g§H$moM Ho$cm; na§Vw eodQ>r {VZo Xhr^mV {Xcm. ~«m÷UmZo{Vcm nwÌàmárMm Amerdm©X {Xcm. H$_©_oim Zm_H$ nwÌ {Vcm Pmcm. Xm[aÐmV Am{U AZoH$gm§gm[aH$ AmnÎmrV gmoàm~mB©Zo MmoImo~m§Zm gmW {Xcr. MmoImo~m§à_mUo Vrhr h[a^ŠVrVa__mU Pmcr.

gmoàm~mB©Mo EHy$U ~mgîQ> A^§J CncãY AmhoV. ñdV:Mm {ZX}e Vr "Mmo»`mMr_hmar' Agm H$aVo. 13ì`m eVH$mVrc dU©ì`dñWoMo H$mM gmoàm~mB©cm AmhoV. Ë`mMonS>gmX {VÀ`m A^§JmV {XgVmV.

YaUo KoD$Zr XmamV & ~¡gcogo Zm_ JmV &&

Ûmar ~¡gmoZr hmH$m _mar & åhUo Mmo»`mMr _hmar &&

Vr {dÇ>cmMr nyOm H$aVo; na§Vw AmnU XmI{dcocm Z¡doÚ `m{VhrZËdm_wio XodmcmMmcUma Zmhr Ago dmQy>Z Vr åhUVo,

nwT>o R>odmo{Z`m§ nmZ & dmT>r Hww$Q>w§~r Vo AÞ

Vwåhm `mo½` Zìho Xodm & JmoS> H$ê${Z`m Oodm &

_mUgo XohmÀ`m {dQ>mimMr MMm© H$aVmV; na§Vw Iao åhUOo AmË_m {Z_©i Am{U ewÕAgVmo. {dQ>mimdmMyZ H$moUVm Xoh OÝ_mcm H$gm òUma? Agm àíZ Vr H$aVo.

Xohmgr {dQ>mi åhUVr gH$i & AmË_m Vmo {Z_©i ewÕ~Õ

XohrMm {dQ>mi XohrM OÝ_cm & gmodim Vmo Pmcm H$dU Y_© &&

g§V H$d{`Ìr / 123

2. ~{hUm~mBªÀ`m AmB©Mo Zmd H$m`?

1. OmZH$s 2. Ðm¡nXr 3. H$_im

3. ~[hUm~mBªMo Jwê$ H$moU?

1. OZmX©Z 2. VwH$mam_ 3. EH$ZmW

4. nma_m{W©H$ dmQ>McrV ~{hUm~mBªZm H$moUmMm CnXoe cm^cm?

1. amKd|Ðñdm_r 2. Oàm_ñdm_r 3. OZmX©Zñdm_r

5. "g§VH¥$nm Pmcr B_maV \$im Amcr' hm A^§J H$moUmMm?

1. _wŠVmB© 2. OZm~mB© 3. ~{hUm~mB©.

`mMZm H$ê$Zhr Xod àgÞ hmoV Zmhr Voìhm Vr åhUVo,

AmVm _moH${cVm Zìho {ZV ~ar &

Wmoam gmOo Wmoar WmoanUo &&

eaU Am{c`m Xm{dVgm nmR>r &

H$m` Wmoa JmoîQ>r dmZy Xodm &&

Varhr {dÇ>cmOdi Amnna^md Zmhr ho Ë`m§Zm _mhrV Amho. `m_wio AmË_mZw^dmMo dU©ZH$aVmZm gmoàm~mB© åhUVo,

AdKm a§J EH$ Pmcm-a§Jr aJcm lra§J

_r-Vy nU Joco dm`m-nmhVm n§T>arÀ`m am`m

Zmhr ôXmMo Vo H$m_- nimo{Z Joco H«$moY-H$m_

Xohr AgyZr Vy {dXohr- gXm g_m{YñV nmhr

nmhVo nmhUo Joco Xwar- åhUo Mmo»`mMr _hmar

BVa jwÐ XodVm§À`m ÔZr cmJcoë`m cmoH$m§Mm {VZo {ZfoYM Ho$cm Amho; {dÇ>cXe©ZmZo_mÌ eãXmVrV AZw^yVr àmá Pmë`mMo Vr gm§JVo.

{Z_©im

{Z_©im hr MmoIm_oiçmMr ~hrU. Vrhr {dÇ>cmMr ^ŠV AgyZ, {VZo MmoImo~m§H$Sy>ZMCnXoe KoVcm. g§VgH$c JmWoV {VMo Mmodrg A^§J AmhoV. ^dVmaH$ AgUmè`m Zm_mMo_hÎd Vr nwT>rc eãXmV {deX H$aVo.

_O Zm_mMr AmdS>r, g§gma Ho$cm XoemoYS>r

gmnS>co dU© gmono & {dÇ>cZm_ _§Ì Ono

Zmhr AmUrH$ gmYZ & gXm JmB© ZmamÙ

{Z_©im åhUo Xodm & N>§X EdT>m nwadmdm &

Mmohmo~mOy§Zr doT>coë`m n[apñWVrÀ`m dUì`mV gmnS>ë`m_wio Aghm` hmoD$Z {Z_©imZo{dÇ>cmcm KmVcocr hmH$ öX`mcm {^S>Umar Amho.

Mhÿ§H$S>o Xodm XmQ>cm dUdm& H$m§ Z ò H$Zdm VwOcmJr&

gmnS>co g§Yr g§gmamMo A§Jr & gmoS>dr cJ~Jr _m`~mnm &


`m{VhrZVoÀ`m ncrH$S>o OmD$Z "AdKm a§J EH$ Pmcm' Ago åhUUmargmoàm~mB© hr MmoIm_oiçmMr nËZr.

~hþ _O C~J Amcm Ago Xodm & Ymdo Vy Ho$edm cdcmhr &

VwO{dU _O H$moU JUJmoV & Vy {M _mPm {hVH$Vm© Xodm

[Z_©im åhUmoZr nm`r {_R>r & naVo Z cmoQ>r _m`~mnm &&

{Z_©imÀ`m H$mhr A^§Jm§VyZ MmoImo~m§Mo ì`pŠV{MÌ aoImQ>coco AmT>iVo. {dÇ>cmMo Xe©Z`m{VhrZËdm_wio _hmÛmamVyZM ¿`mdo cmJVo hr I§V H$mhr doim Vr ì`ŠV H$aVo.

_hmÛmar MmoIm Ë`mMr ~hrU &

Kmcr cmoQ>m§JU C^`Vm &

^mJy~mB©

VwH$mam_m§Mr _wcJr ^mJy~mB© {hZoXoIrc Amnë`m {nË`mH$Sy>Z H$mìàMZoMm dmagmKoVcm. {VMr A^§Jg§»`m AË`§V H$_r åhUOo XmoZBVH$s Amho. {VÀ`m A^§JmV "^mJy' AerZm__wÐm AmT>iVo. d{S>cm§à_mUoM {dÇ>c^ŠVr Am{U Ë`mÀ`m Xe©ZmMr Vi_i hm {VÀ`mA^§Jm§Mm {df` Amho.

"_r ao AnamYr _moR>r & _O Kmcmdo ~m nmoQ>r &' qH$dm "Ad¿`m g§Vm Vy ôQ>gr & _r aoEH$cr naXoer &' Aer AmV©Vm {VÀ`m A^§JmVyZ ì`ŠV hmoVo.

"_m`mOio ho _¥JOio nmho &

Jw§Vgr nar JVr Zmhr ~ar ao!'

Ago g§gmamÀ`m jU^§JwaVoMo dU©Z Vr H$aVo. g§gmamVyZ nwT>o _moj {_iÊ`mgmR>r{dÇ>cmMo Zm_ñ_aU H$aÊ`mMm gëcm Vr XoVo; na§Vw Ago Agco Var VwH$mam_m§À`m{Z`m©Uàg§Jr {VMo d` chmZ hmoVo. Ë`mZ§Va Xohÿ Jmd gmoSy>Z Vr AmOmoir Jocr Ë`m_wioH$Xm{MV VwH$mam_m§Mm H${dËdmMm dmagm Vr nwT>o Mmcdy eH$cr Zmhr.

7.2 Zm_Xod Hww$Qw>§~mVrc pñÌ`m

7.2.1 JmoUmB© -

JmoUmB© hr Zm_Xodm§Mr AmB©. Zdggm`mgmZo {Vcm Zm_Xodm§gmaIm nwÌ cm^cm. Ë`m_wioA{Ve` ào_mZo Zm_Xodm§Mo nmcZ {VZo Ho$co. MmaMm¡Km§à_mUo Amncm nwÌhr gwIr g§gmamVa_cocm {Vcm nmhm`Mm hmoVm. Ë`m_wio Zm_Xod àn§MmH$S>o Xwc©j H$ê$Z n§T>arÀ`m dmarV a_coconmhÿZ {Vcm Xw:I hmoVo. Vr åhUVo,

g§V H$d{`Ìr / 125

^mJy~mB© hr VwH$mam_m§Mr _wcJr

{Z_©im hr MmoIm_oiçmMr ~hrU

nm§Sw>a§JmgÝ_wI Xo{Icm & {MÌtMm {c{hcm nwVim O¡gm &&

Zmhr McZdcZ VQ>ñW Z`Z & Ho$co qc~cmoU `moJr OZr &&

na§Vw Zm_Xodm§da H$mhr n[aUm_ hmoV Zmhr Voìhm {dÇ>cmÀ`m {nemÀ`m_wio Ago hmoVo AgodmQy>Z Vr {dÇ>cmdahr AmJnmIS> H$aVo.

{edÊ`m {Q>nÊ`m KmVcogo nmUr &

Z nmhgr naVmoZr KamH$S>o &&

H¡$gr VwPr ^pŠV cm¡{H$H$m doJir &

g§gmamMr hmoir Ho$cr Zmå`m &&

qH$dm

{dídOZ_mohZm H$n{Q>`m ZmamÙm &

H$m` XodnU {_a{dVmogr &

Aem eãXm§V Vr Zm_XodmMr d {dÇ>cmMr IaS>nÅ>r H$aVo. EH$ gm_mÝ` ñÌr åhUyZJmoUmB©cm Amncm _wcJm Zm_Xod {dÇ>cmÀ`m ZmXr cmJë`mZo Amncm Cacm Zmhr Ago dmQ>Vo.nwT>rc eãXm§V {VMr Iar ì`Wm Vr ì`ŠV H$aVo.

H$m`m dmMm _Zo g§mS>mo{Z`m _O

AZwgacm VwO _Zmo^mdo &

Z H$io VwPr ^md H$m` `m Xm{dco &

naVoZmgo Ho$co {MÎm `mMo &

AmVm _mOm erU {Zdm[ac H$moU &

EH$m VwO{dU nm§Sw>a§Jm &

JmoUmB© åhUo Xodm XoB© OrdXmZ

gwImMo {ZYmZ Zm_m _mPm &

7.2.2 amOmB©

hr Zm_Xodm§Mr nËZr. Zm_XodJmWoV {VMo A^§J AmhoV. H$sV©ZmV Am{U n§T>arÀ`m darVX§J amhmUmao Zm_Xod g§gmamV a_V ZmhrV, ho nmhÿZ Vrhr qMVrV hmoVo Am{U Zm_Xodm§ZmåhUVo,

cmdmoZr c§JmoQ>r OmcoVr Jmogmdr &

Am_wMr CR>mR>odr H$moU H$ar &


gwImMm g§gma H$amo{Z ~mam dmQ>o &

Zmd Ho$co _moR>o OJm_mOr &&

gd©ñdo gm§S>mo{Z Y[acm Vwåhr Xod &

òUo nw{gcm R>md g§gmarMm &&

Am_wMr H$ê$Um Z dmQ>o{M H$mhr &

{dZ{dVo amOmB© Zm_Xodm &

ho amOmB©Mo CX²Jma {VÀ`m ñÌrgwc^ ^mdZm§Mo Xe©Z KS>{dVmV; na§Vw Zm_Xod{dÇ>c^ŠVrV aV amhmVmV. KamH$S>o Ë`m§Mo cj Zmhr. Ooìhm XmoZ doiÀ`m OodUmMr ^«m§V{Z_m©U hmoVo Voìhm _mÌ Vr g§VmnVo Am{U WoQ> {dÇ>cmÀ`m _hmÛmamV C^r amhmVo d {dMmaVo.

Ahmo aŠ_m~mB©, {dR>mo~mgr gm§Jm &

^«Vmamer H$m Jm doS>o Ho$co &&

dñÌnmÌ Zmhr Im`m-Zogm`mgr &

ZmMo Ah{Z©er {Zc©ÁO gm &&

eodQ>r Zm_Xodm§Zm na_oídamÀ`m qMVZmV, Xe©ZmV Omo AZwn_ AmZ§X hmoVmo Vmo amOmB©cmH$iVmo. Xodmer Agcoco Zm_Xodm§Mo g»` {Vcm g_OVo Am{U Vr åhUVo,

AmVm ò g§gmar _rM YÝ` OJr &

Oo Vwåhm AYmªJr {ZdQ>c| &

7.2.3 cmS>mB©

hr Zm_Xodm§Mr _moR>r gyZ. ZmamMr nËZr cmS>mB©. {hMm EH$M A^§J {_iVmo; nU Ë`mVyZ_hÎdmMm g§X^© H$iVmo.

ÛmXe~hmÎmar H¥$îU Ì`moXer

AmfmT> ho _mgr XodÛmar &

gdmªZr Xoh A{n©cm {dÇ>cr &

_O H$m§ R>o{dco nm{nUrgr &

AmfmT> H¥$îU 13 eHo$ 1272 `m {Xder Zm_Xodm§À`m Hw$Qw>§~mVrc cmoH$m§Zr n§T>anyacm_§{XamÀ`m _hmÛmar g_mYr KoVcr. Ë`mdoir ~mi§VnUmgmR>r cmS>mB© H$ë`mUr Jmdr, _mhoarhmoVr. Ë`m_wio Hww$Q>w§~r`m§Mo eodQ>Mo Xe©Z KoUohr {Vcm AeŠ` Pmco. `m~Ôc {Vcm Pmcoco

g§V H$d{`Ìr / 127

amOmB© hr Zm_Xodm§Mr nËZr

Xw:I Vr `m A^§JmV ì`ŠV H$aVo.

`mM A^§JmV gwédmVrcm "nyd© g§~§Yo _O {XYco ~mnmZo' Ago Vr åhUVo. Amnconyd©nwÊ` Wmoa Agë`mZo Zm_Xodm§gma»`m loîR> ^ŠVmÀ`m Kar Amnë`mcm XoÊ`mMr ~wÕrAmnë`m d{S>cm§Zm Pmcr Agmdr, Ago cS>mB© ghO åhUVo. n[admamer Agcoco {VMo KÅ>ZmVo ñnîQ> hmoVo.

7.2.4 qc~mB©

hr Zm_Xodm§Mr H$Ý`m. {hMmhr EH$M A^§J {_iVmo. Zm_Xodm§À`m {dÇ>c^ŠVrda {dídmgR>odyZ Vrhr n§T>aram`mcm {dZdVo.

Ë`m{M`m dMZmMm nmdmoZr {dídmg!

Y[acr VwPr H$mg nm§Sw>a§Jm &&

Zm_`mMr coH$s qc~mB© åhUo Xodm &

H¥$nmiy Ho$edm gm§^mimdo &&

7.2.5 AmD$~mB©

hr Zm_XodmMr ~hrU. Vr Zm_Xodm§nojm d`mZo _moR>r hmoVr. {Vcm Amnë`m ^mdmÀ`m{dÇ>c_` OrdZm{df`r {Oìhmim dmQ>V Ago. {VZo EH$m ahñ`_` A^§JmV MamMamcm ì`mnyZam{hcoë`m _hmeyÝ`m{df`r åhQ>co Amho.

Zm_`rMr ~hrU AmD$~mB© eyÝ` gm_mdcr

[dÇ>c am{hcr {MÎmd¥dj &

7.2.6 ÜdmS>r ZmJr

hr Zm_Xodm§Mr nwVUr hmoVr. {VÀ`m d{S>cm§Mo Zmd am_`m Amho. {VMr AmR> A^§JmMrAmË_H$Wm CncãY Amho. "Zm_`mMm R>md Zagr ~«m÷Ur & AmR>dV _Zr amÌ§{Xdg &' `m{VÀ`m eãXm§dê$Z g§V Zm_Xodm§er {VMm Agcocm AZw~§Y cjmV òVmo. Zm_Xodm§À`m AmË_naA^§JmVyZ Ë`m§À`m OrdZàdmgmda ~amM àH$me nS>Vmo.

Zm_`mMr Xmgr ZmJr Xwgar OZr &

Ë`m§Zr godm H$ê$Zr Ho$cm Xod &&

`m Jm|XmÀ`m A^§Jmdê$Z ZmJr~Ôc H$iVo. ZmJr _mhoar AgVmZm ÔZ-H$sV©ZmMr


bmS>mB© hr Zm_Xodm§Mr gyZ

qb~mB© hr Zm_Xodm§Mr H$Ý`m

{Vcm H$gd` hmoVr. KamV gd©Ì {dÇ>cZm_mV a§Jcoco dmVmdaU hmoVo; na§Vw gmgar AerH$moUVr ^{º$gmYZm ZìhVr. Ë`m_wio

"dmQw>cr nmhmVm CËH§${R>V _Zr&

Jocr {dgamoZr VmZ^yH$&'

"åhUVgo ZmJar AmVm H$m` H$ê$ & Ordm Z Yao Yrê$ OmD$ nmho&' Aer {VMr AdñWmPmcr Am{U Vr _ZmZo {dÇ>cmMr AmidUr H$ê$ cmJcr.

VwPr {ZOXmgr ZoB© MaUmnmer &

ZmJar naXoer dmQ> nmho &&

ho nmhÿZ {Vcm ^yV~mYm Pmë`mMm g§e` gmgaÀ`m _§S>itZm Amcm. Ë`m§Zr {VcmH$m|Sy>Z R>odco. `m g§H$Q>mVyZ {dÇ>cmZoM {Vcm gmoS>dco. Vr n§T>anyacm Jocr d ^Jd§VmMo Xe©Z{Vcm Pmco. Vr {ZOmZ§XmV a§JyZ Jocr.

d¥Îmrg{hV {MÎm ~wS>co AmZ§Xr &

cmJcr g_mYr `moJoUrZ &

gmga gmoSy>Z Amcocr _wcJr nmhmVmM am_`m g§VßV Pmcm; nU VoìhmM Zm_Xodm§Zm{VMm AmZ§X H$icm hmoVm. Ë`m§Zr am_`mcm g_Omdco Am{U {VÀ`m nm`m nS>Ê`mg g§m{JVco.Ë`m~Ôc ZmJr åhUVo,

Vo {ZOd_© H$ico òH$m Zm_Xodm &

cmYcr ho R>odm d¡Hw§$R>rMm &

_J am_`mVo åhUo cmJ BÀ`m nm`m§ &

Omhmcm ^m½`moX`mo Am{U VwPm &&

AemàH$mao OZm~mBªà_mUoM ZmJrhr CËH$Q> H$mì`m_wio, {deofËdmZo cjmV amhmVo.

JmoUmB© hr Zm_Xodm§Mr AmB©

amOmB© hr Zm_Xodm§Mr nËZr

bmS>mB© hr Zm_Xodm§Mr gyZ

qb~mB© hr Zm_Xodm§Mr H$Ý`m

AmD$~mB© hr Zm_Xodm§Mr ~hrU

> g§V H$d{`Ìr / 129

ÜdmS>r ZmJr hr Zm_Xodm§Mr nwVUr


7.1.5 Vo 7.2 Amnbr àJVr Vnmgm :

1) MmoIm_oiçmÀ`m nËZrMo Zmd H$m`?

1. OZmB© 2. gmoàm~mB© 3. ~{hUm~mB©

2) "Mmo»`mMr _hmar' Agm Zm_{ZX}e H$moU H$aVo?

1. gmoàm 2. doUm 3. ZmJr

3) "AdKm a§J EH$ Pmcm' hm A^§J H$moUmMm?

1. ~{hUm~mB© 2. OZm~mB© 3. gmoàm~mB©

4) {Z_©im hr MmoIm_oiçmMr H$moU hmoVr?

1. ~hrU 2. nËZr 3. _wcJr

5) "Mhÿ§H$S>o Xodm XmQ>cm dUdm..' hm A^§J H$moUmMm?

1. {Z_©im 2. gmoàm 3. OZm~mB©

6) VwH$mam_m§À`m _wcrMo Zmd H$m`?

1. {Z_©im 2. cmS>mB© 3. ^mJy~mB©

7) JmoUmB© hr Zm_Xodm§Mr H$moU hmoVr?

1. ~hrU 2. nwVUr 3. AmB©

8) "cmdmoZr c§JmoQ>r OmcoVr Jmogmdr!' hm A^§J H$moUmMm?

1. qc~mB© 2. amOmB© 3. ~{hUmB©

9) Zm_Xodm§À`m gwZoMo Zmd H$m`?

1. cmS>mB© 2. qc~mB© 3. {Z_©im

10) qc~mB© hr Zm_Xodm§Mr H$moU

1. ~hrU 2. _mVm 3. H$Ý`m

11) AmD$~mB© hr Zm_Xodm§Mr H$moU?

1. ~hrU 2. _mVm 3. nwVUr

12) OZm~mB©gmaIr Zm_Xodm§Mr Xwgar {eî`m H$moU?

1. ÜdmS>r ZmJr 2. ^mJy~mB© 3. ~{hUm~mB©

7.3 doUm~mB©

`m g_W© am_Xmgm§À`m {eî`m. H$moëhmnya òWrc Xoenm§S>o KamÊ`mV Ë`m§Mm OÝ_ Pmcm.Ë`m§Zm ~mcnUrM d¡Yì` Amco. am_Xmgm§À`m ôQ>rZ§Va Ë`m§Mm à^md doUm~mBªda nS>cm.~mcnUmnmgyZM am_mMr ^ŠVr H$aUmao {VMo _Z am_Xmgm§Mo H$sV©Z EoH$ë`mZ§Va A{YH${daŠV Pmco. EH$ {Xdg am_Xmgm§Zm AZwJ«h H$aÊ`mMr {dZ§Vr {VZo Ho$cr. {VMr Jwé^ŠVrnmhÿZ ^modVmcÀ`m cmoH$m§_Üò MMm© gwê$ Pmcr. cmoH$mndmXmg H§$Q>miyZ AmB©-d{S>cm§Zr {Vcm{df {Xco. Ë`mVyZ dmMë`mda _mÌ doUm~mB©Zo AmáofQ>m§Mm nyU© g§~§Y gmoS>cm d am_Xmgm§À`m{eîèmIoV Vr XmIc Pmcr. B. g. 1650 Vo 56 n`ªV Vr g_WmªÀ`m n[admamV {ejUKoV hmoVr. nwT>o 1656 _Üò {_aOog _R>mMr ñWmnZm H$ê$Z am_Xmgm§Zr {Vcm VoWrc _h§VZo_co. Vo H$m_ H$arV 22 dfmªZr doUm~mB©Zo Xoh R>odcm.

nmÌVm nmhÿZ g_W© am_Xmg H$mhr WmoS>çm OUm§Zm H$sV©Z H$aÊ`mg nadmZJr XoV. Ë`mWmoS>çmn¡H$s doUm~mB© EH$ hmoVr. {VZo Ho$coë`m grVmñd`§da, am_mÙ, am_JwhH$g§dmX AemaMZm§dê$Z lmoVm-dŠVm g§dmXmMr nÕV {VÀ`m coIZmV {XgyZ òVo. grVm ñd`§damV am_c½ZmgmR>r {ZKmcm Amho Ë`mMo dU©Z H$aVmZm doUm~mB© åhUVo -

Y_©-AW©-_moj-H$m_ Ÿ& {ZKmco dèhmS>r na_

Vd lmoVr AZwH«$_ Ÿ& Ame§H$m KoVcr !

Y_©-AW©-H$m_-dmUr & AJË` dXo nm{UJ«hUr

_moj Zgo CƒmaUr & Var H$m H$dr ~mo{ccm !

EH$ {Xdg H$sV©Z H$ê$Z Pmë`mda {VZo g_WmªZm Z_ñH$ma Ho$cm d g_W©MaUr crZPmcr. AmË_qMVZ d ^{º$_mJm©À`m _XVrZo ñdV:Mm CÕma, VgmM `moOZmnyd©H$cmoH${ejUmZo cmoH$m§Mm CÕma H$aÊ`mMo doUm~mBªMo Üò` {VÀ`m coIZmdê$Z {XgyZ òVo.

dmoUwZr drUm Vmo gXJwéH$ar

dmhþ{Z _ñVH$ nXmãOmdar

àmUÁ`moVr H$mTw>{Z PS>H$ar

gXJwé öX`r {_i{dcr

~`m~mB©© `m doUm~mBªÀ`m {eî`mhr H$d{`Ìr hmoË`m. ào_m~mB© Zm_H$ EH$m H¥$îU^ŠV g§VñÌrMm CëcoI _{hnVtZr ^{º$crcm§_¥VmV Ho$cm Amho. doUm~mBªÀ`m "grVmñd`§da' `mH$WmH$mì`mV Ë`m§Zr ^mdmW©-am_mÙmVrc VÎd{ddoMZmMm d nm¡am{UH$ CnH$WmZH$m§Mm ^mJdJiyZ hr H$Wm A{YH$ gwQ>gwQ>rV d ñdV§Ì ñdê$nmV aoImQ>cr Amho. `m coIZmV doUm~mBªMrZd{Z{_©Vr {XgyZ òVo. {dídm{_Ì, XeaW `m§À`m~amo~a H$m¡gëòMo ì`pŠV{MÌhr CRy>Z{XgUmao Amho. ^mdmW© am_mÙmV amhÿZ Jocoë`m OmJm "grVm-ñd`§damV' doUm~mBªZr ^ê$ZH$mT>ë`m AmhoV.

> g§V H$d{`Ìr / 131

"OrdcmoU OJOrdZm Ÿ& CVar H$m¡gë`m Z§XZm &&

åhUo _mÂ`m AmZ§XdY©Zm & H$m` Omco Ë`m H$m¡{eH$m

... nmhmVm ê$nmM| ~adonU Ÿ& H$moQ>r _XZmMo qZ~cmoU

_r dmodmirZ Amnco àmU & ÑîQ>r Kmcr gw§Xam &&'`m Amoì`m H$m¡gëòMo A§Va§J àH$Q> H$aVmV. grVoMo ì`pŠV{MÌUhr AgoM _ZmodoYH$ R>aVo.

... VwO doJim _hmdra & Ì¡cmoH$s Amho H$moU Yra &&Var Z H$ar _mPm Amdhoa !&ò g_B© _O qOH$mdo !

AemàH$mao "grVmñd`§da' H$Wocm EH$ ñdV§Ì H$WmH$mì`mMm XOm© {_idyZ XoÊ`mVdoUm~mBªMo lo` Amho.

7.4 g§V H$d{`ÌtMo `moJXmZ

kmZoídam§nmgyZ VwH$mam_-am_Xmgm§n`ªV gd©M g§V H$dtMo àmMrZ _amR>r gm{hË`mVrc`moJXmZ _moR>o Amho; na§Vw g§V H$d{`ÌtMo `moJXmZhr Xwc©{jÊ`mOmoJo Zmhr. g§gmamàVr {daŠV^md, ñÌrgwc^ ^mdZm, CËH$Q> ^{º$^md d VodT>mM CËH$Q> Am{dîH$ma Aer `mVrcH$d{`ÌtMr d¡{eîQ>ço gm§JVm òVmV. ~è`mMem g§V H${d{`ÌtZr Zm_Xod, VwH$mam_, am_XmgAem g§Vm§Zm Jwê$ _mZco Amho Am{U Amnë`mcm Amcoë`m AÛ¡VmZw^dmMo lo` Jwê§$Zm {XcoAmho.

`mVrc _wŠVm~mB©gmaIr g§V H$d{`Ìr ~mcd`mVM `mo{JZr ~Zcr Amho. AmÜ`mpË_H$g§ñH$ma `m_wio chmZd`mVM {Zd¥ÎmrÀ`m dmQ>oda Vr g_W©nUo Mmcy eH$cr. OZm~mB©Zo



1) doUm~mBªZm .... Zr AZwJ«h {Xcm.

1. VwH$mam_ 2. am_Xmg 3. kmZoída

2) doUm~mB© .... gmXa H$aV.

1. nmodmS>m 2. H$sV©Z 3. JdiU

3) .... ho doUm~mB©Mo à{gÕ H$WmH$mì` hmo`.

1. grVmñd`§da 2. amYmñd`§da 3. épŠ_UrhaU

4) grVmñd`§da ho .... Amho.

1. nmodmS>m 2. cmdUr 3. H$WmH$mì`

doUm~mB© `m am_Xmgm§À`m {eî`m.

g§gmamV amhÿZ, OmM ghZ H$aV {dÇ>c^ŠVr Oncr. A{Ve` CËH$Q>nUo Vr H$mì`mV_m§S>cr. H$mÝhmonmÌoZo Ë`m H$mimV Zm`{H$UrÀ`m nmoQ>r OÝ_mcm òD$Zhr Amncr H$cm^JdX²^ŠVrgmR>r dm{hcr. ~{hUm~mB©Zohr g§gmamV H$îQ> ghZ H$aV {dÇ>c^ŠVrV _moR>mA{YH$ma àmßV Ho$cm. gmoàm~mB©, {Z_©im `m pñÌ`m§Zr Va `m{VhrZËdmÀ`m ncrH$S>o OmD$Z{dÇ>c^ŠVr Ho$cr. Zm_Xod Hw$Qw>§~mVrc pñÌ`mhr KamVrc {dÇ>c_` dmVmdaUmV a__mUhmoD$Z Joë`m. doUm~mB© ~mcnUrÀ`m d¡Yì`mZ§Va {daŠV hmoD$Z g_W© {eî`m ~Zcr. Aem{d{dY pñÌ`m Amnco _ZmoJV H$mì`mVyZ _m§S>V am{hë`m.

EH$ ñÌr åhUyZ Om{VhrZVm, g§gmamVrc Xwæ`_ ñWmZ, gm_m{OH$ na§naoMo H$mM `mpñÌ`m§Zmhr hmoVoM; na§Vw {dÇ>c^ŠVrV a_ë`mZo d g§Vghdmg KS>ë`mZo Ë`m `m gdmªda _mVH$ê$ eH$ë`m. `m pñÌ`m§Mo gm_m{OH$ Am{U gm{hpË`H$ XmoÝhr àH$maMo `moJXmZ _moR>o Amho.nwT>rc H$mhr CXmhaUm§dê$Z ho ñnîQ> hmoB©c.

ñÌr OÝ_mcm òD$Zhr ^ŠVrMm A{YH$ma {_idVm òVmo, `m{VhrZËd qH$dm nVrVAgUo `m_wio ^Jd§VmÀ`m Xe©ZmV H$moUVrM AS>MU òV Zmhr ho gmoàm~mB©, {Z_©im,H$mÝhmonmÌmgma»`m pñÌ`m§Zr g_mOmcm XmIdyZ {Xco. ñÌr åhUyZ qH$dm d`mZo chmZ åhUyZA{YH$madmUrZo ~mocVm òV Zmhr hm g_O AndmXmË_H$ arVrZo H$m hmoB©Zm _wŠVm~mB©Zo ImoSy>ZH$mT>cm. Vr Mm§JXodm§Mr Jwê$ ~Zcr. Va doX{dÚoÀ`m KamV dmT>coë`m ~{hUm~mB©Zo VwH$mam_m§ZmJwê$ Ho$co. `mV {VMo nwamoJm{_Ëd d {ddoH$~wÕr ñnîQ> {XgVo.

H$moUVohr nyd©g§ñH$ma, nyd©na§nam ZgVmZm OZm~mB©, gmoàm~mB©, {Z_©im, H$mÝhmonmÌm`m§Zr JmR>cocr {dMmam§Mr C§Mr VËH$mcrZ gm_m{OH$ g§X^© nmhmVm H$m¡VwH$mñnX R>aVo.

gd©M g§Vm§à_mUo g§V H$d{`ÌtZr OmVrôXmncrH$S>o OmD$Z EH$ g_mZ nmVirdarcOrdZmMr H$ënZm Ho$cr. {dÇ>cmOdi H$moUVmhr Amnna^md Zmhr ho Ë`m nwÝhm nwÝhm Amnë`mA^§JmVyZ gm§JV am{hë`m. OZm~mB©Mm "{dRy> _mPm coHw$admim' qH$dm gmoàm~mB©Mm "AdKm a§JEH$ Pmcm' hr `mMr CXmhaUo åhUyZ gm§JVm òVrc.

gm{hpË`H$ nmVirda Amnmnë`m narZo `m pñÌ`m§Zr â KmVcr. Zm__mhmËå`,{dÇ>cmMr ^ŠVr, na_oídamer AÛ¡V Pmë`mMm AZw^d, Om{VhrZVoMo Xw:I, H$Yr H$Yrgm§gm[aH$ qMVm§_wio Xodmer ^m§S>U Aem gd© JmoîQ>r eãX~Õ H$aÊ`mgmR>r Ë`m§Zr A^§J hmH$mì`àH$ma {ZdS>cm. VmQ>rMo A^§J qH$dm Hy$Q>aMZm _wŠVm~mB©Zo Ho$ë`m. OZm~mB©Mo A^§JCËH$Q> ^mdH${dVoÀ`m VmocmMo AmhoV. ^ŠVmMr AmV©Vm Am{U {dÇ>côQ>rMr Vi_iH$mÝhmonmÌm, gmoàm~mB© B. H$d{`Ìr g_W©nUo aoImQ>VmV. ~{hUm~mB©Zo Va ñ\w$Q>aMZm,nmiUm, dmgwXod, X_m_m, gm¡ar, hþ§~ar, Ioir`m, S>\$JmUo Aem {d{dY àH$maÀ`m aMZm Ho$ë`mAmhoV. JmoUmB©, amOmB©, cmS>mB©, qc~mB©, AmD$~mB©, ÜdmS>rZmJr `m Zm_Xod n{admamVrcpñÌ`m§Zr Amnmnco AmË_{ZdoXZ g_W©nUo, H$mì`mVyZ _m§S>co Amho. "{dRy> _mPm coHw$admim',"Y[acm n§T>arMm Mmoa', "_w§Jr CS>mcr AmH$mer', "ZH$mo Xodam`m A§V AmVm nmhÿ', "AdKm a§JEH$ Pmcm' Aem g§V H$d{`ÌtÀ`m aMZm AmOhr à{gÕ AmhoV.

g§V H$d{`Ìr / 133

7.5 g_mamon

{_Ìm§Zmo, AmÎmmn`ªV AmnU g§V H$d{`ÌtÀ`m H$m`m©Mm, gm{hË`mMm AmT>mdm KoVcm.dmaH$ar g§àXm`mVrc _wŠVm~mB©, OZm~mBªnmgyZ g_W© g§àXm`mVrc doUm~mBªn`ªV ñÌr g§VmZr{Xcoco `moJXmZ AmnU nm{hco. `m_Üò _wŠVm~mB©, ~{hUm~mB©gma»`m CƒdJm©Vrc pñÌ`mOem hmoË`m Vem gmoàm~mB©, OZm~mB©gma»`m `m{VhrZ g_Oë`m OmUmè`m pñÌ`mhr hmoË`m.EdT>oM Zìho Va H$mÝhmonmÌogmaIr nVrV åhUyZ JUcr OmUmar ñÌrhr Amnë`mcm òWo {XgVo.kmZoída, Zm_Xod, am_Xmg `m§gmaIo Jwê$ cm^ë`mZo `m pñÌ`m§Zr AmpË_H$ CÞVr Ho$cr Am{Ug_VoMm EH$ g§Xoe OZ_mZgmV éOdcm. na_oídamMr ^ŠVr ghOnUo H$moUrhr H$ê$ eH$Vmo.OmV, Y_©, dU©, n§W H$gcrhr AS>MU òV Zmhr ho Ë`m§Zr XmIdyZ {Xco. Amnë`m CËH$Q>H$mì`m{dîH$mamZo g§V H$d{`ÌtZr dmL²>_`mÀ`m B{VhmgmV EH$ doJio ñWmZ àmá Ho$co. `mnwT>rc àH$aUmV AmnU - _Ü``wJrZ gm{hË`mVrb XÎmg§àXm` `m EH$m _hÎdmÀ`mg§àXm`m{df`r OmUyZ KoUma AmhoV.

7.6 gmam§e

àmMrZ _amR>r gm{hË`mMm {dMma H$aVmZm 13ì`m eVH$mnmgyZ gwê$ Pmcoë`mg§Vna§naoV kmZoída-VwH$mam_m§~amo~a _wŠVm~mB© Vo doUm~mB© Aer g§V H$d{`ÌtMrhr EH$na§nam {XgVo. Ë`m H$mimV {ejUmMm àgma ñÌrdJm©_Üò åhUmdm {VVH$m Pmcocm ZgVmZmhr`m pñÌ`m§Zr Amnë`m amoOÀ`m OJÊ`mVrc Ìmg ghZ H$aV {dÇ>c^ŠVr, am_^ŠVr Ho$crAm{U Amnë`m doXZm§Zm, CËH$Q> ^mdZm§Zm H$mì`ê$nmV eãX~Õ Ho$co. ñÌrgwc^Vm Am{UghZercnUo Amnë`m Üò`mcm {MH$Qy>Z amhÊ`mMr _wimV ñÌr_Üò AgUmar eŠVr `m g§VpñÌ`m§Zm na_oídaàmárH$[aVm Cn`moJr R>acr. ñdV:cm {dgê$Z Ë`m na_oídamMo Ü`mZ H$aVam{hë`m. `m gdmªZmM na_oídaàmárMr AZw^yVr Amcr. Ë`m§Zr A{Ve` öX`§J_ eãXm§V VrH$mì`~Õhr Ho$cr. Hw$i, OmVr, dU©, d§e, Y_© `m JmoîQ>r Á`m H$mimV g_mOmV _hÎdmÀ`m_mZë`m OmV hmoË`m. Ë`m H$mimV g_mZVoMm nwañH$ma H$aUo, AmOy~mOyÀ`m pñÌ`mA§YlÕm§_Üò AS>H$coë`m AgVmZm ñdV:Mr AmpË_H$ CÞVr gmÜ` H$ê$Z Xod Ho$di^mdmMm ^wHo$cm AgVmo ho Amnë`m H$mì`mÛmao nQ>dyZ gm§JUo `m_wio g§V H$d{`ÌrMo H$m`©CëcoIZr` R>aVo.

Amnbr àJVr Vnmgm - CÎmao 7.1.1

1. _wŠVm~mB© 2. B.g. 1279 3. VmQ>rMo 4. Mm§JXodm§Zm


7.1.2

1. Xm_meoQ>r 2. OZm~mB© 3. ~mcH«$sS>oMo

4. OZm~mB©

7.1.4

1. eHo$ 1550 2. OmZH$s 3. VwH$mam_

4. Oàm_ ñdm_r 5. ~{hUm~mB©

7.1.5 Vo 7.2

1. gmoàm~mB© 2. gmoàm 3. gmoàm~mB©

4. ~hrU 5. {Z_©im 6. ^mJy~mB©

7. AmB© 8. amOmB© 9. cmS>mB©

10. H$Ý`m 11. ~hrU 12. ÜdmS>r ZmJr

7.3

1. am_Xmg 2. H$sV©Z 3. grVmñd`§da

4. H$WmH$mì`

***

g§V H$d{`Ìr / 135


A{YH$ {Q>nUmgmR>r

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àH$aU : 8

XÎmg§àXm`

(JwéM[aÌ, Xmgmon§V, JrVmU©d)

8.0 C{Ôï>o

{_Ìm§Zmo, `m AmYrÀ`m àH$aUmV AmnU g§V H$d{`ÌtMm,Ë`m§Mm H$mì`mMm AmT>mdm KoVbm.

`m àH$aUmV AmnU XÎmg§àXm`mMm {dMma H$aUma AmhmoV, VgoM ZmWn§MH$mVrb H$dr

Xmgmon§V `m§À`m H$mì`mMm AmT>mdm KoUma AmhmoV. `m àH$aUmMm Aä`mg Ho$ë`mZ§Va Vwåhmbm,

l XÎmg§àXm`m{df`r _m{hVr {b{hVm òB©b.

l Xmgmon§VmÀ`m dmL²>_`mMo dU©Z H$aVm òB©b.

l JwéM[aÌ `m J«§WmMr _m{hVr ñnï> H$aVm òB©b.

8.1 àmñVm{dH$

`m àH$aUmV AmnU XÎmg§àXm`m{df`r _m{hVr KoUma AmhmoV. ~hm_Zr amOdQ>rÀ`m

CÎmamYm©V hm g§àXm` nwT>o Ambm. `m g§àXm`mVrb JwéM[aÌ `m _hÎdmÀ`m J«§Wm{df`r òWo

XÎmg§àXm` / 137

8.0 C{Ôï>o

8.1 àmñVm{dH$

8.2 XÎmg§àXm`

8.2.1 JwéM[aÌ

8.3 Xmgmon§V

8.3.1 JrVmU©d

8.4 g_mamon

8.5 gmam§e

Amnbr àJVr Vnmgm CÎmao.

AmnU OmUyZ KoUma AmhmoV. EH$ZmW n§MH$mVrb Xmgmon§V `m H$dr{df`r _m{hVr KoUma

AmhmoV. ho ZmWn§MH$mVrb XÎmg§àXm`r H$dr hmoVo. gìdm bj nXo, JrVmU©d, J«§WamO `m§gmaIo

J«§W Aer {dnwb aMZm Ë`m§Zr Ho$br. EH$ Zr{V{ejH$ åhUyZhr Vo bjmV amhmVmV. _amR>r

dmL²>_`mV Ë`m§Zr _mobmMr â Q>mH$br. Ë`m§À`m H$mì`mMmhr g{dñVa AmT>mdm AmnU `m

àH$aUmV KoUma AmhmoV.

8.2 XÎmg§àXm`

BgdrgZmÀ`m n{hë`m ghòH$mV ê$T> gZmVZ na§nao {déÕ ~m¡Õ, O¡Z d qhXy

Y_mªVrb gmYH$m§Zr ~§S> C^mabo hmoVo. `mM H$mimV XÎmXodVoMm CX` Pmbm. XÎmmdVmam~Ôb

{Za{Zamù`m nwamUm§VyZ {Za{Zamù`m H$Wm AmT>iVmV. Ë`m g§àXm`mVhr _mojàmárH$[aVm

gJwUmonmgZm Am{U `moJ_mJ© `m§Mo AmMaU gm§{JVbo Amho. XÎmmÌo`> - lrnmX - lrd„^ -

lrZ¥qghgañdVr gañdVr - J§JmYa - _m{UH$à^w Aer XÎmna§nam gm§JVm òVo.

H$mR>odmS>mVrb {JaZma d ZonmimVrb XÎmñWmZo `mM~amo~a _hmamï´>mVrb JmUJmnya, Am¢Xw~a,

Zagmo~mMr dmS>r, d _mhya hr joÌo AmOhr XÎm^º$sMr OmÁdë` H|$Ðo åhUyZ à{gÕ AmhoV.

"JwéM[aÌ" hm `m g§àXm`mVrb _hÎdmMm J«§W Amho. _hmamï´>mVrb gm_m{OH$, gm§ñH¥${VH$

OrdZmMr Ë`mdê$Z H$ënZm òVo. `m g§àXm`m_Üò ~«÷m, {dîUw d _hoe `m {Ì_yVvMo EoŠ`

_mZë`m_wio e¡d Am{U d¡îUd `m§À`m_Yrb {damoY Zmhrgm H$aÊ`mMr H$_{Jar `m n§WmZo Ho$br.

dmaH$ar g§àXm`mVrb EH$ZmW `m§Mo Jwê$ OZmX©Z ñdm_r ho Wmoa XÎmmonmgH$ hmoVo.

ñdY_© Am{U g§gH¥$Vr g§H$Q>mV AgVmZm Ë`mMr OmonmgZm H$aÊ`mMo H$m`©

XÎmg§àXm`mZo Ho$bo. `m g§àXm`mZo dUm©l_Y_m©Mm nwañH$ma Ho$bm. `m g§àXm`mMo AmMm`© `Vr

dm ~«÷Mmar Agbo Var XÎm g§àXm`mg J¥hñWml_ dÁ`© Zmhr. lrnmXlrd„^ d Z¥qgh

gañdVr `m XmoZ H$V©~Jma g§Ý`mímm§Zr XÎmmonmgZoÀ`m n§WmMr ñWmnZm H$ê$Z d¡{XH$ Y_m©À`m

gZmVZ na§naoMo nwZé‚mrdZ Ho$bo. `m§À`m H$V¥©ËdmMm H$mi gw_mao B.g.1378 Vo 1458 hm

hmoVm.

Z¥qgh gañdVtZr M_ËH$ma XmIdyZ bmoH$m§da à^md {Z_m©U Ho$bm Am{U Ë`m§À`m_Üò

Y_©nmbZmMr {Zð>m CËnÞ Ho$br. Ë`m§Mr na§nam e§H$amMm`mªnmgyZMr Amho. gmh{OH$M d¡{XH$

Y_m©À`m åhUOo ~«m÷Ê`mÀ`m ajUmda Ë`m§Mm â hmoVm. _wpñb_ amOdQ>rÀ`m H$mimV ~«m÷U-

j{Ì` ho Amnë`m AmMmam§nmgyZ ^«ï> hmoD$Z naY_u` amOm§Mr godm H$ê$ bmJbo hmoVo. Ë`m§Zm

ñdY_m©MaUmMr _hVr nQ>dyZ Y_m©à_mUo dmJÊ`mg CÚwº$ H$aÊ`mV XÎmg§àXm`mMm _moR>m dmQ>m

hmoVm. gañdVr J§JmYa, Xmgmon§V, EH$ZmW, _wºo$ída ho J«§WH$ma XÎmg§àXm`r hmoVo.

15 ì`m eVH$mV `m g§àXm`mMm nwZéÕma Pmbm. naH$s` A_bmÀ`m H$mimV n§WmVrb

bmoH$m§Zm AmMmaY_m©da â XoUo ^mJ nSbo. gmodù`m Amodù`mMo H$S>H$ nmbZ H$amdo bmJbo.

Ë`m_wio hm n§W EH$m§Jr hmoV Jobm d gd©gm_mÝ`m§nmgyZ Xya Jobm.


8.2.1 JwéM[aÌ

XÎmg§àXm`mMm JwéM[aÌ hm A{Ve` AmXaUr` J«§W Amho. lr gañdVr J§JmYa `m§Zr B.

g.1558 (eHo$ 1480) _Üò hm J«§W {b{hbm. XÎmg§àXm`mÀ`m AZw`m`m§gmR>r lrnmX,

lrd„^ Am{U Z¥{g§hgañdVr `m§Mr M[aÌJmWm "JwéM[aÌ" `m ê$nmZo Ë`m§Zr J«{WV Ho$br. hm

_§ÌJ«§W Amho. JwéM[aÌmV EHy$U 52 AÜ`m` AgyZ Amodrg§»`m 7491 Amho. `mVrb

JwéJrVm hr gañdVr J§JmYamZo ñdV:M aMbobr AgyZ, Vr Z§Va JwéM[aÌmV EH$ AÜ`m`

AgyZ Amodrg§»`m 7491 Amho. `mVrb JwéJrVm hr gañdVr J§JmYamZo ñdV:M aMbobr

AgyZ, Vr Z§Va JwéM[aÌmV EH$ AÜ`m` åhUyZ g_m{dï> H$aÊ`mV Ambr. hm J«§W

g§dmXnÕVrZo {b{hbobm Amho. Zm_YmaH$ n¥ÀN>H$ Am{U {gÕ {ZdoXH$ Ago Ë`mMo ñdê$n

Amho. `m J«§WmV àmMrZ XÎmg§àXm`mÀ`m àdV©H$m§Mo brimM[aÌ Am{U {Za{Zamù`m H$Wm§À`m

Ûmao {ó`m§Mr H$V©ìò d Zr{VY_} ñnï> Ho$br AmhoV. {deofV: gH$m_ ^º$s d M_ËH$mahr

AmhoV. H$S>H$ gmodio gm§^miyZ ghoVwH$nUo ~«m÷UdJm©V `m J«§WmMr nmamÙo Ho$br OmVmV.

J«§WmMo g§ñH¥$V ^mfm§Vahr Pmbobo Amho.

`m J«§WmMr ^mfm gai, gw~moY d JÚàm` Amho. EH$hr \$magr eãX `mV Zmhr. `m

J«§Wmda {ddoH$qgYyMr N>mn AmT>iVo. XÎmg§àXm`mMr nyd©nr{R>H$m, VÎdkmZ d AmMmaY_© `m§Mo

{dñVmanyd©H$ dU©Z JwéM[aÌmV Amho. _hmamï´>mVrb gm_m{OH$ Am{U gm§ñH¥${VH$ OrdZ

g_OyZ KoÊ`mÀ`m Ñï>rZo hm J«§W _hÎdnyU© Amho. g§V Zm_Xodm§ZVa EH$ZmWm§Mm CX`

hmoB©n`ªVÀ`m H$mimV gm{hË`mOJVmV A§Yma hmoVm. Ë`m_Üò JwéM[aÌ hm J«§W _mJ©Xe©H$

R>aVmo.

1) Xmgmon§V

ho ZmWn§MH$mVrb, XÎmg§àXm`r H$dr hmoVo. Am§~oOmoJmB© òWo Ë`m§Mo dmñVì` hmoVo. ~mam df}

VníM`m© H$ê$Z lrXÎmmMm gmjmËH$ma Ë`m§Zm Pmbm hmoVm. Ë`m§Mr J«§Wg§nXm Odinmg

e§âmÀ`m KamV OmVo. Xmgmon§Vm§Zr Amnë`m dmL²>_`mVyZ AÛ¡VdmX _m§S>bm. JrVmU©d,

JrVmW©~moY M§{ÐH$m, nmgmoS>r ho Ë`m§Mo ^mî`J«§W AmhoV. Va J«§WamO hm Ë`m§Mm VÎdkmZmË_H$

ñdV§Ì J«§W Amho. Ë`m§Zr aMboë`m gdm bj nXm§Zm "nXmU©d' ho Zmd Amho. XÎm_mhmËå`, hm

J«§Whr Ë`m§Zr {b{hbm. `m{edm` AdYyVamO, AZwJrVm, à~moYmoX`, dmŠ`d¥Îmr, gmW©JrVm,

ñWybJrVm, AdYyVJrVm, AZwJrVm, n§MrH$aUà~moY VgoM àUdì`m»`m, nwéfgyº$mW© àH$me,

Jm`Ìr _§Ì ^mî`, {gÜXamOmJ_, {gÕamOmJ_mW© àH$me, B g§ñH¥$V aMZmhr Ho$br Amho.

Xmgmon§V g§ñH¥$V ^mfoMo {ZîUmV n§{S>V hmoVo Varhr _amR>r ^mfoMm Ë`m§Zm A{Ve` A{^_mZ

hmoVm. {deof åhUOo Xmgmon§Vm§Zr qhXr, _amR>r, g§ñH¥$V, H$mZS>r, VobJy Aem AZoH$ ^mfm§VyZ

aMZm Ho$br Amho. Ë`m§À`m gd© aMZoMr àoaH$ eº$s XÎm^º$s Amho.

Xmgmon§V ho ZmWn§MH$mVrb XÎmg§àXm`r H$dr

XÎmg§àXm` / 139

JwéM[aÌ hm XÎmg§àXm`mMm à_mU J«§W.

JrVmU©d :-

JrVoda ^mî` AgUmè`m J«§WmMr Amodrg§»`m gìdm bmI BVH$s Amho. lrH¥$îUmMo

VÎdkmZ g_OmdyZ gm§{JVbo Agbo Var Vo {b{hÊ`m_mJMr àoaUm XÎmà^y§Mr Amho.

B§{Ð`| gm§{S>Vr ñdmWm© Ÿ& àrVrMm gmJé dmog§{S>Vm§ Ÿ&

òH$m AmË_`m lrXÎmm Ÿ& Yê${Z`m Ÿ&

Amnbr na_mW©Ñï>r Ë`m§Zr n{hë`m AÜ`m`mÀ`m àmñVm{dH$mV _m§S>bobr Amho.

{Zah§H$m[aVm Am{U na_mW©Ñï>rMo gma Amho. AV:H$aUmVë`m gd© d¥ÎmtZm ì`mnyZ Q>mH$Umao,

^mê$Z Q>mH$Umao ào_ Agë`mda BVa _mJm©Mr, emókmZmMr, gm§»``moJmMr _mVã~ar Zmhr.

ñdmZw^d hm Ë`m§Zr Amnë`m JrVm^mî`mMm AmYma R>odbobm Amho.

ñdmZw^d{M ò{WMo à_mU Ÿ& ñdmZw^d ho {M gmYZ Ÿ&

AÝ`Ì emóldU Ÿ& V¡go ho Zìho Ÿ&&

g§ñH¥$V-àmH¥$V dmXm_Üò g§ñH¥$Vm_Üò Ë`m§Zr aMZm Ho$br Amho. g§ñH¥$VÀ`m

A{^_mZmnm`r _amR>rMr AdhobZm H$aÊ`mÀ`m àd¥Îmrda Q>rH$m H$aÊ`mÀ`m hoVyZo Ë`m§Zr

g§ñH¥$VMm {ZfoY Ho$bm Amho. JrVmU©dmÀ`m gwédmVrÀ`m 225 àmñVm{dH$ Amoì`m§V

AmË_{ZdoXZ Am{U à_o^º$s-_hmËå` {Zê$nU Amho. àËòH$ AÜ`m`mV _mJrb H$WoMo,

à{VnmXZmMo AZwg§YmZ amIyZ Vo nwT>o OmVmV. JrVoÀ`m íbmoH$mVrb AW© CbJSy>Z

XmI{dÊ`mMo d Ë`mVrb ^mdnyU©Vm ñnï> H$aÊ`mMo Xmgmon§VmMo H$m¡eë` dmImUÊ`mgmaIo

Amho. Amnë`m AmáñdH$s`m§Zm _mê$Z Q>mH$Ê`mg AOw©ZmMo _Z V`ma hmoV Zmhr. Ë`mdoiMr

Ë`mMr _Z:pñWVr dU©Z H$aVmZm Xmgmon§V {b{hVmV.

òH$ Vo Hw$_a YmHw$bo & _O XoIVm CnObo &

H$S>rò Im§Xr KoVbo Ÿ& _m`m_moho Ÿ&

òH$nmÌr ^moOZ Ÿ& J«mgm ng[aVr dXZ Ÿ&

O¡gr n{jUrMr OmU Ÿ& gmVr {nbt Ÿ&

{ddoMZmÀ`m AmoKmV Vo EImÚm {df`mda ñ\w$Q> {Z~§YmgmaIo ^mî` H$aVmV. CXm.

Hw$éjoÌmda Amnë`m _wbm§Mr AdñWm H$m` Agob ho OmUyZ KoÊ`m{df`r Y¥Vamï´>mbm Or qMVm

dmQ>Vo Vr ì`º$ H$aVmZm Xmgmon§V qMVo{df`r {b{hVmV.

qMVm nwéfmMo ~§YZ & qMVm OrV{M _aU Ÿ&

qMVm gwImMo N>oXZ & Xw:IXmVr Ÿ&

qMVm öX`rMm amoJw & qMVm Zmer na_ `moJw Ÿ&

Am§Jr bmJbm gwI^moJw Ÿ& ^moJy ZoXr Ÿ&&


`mM~amo~a nma_m{W©H$ ~moY XoUmè`m ñ\w$Q>H$Wmhr AmT>iVmV. Xmgmon§Vm§Mo ^mî`boIZ ho

_w»`V: {díbofUmË_H$ nÕVrMo Amho. doXm§Vr H$ënZm d {gÕm§V `m {df`rMo {ddoMZ `m

J«§WmV Amho. Varhr `mMr ^mfm gw~moY Amho. na§naobm Yê$Z gwédmVrbm lmoV¥d§XZ Ho$bobo

Zmhr. ZmWm§À`m ê$nH$mË_H$ boIZmMr N>mn H$mhr {R>H$mUr AmT>iVo. n{hë`m AÜ`m`mV Y_©

åhUOo ñdmË_Y_©, ZHw$b åhOo {Zam{^_mZ, ghXod åhUOo kmZ^md Va H¥$îU åhUOo ewÕ

VËnXmW© Aer ê$nH$mË_H$ ^mfm Ë`m§Zr dmnabr Amho.

g§ñH¥$Vo ~mo{bbo godUoŸ&

Vo{M gm§S>mdo àmH¥$V dMZo &

Eo{g`m _yIm© _w§S>Uo &

{H$Vr AmVm ?

Agm _amR>r ^mfoMm A{^_mZ ì`º$ Ho$bm Amho. `m JrVmQ>rHo$_Üò em§H$a AÛ¡V,

nmV§Ob`moJ d ^º$s `m§da {deof â {Xbm Amho. H$_m©bm Ë`m§Zr Jm¡U _mZbo Amho.

AmË_kmZmnwT>o hR>`moJmbmhr Vo H$_r boIVmV. gJwU ^º$sMm Vo J¡mad H$aVmV.

JrVmW©~moYM§{ÐH$m:-

ho JrVoda AmUIr EH$ ^mî` Xmgmon§Vm§Zr {b{hbo. Ë`mMr Amodrg§»`m 8889 BVH$s

Amho. H$_m©Mo _mhmËå` gm§JVmZm Vo åhUVmV,

H$_©hrZ Omo Zé & Ë`mMm n¥Ïdr _mZr ^mé

Ë`mH$maUo nm_é & ì`W©{M {OUo

`m{edm` n§MrH$aUmda Ho$bobr aMZm 40 \y$Q> bm§~ nmgmoS>rda {b{hbr Amho. Ë`m

aMZobm "nmgmoS>r' AgoM åhUVmV.

àËòH$ íbmoH$mMm Ë`m§Zr AmYr g§ñH¥$VmV AW© {Xbobm Amho Am{U Ë`mZ§Va Ë`mMo _amR>r

ñnï>rH$aU {Xbobo Amho. JrVmU©dmMm g§jonM {VÀ`m ê$nmZo àH$Q> Pmbobm Amho. ho ^mî`

Xmgmon§Vm§À`m VÎdÑï>rda CÎm_ àH$me Q>mH$Umao Amho.

nmgmoS>r :-

hm Xmgmon§Vm§Mm EH$ ^mî`J«§W Amho. _amR>r dmL²>_`mV `mMo ñWmZ Anyd© Amho.

gd©gmYmaU J«§W ho H$mJXmda {b{hbobo AgVmV. Xmgmon§Vm§Zr hm J«§W H$nS>çmda {b{hbobm

Amho. Ë`mH$[aVm Ë`m§Zr 4 \y$Q> é§X d 40 \y$Q> bm§~ Aer nmgmoS>r dmnabobr Amho. `mVrb

H$mhr _OHy$a AmH¥$Ë`m§_Üò Amho. AídËWd¥j, gn©, ^md MH«$, XÎm_yVu, {Ìeyb, e§I,

S>_ê$, B. AmH¥$Ë`m `mV AmhoV.

XÎmg§àXm` / 141

JrVmU©dmMr Amodrg§»`m gìdmbmI Amho.

Xmgmon§Vm§À`m {MÌH$boVrb kmZmMr gmj XoÊ`mÀ`m Ñï>rZohr nmgmoS>r _hÎdmMr Amho.

g~§Y nmgmoS>rÀ`m ^modVr dob~wÅ>rMr Mm¡H$Q> H$mT>bobr Amho. AmH¥$Ë`m§_Üò a§JmMmhr dmna

Amho. n§MrH$aU hm doXm§VmVbm EH$ _hÎdmMm {gÕm§V Xmgmon§Vm§Zr `mV M{M©bm Amho.

{dídmÀ`m A\$mQ> ngmè`mMm {dñVma _mUgmbm Zoh_r àíZm§{H$V H$aVmo. g_J« g¥ï>r à{H«$òbm

{d{eï> g§»òÀ`m Mm¡H$Q>rV ~g{dÊ`mMm à`ËZ åhUOo n§MrH$aU. {ddoMZmÀ`m AmoKmV

Xmgmon§Vm§Zr Amjon CËnÞ H$ê$Z Z§Va CÎm_ `w{º$dmXmZo Ë`mMo {ZagZ Ho$bo Amho.

gH$i {dídmMo H$maU Ÿ& {Z{_Ë` Am{U CnmXmZ Ÿ&

na~«åh {ZJw©U Ÿ& {Zam^mg O¡ Ÿ&

J«§WamO :-

ñdY_m©{df`r {ddoMZ Agbobm hm Xmgmon§Vm§Mm à{gÕ J«§W. `m J«§WmMm à^md nwT>o

am_Xmgm§À`m Xmg~moYmdahr nS>bobm {XgVmo. hm J«§W Jwé{eî`g§dmX nÕVrZo {b{hbobm Amho.

`mV AmR> àH$aUo AmhoV. `moJg§nÎmr hm `m J«§WmMm {df` Amho. Ë`m§À`m _Vo Omo ~«÷gmjmËH$ma

H$ê$ eHo$b VmoM gXJwê$!

AmVm gXJwé Vo H$dUŸ& Oo em§V CXma gd©k Ÿ&

gH$im AWu {Zdm©gZŸ& X§ô gwQ>bo Ÿ&

{eî`mMo bjUhr Vo gm§JVmV.

gm§{JVbo V¡go Vo Z H$ar & dm[abo Vo ~io{M H$ar Ÿ&

Ho$bo Z gm§Jo Ah§H$mar & Jd©d§Vw Ÿ&&

~§Y_mojmMo ñdê$n, d¡am½`mMr Amdí`H$Vm, ^mdZmI§S>Z, gd©Ìm ôXXe©Z, gmYZ`moJ,

OrdÝ_wº$ B. {df`m§Mo {ddoMZ `mVrb AÜ`m`mV Ambo Amho. eodQ>r VÎdkmZmMo Ho$di

empãXH$ J«hU Z H$aVm Vo {ZénU gXJwê$ _wImVyZ EoH$Uo Amdí`H$ Amho Ago à{VnmXZ

Xmgmon§V H$aVmV.

lrgXJwé MaU Ÿ& öXB© ~iH$Q> YéZ Ÿ&

H$mZS>o dm _èhmQ>o dMZ & AmBH$mdo V`mMo Ÿ&

`mM~amo~a Xmgmon§Vm§Zr nXaMZmhr Ho$br Amho. ^º$sMm, ZrVrMm CnXoe H$aUmar hr nXo

{damÊ`m, ^ynmù`m, eoOmaË`m, nmiUo Aem {d{dY ñdê$nm§V AmT>iVmV. "gw§Xé Am{U

gmdim ^mir {Q>iHw$ {ndim' Aer gw~moY aMZm ho Ë`m§À`m H$mì`mMo d¡{eï>` hmoVo.


nmgmoS>r H$mnS>mda {b{hbobm ^mî`J«§W Amho.

ñdY_m©Mo {ddoMZ J«§WamO `m J«§WmV Amho.

8.4 g_mamon

{_Ìm§Zmo, òWda AmnU XÎmg§àXm`m{df`r OmUyZ KoVbo. Bgdr gZmÀ`m n{hë`m

ghòH$mV ê$T> Pmboë`m `m g§àXm`mVrb VÎdkmZ, AmMmaY_©, VrW©joÌo d _hÎdmMm J«§W

JwéM[aÌ `mMr _m{hVr KoVbr. Ë`mZ§Va ZmWn§MH$mVrb H$dr Xmgmon§V d Ë`m§Mo JrVmU©d,

JrVmW©~moYM§{ÐH$m, nmgmoS>r, J«§WamO B. aMZm§{df`r OmUyZ KoVbo. Zm_Xodm§gma»`m EH$m

_moR>çm g§VmMo {Zdm©U Pmë`mZ§Va nwT>o EH$ZmWm§Mm OÝ_ hmoB©n`ªVMm H$mi Vgm A§Yma_`M

hmoVm. Ë`m_Üò Oo WmoS>o\$ma gm{hË` {Z_m©U Pmbo Ë`m_Üò JwéM[aÌ d Xmgmon§Vm§Mo JrVmU©d,

nmgmoS>r _hÎdmMo R>aVmV. åhUyZ Ë`m§Mm WmoS>Š`mV AmT>mdm `m àH$aUmV KoVbm. `mnwT>rb

àH$aUmV AmnU g§V EH$ZmWm§À`m H$m`m©Mm d gm{hË`mMm Aä`mg H$aUma AmhmoV.

XÎmg§àXm` / 143


1) .................... hm XÎmg§àXm`mVrb _hÎdmMm J«§W Amho.

1) ^mJdV 2) ^JdXJrVm 3) JwéM[aÌ

2) XÎmg§àXm`mMr ñWmnZm ................... Zr Ho$br.

1)kmZoída 2) lrZ¥qghañdVr 3) ^mZwXmg

3) JwéM[aÌ h J«§W ........................ Zr {b{hbm.

1) gañdVr J§JmYa 2) Xmgmon§V 3) EH$ZmW

4 ).................... ho ZmWn§MH$mVrb H$dr hmoVo.

1)Xmgmon§V 2) am_Xmg 3) VwH$mam_

5) JrVmU©dm_Üò ...................... da ^mî` Amho.

1)JrVm 2) épŠ_Urñd`§da 3) ^mJdV

6) Xmgmon§Vm§Zr .................. {b{hbr

1)nmgmoS>r 2) \$Q>H$m 3) gmH$s

7) JrVmW©~moYM§{ÐH$m `m J«§WmMr Amodrg§»`m .................... Amho.

1)8889 2) 7000 3) 9889

8) nmgmoS>r hm J«§W ...................... da {b{hbobm Amho.

1) bmHy$S> 2) XJS> 3) H$mnS>

8.5 gmam§e

XÎmg§àXm` hm _hmamï´>mVrb EH$ nwamVZ g§àXm` Amho Varhr `m g§àXm`mV ñWmZnaËdo

d AmMmaY_m©Zwgma H$mhr ôX AmT>iyZ òVmV. XÎmg§àXm`mV "XÎmmbm' AmamÜ` X¡dV _mZbobo

Amho. "JwéM[aÌ' hm `m g§àXm`mMm à_mUJ«§W Amho. H$_©R> AmMmaY_m©_wio hm n§W bmoH$m§nmgyZ

Xya Jobm. Xmgmon§V ho ZmWn§MH$mVrb XÎmg§àXm`r H$dr hmoVo. gìdmbmI Amodrg§»`m

Agbobm, JrVoda ^mî` H$aUmam JrVmU©d Ë`m§Mm J«§W _amR>r gm{hË`mV _hÎdmMm R>aVmo,

VgoM "nmgmoS>r' boIZmMm Zdm à`moJhr Ë`m§Zr Ho$bm. Zm_Xod Vo EH$ZmW `m H$mimVrb

gm{hË`mMr CUrd ^ê$Z H$mT>Ê`mMo H$m_ XÎmg§àXm`r H$dtZr Ho$bo.


8.3

1) JwéM[aÌ 2) lrZ¥qghgñdVr 3) gañdVr J§JmYa

4) Xmgmon§V 5) JrVm 6) nmgmoS>r

7) 8889 8) H$mnS>

>>***


XÎmg§àXm` / 145

A{YH$ {Q>nUmgmR>r

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A{YH$ {Q>nUmgmR>r

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àH$aU : 9

EH$ZmW

(ZmWm§Mr J«§WaMZm, ^mJdV, ^mê$S>o,

Jm¡iUr, ZmWH$mbrZ BVa H$dr)

9.0 C{Ôï>o

{dÚmWu{_Ìm§Zmo, AmÎmmn`ªV AmnU dmaH$ar g§àXm`mVrb kmZoída, Zm_Xod Am{Ug§V_oim d g§V H$d{`ÌtMm Aä`mg Ho$bm. kmZoídam§Zr ^mJdVY_m©Mr nm`mâUr Ho$br.Zm_Xodm§Zr Ë`m§Mm {dñVma Ho$bm. EH$ZmWm§À`m H$mimV hmM ^mJdV Y_© EH$m doJù`m

EH$ZmW / 147

9.0 C{Ôï>o

9.1 àmñVm{dH$

9.2 EH$ZmWm§Mo d¡`{º$H$ OrdZ M[aÌ

9.3 EH$ZmWm§Mo dmL²>_`

9.3.1 MVw:íbmoH$s ^mJdV

9.3.2 EH$ZmWr ^mJdV

9.3.3 épŠ_Ur ñd`§da

9.3.4 ^mdmW© am_mÙ

9.3.5 ñ\w$Q> àH$aUo

9.3.6 ^méS>o

9.3.7 A^§JaMZm

9.4 EH$ZmWr gm{hË`mMo ^mfm{deof

9.5 ^mJdV Y_© Am{U EH$ZmW

9.6 ZmWH$mbrZ BVa H$dr

9.7 g_mamon

9.8 gmam§e


joÌr` H$m`©

diUmda òD$Z C^m am{hbm. Bñbm_r AmH«$_Um§_wio _hmamï´>mÀ`m g§ñH¥$VrMr, _amR>r ^mfoMrJiMonr gwê$ Pmbr. naH$s` AmH«$_UmÀ`m `m H$mimV Ho$di Y_© OmJ¥V R>odUo Zìho VaA§YlÕoMr Am{U AkmZmMr PmnS>o S>moù`m§da AmoTy>Z ~gboë`m gm_mÝ` bmoH$m§Zm IS>~Sy>ZOmJo H$aÊ`mMo H$m_ EH$ZmWm§Zr Ho$bo. n§{S>Vm§Zm ^º$sMr `mo½` dmQ> XmI{dbr. ~{hUm~mBªZr"^mJdV Y_m©Mm Im§~' Ago ZmWm§Mo dU©Z Ho$bo Vo AJXr gmW© Amho. kmZoída, Zm_Xodm{Xg§V `mnydu hmoD$Z Jobobo Agbo Var _Yo ~amM H$mi bmoQ>bm hmoVm. Zm_Xodm§Z§Va gw_maoXmoZ-AS>rMeo dfmªÀ`m H$mimV g_mOmbm `mo½` {Xem XmIdob Agm g_W© g§V {Z_m©U PmbmZmhr. ZmWm§Zr Vo H$m_ nyU© Ho$bo. kmZoídarV {eabobo AnnmR> Xya H$ê$Z Vr àV ewÕ H$aÊ`mMoAË`§V _hÎdmMo H$m`© ZmWm§Zr Ho$bo. `m AWm©Zo ^mJdV Y_m©bm nwZé‚mr{dV H$aÊ`mMo lo`ZmWm§Mo Amho. ^mê$S>mgmaIm H$bmàH$ma g_W©nUo hmVmiyZ, EH$ZmWm§Zr Iè`m ^º$sMo,gX²{dMmam§Mo, gXmMmamMo __© VimJmimVrb bmoH$m§Zm CbJSy>Z XmI{dbo. n§{S>Vm§nmgyZgm_mÝÒZm§n`ªV gdmªZmM ZmWm§Zr Amnë`m em§V ñd^mdmZo Am{U ~hþ{dY dmL²>_`mZoAmnbogo Ho$bo. ^mJdV Y_m©bm nS>Ë`m H$mimV g_W©nUo nobyZ YaUmè`m ZmWm§Mm Aä`mgH$aUo _hÎdmMo R>aVo. `m àH$aUmV AmnU g§V EH$ZmWm§Mo H$m`© Aä`mgUma AmhmoV. {_Ìm§Zmo`m àH$aUmMm Aä`mg Ho$ë`m Z§Va Vwåhmbm,

l g§V EH$ZmWm§À`m OrdZ-M[aÌm{df`r _m{hVr XoVm òB©b.

l EH$ZmWm§Mo ^mJdV Y_m©àVr AgUmao `moJXmZ ñnï> H$aVm òB©b.

l EH$ZmWr gm{hË`mMo ^mfm{deof gm§JVm òVrb.

9.1 àmñVm{dH$

_Ü``wJrZ _hmamï´>mV 13 ì`m eVH$mV kmZoídam§Zr ^mJdV Y_m©Mm nm`m KmVbm.Zm_Xodm§Zr n§Om~n`ªV Ë`mMm àgma Ho$bm. Ë`mZ§Va A„mC{ÔZ {IbOrÀ`m AmH«$_UmZo_hmamï´>mÀ`m gm§ñH¥${VH$ dmVmdaUmbm Y¸o$ ~gy bmJbo. kmZoœaH$mbrZ _hmamï´>mMr g_¥ÕrZmWm§À`m H$mimn`ªV {VVH$ser Cabr Zmhr. Zm_Xodm§Z§Va ^mJdV Y_m©Mr na§nam nwÝhmZmWm§Zr g_W©nUo nobbr. AkmZ, A§YlÕm `m§À`m {di»`mV OIS>bobm g_mO Am{U `mVâ åhUyZ hmoUmar naH$s` AmH«$_Uo `m§_wio Y_©g§ñWm _moS>H$irg Ambr. qhXy§Mr Xodio Zï>hmoD$ bmJbr. Aem doir ZmWm§Zr ^mJdVY_m©bm _mobmMm AmYma {Xbm. dmL²>_`mVbmoH$^mfoMm nwañH$ma H$ê$Z ^mfm {Od§V R>odÊ`mg _XV Ho$br. g_mOmVrb n§{S>V dJ©,_Ü`_dJ© d ~hþOZg_mO `m gdmªgmR>rM Ë`m§Zr dmL²>_`{Z{_©Vr Ho$br. VrW©`mÌm H$arVAgVmZm g_mOmV ngabobo AkmZ d AZmMma nmhÿZ Iè`m ^º$sMo ahñ` ZmWm§Zr^mê$S>m§VyZ bmoH$m§g_moa _m§Sbo. MVw:íbmoH$s ^mJdV, EH$ZmWr ^mJdV, épŠ_Urñd`§da,^mdmW© am_mÙ, ñ\w$Q> àH$aUo, ^mê$S>o, A^§JdmUr Aer {d{dY àH$maMr aMZm Ë`m§Zr Ho$br.g_mOmVrb qhgm, ^moJdmX, ~wdm~mOr, AkmZ `m§da CnamoYJ^© eãXm§V ZmWm§Zr Amnë`m


gm{hË`mVyZ ^mî` Ho$bo Amho. CÎm_ àn§M H$ê$Z CÎm_ AÜ`mË_ gm§^miUmao Wmoa g§V åhUyZZmW AmoiIbo OmVmV. kmZoídarMr àV ewÕ H$ê$Z Va ^mJdV Y_m©bm Zdm COmim XoÊ`mMoH$m_ Ë`m§Zr Ho$bo. Aem EH$ZmWm§Mo OrdZM[aÌ d H$m`© AmnU `mnwT>o Aä`mgUma AmhmoV.

9.2 EH$ZmWm§Mo d¡`{º$H$ OrdZ-M[aÌ

EH$ZmW n¡R>Ubm F$doXr XoeñWm§À`m KamÊ`mV OÝ_mbm Ambo. ZmWm§Mo nUOo ^mZwXmg

ho Wmoa {dÇ>b^º$ hmoVo. n§T>anyaMr {dÇ>b_yVu H¥$îUXodam`mZo {dÚmZJabm Zobr hmoVr, Vr^mZwXmgm§Zr naV AmUbr. ^mZwXmg, MH«$nmUr, gy`©ZmamÙ Am{U EH$ZmW Aer ZmWm§Mrd§enanam Amho. éŠ_rUr~mB© Am{U gy`©ZmamÙ ho ZmWm§Mo _mVm-{nVm hmoVo. gm_mÝ`nUoB.g.1532 Vo 1599 hm EH$ZmWm§Mm Or{dV H$mi gm§JVm òVmo. _yi ZjÌmda OÝ_mbmAmboë`m ZmWm§Mo AmB©dS>rb Ë`m§À`m ~mbnUrM {Zd©Vbo. na§Vw AmOr-AmOmo~m§À`m N>mòVam{hë`mZo ZmWm§Mo ~mbnU gwImV Jobo. n¡R>Ugma»`m {R>H$mUr Ë`m§Mo {ejU Pmbo. g§ñH¥$V^mfoMo Am{U ~«÷H$m`m©Xr {df`m§Mo kmZ Ë`m§Zr KoVbo. nU na_oídamMr ôQ> KS>dyZ XoD$Z,Amnë`m Iè`m ñdê$nmMr OmUrd H$ê$Z XoUmam Jwê$ ôQ>mdm Aer AmoT> ZmWm§Zm bmJbr.ñdßZmV {_imboë`m AmXoemZwgma EH$ {Xdg Hw$Umbmhr Z gm§JVm ZmW Xod{Jar òWrbOZmX©Z ñdm_tH$S>o Jobo. OZmX©Zñdm_r ho `dZ nmVemhrVrb Xm¡bVm~mVMo _w»`m{YH$marhmoVo. `mdZr AmH«$_UmÀ`m H$mimV Xod{JarÀ`m {H$ëë`mda _hmamï´> Y_m©Mr nVmH$m \$S>H$VR>odÊ`mMo H$m_ Ë`m§Zr Ho$bo. ZmWm§Zr Ë`m§Mm AZwJ«h KoVbm. ñdm_tZr Ë`m§Zm XÎmmÌ`mMo Xe©ZhrKS>dbo. ZmWm§À`m hmVyZ nwT>o KS>boë`m bmoH$g§J«hmMr nyd©V`mar åhÿUyZ H$s H$m` OZmX©Zñdm_tZr Ë`m§Zm VrW©`mÌog nmR>{dbo. Ë`mZ§Va ñdm_tÀ`m AmkoZo ZmWm§Zr {ddmh Ho$bm.{JarOm~mB© Am{U EH$ZmW `m§Zr AmXe©dV R>amdm Agm g§gma Ho$bm. Ë`m§Mm _wbJm h[an§{S>V{dÛmZ {ZnObm.

ñdV:À`m AmMaUmZo ^yVX`m, gd©Y_©g_^md, g_mZVm hr VÎdo ZmWm§Zr g_mOmbmnQ>{dbr. em§VVoMm Am{U H$éUoMm gmJa Agboë`m EH$ZmWm§À`m OrdZM[aÌmV AZoH$Am»`m{`H$m gm§{JVë`m OmVmV. ZmWm§À`m Kar lrI§S>çmÀ`m ê$nmV lrH¥$îU am{hbo hmoVo. hrË`mn¡H$s EH$. \$mëJwZ dÚ fð>r eHo$ 1521 (B.g. 1599 ) `m {Xder Ë`m§Mo XohmdgmZPmbo. `mM {VWrg Jwê$ OZmX©Z ñdm_rMm OÝ_ d g_mYr, na_oídamMm ZmWm§Zm PmbobmgmjmËH$ma Am{U OZmX©Z ñd_tMr ôQ> `m Jmoï>r KS>ë`m `m_mJo H$mhr g§Ho$V Agmdm.

ZmWm§À`m d§emVrb nwT>Mr {nT>rhr g§nÞ hmoVr. ZmWm§Mm _wbJm h[an§{S>V doXm§V dY_©emó `mV {ZnwU hmoVm. Wmoabr _wbJr JmoXm n¡R>UH$a [hMm _wbJm åhUOo H$dr _wºo$ída,Xwgar _wbJr C_m {hMm _wbJm _mYd ñdm_r hm am_Xmgr g§àXm`mVrb H$dr hmoVm. g_W©am_Xmg hoXoIrb EH$ZmWm§Mo ^mMo. Aem arVrZo ^º$s d H$mì` `m§Mm {_bm\$ Agbobo ZmWm§MoKamUo hmoVo.

EH$ZmW {ZË`Zo_mZo boIZ, àdMZ, H$sV©Z H$arV AgV. Ë`m§À`m agmi dmUr_wio

EH$ZmW / 149

~amM bmoH$g§J«h Ë`m§Zr Ho$bm. gd© ^yV_mÌm§àVr X`m hm Va ZmWm§Mm ñWm`r^md hmoVm. CÝhmVVhmZoZo ì`mHw$i Pmboë`m JmT>dmÀ`m _wImV J§JoMo nmUr KmbUo, aS>Umè`m _hmamÀ`m _wbmbmH$S>oda KoUo, ~«m÷Um§H$[aVm V`ma Ho$bobo AÞ {nVam§À`m lmÕmdoir _hmam§Zm dmQy>Z Q>mH$Uo,A§Jmda Ww§H$Umè`m `dZmbmhr g_OyZ KoUo B. AZoH$ àg§Jm§_YyZ ZmWm§Mm em§V, H$éUm_`ñd^md Am{U ì`mnH$ ghmZw^md àVrV hmoVmo.

9.3 EH$ZmWm§Mo dmL²>_`

EH$ZmWm§À`m dmL²>_`mMm AmT>mdm KoÊ`mnydu Ë`m§Zr Ho$boë`m gm§ñH¥${VH$ nwZé‚mrdZmMrZm|X H$aUo A{Ve` _hÎdmMo Amho. B.g. 1583 _Üò ZmW kmZoídam§À`m g_mYrMo Xe©ZKoÊ`mgmR>r Ami§Xrbm Jobo. kmZoídam§Z§Va _Yë`m XmoZ-AS>rMeo dfmªÀ`m H$mimV `dZm§MoAmH«$_U Am{U bmoH${dñ_¥Vr `m§_wio Vr g_mYr dméim§Zr doT>boë`m O§JbmV AOmZd¥jmÀ`mJXuV {XgoZmer Pmbr hmoVr. `m AOmZd¥jmMr _wio Amnë`m H§$R>mbm bmJVo Amho Agm Ñï>m§V



1) EH$ZmWm§À`m nUOmo~m§Mo Zmd H$m` ?

1) ^mZwXmg 2) gy`©ZmamÙ 3) H¥$îUXod

2) n§T>anyahÿZ {dÇ>bmMr _yVu H$moUr Zobr ?

1) VwH$mam_ 2) H¥$îUXodam` 3) ^mZwXmg

3) EH$ZmWm§À`m AmB©Mo Zmd H$m` ?

1) épŠ_Ur~mB© 2) AmZ§Xr~mB© 3) {JarOm~mB©

4) ZmWm§Mo Jwê$ H$moU ?

1) kmZoída 2) OZmX©Zñdm_r 3) amKd|Ðñdm_r

5) ZmWm§À`m Am`wî`mV H$moUVr {VWr _hÎdmMr R>abr ?

1) fð>r 2) gá_r 3) EH$mXer

6) ZmWm§Mm ZmVy H$moU ?

1) _wºo$ída 2) ^mZwXmg 3) h[an§{S>V

7) ZmWm§Mm _wbJm H$moU ?

1) _wºo$ída 2) h[an§{S>V 3) am_Xmg

8) EH$ZmWm§Mo {ejU Hw$R>o Pmbo ?

1) n¡R>U 2) Xohÿ 3) nwUo

dmaH$ar g§àXm`mMo EH$ZmW ho Im§~ R>abo.

kmZoídam§Zr EH$ZmWm§Zm ñdßZmV òD$Z {Xbm Ë`mZwgma ZmWm§Zr g_m{YñWbmMm emoY KoD$ZË`m ñWimMm OrUm}Õma Ho$bm.

"kmZoídar" `m J«§WmVhr _Yë`m H$mimV AZoH$ AnnmR> {eabo hmoVo. kmZoídarÀ`m AZoH$hñV{b{IV àVr {_idyZ VwbZmË_H$ Aä`mgmZo EH$ZmWm§Zr nmR>{ZpíMVr Ho$br dkmZoídarMo _yi ñdê$n nwÝhm g_mOmg_moa R>odbo.

kmZoídamnmR>r Ÿ& Omo Amodr H$arb _amR>r Ÿ&&

VoUo A_¥Vm{Mò VmQ>r Ÿ& OmU ZamoQ>r R>o{dbr Ÿ&&

Aem eãXm§V ZmWm§Zr kmZoídarVrb AnnmR>m§Zm à{V~§Y KmVbm. EH$ZmW ho kmZoídarMo_amR>rVrb n{hbo g§emoYH$ hmoV. åhUyZM Ë`m§Zm "kmZmMm EH$m" Ago g§~moYyZ kmZoídam§MmAdVma _mZbo OmVo. 13 ì`m eVH$mV kmZoídam§Zr Ho$boë`m gm§ñH¥${VH$ H$m`m©Mr na§nam200-250 dfmªZ§Va nwÝhm EH$ZmWm§Zr g§d{Y©V Ho$br. kmZoídam§Zr nm`m KmVboë`m^mJdVY_m©bmM EH$ àH$mao nwÝhm COmim XoÊ`mMo H$m_ ZmWm§Zr Ho$bo.

9.3.1 MVw:ûbmoH$s ^mJdV

EH$ZmWm§Zr OZmX©Zñdm_tH$S>o amhÿZ {dÚmä`mg, `moJmä`mg nyU© Ho$bm. EH$Xm Jwê§$~amo~aVrW©`mÌm H$aÊ`mgmR>r ZmW ~mhoa nS>bo. dmQ>oV M§ÐmdVr ZmdmÀ`m JmdmV M§Ð^Q> ZmdmÀ`m~«m÷UmH$S>o Ë`m§Zr _w¸$m_ Ho$bm. M§Ð^Q>mZo Ë`mÀ`m Zo_mà_mUo MVw:íbmoH$s ^mJdVmda àdMZHo$bo. Vo àdMZ OZmX©Z ñdm_tZm AmdS>bo. Ë`mVrb ~«÷{df`H$ kmZ gm_mÝÒZm§Zm H$imdoåhUyZ Ë`m Mma íbmoH$m§da _amR>r ^mfoVyZ Q>rH$m H$amdr Aer Amkm ñdm_tZr ZmWm§Zm {Xbr.ZmWm§Zr Jwê$Mr Amkm _mZyZ, ^mJdVmÀ`m Xwgè`m ñH§$YmVrb Zdì`m AÜ`m`mda {ZénUHo$bo. `m AÜ`m`mVrb 45 ûbmoH$m§n¡H$s 33 Vo 36 `m Mma ûbmoH$mV ^JdmZ {dîU§yZr lr~«÷Xodm§Zm Ho$bobm CnXoe, {dídmMo ahñ` gyÌê$nmZo gm§{JVbo Amho. gd© MamMa g¥ï>rV B©ída^ê$Z am{hbobm Agbm Var Vmo _wº$M AgVmo. Aem `m B©ídamMr Ë`mMo Iao ñdê$n OmUyZKoD$Z nyOm Ho$br Va ^º$ Am{U B©ídamMo EoŠ` gmYbo OmVo. ñdV:Mo Am{U B©ídamMo nyU©kmZ Pmbo VaM _mUgmbm OrdZmV gwI-em§Vr {_iVo na§Vw Ho$di nm§{S>Ë`mÀ`m ~imdagwI-em§Vr bm^V Zmhr. Ë`mgmR>r gXJwê$Mm daXhñV bm^mdm bmJVmo. Ë`mM~amo~a AZÝèaU^md R>odyZ, {Z:ñdmWunUo, lÕm`wº$ A§V:H$aUmZo Jwé^º$s H$amdr bmJVo. Aem VÎdm§Moà{VnmXZ ZmWm§Zr Ho$bo Amho. Amnë`m {eî`mbm àJ{VnWmda ZoUmam Jwê$hr VodT>çmM`mo½`VoMm Agbm nm{hOo ho gm§JVmZm ZmW åhUVmV.

Jwé^º$s Zm§Xo Á`mMo Kar Ÿ& `_ Ë`mMr VamiH$s H$arŸ&

H$mi Amkm dmho {ear Ÿ& Vmo ny{OOo har na_mË_^mdo Ÿ&&

`m_Üò ZmWm§Zr d¡Hw§$R>bmoH$, gábmoH$, `moJemóo, Ë`m§Mo loð>Ëd B. ~m~tMo ñnï>rH$aU{Xbo Amho. na_g_mYr åhUOo H$m` `mdahr ZmW {b{hVmV. {df`-{dH$mam§Mo Vm§S>d _ZmVMmby AgVmZm, Ho$di ~mømËH$mar VQ>ñWVm Adb§{~Uo åhUOo g_mYr Zìho. `m g_mYrMo

EH$ZmW / 151

CXm. XoVmZm ZmW Ë`mVrb YmoH$m dU©Z H$aVmV.

"Áda AgVm ZmS>r AmVŸ&

Amamo½` ñZmZ Vmo{M KmV Ÿ&

Vodr d¥Îmr AgVm g_m{YñW Ÿ&

Vmo OmU {ZpíMV AmË_KmVr Ÿ&'

åhUyZ gXJwê$À`m H¥$nmàgmX {_imë`mZo {ddoH$, d¡am½` `mMr àmár hmoD$Z {df`m§àVr{daº$s {Z_m©U hmoVo Am{U eodQ>r gdmªàVr g_Ëd^md {Z_m©U hmoUo åhUOo g_m{YAdñWm àmáhmoUo Aer g_mYr na_oídambmhr {à` AgVo. Aer g_m{YAdñWm àmá Pmbr Varhr Y_©-H$_©-`_-{Z`_ `m§Mo AmMaU H$amdo. H$maU {ZîH$m_, {ZîH$b§H$, Ë`mJnyU©, n{dÌ AemOrdZmMm AmXe© g_mOmnwT>o Agmdm bmJVmo. Ë`m_wio ~«÷kmZàmár hmoD$Zhr, gd© AmMma-{dMma Y_m©Zo H$ê$Z Vo B©ídambm An©U H$aÊ`mÀ`m hoVyZo H$amdoV. EH$ZmWm§Zr Ho$di Agoà{VnmXZ Z H$aVm Amnë`m ñdV:À`m AmMma{dMmam§_YyZ EH$ AmXe©dV OrdZ bmoH$m§g_moaCô Ho$bo. gw~moY d àmgm{XH$ ^mfoVyZ g_mOmbm ghO AmH$bZ hmoB©b Aer CXmhaUo XoD$Z45 ûbmoH$m§Mo 1050 Amoì`m§Mo agmi {ddoMZ ZmWm§Zr Ho$bo Amho.

9.3.2 EH$ZmWr ^mJdV

MVw:íbmoH$s ^mJdVmÀ`m aMZoda OZmX©Zñdm_r àgÞ Pmbo. Ë`m§Zr ZmWm§ZmEH$mXeñH$§Ymda {dñV¥V ^mî`boIZ H$aÊ`mMr Amkm {Xbr. B. g.1570 (e. 1492)Vo B. g.1573 (e.1495) Ago VrZ df©o boIZ H$ê$Z n¡R>U òWo gwê$ Pmbobo ho boIZ



1) EH$ZmW ho kmZoœarMo _amR>rVrb .................. g§emoYH$ hmoV.

1) n{hbo 2) Xwgao 3) M¡mWo

2) "MVw:íbmoH$s ^mJdV' ZmWm§Zr Hw$UmÀ`m Amkodê$Z {b{hbm.

1) OZmX©Zñdm_r 2) M§Ð^Q> 3) gy`©ZmW

3) "MVw:íbmoH$s ^mJdV' hr H$emdarb Q>rH$m Amho?

1) nwamU 2) ^mJdV 3) Xmg~moY

4) "MVw:íbmoH$s ^mJdVmÀ`m {H$Vr Amoì`m AmhoV ?

1) 1000 2)1015 3) 1500

MVw:íbmoH$r ^mJdVmV ZmWm§Zr ^mJdVmÀ`m Xwgè`m ñH§$YmVrb Zdì`mAÜ`m`mda Q>rH$m {b{hcr.

dmamUgr òWo nyU© Ho$bo. _yi g§ñH¥$V ^mJdVmÀ`m EH$mXe ñH§$YmV 31 AÜ`m` d 1467ûbmoH$ AmhoV. Ë`mda ZmWm§Zr 1838 Amoì`m§Mo ^mî` Ho$bo Amho. ^maVr` g§ñH¥$VQ>rH$mJ«§WmV lrYañdm_tMr "^mdmW©Xr{nH$m" hr Q>rH$m gd©loð> R>abr AgyZ hrM Q>rH$m g_moaR>odyZ AmnU EH$mXeñH§$Y Q>rH$m {b{hë`mMo ZmWm§Zr {dZ_«nUo gm§{JVbo Amho.

Ho$di ^mJdVmVrb EH$mXe ñH$§YmMm _amR>rVyZ AZwdmX H$aUo EdT>mM hoVy ZgyZkmZoídarZ§Va ^mî`J«§WmMo nwZé‚mrdZ H$aÊ`mÀ`m Ñï>rZo ZmWm§Zr A{Ve` àgmXnyU© AgmJ«§Wmbm ^mJdVmMm H$ig åhQbo Amho. ""{nH$m Ambm ~«÷ag & hm{M ^mJdVmMm H$ig &&''Aem eãXm§V VwµH$mam_m§Zrhr Ë`mMm Jm¡ad Ho$bm Amho. ^maVr` ^{º$gmYZoÀ`m B{VhmgmVEH$ZmWr ^mJdVmMo ñWmZ _hÎdnyU© Amho. ^mJdVmÀ`m àma§^r ZmW Jwé^º$sMo ñVdZH$aVmV. OÝ_-_¥Ë`yÀ`m \o$è`mVyZ CÕma H$aUmao Vo Jwê$ Agm Jwé_{h_m gm§{JVbm Amho.

"OZZr OR>ar OÝ_ OmU & Ë`m OÝ_mñVd åhUVr OZ & Ë`m OZ OÝ_m H$ar _X©ZŸ&`m bmJr "OZmX©Z" Zm_ Ë`mgrŸ&&' ^º$s- {daŠÎmr, na_mË_mAZw^d d Jwé_{h_m `m§MoàgmXnyU© dU©Z Ho$bo Amho. gd© OJmMm VmaUhma AgUmè`m lrH¥$îUmMo ñdê$n {d{dY àH$maoVo _m§S>VmV.

"A_yV© _yVu _wgmdbo"

"åhUmo{Z Vmo ^Jd§Vw"

"lrH¥$îU Xohmo M¡VÝ`KZ"

na_mWm©Mm Wmoa A{YH$ma AgyZhr ZmWm§Mm J¥hñW Y_© AË`§V AmXe© Agm hmoVm. Ë`mMoàVrH$mË_H$ {MÌU òWo Vo H$aVmV,

"Xohr Agmo{Z Zmhr Ah§H¥$Vr Ÿ&

Johr Agmo{Z Zmhr J¥hmgº$s &

eoIr bmoH$m§_mOr b¡m{H$H$ pñWVr &

gwIo dV©Vr bmoH$m§gm[aIo &'

gmYy§Mr bjUohr Vo `mV gm§JVmV. h[aZm_mZo ^dgmJa Vê$Z OmVm òVmo Am{U Vo Zm_KoÊ`mMm A{YH$ma gdmªZmM Amho, Ago ZmW åhUVmV. X¡Ë`{ZXm©bZ, F$fr_wZr, Vnñdr,~«m÷U B.À`m g§ajUmMm H¡$dma ZmW _m§S>VmV. naMH«$m_wio, `dZm§_wio _hmamï´>mda Amboë`mH$R>rU H$mimV g§Vm§Mm _{h_mhr Ë`m§Zr dU©Z Ho$bm Amho. ZmW^mJdVmV ê$nH$m§Mr nIaUAmT>iVo. gX²Jwê$Mo Xe©Z KS>{dUmar, Á`mo{Vfr, A_anVr, dg§V, jragmJa hr ê$nHo$.gmYH$mMo ñdê$n gm§JUmar ^dgmJa, H$miZXr, Xohê$n dmñVy hr ê$nHo$. Aer {d{dYVmË`mV AmT>iVo.

g§ñH¥$VdmUr Xodo Ho$br & Var àmH¥$V H$m` MmoamnmgyZr Pmbr?" Agm naIS> gdmb{dMmê$Z, _amR>r ^mfoMm A{^_mZ ì`º$ H$aVmV. g§ñH¥$V ^mfoMm _mZ R>odyZhr Vo àmH¥$VmMm

EH$ZmW / 153

nwañH$ma H$aVmV. kmZoídam§à_mUoM nwÝhm EH$Xm ZmWm§Zr ì`º$ Ho$bobm _amR>rMm A{^_mZ dloð>Ëd Ë`m§À`m H$m`m©Mo àVrH$ R>aVo.

"_mPr ho _amR>rŸ& OZmX©Z H¥$nm n[anmR>r Ÿ&

{Z:eãXmÀ`m gm§Jo Jmoï>r Ÿ& {MÝ_mÌr {_R>r KmbwZr&'

Agm {dídmg ZmW ì`º$ H$aVmV. ^mJdVmVyZ ^moù`m d Ak bmoH$m§H$[aVm EH$ZmWm§Zr^mJdV g§àXm`mMr VÎdo gmonr H$ê$Z gm§{JVbr AmhoV.

9.3.3 épŠ_Urñd`§da

"épŠ_Urñd`§da" ho EH$ Am»`mZH$mì` Amho. {_Ìm§Zmo àW_ Am»`mZH$mì` åhUOoH$m`? ho OmUyZ KoUo Cn`wº$ R>aob. am_mÙ, _hm^maV Aem _hmH$mì`mVyZ BpÀN>V H$Wm^mJKoD$Z, ñdV:À`m hoVy, Ame`, e¡br Aem {deof Jmoï>tMo g§ñH$ma H$ê$Z EH$ doJioM,amoMH$nUo gm§{JVbo OmUmao H$WmH$mì` åhUOo Am»`mZH$mì`. EH$ZmWm§Z§Va AZoH$ n§{S>VH$dtZr ^º$s, nm§{S>Ë` àXe©Z, _mojàár B. hoVy§gmR>r "épŠ_Ur ñd`§damÀ`m" H$WodaH$WmH$mìò {b{hbr. na§Vw EH$ZmWm§Zr g§àXm`mMo VÎdkmZ {deX H$ê$Z, Ë`mMm àgmaH$aÊ`mgmR>r ho Am»`mZH$mì` {b{hbo. _yi ^mJdVmÀ`m Xe_ñH§$YmVrb 144 ûbmoH$m§daZmWm§Zr AR>am AÜ`m`m§Mo d 1712 Amoì`m§Mo bmoH${à` Am»`mZ {b{hbo. àñVwV J«§W eHo$1493 _Üò {b{hbm AgyZ, `mVrb AÜ`m`m§Zm àg§J åhQ>bo Amho. lrH¥$îU d épŠ_Ur`m§Mr ñd`§daH$Wm åhUyZ hr _hÎdmMr Amho. òWohr VÎd à{VnmXZ H$aVmZm, ZmW ^mJdVAm{U épŠ_Ur ñd`§da `m§Mr gm§JS> KmbVmZm {XgVmV. Ë`m_wio H$WoV OmJmoOmJr AÛ¡VmMmË`m§Zm Pmbobm gmjmËH$maM Vo _m§S>VmZm {XgVmV.



1) EH$ZmWr ^mJdV hr H$emdarb Q>rH$m Amho?

1) EH$mXeñH§$Y 2) ^mJdV 3) MVw:íbmoH$s ^mJdV

2) EH$ZmWr ^mJdVmMo boIZ H$moR>o nyU© Pmbo ?

1) dmamUgr 2) n¡R>U 3) Am¡a§Jm~mX

3) lrYañdm_tMr ^mJdVmdarb H$moUVr Q>rH$m gd©loð> Amho?

1) ^mdmW© 2) ^mdmW©Xr{nH$m 3) ^mdmW© am_mÙ

4) "g§ñH¥$VdmUr Xodo Ho$br...'hr Cº$s H$moUmMr ?

1) kmZoída 2) EH$ZmW 3) OZmX©Zñdm_r

EH$ZmWr ^mJdV åhUOo EH$mXe ñH§$Ymdarb ^mî` hmo`.

H$WoV ì`{º${MÌUmbm {deof _hÎd AgVo. Ë`mZwgma ZmWm§Zr òWo g_W© Aerì`{º${MÌo aoImQ>br AmhoV. H$sVuZm_ ~«m÷UmZo ^r_H$mÀ`m Xa~mamV Ho$bobr H¥$îU ñVwVr,épŠ_UrZo Ho$bobr H¥$îUmMr ImoQ>r qZXm, gwXodmZo ÛmaHo$V lrH¥$îU ôQ>rV Ho$bobo JwUdU©Z,épŠ_UrZo nÌmÛmao Ho$bobr lrH¥$îUmMr ñVwVr, ^r_H$mZo H$Ý`mXmZ H$aVmZm gm§{JVboboH¥$îU_mhmËå` Aem doJdoJi`m ì`º$sH$Sy>Z hmoUmao H¥$îUdU©Zmdê$Z ZmWm§Mo H¥$îUào_ bjmVòVo. H¥$îUmg {b{hUmar épŠ_Ur, gwXod XwVmMr dmQ> nmhUmar épŠ_Ur, A§{~H$m nyOoZ§VaH¥$îUmMm emoY KoV MmbV OmUmar épŠ_Ur Ago épŠ_UrMohr ì`m{º${MÌU Am{U

EoH$mo{Z {O{M`m gm¢X`m©grŸ& doY bmJbm lrH¥$îUmgr &

Vr ^r_H$m dUm©dr H¡$grŸ& gr_m ê$nmgr Z H$adoŸ&

Ago {VÀ`m gm¢X`m©Mo dU©Z ZmW H$aVmV. ZmWm§Zr Ho$bobr `wÕmMr dU©Zohr bj doYyZ KoVmV.

Ë`m H$mimVrb {ddmh{df`H$ MmbrarVr, éIdV, gánXr, damVrg_moa ZmMUmè`mH$bmd§VrUr, H§$H$U~§YZ, Xmê$H$m_ B.Mo dU©Z H$ê$Z ZmWm§Zr VËH$mbrZ g_mOmMo {MÌUHo$bo Amho. Cn_m, Ñï>m§V, AWm©b§H$ma, ì`mOñVwVr, gw^m{fVo, ~moYna dMZo B.Mm dmna H$ê$ZZmWm§Zr H$Wm AmH$f©H$ ~Z{dbr Amho. {H$ËòH$ doim nwZéº$sMm Xmofhr `m H$Wobm bmJbmAmho. ZmWm§Zr ghOnUo ñdH$mbrZ gm_m{OH$, Ym{_©H$ d H$m¡Q>w§{~H$ OrdZmMo g§X^©épŠ_Urñd`§da H$WoÀ`m AmÜ`_mVyZ COoS>mV AmUbo Am{U _hÎdmMo åhUOo gwYmaUmdmXrÑ{îQ>H$moZmVyZ Ë`mda ^mî` Ho$bo. `mdê$Z g_H$mbrZ OrdZm{df`rMr ZmWm§Mr gOJVmbjmV òVo. {deof åhUOo ZmWm§À`m `m boIZmV lmoË`m§Mm gh^mJ OmUdVmo. eodQ>r J«§Wg§n{dVmZm nwÝhm ZmW `m J«§WmMm {Z{_©VrhoVy {deX H$aVmV Am{U {ddoH$s d gOJ lmoË`m§ZmMhm J«§W dmMyZ g_mYmZ {_iob ho Z_yX H$aVmV.

ò J«§WrMo {ZénU Ÿ& Ord{edm hmoVgo b¾Ÿ&

AW© nmhVm gmdYmZ & g_mYmZ gpÎdH$mŸ&

òWo {ddoH$s ìhmdm dº$m & g_mYmZ nm{hOo lmoVmŸ&

Ë`mMo{Z g§dmXo h[aH$WmŸ& gwI g_ñVm§ hmoB©b &

EH$ZmW / 155

9.3.3 Amnbr àJVr Vnmgm : 1) EH$ZmWm§Mo n{hbo Am»`mZH$mì` H$moUVo ?

1) épŠ_Ur ñd`§da 2) ^mdmW© am_mÙ 3) EH$ZmWr ^mJdV

2) épŠ_Ur ñd`§damMm boIZH$mb H$moUVm ?

1) 1493 2) 1502 3) 1421

3) épŠ_Ur ñd`§da hr Hw$UmMr ñd`§daH$Wm Amho ?

1) am_-grVm 2) H¥$îU-épŠ_Ur 3) épŠ_Ur-{eewnmb

épŠ_Ur ñd`§da ho _yi ^mJdVmÀ`m Xe_ñH§$Ymdarb Am»`mZH$mì` Amho.

9.3.4 ^mdmW© am_mÙ

^mdmW© am_mÙ hm EH$ZmWm§Mm eodQ>Mm J«§W Amho. `mVrb n{hbr nmM H$m§S>o Am{U

ghmì`m H$m§S>mVrb 44 AÜ`m`m§Mo boIZ Pmë`mda ZmWm§Mo XohmdgmZ Pmbo. ghmì`m H$m§S>mMoCabobo 48 AÜ`m` Am{U eodQ>Mo gmVdo H$m§S> ZmWm§À`m EH${Zð> {eî` Jmd~m `mZo {bhÿZnyU© Ho$bo. J«§WmMr EHy$U Amodrg§»`m 40,000 BVH$s Amho. hm J«§W aMÊ`mgmR>r àË`j^JdmZ lram_mZo _bm àoaUm {Xbr Am{U boIZmMm nmR>nwamdm Ho$bm Ago gm§JVmZm ZmWåhUVmV,

_mPo A§Jr _yI©nUmŸ& _mPo _r OmUo g§nyU©&

Z H$ar åhUVmo am_mÙm& lram_ AmnU H$Wm àoarŸ&&

_r {ZObmo AgVm OmUŸ& lram_ WmnQ>r AmnUŸ&

åhUo CR>m H${e am_mÙmŸ& VoWo _r H$moU Z H$amd`m Ÿ&&

_hmamï´>m_Üò nwT>rb H$mimV ÑT> Pmboë`m g_W© g§àXm`mÀ`m am_monmgZoMr H$mhr _yiàoaUm `m ^mdmW© am_mÙmV {XgVmV. EH$ZmW nyd©H$mimV _hmamï´>mV lrH¥$îU, XÎm, {dÇ>b`m XodVm§Mr CnmgZm gwê$ hmoVr. Var ZmWm§Zr Ho$bobo am_H$Wm Jm`Z {deof bjmVKoÊ`mgmaIo Amho. lram_mH$S>o nmhÊ`mMm ^mdmW©M EH$ZmWm§Zr `mV Z_yX Ho$bm Amho. ^mdmW©am_mÙ ho "dmpë_H$s am_mÙ"bm Yê$Z {b{hÊ`mV Ambobo Agbo Var ZmWm§Zr VËH$mbrZàM{bV am_mÙm§À`m AmYmao â Q>mH$br Amho. ZmWm§Zm lram_mMo M[aÌ AmXe© åhUyZbmoH$m§g_moa R>odm`Mo Amho. Ë`mVrb H$mhr àg§J gm_mÝ` _mUgmbm Z nQ>Umao AmhoV. Ë`mMm{dnarV AW© bmdyZ gm_mÝ`m§À`m _ZmV am_m{df`r H$Qw>Vm {Z_m©U hmoD$ Zò åhUyZ am_mÀ`mAem H¥$VtMo g_W©Z ZmW H$aVmZm {XgVmV. CXm. _m`mdr _¥JmÀ`m nmR>r lram_ Ymdbo VoHo$di órhÅ>mgmR>r Aer Jmoï> am_mÙmV dmMm`bm {_iVo. ZmW `m{R>H$mUr åhUVmV,

órH$m_mÀ`m A{VàrVr & _m`m_¥Jr lraKwnVr Ÿ&

Zmhr Ymdbm H$m_mgº$s & JyT> J«§Wmoº$s AdYmam Ÿ&

grVm Ho$di Zìho nËZr Ÿ& na_^º$ {eamo_Ur Ÿ&

MaU Mmbr _mZr dZr Ÿ& godo bmJmo{Z lram_m Ÿ&

Ho$di órhÅ> nyU© H$aÊ`mgmR>r Zìho Va ^º$mMr BÀN>m nwa{dÊ`mgmR>r am_ _¥J`mW© Joboho `m Amoì`m§VyZ ZmW lÕ>oZo gm§JVmV.


4) épŠ_Ur ñd`§damMr Amodrg§»`m {H$Vr ?

1) 1712 2) 1500 3) 1302

5) "ò J«§WrMo {ZénU " Ordm{edm hmoVgo b¾Ÿ& hr n§º$s H$moUË`m J«§WmVrb Amho ?

1) ^mdmW© am_mÙ 2) ^mJdV 3) épŠ_Ur ñd`§da

XeaW åhUOo Xe|{Ðò, H$m¡gë`m hr gX²{dÚm, H¡$H$`r hr A{dÚm, AmË_à~moY Vmobú_U, ^mdmW© Vmo âV, {díd{_Ì hm {ddoH$, d{gð> hm {dMma, AmZ§X{dJ«hrnyU© am_ Aemê$nH$m§Mr `moOZm H$ê$Z ZmW H$Wm gm§JVmV. hZw_§VmÀ`m am_^º$rMo dU©Z Vo H$aVmV.VËH$mbrZ MmbrarVt~amo~a amOH$s`, Y{_©H$ AmH«$_Um§Mo g_mOmdarb n[aUm_ gm§JVmV. am_Am{U amdU `m§À`m `wÕmVyZ ñdmV§Í`mÀ`m bú`mMo gyMH$ g_W©Z ZmW H$aVmV. ñdY_m©MmA{^_mZ Am{U draVobm AmdmhZ H$aVmV. lmoË`m§À`m _Zmoa§OZmH$[aVm bmoH${à` H$Wm§Mm,Am»`m{`H$m§Mm Cn`moJhr {R>H${R>H$mUr Vo H$aVmV. VËH$mbrZ _wgb_mZr AmH«$_Uo, AË`mMmaË`mM~amo~a g_mOmVrb A§YlÕm, gmYy§Mm ^m|XynUm ho ZmWm§Zr nm{hë`m_wio g_mOmbm ZrVr,H$V©ì`, {Zð>m `m§Mo nmR> XoUmar am_H$Wm Ë`m§Zr ^mdmW© am_mÙmÛmao g_mOmnwT>o R>odbr.OrdZmVrb A_§JimMm Zme H$ê$Z, Xwï> àd¥Îmr Zmhrem H$ê$Z Mm§Jë`mMo amÁ` `mdo `mgmR>rZmWm§Zr H$m`_ à`ËZ Ho$bm. Ë`m_wio am_H$WoVhr Ë`m§Mo {ZénU CXmÎm ñdê$nmMo Pmbo Amho.Ë`mM~amo~a lmoË`m§À`m _Zmoa§OZmgmR>r bmoH${à` H$Wm Am»`m{`H$m `m§Mm dmnahr ZmW{R>H${R>H$mUr H$aVmZm {XgVmV. ZmWH$mbrZ Y_©{dMma, amOH$maU, gm§ñH¥${VH$ dmVmdaU B.Jmoï>tMo {MÌU ZmWm§À`m boIZmV ghO òVo.

9.3.5 ñ\w$Q> àH$aUo

ZmWm§À`m H$mbI§S>mV ^maVr` g_mOmV g§Ý`mgdmXmMm à^md hmoVm. e§H$amMm`mªZr"~«÷dmX"Mm nwañH$ma Ho$bm. Y_©àdMZH$mam§Zr EH$m§Jr {ddaU Ho$ë`mZo g§Ý`mg d _m`mdmX`m§Zm doXm§VmV ZH$mo BVHo$ _hÎd {Xbo Jobo. `mMdoir BVa AmMm`mªZr _m`mdmX CISy>ZQ>mH$Ê`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm. Ë`mZ§Va kmZXodm§Zr AmÜ`mpË_H$ H«$m§Vr H$ê$Z nwÝhm gd© H$_©g§Ý`mg KoÊ`mnojm gdmªMm ñdrH$ma H$aÊ`mMr {eH$dU {Xbr. ZmWm§Zr e§H$amMm`© d kmZXodXmoKm§Zr gm§{JVboë`m VÎdkmZmÀ`m g§X^m©V doXm§VmMr nwZa©MZm H$aÊ`mMr JaO ^mgbr.e§H$amMm`mªZr aMboë`m 14 ûbmoH$m§À`m "hñVm_bH$" `m J«§Wmda ZmWm§Zr 674 Amoì`m§MrQ>rH$m {b{hbr. hñVm_bH$ åhUOo VihmVmdarb Amdim! EH$m ~«m÷UnwÌmbm e§H$amMm`mªÀ`mXe©ZmZo Pmbobo "ñd"Mo kmZ, AmË_kmZ `m_Üò dU©Z Ho$bobo Amho. hñVm_bH$ Amnë`m"gV²', "{MX²', "AmZ§X' `m pñWVrMo gyMH$ dU©Z H$aVmo. Ë`mMo ñdê$n ZmWm§Zr dU©Z Ho$boAmho.

"H${R>Um§ew H$é{Z doJio & nmhVm O¡gr ñ\${Q>H$eri

V¡go OmU gH$i & ñdê$n Ago &'

ewH$mï>H$m§À`m AmR> íbmoH$m§da 447 Amoì`m§Mr Q>rH$m {b{hbr. `mhr J«§WmV ZmWm§Mo ñdV§ÌAmË_qMVZ Amho. ""{Zó¡JwÊò n{W {dMaVm§ H$mo {d{Y: H$mo {ZfoY:Ÿ&"" åhUOo {ÌJwUmVrVAdñWoV nmohmoMboë`m ì`º$sbm H$moUVohr {dYr{ZfoY amhmV ZmhrV. Ë`mbm H$_m©Mo ~§YZZgVo.

> EH$ZmW / 157

^mdmW© am_mÙ hm EH$ZmWm§Mm eodQ>Mm J«§W AgyZ, Ë`mMr Amodrg§»`m 40,000BVH$s Amho.

"ñdmË_gwI" hm 511 Amoì`m§Mm J«§W Amho. `m J«§Wm_Üòhr AmË_mZw^dmMo dU©Z ZmWm§ZrHo$bo Amho. ho VrZhr J«§W aMZoÀ`m Ñï>rZo ñdV§Ì Agbo Var Ë`m§Mo {df`à{VnmXZ EH$M Amho.`m J«§Wm§Zm doXmVrb {dMmam§À`m nwZa©MZoÀ`m Ñï>rZo _hÎd Amho. `mVhr EH$ZmWm§Mr g_Ýd`Ñï>r bjmV òVo. g_mOm_Üò _mojàmárbm AdmñVd _hÎd Ambo AgVmZm, Y_m©{Y{ð>VH$_©_mJm©Mo _hÎd g_OmdyZ XoUo ho H$m`© `m Q>rH$m§À`m _mÜ`_mVyZ gmYbo Jobo.e§H$amMm`mªà_mUo kmZoídam§Mmhr à^md ZmWm§À`m `m boIZmda Amho.

`m{edm` AmZ§Xbhar, JrVmgma, {Ma§OrdnX, JrVm_{h_m `m§gmaIr ~arMer ñ\w$Q>àH$aUo ZmWm§Zr {b{hbr. {Ma§OrdnX hm 42 Amoì`m§Mm J«§W Amho. òWo VÎdkmZmnojm Zr[Vna{ddoMZ Amho. gmYH$mbm hmoUmam H$rVuMm _moh H$gm Q>mimdm ho òWo ZmW gm§JVmV.

`mnar gmYH$mÀ`m {MÎmm Ÿ& _mZ JmoS>r Z g§S>o gd©Wm Ÿ&

Oar H¥$nm CnO¡b ^Jd§Vm Ÿ& Var hmo` _mJwVm {daº$ Ÿ&&

AmZ§Xbhar ho 154 Amoì`m§Mo àH$aU Jwé _mhmËå` gm§JUmao Amho.

_amR>r AmodrÀ`m joÌmV EH$ZmWm§Zr {b{hbobr gmS>oMma MaUr Amodr d¡{eîQ>çnyU© Amho.kmZ_mJm©Mo {ddoMZ ñ\w$Q> àH$aUm§VyZ Ho$bobo Agbo Var ^º$sbmhr _hÎdmMo ñWmZ {XboAmho. ZmWm§Zr H$sV©ZmgmR>r åhUyZ H$mhr M[aÌo Am{U Am»`mZohr {b{hbr. Y«wd, gwXm_m,àëhmX, Cn_Ý`y, Zm_Xod, JmoamHw§$^ma, gmdVm_mir, MmoIm_oi B. Mr M[aÌo gm§JyZ Ë`m§Zrg_mOmbm ^{º$_mJm©Mr {eH$dU {Xbr.


hñVm_bH$, ewH$mï>H$, ñdmË_gwI, AmZ§Xbhar, JrVmgma, {Ma§OrdnX,JrVm_{h_m d H$mhr Am»`mZo Aer ñ\w$Q>aMZm ZmWm§Zr Ho$br.

9.3.4 d 9.3.5 Amnbr àJVr Vnmgm :

1) EH$ZmWm§Zr {b{hbobm eodQ>Mm J«§W H$moUVm?

1) ^mJdV 2) ^mdmW© am_mÙ 3) épŠ_Urñd`§da

2) ^mdmW© am_mÙ hm J«§W H$moUr nyU© Ho$bm ?

1) g{ƒXmZ§X ~m~m 2) Jmd~m 3) lrI§S>çm

3) ^mdmW© am_mÙmMr Amodrg§»`m ................... Amho.

1) 40,000 2) 1000 3) 500

4) ^mdmW© am_mÙ ............. À`m AmYmao {b{hbobo Amho.

1) Vwbgram_mÙ 2) dmpë_H$s am_mÙ 3) AmZ§Xam_mÙ

5) ZmWm§Zr 674 Amoì`m§Mr Q>rH$m H$moUË`m J«§Wmda {b{hbr ?

1) hñVm_bH$ 2) ^mJdV 3) am_mÙ

9.3.6 ZmWm§Mr ^méS>o :-

~hþê$T> Vo ^mê$S> qH$dm "^m" åhUOo à{V^m. {VÀ`mda Amê$T> Vo ^mê$S>. ^méS>mMo{Û{dY ñdê$n bjmV KoD$Z {^é§S> qH$dm ^mé§S> `m {Û_wIr nú`mÀ`m Zmdmer Ë`mMm g§~§YOmoS>bm OmVmo." âmS>r" `m bmoH$m§H$Sy>Z Jm`bo OmUmao JrV åhUOo ^mê$S> Aem doJdoJù`mCnnÎmr gm§{JVë`m OmVmV. ^mê$S>mMm g§~§Y bmoH$OrdZmer AgVmo. g_mOmVrb MmbrarVtdahgVIoiV Q>rH$m H$aUo, _Zmoa§OZmVyZ à~moYZ KS>{dUo Aem hoVyZo ^mê$S>o aMbr OmVmV.kmZoídaH$mir ^mê$S>m§Mm OÝ_ Pmbm Agbm Var Ë`mMm CËH$f© EH$ZmWm§À`m H$mimV Pmbm.Ë`mVë`m H$bmË_H$VoMr OmUrd ZmWm§Zm Iè`m AWm©Zo Pmbr Am{U Y_©OmJaU Am{UbmoH$a§OZ `m hoVy§Zr Ë`m§Zr ^mê$S>o aMbr. ZmWm§Zr 125 {df`m§da {b{hbobr ^mê$S>m§Mrg§»`m 300 À`m da Amho. hr ^mê$S>o ZmWH$mbrZ OrdZmMo `WmW© Xe©Z KS>dVmV. H$maUVËH$mbrZMmbrarVr, bmoH$m§Mo AmMma{dMma, Ë`m§À`m lÕm-A§YlÕm, Ë`m§Mr ^mfm, ì`dgm`B. Jmoï>tMm gmH$ë`mZo {dMma H$éZ Iè`m Y_m©nmgyZ Xya Mmbboë`m g_mOmMo à~moYZH$aÊ`mgmR>r ZmWm§Zr ^mê$S>o aMbr. gmh{OH$M _hma - _hmarU, _m§J, S>m|~mar, H$moëhmQ>r,JméS>r, d¡Xy `m§gmaIr VËH$mbrZ g_mOmV {ZåZdJu` g_Obr OmUmar _mUgo, OmJë`m,MmonXma `m§gmaIr godmH$m`© H$aUmar _mUgo, Omoer, ~mig§Vmof, dmgwXod, dm¿`m, ^wË`m`m§gmaIr bmoH$^mdZm OmJdUmar _§S>ir ZmWm§Zr Amnbo {dMma nmoM{dÊ`mgmR>r _mÜ`_ åhUyZ{ZdS>br. àmn§{MH$ PmonoV Agboë`m§Zm gmdY H$aVmZm ZmWm§Mm " OmJë`m" åhUVmo,

_r Or OmJVmo Jmd {ZObm gmam

H$moUr hþfma ZmhrV Kam

AdKo {ZObo ^«_bo g§gmam Ÿ& H$mhr Var

nwT>rbmMr gmo` Yam.

ê$nH$mË_Vm hm EH$ZmWm§À`m H${dËdmMm EH$ bjUr` Amho. ^mê$S>m§_Üò bm¡{H$H$ d

EH$ZmW / 159

6) ewH$mï>H$mÀ`m ............. íbmoH$m§da 447 Amoì`mMr Q>rH$m ZmWm§Zr {b{hbr.

1) 5 2) 7 3) 8

7) 511 Amoì`m§Mm. .................... J«§W Amho.

1) AmË_bhar 2) AmË_mZ§X 3) ñdmË_gwI

8) .................... ho ZmWm§Mo ñ\w$Q> àH$aU Amho.

1) {Ma§OrdnX 2) épŠ_UrAm»`mZ 3) ^mdmW©am_mÙ

9) ZmWm§Mr Amodr .................... MaUr Amho.

1) gmS>oMma 2) Mma 3) gmS>oVrZ

Abm¡{H$H$ Aer XmoZ ê$no AgVmV. JmdmoJmdr {^jm _mJUmao ~mig§Vmof, nhmQ>oÀ`m doir ZV©ZH$arV òUmam dmgwXod na_oídamMo JwUJmZ H$aVmV. earamZo An§J nU _ZmZo gwÑT> AgUmè`mì`º$s¨da ZmWm§Zr ^mê$S>o aMbr AmhoV. bm¡{H$H$ àn§Mmnojm nma_m{W©H$ àn§MmMr _hVr dU©ZH$aUmar ZmWm§À`m ^mê$S>mVrb gmgwadmerU Amnë`m nVrbm Ë`mVyZ ~mhoa nS>Ê`mMm AmJ«hH$aVo.

gm§JVo Vwåhm doJio {ZKm &

doJio {ZKyZ g§gma ~Km &

............EH$m OZmX©Zr g§gma Ho$bmŸ&

H$m_H«$moY XoemoYS>r Jobm &&

`m ^mê$S>mV òUmar {Q>Q>dr " {Q>Q>md {Q>Q>md " Agm Aew^gyMH$ AmdmO H$aUmar `_mMrVamirU Amho. qdMy hm H$m_H«$moYê$nr Amho. Hw$Ìm Am{U _Zwî` øm XmoKm§Vrb g§dmX åhUOoàm{Ug¥îQ>rVrb ôX^mdZodarb CVmam Amho. H$mhr doim ZmWm§Zr Hy$Q>mË_H$ aMZmhr Ho$br Amho.dada nmhVm AmíM`© ^mgUmao nU A§Va§JmV OrdZmMo JyT> {gÕm§V âbobo Ago `m àH$maÀ`m^mê$S>mMo ñdê$n {XgVo.

ZmWmÀ`m KaMr CbQ>r IyUŸ&

nmÊ`mbm _moR>r bmJbr VhmZ

AmOr å`m§ EH$ Zdb Xo{Ibo

diMUrMo nmUr AmT>çm Jobo Ÿ&

EH$m OZmX©Zr _mJ© CbQ>m Ÿ&

Omo OmUo Vmo Jwê$Mm ~oQ>m Ÿ&

ho ^mê$S> `mMo CXm. åhUyZ gm§JVm òB©b.

OZmX©Z ñdm_tÀ`m ghdmgmV EH$ZmWm§Zm emgH$s` `§ÌUoMm Mm§Jbm n[aM` PmbmhmoVm. AZoH$ H$mJXnÌm§Mo _gwXo AdJV hmoVo. VËH$mbrZ n[apñWVrV J«m_OrdZmVrb gÎmmYmarì`º$r g§Îmm§Y, ^«ï>mMmar hmoË`m. Amnbm ñdmW© gmYV hmoË`m. gm_mÝ` _mUyg CX²ÜdñV PmbmVar Ë`mMr Ë`m§Zm ndm© Zgo. hr dñVwpñWVr ZmWm§Zr OdiyZ nm{hbr hmoVr. Ë`m_wioAmÜ`mpË_H$ ê$nH$m§VyZ Ë`m§Zr g_H$mbrZ emgZ`§ÌUoMo ñdê$n CKS>o Ho$bo. Ë`mM~amo~ana_oída^º$rMo d n`m©`mZo AmË_moÕmamMo Cnm`hr OZgm_mÝ`m§Zm gm§{JVbo. "AO©',"VmH$sXnÌ' hr ZmWm§Mr d¡{eîQçnyU© ^mê$S>o.

g_ñV amOH$V} Ywa§YaŸ& naJUo earam~mX gw^m Ÿ& gw_mV¡Z bmobr àdmho & VmH$sXnÌ{XYbo H$sŸ& H$m`mnwamg {OdmOr Zm_o J¥hñW & Ë`mg H$m¡b XoD$Z XohJmdmMr dñVr & Am~mXajmd`m {Z{_Îm nmR>{dbo AmhoVŸ& ho VmH$sXnÌmMo CXmhaU. qH$dm AO© `m ^mê$S>mV`_mOrn§VmMr ñdmar òUma g_OVmM XohmMr Pmbobr OamOO©a AdñWoMo dU©Z Amho. {edm`


ZmWH$mbrZ OrdZmVrb ^«ï>mMma d A§XmYw§XrMohr dU©Z Amho. eodQ>r ZmW AmÜ`mpË_H$ g§XoenmoMdVmZm åhUVmV, "na_oœambm Odi Ho$boV H$s `_mMrhr YmñVr ~miJÊ`mMo H$maUZmhr."

hþOya òUo AmnUmg gmho~mÀ`m H$b_m§Zm Aml` Amho Ÿ&

EH$m OZmX©ZH$m ~§Xm Ÿ& ~§XJr amoeZ hmo` ho AO©XñV &

ZmWm§À`m ^mê$S>m_wio gmYbobo EH$ _hÎdmMo H$m`© åhUOo {dñWm{nV g_mOhr dmaH$arg§àXm`mÀ`m P|S>çmImbr EH$Ì Ambm. {dRw>ZmH$ _hma, {ZamH$marMr _hmarU, _m§J, H$moëhmQ>rJméS>r, ^m§S>, H§$OmarU B. AZoH$ ê$nH$m§À`m _mÜ`_mVyZ ZmWm§Zr `m bmoH$m§Zmhr àñWm{nVdmL²>>_`mMm {df` ~Z{dbo. ZmWm§~ÔbÀ`m AmnwbH$sZo ho bmoH$ àñWm{nVm§À`m Odi òÊ`mg_XV Pmbr. Á`m H$mimV ^º$sMo joÌ _`m©{XV hmoVo, Ë`m H$mimV ZmWm§Zr Vo gdmªZm IwboH$ê$Z Q>mH$bo. AmnUhr na_oídamÀ`m H¥$nog nmÌ R>ê$ eH$Vmo hr OmUrd gm_mÝ`m§À`m _ZmV{Z_m©U Pmbr. ^mJdV Y_m©Mr EH$ àH$mao nwZñWm©nZm H$aÊ`mMo H$m_ ZmWm§Zr Ho$bo. gmè`m§Zm~amo~a KoD$Z ZmWm§Zr ^º$sMr ~mJ \w$b{dbr. amoOÀ`m OrdZmVrb àËòH$ g§X^© ZmWm§À`m^mê$S>mMm {df` Pmbobm {XgVmo CXm. bm¡{H$H$ OrdZ S>moignUo nm{hbo Va nmabm¡{H$H$OrdZ gw\$b hmoD$ eH$Vo. Ë`m_wio ZmWm§Zr gm_mÝ` OZm§Zm, Ë`m§À`mM ^mfoV bm¡{H$H$ OrdZVnmgyZ nmhm`bm gm§{JVbo. "amoS>Jm dmhrZ Vwbm' `m ^mê$S>mV gmgaÀ`m ZmË`m§Zm Zoh_rMH§$Q>miboë`m órMo Xe©Z KS>{dVmV. {Vbm Zoh_rM gmgaMr _mUgo ZH$moer dmQ>VmV. Ë`m_wiogmgy-gmgam _ê$ XoV. Omdm- ZU§XmZm Ìmg hmoD$ Xo Ago {VÀ`m Vm|S>r ZmW {b{hVmV. na§Vwê$nH$mÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ ZmW fS²>[any§Zm gmgaMr _mUgo _mZVmV. _J Vr gJir Zï> Pmë`mdaór gwIr hmoVo. {Vbm na_oœaàmár hmoVo. gm_mÝÒZm§Zm AÜ`mË_kmZ Úm`Mo Agob Va VoË`m§À`mM ^mfoVyZ Ë`m§Zr KoVboë`m AZw^dm§Mr CXmhaUm§VyZM {Xbo nm{hOo ho ZmWm§Zr Zo_Ho$AmoiIbo hmoVo. "{d§My Mmdbm " ho EH$ AgoM ^mê$S>.

H$m_ H«$moY qdMy Mmdbm

V_ Km_ A§Jmgr Ambm Ÿ&

gm_mÝ` H$ï>H$ar _mUgmbm "qdMy MmdUo' hm AZw^d {ZË` n[aM`mMm. Ë`m_woH$m_H«$moYmMm qdMy Mmdë`mda A§JmMm Xmh H$gm hmoVmo ho ZmW dU©Z H$aVmV Am{U V_moJwU_mJo gmê$Z gÎd JwUm§Mm A§Jmam bmdë`mda qdMy âmâ CVaVmo hm Cnm`hr gm§JVmV. hoEoH$ë`mda fS²>[any§Zr _mUgmbm hmoUmam Vmn hm qdMdmÀ`m X§emgmaIm Agø AgVmo hobmoH$m§Zm g_OyZ òB©. eodQ>r am{hbobr \w$U\w$U JwéH¥$noZo em§V hmoB©b ho gm§Jm`bm ZmW{dgaV ZmhrV.

nmIê$, qnJim, dQ>dmKyi, nmonQ>, qdMy, ~¡b, Jm` Aem àmÊ`m§Zm d newnú`m§ZmhrZmWm§Zr Amnë`m ^mê$S>mMm {df` ~Z{dbm Amho. àmUrg¥ï>r gm_mÝ`m§Zm n[a{MV Amho.g¥ï>rVrb àmUr_mÌm§Zrhr _Zwî`mbm H$mhr {eH$dU {Xbr Amho Ë`mMm Cn`moJ ZmWm§Zr H$ê$ZKoVbm Amho

> EH$ZmW / 161

""daÀ`m AmirÀ`m§Zmo XmXm gmdY EoH$m &

Jm§d hm nmMm§Mm & `mgr ^wby ZH$mŸ&

qnJim ~mobVmo ~mobmŸ& Vwåhr gm§S>m Jb~bm &&''

Amnë`m KamVrb H$mhr bmoH$m§à_mUo naY_m©Vrb bmoH$m§Zmhr ZmWm§Zr Amnë`m ^mê$S>{df`mV Jw§\$bo Amho CXm. \$H$sa, Xadoe, hmngr, "qhXw VwH©$g§dmX'. VËH$mbrZ bmoH$ê$T>tMm,bmoH$H$ënZm§Mm, ê$T>r- na§namMm Cn`moJ H$ê$Z ZmWm§Zr Amnbr ^mê$S>o A{YH$ bmoH$m{^_wI~Zdbr. e§IrU- S>§IrU, ñdßZ, ^yV, eHy$Z Agë`m {df`m§da H$mhr ~mobbo Va gm_mÝ`bmoH$ MQ>H$Z AmH${f©V hmoVmV. EoHy$Z KoVmV. _J Ë`m _mÜ`_mVyZ Ë`m§Zm H$mhr Mm§Jbr{eH$dU XoUo gmono OmVo ho ZmWm§Zr nwaonya AmoiIbo hmoVo.

nm§Jim, ~{ham, Am§Yim, _wH$m `m§À`mdahr ZmWm§Zr ^mê$S>o aMbr AmhoV. hr _mUgoXodmMm {dgabr åhUyZ Ë`m§Zm ho ñdê$n àmá Pmbo Ago gm§JVm gm§JVm S>moig, earamZo gwÑT>Agbobr _mUgohr na_oídamMo Ü`mZ H$arV ZgVrb Va Vr _wH$s, ~{har, Am§YirM AmhoVAgo ZmW gm§JVmV. na§Vw na_oídamMo ho qMVZ Ogo Zm_ñ_aUmVyZ H$am`Mo VgoM _mUgmMrgodm H$ê$Zhr H$am`Mo hr ^º$s Amnë`m AmMaUmVyZ ZmWm§Zr bmoH§$Zm {eH$dbr. VrWm©Q>ZH$aV AgVmZm g_mOmVrb AÝ`m`, AË`mMma nmhÿZ C{Û¾ Pmbobo ZmW "~`m Xma CKS'>`m ^mê$S>mVyZ A~obm hmH$ KmbVmV. Aem àH$mao gm_mÝ` OZm§Zm AÜ`mË_mÀ`m dmQ>mXmIdyZ Ë`m§Zm gOJ H$aÊ`mgmR>r na_oídamZo {Xbobm Xoh Mm§Jë`m H$m_mgmR>r dmnamdm ho{eH${dÊ`mgmR>r ZmWm§Zr bmoH$^mfoV ^mê$S>m§Mr aMZm Ho$br. AmOhr ~w{Õ_mZ _mUgmbm{dMma H$am`bm ^mJ nmS>Umar hr ^mê$S>o hm ZmWgm{hË`mVrb AZ_mob R>odm Amho Ago åhUmdobmJob.



1) ....................... Vo ^mê$S>

1) àM{bV 2) ~hþê$T> 3) nma§n[aH$

2) ZmWm§À`m ^mê$S>m§Mr g§»`m gmYmaU ....................... Amho.

1) 100 2) 1000 3) 300

3) ....................... hm EH$ZmWm§À`m H$mì`mMm bjUr` {deof.

1) ê$nH$mË_H$Vm 2) íbmoH$~ÕVm 3) Amodr~ÕVm

4) g_H$mbrZ emgZì`dñWoda ^mî` H$aUmao ^mê$S> ....................... hmo`.

1) _wH$m 2) VmH$sXnÌ 3) qdMy Mmdbm.

5) fS²>[any§À`m g§~§YmVrb ....................... ho ^mê$S> ZmWm§Zr {b{hbo.

1) qdMy Mmdbm 2) H$moS>o 3) WÅ>m

gd© aMZm§_Üò ZmW ^mê$S> aMZm§gmR>r A{YH$ à{gÕ AmhoV.

9.3.7 ZmWm§Mo A^§J

EH$ZmWm§À`m A^§JaMZo _mJohr ~hþOZ g_mOmbm ^{º$àdU H$aÊ`mMm hoVy hmoVm. XÎm,am_, H¥$îU, {dÇ>b `m§Mr ^º$s ZmW A^§Jm§VyZ Ami{dVmV. Ë`m§Mr CnmgZm H$aÊ`mggm§JVmV. g§VM[aÌmMo Jm`Zhr ZmW H$aVmV. ZmWm§Mo A^§J Mma MaUr qH$dm N>ßnÞ MaUrhrAmhoV. OiOidi Mma hOma A^§J ZmWm§Zr {b{hbo. H¥$îU, amYm, èmoXm, XodH$s, Jm¡iUr,`m§{df`r OdiOdi Mmaeo A^§J ZmWm§Zr aMbo.

"dm[a`mZo Hw§$S>b hmbo

S>moio _mo{S>V amYm MmboŸ&'

gd©M g§Vm§Mo " n§T>anyada" Agbobo ào_ ZmWhr Amnë`m A^§Jm§VyZ aoImQ>VmV.

_mPo _mhoa n§T>ar & Amho {^daoMo Vrar

~mn Am{U AmB© & _mPr {dÇ>b aIw_mB©

nw§S>{bH$ Amho ~§Yy & Ë`mMr »`mVr gm§Jy H$m`

_mPr ~hrU M§Ð^mJmŸ& H$[aVgo nmn ^§Jm

EH$m OZmX©Zr eaUŸ& H$ar _mhoarMr AmR>dU

ZmWm§Mr A^§JaMZm ÔZ-H$sV©ZmgmR>r Pmbobr Agë`mZo, {VÀ`mV {d{dYVm dàmgm{XH$Vm Ambr Amho. gJwU^º$sMr {eH$dUhr ZmWm§Zr `mÛmao g_mOmbm {Xbr.Jwé_{h_mhr ZmW JmVmV.

Am|H$ma ñdê$nm gXJwé g_Wm©

AZmWm§À`m ZmWm VwO Z_mo Ÿ&

Am{U gXJwê$bm na~«÷ _mZmdo Ago åhUVmV.

AmdS>rZo ^mdo h[aZm_ Kogr

VwPr qMVm Ë`mgr gd© Amho &

qH$dm

"^md Vmo{M Xod' ho A^§J Va ZmWm§À`m àmgm{XH$ ^mfoMm CV_ Z_wZm R>amdoV. "H$m`mhr n§T>ar & AmË_m hm {dÇ>b' Aer {dÇ>bmàVr EH$ê$nVm Vo ì`º$ H$aVmV.

n§T>ar _mhmËå` qH$dm {dÇ>bJwUdU©Zhr Ë`m§À`m AZoH$ A^§Jm§VyZ òVo.

"`m n§T>arMo gwI nmhmVm S>moim

C^m Vmo {Oìhmim `mo{J`m§Mm"

qH$dm

EH$ZmW / 163

H$mZS>m {dÇ>b H$mZS>m {dÇ>b, H$mZS>m {dÇ>b {dQ>odar Ÿ&

do{Y`bo _Z H$mZS>çmZo _mPo, EH$m OZmX©Zr XwOo Zm AmR>do Ÿ&

Jwéd§XZ H$aVmZm Jwê$bm na_mË_m åhUVmV. harMm Xmg ~ZyZ amhmUmè`mbm gd©Ì har{XgVmo. ^mdmà_mUo AZw^yVr òVo ho gm§JVmZm ZmW åhUVmV,

h[a{M`m Xmgm

har Xmhr {Xem &

^md O¡gm V¡gm

har EH$Ÿ&

h[aê$n Ü`mZr

h[aê$n _Zr

EH$m OZmX©Zr har ~mobm &

àmMrZ H$mimV Xod _mZÊ`mVhr Or _V{^ÞVm hmoVr Vr åhUOo h[aha ôX. Ë`m~ÔbhrZmW gm§JVmV. h[ahamV ôX dmQ>bm Var A§VamV XmoKo gmaIoM AmhoV.

EH$m AmamohUm Z§Xr

EH$m JéS> dmho ñH§$Yr

EH$m {ZË` dmg ñ_emZr

EH$m jra{ZYr e`Zr

EH$m OZmX©Zr gmaIo

nmhVm AmV Z {Xgo nmaIoŸ&

na_oídaàmárMm AmZ§X Xwgè`m H$moUË`mhr ^m¡{VH$ gwImnojm A{YH$ Amho ho BVa gd©g§Vm§à_mUo ZmWhr gm§JVmV.

òWmo{Z AmZ§Xw ao AmZ§Xw

H¥$nmgmJa Vmo JmoqdXw ao Ÿ&

g§Vm§Zm XodmÀ`m Odi OmUo gmono AgVo. g§Vna§naoV, g§VH$mimV OÝ_mbm Amë`mZ§Vana_oídaàmárH$[aVm A{YH$ H$mhr H$amdo bmJV Zmhr. Aer gd©gm_mÝ` _mUgm§Mr g_OyVAgVo. Ë`m§Zm ZmW gm§JVmV,

OÝ_moOÝ_r Amåhr ~hþnwÊ` Ho$bo

_J `m {dÇ>bo H¥$nm Ho$br Ÿ&


OÝ_moOÝ_r nwÊ`mMr H$m_o H$amdr bmJbr, Voìhm `m OÝ_mV na_oídamZo ({dÇ>bmZo) H¥$nmHo$br. ZwgVo OÝ_mbm òD$Z MmbV Zmhr. H$moUË`mhr Hw$imda nmn-nwÊ` Adb§~yZ ZgVo VañdV: nwÊ`H$_} H$amdr bmJVmV. VaM Xod àgÞ hmoVmo hr Jmoï> ZmWm§Zr Amnë`m A^§Jm§VyZghO nQ>dyZ {Xbr Amho.

EH$ZmWm§Zr JdiUr qH$dm H¥$îU^º$sna A^§Jm§VyZhr ~aoM à~moYZmË_H$ {dMma _m§S>boAmhoV.

"dm[a`mZo Hw§$S>b hmboŸ&

S>moio _mo{S>V amYm Mmbo &'

hr Ë`m§Mr à{gÕ JdiU.

n§MVÎdm§{df`r ~mobVmZm ZmW

"Amë`m nmM JdiUr

nmM a§Jm§Mo e¥§Jma H$ê$Zr &"

Aer aMZm H$aVmV.

H¥$îU^º$sMo g_agyZ dU©Z H$aVm H$aVm _mojmMm CnXoe Vo ghO XoD$Z OmVmV. CXm.

Z§X Z§XZ _wabrdmbm

`mÀ`m _wabrMm doY bmJbm &

qH$dm

_wabr dmO{dVmo H$mÝhm

H$er OmD$ _r d¥§XmdZm Ÿ&

qH$dm

^wb{dbo doUwZmXo

doUw dmO{dbm JmoqdXo Ÿ&

H$mhr doim qhXr qH$dm JwOamVr ^mfoMo diU ZmWm§À`m JdiUr_Üò nmhm`bm {_iVo.XoIo XoIo èmoXm

_m` N>oŸ&

Vmoao N>mo[a`mZo

_wPo Jmar Xodmo N>o Ÿ&

O_wZm Ho$ nm{Z`m _|

EH$ZmW / 165

OmD$ N>o Ÿ&

~rM {_bHo$ KmJ[a`m±

\$moS> N>o Ÿ&

H¥$îUmÀ`m brbm, JdiUtZr èmoXoH$S>o Ho$bobr VH«$ma AZoH$ JdiUt_YyZ ZmWm§Zr{M{ÌV Ho$ë`m AmhoV.

"EoH$ EoH$ gIò ~mB© Zdb _r gm§Jy H$mB© &

Ì¡bmoŠ`mMm YZr Vmo hm èmoXogr åhUVmo AmB© &

XodH$sZo dm{hbm èmoXoZo nm{ibm Ÿ&

nm§S>dm§Mm ~§{XOZ hmoD${Z`m am{hbm Jo Ÿ&'

qH$dm

"KamoKar Mmoar H$[aVmo öfrHo$er Ÿ&

JmèhmUo gm§JVr òD$Zr èmoXogr?

^br Ho$br JmoqdXm ^br Ho$br JmoqdXm Ÿ&

{ZO ^º$mgmR>r XmI{dgr brbm &'

XodmMm dmg gd©Ì AgVmo. \$º$ Vmo _mUgmbm AmoiIVm `m`bm hdm.

Xod gdmªR>m`r dgo Ÿ&

n[a Z {Xgo A^m{dH$m§ Ÿ&

........EH$m OZmX©Zr Zmhr ^md & Vd V`m Z {Xgo Xodm Ÿ&

""öX`ñW AgmoZr H$m§ao {\$agr dm`m

Xrn Am{U N>m`m O`mnar.........

EH$m OZmX©Zr _Zmgr Amdar

_J Vy g§gmar YÝ` hmogr Ÿ&

BVŠ`m gmoß`m nÕVrZo ZmW na_oída àmárMm _mJ© gm§JVmV.

9.4 EH$ZmWr gm{hË`mMo ^mfm{deof

{_Ìm§Zmo, òWda AmnU ZmWm§À`m {d{dYVoZo ZQ>boë`m gm{hË`g§nXoMm AmT>mdm KoVbm.n§{S>Vm§nmgyZ OZgm_mÝ`m§n`ªV gdmªZmM éMob, nQ>ob Ago gm{hË` {b{hUmè`m ZmWm§À`mgm{hË`mMr ^mfm H$er Amho? {VMo {deof H$moUVo ho AmnU OmUyZ ¿`m`Mo Amho.


12 ì`m eVH$mnmgyZ _hmamï´>mV gwê$ Pmbobm ^{º$àdmh 18 ì`m eVH$mÀ`mAIoarn`ªV gwê$ am{hbm. Ë`m_Üò ZmW EH$m _hÎdmÀ`m Q>ßß`mda Cô Agbobo {XgVmV.`mXdH$mbrZ ^mfoMr AZoH$ d¡{eîQ>ço AmË_gmV H$ê$Z, {edH$mbrZ H$dtZm àoaUm XoÊ`mMoH$m_ ZmWm§À`m gm{hË`mZo Ho$bo. ZmW g§ñH¥$V gm{hË`mMo ì`mg§Jr hmoVo. g§ñH¥$V ^mfo{df`rH$moUVmhr AneãX Z CƒmaVm, bmoH$^mfoMo _hÎdhr VodT>çmM R>m_nUo Ë`m§Zr à{Vnm{Xbo.ZmWm§À`m ^mfoMm _hÎdmMm {deof åhUOo àmgm{XH$Vm. ZmWm§Zr {b{hbobr ^mJdVmÀ`mEH$mXe ñH§$Ymdarb Q>rH$m hr VmpÎdH$VoZo âbobr Amho. na§Vw gwJ_ e¡br_wio Vr AmH$bZgwb^ ~Zbr Amho. `mXdm§Zm ~«÷emnmMo ~ir ìhmdo bmJbo Ë`m àg§JmMo dU©Z H$aVmZm,J^©dVr órMm dof YmaU H$aUmè`m gm§~ ZmdmÀ`m EH$m gwñdê$n `mXd Hw$_mamMo {MÌ ZmWaoImQ>VmV.

"Vmo í`m_gw§Xa S>moigw & A§Jm emo^bm órdofw &

à_Xm d¡^d {dbmgw & Xmdr {dÝ`mgw gb‚m &'

Á`m XohmÀ`m _mohnmemV Jwa\$Qy>Z, Am`wî`â _Zwî` ^moJmÀ`m Amhmar OmVmo,na_oídamH$S>o nmR> {\$a{dVmo Ë`m earamMr åhmVmanUr H$er XwX©em hmoVo ho dU©Z H$aVmZm ZmWåhUVmV,

AñVmì`ñV Ho$bm earadoe & Xm§Vmir nm{S>br dmogŸ&

ôUo nmbQ>o Ho$e & YmHo$ grg H$m§nVŸ&&

Cg§V Zmhr ImoH$ë`mhmVr & ídmg H$mg CR>Vr A{ZdmaŸ&

earar WaH§$n CR>rŸ& Var Xohm{^_mZ ÑT> nmoQ>r Ÿ&&

^mdmW© am_mÙmVhr Aer eãX{MÌo ZmW aoImQ>VmV.

^mdmW© am_mÙmÀ`m AaÊ`H$m§S>mVrb Mm¡Xmì`m AÜ`m`mV _marM amjgmZo KoVboë`m_m`mdr _¥Jê$nmMo dU©Z H$aVmZm ZmW {b{hVmV,

"Eogm MH$dV {~MH$V & M{H$VÑï>r Mni nmhVŸ&

H$mhr MaV H$mhr \$S>H$VŸ& Aml_mV ñdò Ambm &'

gyú_ {ZarjUeº$s_wio d ^mfodarb à^wËdm_wio ZmWm§Zr Ho$bobr ñWbdU©Zo,ì`{º$dU©Zo, {MÌdoYH$ hmoVmV. Amdí`H$ Ë`m {R>H$mUr Vo Ab§H$ma`wº$ ^mfm dmnaV AgboVar na_mW©kmZ XoUo hmM Ë`m§À`m gm{hË`mMm _yi CÔoe Amho.

J«§Wr amImo{Z`m JwømW© &

_w»`Ëdo Xmdmdm na_mW© Ÿ&

hm{M H${dËdmMm {ZOñdmW© Ÿ&

òUo aKwZmW g§Vwï> Ÿ&&

EH$ZmW / 167

gmonr, gwQ>gwQ>rV aMZm d àdmhrnUm hm ZmWm§À`m H$mì`^mfoMm AmUIr EH$ JwU Amho._mUgmMo fS²>[anyM Ë`mÀ`m H$ë`mUmÀ`m AmS> gVV òVmV ho ZmWm§Mo R>m_ _V Agë`mZo,H$Wm{ZdoXZ H$aVmZmhr darb Jmoï> lmoË`m§Zm Vo gm§JVmVM. hm àmgm{XH$nUm Ë`m§À`mA^§JmVyZ àH$fm©Zo OmUdVmo. "AmdS>rZo ^mdo h[aZm_ KogrŸ& VwPr qMVm Ë`mgr gd© Amho'qH$dm "^md Vmo{M Xdoo ò AWu g§Xoh Yé ZH$m' hr CXmhaUo åhUyZ gm§JVm òVrb.ZmWm§À`m ^mfoMm bjUr` {deof åhUOo ê$nH$mË_H$Vm. lrH¥$îU-épŠ_Ur qH$dm am_-grVm`m§Mo b¾ åhUOo ZmWm§À`m Ñï>rZo {Od{edmMo _rbZ AgVo. `m àg§JmV ZmWm§Mr ê$nH$m§MrAmdS> bjmV òVo. {df`bmbgoMo bmSy>, d¡am½`^moH$ao, _m`m-_wJdS>r, {ddoH$-gS>UrMoVm§Xyi, dmÀ`mWm©_Üò ì`§JmWm©Mo A§V:gyÌ Vo BVŠ`m ghOVoZo Jw§\$VmV H$s dada XmoÝhr EH$MAgë`mMm ^mg hmoVmo. ZmWm§À`m ^méS> aMZoV Va ê$nH$m§Mm {dbmg {XgVmo. bm¡{H$H$AZw^dmÀ`m Ñï>m§VmÛmao nmabm¡{H$H$mMr AmoiI H$éZ XoUo hm Va ^mê$S>m§Mm _yi CÔoe. `m^mê$S>mMr ^mfm ê$nH$mË_H$, CnhmgmË_H$, {d{dYa§Jr, H$Yr {dZmoXr Va H$Yr JyT> AerAmho. J¥hñW OrdZmVrb gmgy, gmgam, Omdm, ZU§Xm, Zdam `m fS²>[any§Mo àVrH$ ~ZyZ òVmV.\w$JS>r, qnJm, {dQ>rXm§Sy> `m§gmaIo Ioi AÛ¡V^mdZm éO{dÊ`mgmR>r òVmV. Am§Yim-nm§Jim,_wH$m-~{ham Aem An§Jì`º$s gwÑT>m§À`m An§JËdmH$S>o {ZXoe H$aVmV. {Q>Q>dr, nmonQ> B.AZoH$ njr ê$nH$mË_H$ AWm©Zo dmdaVmZm {XgVmV.

ZmWm§À`m ^mfoV {dZmoXJ^©Vmhr ghO àH$Q> Pmbr Amho. lrH¥$îUmÀ`m AmJ_ZmZo _WwaoVJm¡iUtMr CS>mbobr Ym§Xb dU©Z H$aVmZm ZmW {MÌ aoImQ>VmV. lrH¥$îUmbm ~Km`bmYmdboë`m Jm¡iUtZr KmB©KmB©V H$mOi Vm|S>mbm bmdbo, Hw§$Hy$ ZmH$mda bmdbo, nm`mVbo n¢OUS>moŠ`mbm ~m§Ybo. ^mJdVmVrb H$X`w©Am»`mZmVrb ZmWm§Mm H§$Oyf ~«m÷Uhr {dZmoX{Z{_©VrMoMm§Jbo CXmhaU Amho.

H$Wm gm§JVm gm§JVm ZmWm§Mr ^mfm dU©ZàMwa {MÌXeu hmoV Agbr Var Hw$R>ohr {VMr^mdmoËH$Q>Vm gwQ>V Zmhr. "H¥$îUXmZ" ho Am»`mZ gË`^m_m d épŠ_Ur `m§À`m H¥$îUmdarbào_^mdm{df`r Amho. épŠ_Ur ^md~imÀ`m Omoamda H¥$îUmbm qOH$Vo. {VWo H¥$îUmÀ`m dOZmMogwdUm©b§H$ma Cn`moJr nS>V ZmhrV ho gm§JVmZm eodQ>r ZmW åhUVmV,

""_moh a{Mbm {dYmVoZr & H$ZH$ Am{U H$m{_Zr &

Or {dÝ_wI `mnmgwZrŸ& Vmo{M OZr OZmX©Z &&''

ZmWm§Mr ^mfm Jmoï>rdoëhmi Agbr Var {VMm hoVy nm§{S>Ë` àXe©Z hm Zmhr. bmoH$m§À`m_Zmda AÜ`mË_mMo _hÎd q~~{dUo hm Amho.

ZmWm§À`m Hy$Q> aMZm§_Yrb ^mfm àW_Xe©Zr JyT> dmQ>Vo.

"_mPm ~mn H$[aVmo Mmio &

Jadma Pmbm {Vgao doio &

~mi _m§S>rda IoioŸ&'


qH$dm

"Z¾ hmoD$Zr ^mo{Jbm nwéfŸ&

å`m Eogm Zmhr Xo{Ibm XmXwbmŸ&'

hr CXmhaUo Oar JyT> dmQ>br Var A§Va§Jr AÜ`mË_M à{VnmXUmar AmhoV.

^mJdV Q>rHo$V qH$dm am_H$Wm gm§JVmZm ZmWm§Zr A{Ve` `moOH$VoZo d¡{eîQ>çnyU© eãXdmnabo AmhoV. {e~ar (ZH$Q>r ór), _moXim (Jmoim), bmMw§Jr (ñdmWu), _hmPS> (OmoaXmaAmH«$_U), MiH$mn (YmH$), ^moJ ^wdZ (gm¡^m½`), dmVm©gyMH$ (~mV_rXma), ÔZmY_(ÔZ Z H$aUmam). H$mhr {R>H$mUr {H«$`mnXm§Mm dmnahr bjUr` Amho. CXm. di§JUo (dehmoUo, gmpëOUo (YZwî` g‚m H$aUo), dëJUo (dëJZm H$aUo), AmbmoMUo (nmhmUo). H$YrH$Yr EH$mM AWm©Mo XmoZ eãX bmJmonmR> dmnê$Z ZmW ^mfoMr a§OH$Vm dmT>{dVmV. CXm.g§Vg‚mZ, Jd©_X, ZdbZdmB©, gwI g§Vwï>r, Ord àmU B. am_-amdU `wÕmMo {MÌ a§J{dVmZm"aU" `m eãXmÀ`m gmømZo ZmWm§Zr eãX_m{bH$m V`ma Ho$bobr {XgVo. CXm. aUm{_{Zdoe,aUg§Vwï>, aU»`mVr, aUàmUm§V, aUa§JYra B. ^mê$S>m§_Üò Jbr_, \$m¡O, a`V, {H$Vm~,naJUo, gaH$ma, I~a Ago \$magr eãX AmT>iVmV. ZmWm§À`m H$mimV _wgb_mZr amÁ`hmoVo. ZmWH$mbrZ _amR>r ^mfoda \$magrMm à^md nSy> bmJbm hmoVm Var ZmWm§À`m gm{hË`mV50 Vo 60 M eãX \$magr AmT>iVmV. ^mfoMo _amR>rnU {Q>H$dyZ R>odÊ`mÀ`m Ñï>rZo hoC„oIZr` R>aob.

kmZXodm§Mm ^mJdVY_© {Q>H$dyZ R>odÊ`mMo H$m_ Ogo ZmWm§Zr gm{hË`mÛmao Ho$bo VgoM nwT>og_WmªZmhr àoaUm XoÊ`mMo H$m_ ZmWgm{hË`mZo Ho$bobo {XgVo.

ZmWm§À`m ^mfoMo AmUIr EH$ d¡{eï>` åhUOo ZmQ>ç_`Vm. hr ZmQ>ç_`Vm Ë`m§À`m ñ\w$Q>H$mì`m§VyZ d ^mê$S>m§VyZ à^mdrnUo ì`º$ hmoVmZm {XgVo. X¡Z§{XZ OrdZmVrb CXmhaUoXoVmZm, ì`dgm`mZwê$n ^mfme¡brMr `moOZm Vo H$aVmV.

""Amåhr namËna XoerŸ& H$moUr ZmoiIVr Amåhmgr &''

""YÝ` OJr Vmo{M EH$ h[aa§Jr ZmMo &""

""V¡gm Zmoho _r qnJim & eãXmg{hV ~moY gH$im§ &''

""Omohma _m`~mn Omohma & _r Vmo EH$ZmW _hma &''

AemàH$mao ZmWm§Mr ^mfme¡br _Zmoa§OZm~amo~a, ~moY XoUmar, nmëhmim~amo~aM CËH$Q>^mdm{dîH$ma H$aUmar, ê$nH$mË_H$, JyT>, ZmQ>ç_` Aer Amho. g_mOmVrb gd© ñVam§VrbbmoH$m§Zm {eH$dU XoVmZm ZmWm§Mr ^mfme¡br _mUgmJ{UH$ WmoS>r\$ma ~XbV OmVo. Ë`mVyZ_mUgm§Zm H$mhr ~moY hmoVmo. Ë`m_wio ZmWm§Mr ^mfme¡brMm {dMmahr _hÎdmMm R>aVmo.

EH$ZmW / 169

n§{S>VOZ, _Ü`_dJu` Am{U gd©gm_mÝ` bmoH$ `m gdmªgmR>r gm{hËàMZmH$éZ ZmW g_Ýd`H$ma R>abo.

9.5 ^mJdVY_© Am{U EH$ZmW

_wgb_mZr AmH«$_Um§À`m H$mimV ^mJdV Y_m©bm EH$ g_W© AmYma XoÊ`mMo H$m_EH$ZmWm§Zr Ho$bo. gdmªV _hËdmMr Jmoï> åhUOo Ë`m§Zr kmZoídarMr Ho$bobr ewÕàV. dfm©Zwdf}kmZmMr _ºo$Xmar Á`m§À`mH$S>o hmoVr, Vmo gdU© g_mO g§Vm§À`m g_mZVoÀ`m {eH$dUr_wio{~Wabm hmoVm. kmZoídam§Zmhr gdU© g_mOmZo dmirV Q>mH$bo. kmZoídam§Z§Va XmoZ AS>rMeodfmªZrhr EH$ZmWm§Zm WmoS>çm doJù`m ê$nmV gdUmªMr hr dmJUyH$ AZw^dm`bm {_imbr.CƒdUu`m§nmgyZ VimJmimVrb eyÐmn`ªV gdmªZm EH$Ì ~m§YÊ`mMr _moR>r JaO ZmWH$mimVhmoVr. EH$ZmWm§Zr g_mOmVrb n§{S>V, gm_mÝ` gm§gm[aH$ ~hþOZg_mO `m gmè`m§gmR>rgm{hËàMZm Ho$br. {dÛmZm§gmR>r MVw:íbmoH$s ^mJdV, EH$ZmWr ^mJdV d H$mhr ñ\w$Q>boIZ, _Ü`_dJu`m§gmR>r "épŠ_Urñd`§da" d ^mdmW© am_mÙ Am{U VimJmimVrbbmoH$m§gmR>r ^mê$S>o. AemàH$mao kmZoídam§Mr {eH$dU Aem {d{dY _mJmªZr CƒdJu`m§nmgyZH${Zð>dJm©n`ªV nmohmoM{dÊ`mMo _hÎdmMo H$m`© ZmWm§Zr Ho$bo. `m AWm©Zo Ë`m§Zm g_Ýd`H$maåhQ>bo OmVo.

àËòH$ _Zwî`mbm na_oídaàmárMm A{YH$ma Amho. gJwU _yVuMo Ü`mZ H$ê$Z {ZJw©Êm,{ZamH$mamn`ªV OmVm òVo. H$WmldU d h[aH$sV©Z `m _mJmªZr ^JdX²^º$s H$aVm òVo. na§VwVohr Á`m§Zm eŠ` Zmhr, Aem§Zm Zm_ñ_aUmMm gmonm _mJ© CnbãY Amho.

AmdS>rZo ^mdo h[aZm_ Kogr

VwPr qMVm Ë`mgr gd© Amho.



1) EH$ZmWm§Mr ^mfm A{YH$Va ......................... Amho.

1) ê$nH$mË_H$ 2) H$R>moa 3) OmoaH$g

2) ZmWm§Zr ......................... ^mfoVyZ ^méS>o {b{hbr.

1) g§ñH¥$V 2) bmoH$ 3) \$magr

3) ZmWm§À`m gm{hË`mV ......................... ^mfoVrb eãX AmT>iVmV.

1) CXy© 2) \$magr 3) V{_i

4 ) ......................... _wio ZmWm§Mo gm{hË` dmMUo gmono OmVo.

1) Ab§H$m[aVm 2) àmgm{XH$Vm 3) gm¢X`©

5) "YÝ` OJr Vmo{M EH$ ......................... ZmMoŸ&"

1) nm§Sw>a§Jr 2) h[aa§Jr 3) {dÇ>ba§Jr

Aer ^mJdVY_m©Mr VÎdo ZmWm§Zr gmoß`m ^mfoV OZgm_mÝ`m§n`ªV nmohmoM{dbr.g_mOmVrb Ak d A§YlÕ bmoH$m§Zmhr {dMma H$am`bm ^mJ nS>ob Aer ^mê$S>o ZmWm§Zr{b{hbr AmhoV. "qdMy Mmdbm" qH$dm "XmXbm ZH$mo J§ ~mB© " d "amoS>Jm dmhrZ Vwbm" hr H$mhrà{gÕ CXmhaUo AmhoV.

^mJdVmVrb Am»`mZm§~amo~a loð> ^JdX²^º$m§À`m na§naoÀ`m CXmhaUm§VyZ A§YmamVyZàH$memH$S>o ZoÊ`mMo H$m_ Ho$bo. EH$ZmWr ^mJdVm_Üò _wgb_mZm§À`m H$S>ì`m Y_©àoaUoVyZ{Z_m©U Pmboë`m g§ñH¥${VÀN>oXH$ Ñí`m§Mr _m{bH$m XoD$Z ZmW bmoH$m§À`m _ZmVrb gwáY_©^mdZm MoV{dÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$aVmV. ^mdmW© am_mÙm_Üò Va eÌwnjmMo dU©Z H$aVmZmË`m§À`mg_moa Bñbm_r AmH«$_H$m§Mr ê$no Agë`mMo OmUdVo. VrWm©Q>Z H$aVmZm OmUdbobrg_mOmVrb A§XmYw§Xr Vo dU©Z H$aVmV. "òS> bmJbo, OZmgr òS> bmJbo, Xod XJS>mMm Ho$bmOr, _Zm Ambo Vo Zmd R>o{dbo Or" Ago gm§JyZ hr AamOH$Vm Xya H$aÊæ`mgmR>r OJX§~obmhmH$ KmbVmV. "Xma CKS> ~ò Xma CKS>" gm_m{OH$ pñWVr{df`H$ MrS> ZmWm§À`m eãXm§VyZì`º$ hmoV Agbr Var Vo hV~b ZmhrV. H$moUË`mhr n[apñWVrV pñWVàkVm amIyZ à~moYZH$aÊ`mMm _mJ© Ë`m§Zr H$Yrhr gmoS>bm Zmhr. na_mW© Am{U àn§M `m§Mm g_Ýd` KSy>Z AmbobmZmWm§À`m ì`{º$JV Am`wî`mV {XgVmo.

VËH$mbrZ g_mOmV AY:n{VV _mZë`m Joboë`m ~hþOZg_mOmV ^º$rMo ~rO éOdyZË`m§À`m _ZmV gm_Ï`© {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mMo H$m_ ZmWm§Zr Ho$bo.

Omo OmVrZo ZrMËdm Jobm & n[a ^{º$^mdo C§MmdbmŸ&

Vmo _ÐÿnVm nmdbm & nyÁ` Pmbm {Vhr bmoH$sŸ&

Ago Vo ñnï>nUo åhUVmV. ZmWm§Zr aMboë`m ^mê$S>m§_Üò VËH$mbrZ Ym{_©H$,gm_m{OH$, gm§ñH¥${VH$ OrdZmMo {dñV¥V {MÌU òVo. ZmWm§Zr aMboë`m ê$nH$m§À`m_mÜ`_mVyZ AmnU H$arV Agbobm {dMma d H¥$Ëò ñdV:M VnmgyZ ~KÊ`mMr Ñï>r, gm_mÝÒZVobm {_imbr.

~«m÷UdJm©Zo ~hþOZg_mOmbm dmQ> XmIdm`Mo gmoSy>Z Amnbo dM©ñd ñWm{nVH$aÊ`mnbrH$S>o H$mhr Ho$bo Zmhr. Aem H$_©R>m§Zm Am{U n{T>H$ n§{S>Vm§Zm ZmW åhUVmV,

ZwgË`m Zm_mMm nmR> & gm§Jmo{Z H$amd`m ~mo^mQ >&

bmoH$ Ho$bo ho H$_©^«ï> & ~«m÷Ê` ñnï> ~wS>{dbo &

9.6 ZmWH$mbrZ BVa H$dr

EH$ZmW Am{U Ë`m§Mo g_H$mbrZ Xmgmon§V, am_mOZmX©Z, OZrOZmX©Z, {dR>m aoUwH$mZ§XZ

EH$ZmW / 171

Zm_Xodm§Z§Va ^mJdVY_m©Mm Im§~ R>aë`mMo lo` ZmWm§Zm {Xbo OmVo. kmZoídarMràV ewÕ H$aÊ`mMo _hÎdmMo H$m`© Ë`m§Zr Ho$bo.

`m nmMOUm§Mm C„oI "ZmWn§Mm`VZ" Agm Ho$bm OmVmo. `mn¡H$s Xmgmon§V `m§Mm {dMma AmnU_mJrb àH$aUmV Ho$bm Amho.

am_mOZmX©Z -

EH$ZmWn§MH$mVrb `m H$drMr kmZoídam§darb AmaVr Ho$di CnbãY Amho.

AmaVr kmZamOm, _hmH¡$dë`VoOm Ÿ&

go{dVr gmYwg§V, _Zw do{Ybm _mPm Ÿ&

bmonbo kmZ OJr, {hV ZoUVr H$moUr Ÿ&

AdVma nm§Sw>a§J, Zm_ R>o{dbo kmZr Ÿ&&

H$ZH$mMo VmQ> H$ar, Cä`m Jmo{nH$m ZmarŸ&

ZmaX Vw§~é hmo gm_Jm`Z H$arŸ&&

àH$Q> Jwø ~mobo, {díd ~«÷m{M Pmb| Ÿ&

am_m OZmX©Zr, nm`r Q>H${M R>ob|Ÿ&

kmZoídam§{df`rMm ào_^md, AmXa^md `mVyZ ì`º$ hmoVmo.

OZrOZmX©Z

`m ZmWn§MH$mVrb H$drZo {Z{d©H$ën qH$dm CÕd~moY `m ZmdmMm 716 Amoì`m§Mm J«§W{b{hbm Amho. Ë`m§Zr H$mhr nXohr {b{hbr AmhoV. lram_mMo JwUJmZ H$aUmao ho nX

X`m{Z{Y ho H$éUmb` am_

n{VVnmdZ XrZOZmdZ Jm¡V_ny[aVH$m_

H$[adaVmaU ZH«${dXmaU _w{ZOZ_Z{dlm_

^d^èmofU _w{ZdaVmofU gwIXm`H$ Vd Zm_

OZr OZmX©Z gX` X`mKZ àmá èmo{ZOYm_

{dR>m aoUwH$mZ§XZ

`m§Mrhr nmM - ghmM nXo CnbãY AmhoV. g§V-g‚mZ, Mm§Jë`m Jmoï>r H$moUmH$Sy>Znm{hë`m Joë`m ZmhrV Var Ë`m§Mo ApñVËd AgVo.

CJdbm {XZH$é {díd XoImo S>moim &

Z XoIo Am§Yim, Var H$m` gy`y© Zìho?

dmOo JmOo ÜdZr {díd EoHo$ H$mZr Ÿ&

Z nS>o ~{Yam-ldUr, Var H$m` ZmXw Zìho?


n§M_mbmnñdao JmZ H$[aVr H$mo{H$im

Zm`Ho$ H$mdim, V[a H$m` dg§Vw Zìho?

V¡gm Am{XnwéfmMm Xmgw {dR>m aoUwH$mZ§XZ

Z _m{ZVr XwO©Z, Var H$m` gmYw Zìho?

Í`§~H$amO

~mb~moY `m J«§WmÛmao Í`§~H$amOm§Zr `moJ_mJ© d doXm§V `m§Mo gw~moY {ddoMZ Ho$bo Amho. hmJ«§W B. g. 1578 (e.1500) `m H$mimVbm AgyZ Ë`mMr Amodrg§»`m 5000 BVH$sAmho. hm J«§W Jwé{eî`g§dmXê$nmV Amho.

YÝ` YÝ` ho _èhmQ>r & ~«÷{dÚoMr H$gdQ>r

hm Ûma {eboMm nmoQ>r Ÿ& n[agw OmoS>rbm Ÿ&

Agm _mV¥^mfoMm A{^_mZ ì`º$ Ho$bm Amho. {gÕoída g§nÐm`mV hm J«§W à_mU _mZVmV.

am__hmËå` gm§JUmao Ë`mMo nX-

am_Xe©Zm{g Mbm bm^ hm ^bm &

am_OÝ_ amdZd{_ ZjÌ nwZd©gw &

g_` _Ü`mÝh {Xdm AdVma Omhbm Ÿ&

XeaWm{g XmeaWr nwÌ OÝ_bm Ÿ&

{Ì^wdZm§V OÒ`H$ma OmhbmŸ&

ÔH$mMo H$mo{Q> AÝ`m` hm j_m H$ar Ÿ&

CÕ[aVm _hmamO Zm{h ^mJbm Ÿ&

e~m[a H$~[a ~X[a\$io nX[a KoCZrŸ&

^md~io ^wbmo{Z`m ^jw§ bmJbm Ÿ&

_hm{df Í`§~H$m{g A_¥V bmYbm Ÿ&

nmd©Vrgr Wmoa AmZ§X Omhbm

EH$ZmW / 173

Xmgmon§V, am_mOZmX©Z, OZrOZmX©Z, {dR>maoUwH$mZ§XZ ho ZmWn§MH$mVrb H$dr hmoV.

Í`§~H$amO `m§Mm ~mb~moY hm J«§W Amho.

{edH$ë`mU

^mJdVmÀ`m Xe_ñH§$Ymda gìdmbj Amoì`m§Mo ^mî` `m§Zr Ho$bo Amho. Vmo H¥$îUmMm ^º$hmoVm. ê$nH$m§À`m aMZoÛmao J«§W agmi ~Zbm Amho. `m§Zr A_¥VmZw^dmda {b{hbobo ^mî`"{ZË`mZ§X¡Š`Xr{nH$m" ZmdmZo à{gÕ Amho. _wº$m~mB©H$Sy>Z MmbV Amboë`m ZmWna§naoVrb{edH$ë`mU ho Mm¡Xmdo nwéf. {ZË`mZ§X¡Š`Xr{nH$m `m Amoì`m n§{S>Vr diUmÀ`m CËH¥$ï>Q>rHo$gmR>r à{gÕ AmhoV. CËH$Q> Jwé^º$s d kmZXodm§~ÔbMm AmXa^md `m J«§WmV{R>H${R>H$mUr ì`º$ hmoVmo. _amR>r J«§Wmdarb hr n{hbrM Q>rH$m hmo`. A_¥VmZw^dmVrb gmar JyT>ñWio ñnï> H$ê$Z kmZoídam§Mm {M{ÛbmgdmX òWo _m§S>bm Amho. åhUyZ kmZoídana§naobmCOmim XoÊ`mMo lo`hr {edH$ë`mUm§Zm {_iVo.

a_md„^Xmg

`m H$drZo H$moH$U d Jmodm n[agamV H¥$îU^º$sMm àgma Ho$bm. e§H$amMm`mªÀ`m"~¥hX²dmŠ`d¥Îmr'da _amR>rV Q>rH$m {b{hbr. "XeH${ZYm©a' hm H¥$îUOÝ_mÜ`m`mdarb J«§W,JrVodarb M_ËH$mar Q>rH$m à~moYM§{ÐH$m, {M_Uogo _yb, {M_Umgm nmdm, qH$dm H¥$îU AmdS>rXoIoZ Ho$ìhm Ñï>r `m§gmaIr H¥$îU^º$sna nXaMZm Ë`m§Zr Ho$br. _mV¥^mfoMm A{^_mZ ì`º$H$aVmZm H$dr åhUVmo,

Xoe^mfm ho _èhmQ>r Ÿ& àmeZmg Ho$br gË`dm{Q>

¿`m ¿`m _wIr bmdm dmoR>r Ÿ& {\$Ho$ nmR>r A_¥V

Ë`m§Zr Jwédir d Jwé_mhmËå` Aer àH$aUohr {b{hbr AmhoV. Ë`m§À`m Q>rH$mJ«§Wm§dakmZoída EH$ZmW `m§Mr N>mn Amho.

{dîUwXmgZm_m

{dîUwXmgZm_m~Ôb g§emoYH$m§_Üò ~aoM _VôX AmhoV. _hm^maVmMr 18 nd} Ë`m§Zr_amR>rV AmUbr. ho n¡R>UMo am{hdmgr hmoVo. ~wY~mdZr, H$nmoV Am»`mZ `m aMZm Ë`m§ZrHo$ë`m. B. g. 1595 _Üò Ë`m§Zr ewH$m»`mZ aMbo. Zm_Xodm§À`m JmWoVrb A^§Jm§Vrb H$mhrA^§J {dîUwXmgZm_m `m Zmdmda AmhoV. `mì`{V[aº$ ÐþnXr g¡da, Eo{fH$ nd© Ë`m§Zr {b{hboAmho.

H¥$îUXmg _wXJb

am_mÙmVrb `wÜÕH$m§S>mda 7/8 hOma Amoì`m§Mr aMZm H$aUmam hm H$dr. AmoOñdrAer aMZm Ë`mH$mir _hmamï´>mVrb ~hþVoH$ {H$ëë`m§da dmMbr OmV Ago.


^mJdVmÀ`m Xe_ñH§$Ymda {ZË`mZ§X¡Š` Xr{nH$m hr Q>rH$m Amho.

~¥hX²dmŠ`d¥Îmrda _amR>r Q>rH$m {b{hUmam H$dr åhUOo a_md„^Xmg.

O¡g XYrMo _§WZ Ho$bo & Ë`mVyZ ZdZrV {ZdS>bo &

V¡go g§ñH¥$Vmnmgm¡{Z Omhbo & _hmamï´> H${dËd &

Agm _amR>r{df`rMm A{^_mZ Vmo ì`º$ H$aVmo. EH$m {R>H$mUr grVoMo ñdßZ JmVmZm VmoåhUVmo EoHo$ dmo gmOZr AY©amÌr Xo{Ibo

Am{O `m lram_o _Obm A`mo{Y{g Zobo Ÿ&

Xo{Ibo am_MaU _mPo _Z {Zdmbo

OmZH$sMo ñdßZ H¥$îU_wXJbo JmBboŸ&

AemàH$mao ZmWH$mimVrb H$dtMm AmT>mdm KoVm òVmo.

9.7 g_mamon

{dÚmWu{_Ìm§Zmo, òWda AmnU EH$ZmWm§Mo OrdZM[aÌ Aä`mgbo. Ë`m§À`mdmL²>_`m{df`r MMm© Ho$br. kmZoídam§Zr nm`m KmVboë`m ^mJdV Y_m©bm naH$s` AmH«$_UmÀ`m

EH$ZmW / 175


1) OZrOZmX©Z ho .......................... n§MH$mVrb H$dr hmoV.

1) VwH$mam_ 2) ZmW 3) am_Xmg

2) AmaVr kmZamOm hm AmaVr .......................... `m§Zr {b{hbr.

1) am_mOZmX©Z 2) {dîUwXmgZm_m 3) Í`§~H$amO

3) ~mb~moY hm J«§W .......................... `m§Mm Amho.

1) {edH$ë`mU 2) Í`§~H$amO 3) a_md„^Xmg

4) {edH$ë`mU `m§Zr .......................... hm J«§W aMbm.

1) {ZË`mZ§X¡Š`Xr{nH$m 2) ^mdmW©Xr{nH$m 3) ^JdX²JrVm

5) e§H$amMm`mªÀ`m ~¥hX²dmŠ`d¥Îmrda .......................... `m§Zr Q>rH$m Ho$br.

1) a_md„^Xmg 2) {dîUwXmgZm_m 3) H¥$îUXmg _wXJb

6) {dîUwXmgZm_m `m§Zr .......................... aMZm Ho$br.

1) J«§WamO 2) {ZË`mZ§X¡Š`Xr{nH$m 3) ~wY~mdZr H$nmoV

7) am_mÙmVrb `wÕH$m§S>mda 7/8 hOma Amoì`m§Mr aMZm .......................... `mZo Ho$br.

1) {dîUwXmgZm_m 2) H¥$îUXmg _wXJb 3) Í`§~H$amO

H$mimV Im§~mgmaIm AmYma XoÊ`mMo H$m`© ZmWm§Zr Ho$bo. "Im§~ {XYbm ^mJdV' Ago gmWdU©Z ~{hUm~mBªZr Ho$bo Amho. MVw:ûcmoH$s ^mJdV, EH$ZmWr ^mJdV, épŠ_Urñd`§da,^mdmW© am_mÙ, ñ\w$Q> àH$aUo, ^mê$S>o, A^§J Aer {d{dYa§Jr gm{hËàMZm ZmWm§Zr Ho$br.EH$ZmWr gm{hË`mMo ^mfm{deofhr AmnU nm{hbo. ^mJdVY_m©gmR>r EH$ZmWm§Zr {Xbobo`moJXmZhr AmnU Aä`mgbo. _wHw§$XamOm§nmgyZ Pmbobr gm{hË` `mÌm Aä`mgV AmnUEH$ZmWm§n`ªV òD$Z nmohmoMbmo. EH$ZmWH$mbrZ H$dtMm {dMmahr AmnU òWo Ho$bm. `mnwT>rbàH$aUmV AmnU H$bmH$dr _wºo$ídam§Mm Aä`mg H$aUma AmhmoV.

9.8 gmam§e

{dÚmWu{_Ìm§Zmo, kmZoídam§Z§Va, Bñbm_r AmH«$_UmÀ`m H$mimV ^mJdVY_m©Mr nVmH$m\$S>H$V R>odÊ`mMo H$m_ EH$ZmWm§Zr Ho$bo. kmZoídarV {eabobo AnnmR> Xya H$ê$Z {VMr ewÕàV ~Z{dUo ho ZmWm§Zr Hoo$bobo _hÎdmMo H$m`© hmo`. n§{S>VdJm©nmgyZ OZgm_mÝ`m§n`ªVgdmªgmR>r EH$ZmWm§Zr gm{hË`{Z{_©Vr Ho$br. fS²>[anw§da {dO` {_i{dbm Am{U Zm_mMr H$mgYabr Va _Zwî` `m ^dgmJamVyZ ghO Vê$Z OmD$ eH$Vmo Ago à{VnmXZ dma§dma Ë`m§ZrHo$bo. Amnë`m AmMma {dMmam§VyZ gmYrgmonr ^º$s {eH${dbr. ñdV: CÎm_ g§gma H$ê$Zna_mW© gmYbm. bmoH$^mfoMm dmna d X¡Z§{XZ OrdZmZw^dmVrb XmIbo `m§_wio Ë`m§Mr ^mê$S>obmoH${à` R>abr. VrWm©Q>Z H$arV AgVmZm g_mOmMr Pmbobr A§XmYw§X AdñWm nmhÿZ ZmWAñdñW Pmbo d Ë`m AkmZm{déÕ bT>Ê`mgmR>r gm{hË`mMm Xrn àÁd{bV Ho$bm. Ë`màH$memV gd© g_mO COiyZ {ZKmbm. Iè`m AWm©Zo gd© g_mOmMo ZmW åhUyZ EH$ZmWm§Mr`mo½`Vm _moR>r Amho. Var Ë`m§Zr gmao lo` Ë`m§Mo Jwê$ OZmX©Z ñdm_r `m§Zm {Xbo Amho.kmZ_mJm©Mo VÎdqMVZna boIZ H$ê$Zhr Vo ^º$sbmM gd©loð> _mZVmV. "g_Ýd`H$ma" hrË`m§Mr {~éXmdbr gmW© R>aVo. EH$ZmWn§MH$mVrb H$dr Í`§~H$amO, {edH$ë`mU,a_md„^Xmg, {dîUwXmgZm_m, H¥$îUXmg_wXJb B. ZmWH$mbrZ H$dtZr _amR>r gm{hË`mV âKmVbobr {XgVo.

Amnbr àJVr Vnmgm - CÎmao 9.2

1) ^mZwXmg 2) H¥$îUXodam` 3) épŠ_Ur~mB©

4) OZmX©Zñdm_r 5) fð>r 6) _wºo$ída

7) h[an§{S>V 8) n¡R>Êm


9.3.1

1) n{hbo 2) OZmX©Zñdm_r 3) ^mJdV

4) 1050

9.3.2

1) EH$mXeñH§$Y 2) dmamUgr 3) ^mdmW©Xr{nH$m

4) EH$ZmW

9.3.3

1) épŠ_Urñd`§da 2) 1493 3) lrH¥$îU-épŠ_Ur

4) 1712 5) épŠ_Urñd`§da

9.3.4 d 9.3.5

1) ^mdmW©am_mÙ 2) Jmdm 3) 40,000

4) dmpë_H$s am_mÙ 5) hñVm_bH$ 6) 8

7) ñdmË_gwI 8) {Ma§OrdnX 9) gmS>oMma

9.3.6

1) ~hþê$T> 2) 300 3) ê$nH$mË_H$Vm

4) VmH$sXnÌ 5) qdMy Mmdbm

9.4

1) ê$nH$mË_H$ 2) bmoH$ 3) \$magr

4) àmgm{XH$Vm 5) h[aa§Jr

9.6

1) ZmW 2) am_mOZmX©Z 3) Í`§~H$amO

4) {ZË`mZ§X¡Š`Xr{nH$m 5) a_md„^Xmg 6) ~wY~mdZr H$nmoV

7) H¥$îUXmg_wX²Jb

joÌr` H$m`© :- n¡R>U `m {R>H$mUr OmD$Z EH$ZmWm§À`m Kambm ôQ> Úm.

***

EH$ZmW / 177


A{YH$ {Q>nUmgmR>r

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nmR> : 10

_wŠVoída

10.0 C{Ôï>o

{dÚmWu {_Ìm§Zmo, òWda AmnU _amR>rÀ`m Ama§^mnmgyZ EH$ZmWm§n`ªVMm H$mcI§S>Aä`mgcm. _wHw§$XamO `m AmÚ H$dtnmgyZ, _hmZw^mdr` gm{hË`, dmaH$ar g§àXm`mVrckmZoída, Zm_Xod Am{U g§V_oim, ñÌrg§V, Ë`mZ§Va XÎmg§àXm` d Ë`mVrc H$dtMo `moJXmZAm{U g_Ýd`H$ma R>acoë`m g§V EH$ZmWm§À`m H$m`m©Mm AmT>mdm AmnU KoVcm. `mnwT>o n§{S>VrH$mì`mcm gwédmV hmoUma Amho. Ë`mMr gwédmV H$aUmam Am{U g§V EH$ZmWm§À`m H$Wm-H$mì`mMm dmagm nwT>o ZoUmè`m _wŠVoída `m H$drMm Aä`mg `m àH$aUmV AmnU H$aUmaAmhmoV. ho àH$aU Aä`mgë`mZ§Va Vwåhmcm,

l _wŠVoídam§À`m dmL>²_`rZ H$m`m©{df`r gm§JVm òB©c.

l n§{S>Vr na§nao_Üò _wŠVoídam§Mo ñWmZ ñnîQ> H$aVm òB©c.>

10.1 àmñVm{dH$

dmaH$ar g§àXm`mMm dmagm nwT>o ZoVmZm EH$ZmWm§Zr "^mdmW© am_mÙmÀ`m' ê$nmZo àXrK©H$Wm-H$mì`mMr Am{U "épŠ_Ur ñd`§damÀ`m' ê$nmZo Am»`mZH$mì`mMr OmoS> {Xcr.

_wŠVoída/ 179

10.0 C{Ôï>o10.1 àmñVm{dH$10.2 _wŠVoídam§Mr H${dVm

10.2.1 g§jon am_mÙ10.2.2 _wŠVoídar _hm^maV

10.3 _wŠVoídam§Mo `moJXmZ10.4 g_mamon10.5 gmam§e


EH$ZmWm§Mm hm H$Wm-H$mì`mMm dmagm Ë`m§Mm ZmVy- _wcrMm _wcJm- _wŠVoída `mZo nwT>o MmcyR>odcm. _wŠVoídam§À`m H$mì`mMm Aä`mg AmnU `m àH$aUmV H$aUma AmhmoV. _wŠVoídaqMVm_Ur _wX²Jc `m§Zr "n{hcm _amR>r H$cmH$dr' åhUyZ n§{S>V H$dtÀ`m _m{cHo$V ñWmZ{_idco. Ë`mMm OÝ_, ñWc, H$mc, Zmd `m§{df`r _V_Vm§Vao AmhoV. B. g. 1573-74Vo B. g. 1645-46 hm Ë`mMm H$mcmdYr gm§{JVcm OmVmo. _wŠVoídam§Zr VrW©`mÌoÀ`m{Z{_ÎmmZo Iyn XoemQ>Z Ho$co. Ë`mMr EHy$U aMZm gw_mao gVam hOma BVH$s âVo. Vmo XÎm^ŠVhmoVm. Ë`mMr g_mYr VoadmS> òWo Amho.

10.2 _wŠVoídam§Mr H${dVm$

_wŠVoídam§Zr ícmoH$~Õ am_mÙ, _hm^maVmMr Am{X, g^m, dZ, {damQ> Am{U gm¡{áH$hr nmM nd}, h[aíM§Ðm»`mZ, eV_wIamdU dYm»`mZ, _yIm©Mr cjUo, ^JdX²JrVm,ewH$a§^mg§dmX, EH$ZmWM[aÌ, XÎm^pŠVna nXo d AmaË`m Aer {d{dY àH$maMr H$mìàMZmHo$cr.

10.2.1 g§jon am_mÙ

Zmdmà_mUoM _yi H$WoMm g§jon gmYUmam Am{U 1722 Amodrg§»`m AgUmam hm J«§WAmho. dmë_rH$s am_mÙ, AÜ`mË_-am_mÙ, EH$ZmWm§Mo ^mdmW© am_mÙ `m§Mm AmYma Am{Uà^md `m aMZoda {XgVmo. ^wO§Jà`mg d¥ÎmmMo Am{YŠ` `mV OmUdVo. dmZagoZoMr àM§S>g§»`m d g¡Ý`mÀ`m hmcMmctMm ^`M{H$V H$aUmam n[aUm_ Mma AmoitV MnIcnUo C^mHo$cm Amho.

H$S>H${S>V H$S>mS>o, hmH$ JmOo JS>mS>o Ÿ&

H$S>V Oi H$S>mS>o, dpÝh Ymdo ^S>mS>o &

g~i AgwaeŠVr VoO \$mHo$ AnmS>o &

niV JJZJû n{jOmVr PS>mS>o &

Am»`mZH$dtZr cmoH${à` Ho$cocr d¥Îm~ÕaMZm d `_wH$mZwàmgmXr {dÝ`mg`wŠV aMZm_wŠVoídamZo àW_ hmVmicr. nwT>o aMcoë`m ^maVr AmodrMr ghOVm _mÌ `m am_mÙmVAmT>iV Zmhr. ~marH$gmarH$ Vn{ecm§À`m g§X^m©V Am{U CnH$Wm§À`m ~m~VrV _wŠVoídam§ZrEH$ZmWm§À`mM am_mÙmMo AZwH$aU Ho$coco {XgVo. hZw_ÞmQ>H$mMmhr à^md òWo {XgVmo.

H$mhr {R>H$mUr hr aMZm n«mgm[XH$ Pmcr Amho. CXm.

aKwHw$c{VcH$mMo Zm_ dmMo dgmo Xo Ÿ& {dfà{VgwImMm H$m_ Ordr Zgmo Xo &

_J VwO ZcJo Vr _wpŠVqMVm H$am`m & na_J{V {d_wŠVr Amn cJo dam`m &


10.2.2 _wŠVoídar _hm^maV

`m _hm^maVmÀ`m aMZoH$[aVm _wŠVoídamZo AmodrN>§X dmnacm Amho. ì`mgm§Mm _mJmodmKoVmZm Zdag{Z{_©Vr H$ê$Z a{gH$m§Zm H$mì`mZ§X XoÊ`mMm hoVy _wŠVoídamZo OmJmoOmJ ì`ŠVHo$cm Amho. Am{Xndm©Mr aMZm {dñV¥V Amho. e¥§JmaagmH$S>o A{YH$ H$c Agë`mMo `mVyZOmUdVo. hpñVZmnwamVrc H$m¡ad-nm§S>dm§Mo {ejU d Ioi `m§Mo dU©Z H$aVmZm ñdH$mcrZC„oIm§Mr â KmcyZ _wŠVoídamZo {dñVma Ho$cm Amho. g^mndm©_Üò H¥$îUmÀ`m AmJ_ZmModU©Z Ë`mZo _yi ^maVmhyZ {dñVmamZo Ho$co Amho. ho dU©Z ñdV§Ì d gw§Xa Amho. Ë`m_mJrcH¥$îU_mhmËå` gm§JÊ`mMr Ë`mMr ^y{_H$m OmUdVo. dZnd© d {damQ>nd©Vhr _yi ^maVmVrcàg§JdU©ZmV _wŠVoídamZo ~Xc Ho$cm Amho. Ë`mÀ`m àmH¥$V aMZoVyZ Ë`mMm _amR>rMmA{^_mZhr ì`ŠV hmoVmo.

gwag gw§Xa n{dÌ g¥îQ>r & nŠdmÞo {Z\$OdyZr nmR>r &

g§ñH¥$V eãX gwdU©VmQ>r & loîR>loîR>m§ dmoJ[acr &

Vo{M agm`Z Xw~©cnUr & _hmamîQ´> ^mfma§^mnUu &

dm{T>co Var ^wH$miy OZr & Z go{dOo {H$_W© ?

^maVmVrc Am»`mZmV _wŠVoídaH$mcrZ gm_m{OH$ pñWVrMo {H$VrVar C„oIAmT>iVmV. Ðm¡nXrdñÌhaUàg§Jr ñdH$mcrZ _hmamîQ´>mVrc AZoH$ noR>m§À`m dñÌm§Mr `mXr VmoXoVmo. CÎmam-A{^_Ý`y {ddmhmVrc ^moOZàg§JmÀ`m dU©ZmV eod`m, Jìhco, ~moQ>do, XhrdS>o,gmoOrÀ`m nmoiçm B. Vrg-nñVrg nŠdmÞm§Mr `mXr Ë`mZo {Xcr Amho. ÚwVgô_ÜòIoiÊ`mgmR>r eHw$ZrZo Oo \$mgo V`ma H$a{dco hmoVo, Ë`mMo dU©Z H$aVmZm H$drZo Á`m CËàojmaMë`m AmhoV, Ë`m Ë`mÀ`m {demc H$ënH$VoÀ`m gmj XoUmè`m AmhoV.

hñVg§km Xmdr Vo jUr & gmarnmQ> _m§S>r eHw$Zr &

H$nQ>nmem nmhVm Z`Zr & _wIñV§^ gôMm &&

_m¡ZmñÌm{dÚoMr ~rOmjao & H$dm}ŠV _§{S>V _Zmohao &

_¥Ë`wgnm©Mr XeZmJ«o & X§emd`m nmVcr &

_wŠVoídam§Zr dmnacocr "gm§J ê$nHo$' hm EH$ZmWm§Mm dmagm Amho. H$mhr doim e¥§Jm[aH$dU©ZmMm A{VaoH$ `m H${dVoV hmoVmo; na§Vw H$Wm{ZdoXZmV AZoH$ {R>H$mUr Vmo gm_m{OH$ZrVrhr {eH$dVmo. XodVwë`, namonH$mar nwéf, Hw$cñÌr, n{Vd«Vm, `m§M JwUm_mhmËå` Vmogm§JVm. ZrVr gmoS>y Zò. Xwdm©Š` ~mocy Zò. nañÌr-YZ AmViy Zò, Agmhr CnXoe H$aVmo.Ë`mZo {Xcocr _yIm©Mr cjUo nmhÊ`mgmaIr AmhoV. G$VwdU©Zo hm _wŠVoídar e¡crMm {deofhmo`. Am{Xndm©Vrc e§Hw$Vcm»`mZ Ë`mÀ`m gdm}ËH¥$îQ> Am»`mZm§n¡H$s EH$ JUco OmVo.

H$m¡add§er {d»`mVH$sVu & Xwî`§VZm_m JwU¡H$_y{V© &

loîR> ^ynmi MH«$dVu & dr`} em¡`} AmJim &

_wŠVoída/ 181

àmMr àVrMr X{jUmoÎma & Mmar{Xem MVw:g_wÐ &

AmH¥$_y{Z _hr ho _h|Ð & gwa|Ð V¡gm ^ycmoH$s &

_wŠVoídamÀ`m nydu AWdm g_H$mcr Amodr ho d¥Îm H$mì`mV gd©Ì ê$T> hmoVo. Varhr g§jonam_mÙmV Ë`mZo AjaJUd¥Îm dmnaco. EH$ZmWm§n`ªV ~hþVoH$ H$dtZr ^mJdV d JrVm `m§da^mîò Ho$cr; na§Vw _wŠVoídamZo _hm^maVmgmaIm ì`mdhm[aH$, AX²^wV d c{cVaå` H$Wm,Cnm»`m§ZmZr âcocm H$mì`J«§W {ZdS>cm.

_wŠVoídadU©Z H$aÊ`mV Hw$ec Amho. {ZgJ©Ñí`, g_mOàg§J, _Zmo{dH$ma B.Mo H$moUVohrdU©Z AmH$f©H$ Am{U CR>mdXma Ago Ho$co Amho.

Am{Xndm©Vrc n§Sw>amOmMr ì`pŠVaoIm dU©Z H$aVmZm Vmo {c{hVmo,

Vd§ qghmgmaIo djñWi & JO|ÐmVwë` ñH§$X _m§gmi &

d¥f^m Eogo Mjw {demc & AmOmZ~mhy ZoQ>H$m &&

emVHw§$^ñV§^ gmoÁÁdim & V¡gr JmoaonUmMr H$im &

àVmnM§nH$mMm H$im & nwéfmH$mao gm{Oam &&

cmdÊ` ZimhÿZ AmJio & XoIVj{U doYco S>moio &

`mM ndm©V A§Ymè`m amÌrMo Vmo {MÌU H$aVmo-

aËZ Pm§H$Uo g_wÐr n{S>co &

H$s ~«m÷m§S>H$a§S>m H$mOi ^[aco &

{dídcmoMZr coD${Z Caco &

An[a{_V Xe{Xem &

_hm^maVm~amo~a _wŠVoídamZo h[aíM§Ðm»`mZ, eV_wI-amdUdYm»`mZ, ewH$-a§^mg§dmX, _yIm©Mr cjUo B. ñ\w$Q> àH$aUo, lr EH$ZmWM[aÌ Am{U H$mhr nXo d AmaË`mhr{c{hë`m. Ë`m§V kmZoídam§da EH$ AmaVr Amho.


10.2 Amnbr àJVr Vnmgm : 1) _wŠVoída hm ................... Mm ZmVy hmo`.

1) Zm_Xod 2) EH$ZmW 3) VwH$mam_

2) g§jon am_mÙmMr Amodrg§»`m ................... Amho.

1) 1722 2) 1517 3) 1720

_wŠVoídam§Zr dmnacocr gm§Jê$nHo$ hm EH$ZmWm§Mm dmagm Amho.

10.3 _wŠVoídam§Mo `moJXmZ$

_wŠVoídamÀ`m H$mì`mV H$ënZm d ^mdZm `m§Mm g§J_ AmT>iVmo. Ë`m_wio dmMH$m§daË`mMm à^md nS>Vmo. Ë`mMr e¡cr JwUdVr d AmoKdVr Amho. Ë`m~amo~a àmgm{XH$ Amho. Ë`mÀ`mH${dVoV gm_m{OH$ ZrVrMr {eH$dU Amho, Ver amîQ´>r` àoaUmhr Amho.

_hmamîQ´> Oo gd© amîQ´>m{g amOo

O`mÀ`m ^ò ì`m{nco XodcmOo &

gXmMma _§Ìo nimcr à{VîR>m

n«{VîR>mZ Ë`m Zm{^H$marV {ZîR>m &

Ago _hmamîQ´>mMo nyd©d¡^d cmonë`mMm IoX ì`ŠV Ho$cm Amho. H$mhr {R>H$mUrH$mc{dn`m©gmMm Xmof _wŠVoídar H$mì`mV AmT>iVmo; nU Varhr dmL>²_`mVrc AÜ`mË_mMoOmoIS> \o$Hy$Z XoUmam n{hcm H$dr, Ago Ë`mMo dU©Z Ho$co OmVo. n§{S>V H$dr na§naoVrc n{hcmH$dr Ë`mcm _mZco OmVo.

_hmamîQ´> Xoe d _amR>r ^mfm `m§~ÔcMm A{^_mZ _wŠVoídam§_Üò A{YH$ CËH$Q>ËdmZo{XgyZ òVmo. amîQ´>r` ^mdZoMm Am{dîH$ma H$aUmam H$dr, Ago Ë`m§Zm åhUVm òVo. ghOaåÀem cm{cË`nyU© ^mfoVrc ñd¡a H$ënZm{dhma hm _wŠVoídam§À`m à{VôMm à_wI Y_© Amho.{demc H$ënZm, CËH$Q> ^mdZm, CXmÎm {dMma, g§nÞ {MÌU, aoIrd eãX{MÌo, AmoKdVr e¡crAm{U Om{Vd§V _amR>r ^mfm `m d¡{eîQ>çm§_wio _wŠVoídam§Mo ñWmZ _amR>r gm{hË`mV daÀ`mXOm©Mo am{hco Amho.

_wŠVoídamZo Amnë`m agmc§H$manyU© aMZm§Zr àmMrZ _amR>rVrc Am»`mZ H$mì`mMo XmcZg§nÞ Ho$co. H$Wm{ZdoXZ, ñd^md>Xe©Z, àg§J{MÌU `m§~m~VrV _wŠVoída èñdr Pmcm Amho.CËH$Q> _Zmod¥Îmr_wio coIZmV J{haonUm Amcm Amho. H$Wm{ZdoXZmÀ`m AmoKmV H$WoVë`mì`ŠVr, àg§J gmjmV H$aÊ`mMo H$m¡eë` Ë`mÀ`mH$S>o Amho. ag, H$ënZm, ^mfm `m {VÝhtda_wŠVoídamMo à^wËd Amho. Ë`mÀ`m H$mìàMZocm gVV XÎmñ_aUmMo A{YîR>mZ am{hco Amho.

_wŠVoída gm¢X`m©Mo ^moŠVo hmoVo. ñdH$mcrZ Xoen[apñWVrer Vo g_ag hmoVo. Ë`m_wioË`m§Mr H${dVm A{YH$ cm¡{H$H$ Amho. Ë`mVrc gm_m{OH$ Zr{V_ÎmoMr {eH$dU _hÎdmMr Amho._mUgmZo H$go dmJmdo, XodVwë` ZamMr cjUo gm§JVmZm cmoH${ejH$mMr ^y{_H$m Ë`m§Zr KoVcr

_wŠVoída/ 183

3) "n{hcm _amR>r H$cmH$dr' åhUyZ ................... AmoiIcm OmVmo.

1) _Üd_wZr 2) _wŠVoída 3) gmo{hamoŠV

4) _wŠVoídar _hm^maVmV ................... N>§X dmnacm Amho.

1) Amodr 2) _wŠV 3) A^§J

Amho. _amR>r ^mfoMm gmW© A{^_mZ Ë`mÀ`m coIUrVyZ ì`ŠV hmoVmo. Ë`mÀ`m aMZoVyZ^moOZmMo nXmW©, dñÌàmdaUo, dmÚo, eñÌo B.Mr dU©Zo VËH$mcrZ n[apñWVrMr AmoiI H$ê$ZXoVmV. _amR>r ^mfoMo Añgc gm¢X`© _wŠVoídam§Zr XmIdyZ {Xco.

10.4 g_mamon$

{_Ìm§Zmo, òWda AmnU n§{S>Vr H$mì`mcm gwédmV H$aUmè`m _wŠVoídamÀ`m H$mì`mMmAmT>mdm KoVcm. EH$ZmWm§Mm H$WmH$mì`mMm dmagm Ë`m§Zr nwT>o Zocm. g§jon am_mÙ, _hm^maV,h[aíM§Ðm»`mZ, eV_wIamdUdYm»`mZ, _yIm©Mr cjUo, ^JdX²>JrVm, ewH$-a§^mg§dmX,EH$ZmWM[aÌ, nXo, AmaË`m Aer gVam hOma BVH$s aMZm H$aUmam _wŠVoída n{hcmH$cmH$dr åhUyZ AmoiIcm OmVmo. n§{S>V na§naoVrc Ë`mMo ñWmZ nm{hë`mZ§Va `mnwT>rcàH$aUmV g§V VwH$mam_m§À`m H$m`m©Mm AmT>mdm AmnU KoUma AmhmoV.

10.5 gmam§e$

_Ü``wJm_Üò gwê$ Pmcocr g§Vna§naoVrc ^ŠVrYmam ~mOycm gmê$Z _hm^maVmÀ`m_mÜ`_mVyZ cm¡{H$H$ ^md-^mdZm§Mo {MÌU a{gH$nUmZo H$aUmam, n§{S>Vr na§naoVrc n{hcmH$cmH$dr åhUyZ _wŠVoída AmoiIcm OmVmo. _hmamîQ´> Xoe d _amR>r ^mfm `m§~ÔcMm CËH$Q>A{^_mZ _wŠVoídam§_Üò {XgyZ òVmo. Am»`mZH$mì` g_¥Õ H$aÊ`mV _wŠVoídam§Mm dmQ>m _moR>mAmho. gyú_ g_mO{ZarjU d AmoKdVr e¡cr `m§_wio _amR>r dmL>²_`mV _wŠVídamMo ñWmZdaMo Amho.


10.2

1. EH$ZmW 2. 1722 3. _wŠVoída 4. Amodr

***


H$mc{dn`m©gmMm Xmof AgyZhr dmL>²_`mVrc AÜ`mË_mMo OmoIS> \o$Hy$Z XoUmamH$dr åhUyZ _wŠVoída AmoiIco OmVmV.>

_wŠVoída/ 185

A{YH$ {Q>nUmgmR>r

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A{YH$ {Q>nUmgmR>r

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nmR> : 11

VwH$mam_

11.0 C{Ôï>o

{dÚmWu {_Ìm§Zmo, `m àH$aUm_Üò AmnU g§V VwH$mam_m§{df`r OmUyZ KoUma AmhmoV.^mJdV Y_m©Mm H$ig hmoÊ`mMo ^m½` VwH$mam_m§Zm cm^co. A§YlÕoMm X§^ñ\$moQ>, d¡km{ZH$ÑîQ>r, dmñVdmMo ^mZ, naIS> VÎdkmZ... Aem JwUm§Zr `wŠV Agcoco VwH$mam_m§Mo OrdZ òWoAä`mgm`Mo Amho. ho àH$aU Aä`mgë`mda Vwåhmcm,

l VwH$mam_m§À`m d¡`pŠVH$ OrdZm{df`r _m{hVr XoVm òB©c.

l VwH$mam_m§À`m A^§Jm§Mo {df` Am{U Ë`m§Mo ^m{fH$ {deof gm§JVm òVrc.

l VwH$mam_m§À`m gm§ñH¥${VH$ d gm_m{OH$ H$m`m©{df`r gm§JVm òB©c.

11.1 àmñVm{dH$

VwH$mam_m§Mo A^§J AmOhr cmoH${à` AmhoV. `mdê$Z Ë`m§À`m dmL>²_`rZ H$m`m©Mr _hVrOmUdVo. kmZoída, Zm_Xod, EH$ZmW AmXtÀ`m H$m`m©Mr Ywam nwT>o VwH$mam_m§Zr Im§Úmda KoVcrAm{U Vr g_W©nUo gm§^micr Am{U Amnë`m H$m`m©Zo Ë`mda H$ig MT>{dcm. VwH$mam_m§Zr5,000 A^§Jm§Mr {Z{_©Vr H$ê$Z, g_mOmVrc ê$T>tda, A§YlÕm§da h„m MT>{dcm. nwamoJm_r

VwH$mam_/ 187

11.0 C{Ôï>o11.1 àmñVm{dH$11.2 VwH$mam_m§Mo OrdZM[aÌ11.3 VwH$mam_m§Mo A^§J11.4 VwH$mam_m§À`m A^§JmMr ^mfm11.5 VwH$mam_m§Mo gm§ñH¥${VH$, gm_m{OH$ H$m`©11.6 g_mamon11.7 gmam§e


{dMma ì`ŠV H$aUmao Ë`m§Mo H${dËd AË`§V naIS> Am{U à^mdr Ago hmoVo. hrZ `mVrVOÝ_mcm Amë`m_wio, dU©ì`dñWoH$Sy>Z gmogmdo cmJcoco MQ>Ho$ nMdyZ VwH$mam_ g§VloîR>R>aco. AmVm Ë`m§Mo OrdZM[aÌ AmnU OmUyZ KoUma AmhmoV.>

11.2 VwH$mam_m§Mo OrdZM[aÌ

kmZoídam§Zr nm`m KmVcoë`m ^mJdV Y_m©Mm H$ig åhUyZ VwH$mam_m§Zm g§~moYco OmVo,ho gd©lwV Amho. Ë`m H$mimV g_mOmV Cƒ dUu`m§Mr kmZmda _ŠVoXmar AgVmZm Cƒ dUm©VOÝ_mcm Amcoë`m kmZXodm§À`m ^mJdV Y_m©Mm àgma H$igmn`ªV ZoD$Z nmohmoM{dUmaoVwH$mam_ EH$m eyÐ Hw$imV OÝ_mcm Amco hmoVo, hr JmoîQ> AmOÀ`m H$mimVhr _hÎdmMr R>aVo.kmZ g§nmXZ H$aUo Am{U g§gma H$aV na_oídaàmárMo _mJ© Adc§~Uo, eodQ>r _moj àmá H$ê$ZKoUo, `mgmR>r Hw$i, OmVr, dU© `m§Vcr H$moUVrhr JmoîQ> AmS> òV Zmhr. hm ^mJdV Y_m©Zog_mOmcm {Xcocm {dMma gd©M g§Vm§À`m OrdZM[aÌmdê$Z àË``mcm òVmo. VwH$mam_m§Mo M[aÌhm Ë`m gJiçmMm H$ig Amho.

VwH$mam_m§À`m KamÊ`mH$S>o Xohy JmdMr _hmOZH$s hmoVr. Ë`m§À`m d{S>cm§Mo Zmd ~moëhmo~mA§{~co. AmB©Mo Zmd H$ZH$mB©. gmdH$mar, eoVr d dmUr ì`dgm` Agë`mZo, ho KamUo gwpñWVhmoVo. VwH$mam_m§Mm OÝ_ eHo$ 1528 cm Pmcm. VwH$mam_m§Mm _moR>m ^mD$ {Zd¥{Îm_mJuAgë`mZo, g§gmamMr O~m~Xmar VwH$mam_m§da nS>cr. d`mÀ`m 13 ì`m dfu Ë`m§Mm {ddmhPmcm. H$mhr df} g§gma Pmcm. nËZrcm YmnoMr ì`Wm Agë`mZo, d{S>cm§Zr VwH$mo~m§Mm Xwgam{ddmh cmdyZ {Xcm. 17 ì`m dfmªnmgyZ Ë`m§À`mda EH$m _mJmo_mJ AmnÎmr H$mogiy cmJë`m.AmB©-dS>rc dmaco. ^mdO` dmacr. Wmoacm ^mD$ {daŠV hmoD$Z Ka gmoSy>Z Jocm. eHo$1551-52 _Üò _hmamîQ´>mV nS>coë`m XwîH$mim_wio XwH$mZmMo {Xdmio {ZKmco. n{hcr~m`H$mo aI_m~mB© d _wcJm g§V AÞmÞ H$arV _ocm. Xwgar nËZr {OOmB© {hZo Amnë`m~mocÊ`mZo Ë`m§À`m C{Û¾VoV â KmVcr. `m gdmªMm n[aUm_ åhUOo VwH$mam_m§Mo _Zg§gmamdê$Z CS>mco d na_mWm©H$S>o dico. g§gma H$aVm H$aVm {dÇ>cZm_mMm JOa H$aÊ`mMmZo_ Ë`m§Zr R>odcm. Ë`m§Mr g§gmamgŠVr hiyhiy H$_r hmoD$ cmJcr. Ë`m§Zr Amnë`m IVnÌm§MrdmQ>Ur H$ê$Z YmH$Q>m ^mD$ H$mÝhmo~m `mcm Ë`mMm dmQ>m XoD$Z Q>mH$cm. EHo$H$mir CÎm_ì`dgm` H$aUmè`m VwH$mo~m§À`m Xmar H$O©Xma òD$ cmJco. g§gmamÀ`m H$Q>H$Q>rVyZ _wŠVr{_i{dÊ`mgmR>r Vo ^m§~{JarÀ`m S>m|Jamda OmD$Z Zm_ñ_aU H$arV ~gco. 15 {Xdgm§Z§VaË`m§Zm na_oídamMm gmjmËH$ma Pmcm. Ë`mZ§Va JmdmV OmD$Z Ë`m§Zr ÔZ, H$sV©ZmMm CnH«$_gwê$ Ho$cm. eHo$ 1561 _Üò Ë`m§Zm ~m~mOr M¡VÝ`m§H$Sy>Z ñdßZmV am_H¥$îUhar _§ÌmMmAZwJ«h Pmcm. 1562 À`m Xaå`mZ VwH$mam_m§Zm H${dËdñ\y$Vu Pmcr. Zm_Xodm§Zr Ë`m§ZmñdßZmV {Xcocm ÑîQ>m§Vhr A^§JaMZocm H$maUr^yV Pmcm. nm§Sw>a§JmZo Zm_Xodm§Zm Ho$cocreVH$moQ>r A^§JmMr Amkm Anwar am{hcr Vr VwH$mam_m§Zr nyU© Ho$cr.

g_mOmV dmdaVmZm VwH$mam_m§Zm Om{VôXmÀ`m OmMmcm gm_moao Omdo cmJco. _§~mOr~wdm,emñÌr gmcmo_mcmo `m§Zr VwH$mam_m§Zm {Xcocm Ìmg, am_oída ^Å>mZo B§ÐmÙrV ~wS>{dcoë`m


A^§JmÀ`m døm hr `m§Mr CXmhaUo hmoV. VwH$mam_m§Zr Ho$coë`m M_ËH$mamÀ`m Am»`m{`H$mhrgm§{JVë`m OmVmV. B. g. 1649 (eHo$ 1561) _Üò Vo gXoh d¡Hw§$R>mcm Joco AerhrAm»`m{`H$m Amho.

11.3 VwH$mam_m§Mo A^§J

VwH$mam_m§Mo gw_mao nmM hOma A^§J CncãY AmhoV. gm§àXm{`H$, àmg§{JH$, ñ\w$Q> aMZmAgo Ë`m§Mo ñWyc_mZmZo dJuH$aU H$aVm òVo. JrVm Am{U ^mJdV `m§Mm VwH$mam_m§Mm ì`mg§JJmT>m hmoVm. {dîUwghòZm_mMm C„oIhr Ë`m§À`m aMZoV òVmo. Zm_Xodm§Mr N>mnhr Ë`m§À`mA^§JaMZoda {XgVo. ^ŠVmMr CËH$Q>Vm, naIS>nUm, CËñ\y$V©Vm, {Z^r©S>nUm, dmUrMràIaVm ho VwH$mam_m§À`m ì`pŠV_ÎdmVrc gd© {deof Ë`m§À`m A^§JaMZoVyZhr OmUdVmV.

H$Ý`m gmgwamgr Omò & _mJo naVmoZr nmho &

V¡go Pmco _mÂ`m Ordm & H$Yr ôQ>gr Ho$edm &&

Aer na_oídaôQ>rMr AmV©Vm VwH$mam_ ì`ŠV H$aVmV. VËH$mcrZ g_mOmV ewÐm§Zm{_iUmar hrZ dmJUyH$ VwH$mam_m§Zm OmMcr Am{U Amnë`m AmMaUmVyZ na_oídaàmár PmcocoVwH$mam_ {ZjyZ gm§JVmV.

doXm§Mm Vmo AW© AmåhmgrMo R>mdm

òam§Zr dhmdm ^ma _mWm &

na_oída Xe©ZmZ§Va Ë`m§Zr AZw^dcocm AZwn_ gmohim dU©Z H$aVmZm Vo åhUVmV.

AmZ§XmMo S>mohr AmZ§XVa§J

AmZ§XMr A§J AmZ§XmMo

H$m` gm§Jmo Omco H$mhr{M`m ~mhr

nwT>o Mmcr Zmhr AmdS>rZo &

Ë`mZ§Va AmnU AZw^dcoë`m gJwU na_oídamMo ê$ndU©Zhr Vo H$aVmV.

gw§Xa Vo Ü`mZ Cô {dQ>odar & H$a H$Q>mdar R>ody{Z`m &

Vwigrhma Jim H$mgo {nVm§~a & AmdS>o {Za§Va ho{M Ü`mZ &

_H$a Hw§$S>co VinVr ldUr & H§$R>r H$m¡ñVw^_Ur {dam{OV &&

{dÇ>c JwUdU©Z, n§T>ar_mhmËå`, Zm__{h_m, Xod^ŠVr, gJwU-{ZJw©U B©ída, B.nma_m{W©H$ JmoîQ>r VwH$mam_ Amnë`m A^§JmVyZ {deX H$aVmV. na§Vw Ë`m§Mo gdmªV _hÎdmMoH$m`© åhUOo Ë`m§Zr Ho$cocm X§^ñ\$moQ>, g_mOmVrc A§YlÕm, ~wdm~mOr, T>m|JrnUm `mda

VwH$mam_/ 189

VwH$mam_ ho ^mJdV Y_m©Mm H$ig hmoVo.

Ë`mH$mir Ho$cocr H$S>H$Sy>Z Q>rH$m. A^ŠV ~«m÷U, Vm|S>r V§~mIyMr Zir YaUmao Jmogmdr,g§Vm§Mm _Ëga H$aUmao ZmpñVH$ `m gdmªda VwH$mam_m§Zr VrúU eãXm§V h„m MT>{dcm.

S>moB© dmT>dy{Z Ho$e & ^yV| Am{UVr A§Jmg

Var Vo Zìh{V g§VOZ & VoWo Zmhr AmË_IwU

_oidy{Z ZaZmar & eHw$Z gm§JVr ZmZmnar &

VwH$m åhUo _¢X & Zmhr Ë`mnmgr JmoqdX &

EImXm {dMma nQ>dyZ XoVmZm VwH$mam_ Ooìhm ÑîQ>m§V XoVmV, Voìhm H$Yr H$Yr {dZmoXmMrPmca cmdyZ Ë`mV Zo_Ho$nUm AmUVmV. ~«÷àmárMm Cnm` hmM Anm` g_OUmè`m EH$m _yI©_mUgmMo dU©Z Vo nwT>rc eãXm§V H$aVmV.

T>mc Vcdmao Jw§Vco ho H$a & åhUo _r OwPm§a H¡$gm Pw§Omo

noQ>r nS>Xio {gco Q>mon AmoPo & ho Vmo Pmco XyOo _aU_yi

~¡g{dco _cm òUo Aídmdar & Ymdy niy Var H¡$gm AmVm

Agmo{Z Cnm` åhUo ho Anm` & åhUo hm` hm` H$m` H$ê$

VwH$m åhUo hmVmo ñd§ò na~«÷ & _yI© ZoUo d_© g§VMaU &

d¥jd„r Amåhm gmoào dZMao & njrò gwñdao Ami{dVr Agm {ZgJm©er g§dmX gmYUmam_ZmMm VmOonUm d H$mo_cVm hr VwH$mam_m§Odi hmoVr.

"^co Var XoD$ H$mgoMr c§JmoQ>r & ZmR>mimMo _mWr hmUy H$mR>r&' Ago naIS>nUogwZmdUmè`m, "OrdZm doJir _mgmoir & V¡gm VwH$m Vi_ir &' Ago {dÇ>cmcm AmV©nUoAmidUmè`m Va "gmoB©ao YmBao {Xë`m KoVë`mMo & A§V ho H$mirMo Zmhr H$moUr&' hoñdrH$maUmè`m VwH$mam_m§À`m A^§JmV AZoH$ àH$maÀ`m ^mdÀN>Q>m {XgyZ òVmV. VwH$mam_m§À`m^{º$H$ënZoV Zm__{h_m Vo dU©Z H$aVmV. na_oídaàmárH$[aVm g§Ý`mg KoD$Z dZm_ÜòOmÊ`mMr JaO Zmhr. Xod Amnë`m KamVgwÕm AgVmo. EdT>oM Zìho Va XodmÀ`m Xe©ZmgmR>rXodimV OmÊ`mMrhr Amdí`H$Vm Zmhr. EH$_oH$m§À`m öX`mV dgcoë`m na_oídamMr nyOmH$aUo _hÎdmMo Ago Vo gm§JVmV. Aer gmYr gmonr ^ŠVr H$aVmZm Hw$Ur qZXm Ho$crM VaqMVm H$aÊ`mMo H$maU Zmhr. H$maU qZXH$m_wioM Amnë`mVrc Xmof H$iVmV. AmnU VogwYmê$ eH$Vmo. BVH$m àJV {dMma VwH$mam_ H$aVmV.

"gwI nmhVm OdmnmS>o & Xw:I nd©VmEdT>o &'

"ewÕ ~rOmnmoQ>r & \$io agmi Jmo_Q>r &'

"{ZíM`mMo ~i & VwH$m åhUo Vo{M \$i &'

Ago gw^m{fVm§Mo ñdê$n VwH$mam_m§À`m {H$ËòH$ A^§JMaZm§Zm àmá Pmco Amho. H$maUAënmjaVm d CËH$Q>Vm hm Ë`m§À`m H$mì`mMm {deof Amho. AZoH$ A^§Jm§V VwH$mam_ g§Vm§Mm


_{h_m dU©Z H$aVmV. EdT>oM Zìho, Va kmZoídam§~amo~a am_, H¥$îU Am{U hZw_§VmMo JwUJmZhrVo H$aVmV. ^ŠVloîR> hZw_§Vmcm Vo ^ŠVrÀ`m dmQ>m {dMmaVmV.

eaU eaU Or hZw_§Vm & VwO Amcmo am_XyVm

H$m` ^ŠVrÀ`m Ë`m dmQ>m & _O Xmdmì`m gw^Q>m

eya Am{U Yra & ñdm_rH$mOr Vy gmXa

VwH$m åhUo éÐm & A§OZr{M`m Hw$_am &

na_oídaàmárZ§Va _mUgmcm _mojmMr BÀN>m AgVo. na§Vw VwH$mam_ {dÇ>cmMr godmH$aÊ`mgmR>r Ë`mÀ`mH$S>o nwZ:nwÝhm _ZwîÒÝ_mcm KmcÊ`mMr {dZ§Vr H$aVmV. VwH$m åhUoJ^©dmgr, gwIo Kmcmdo Amåhmgr &

_mUgm§Zr EH$_oH$m§_Yrc ôXmôX gmoSy>Z ÚmdoV. H$maU na_oídamnmer gd©OU g_mZMAmhoV ho gm§JVmZm VwH$mam_ åhUVmV,

ewÕmewÕ {ZdS>o H¡$go,

M_©_mg {^Þ Zmhr

H$mhr A{YH$ Zmhr CUo,

H$dÊ`m JwUo Xodmgr &

dma§dma Ho$cocm hm CnXoe _mUgmZo _mZcm nm{hOo. ZmhrVa eodQ>r Ë`mcmM Ìmg hmoB©c AgonamonarZo Vo g_OmdVmV.

ehm{U`m nwao EH${M dMZ,

{demaVr IwU Vo{M Ë`mgr

CnXoe Ago ~hþVm§H$maU|,

KoVcm Vmo _Zo nm{hOohm

g§gmar _mUgmZo {H$Vrhr R>adco Var Vmo nwZ:nwÝhm g§gmamV AS>H$VmoM. {deofV: pñÌ`m§Mo _Zg§gmamV \$ma Jw§Vcoco AgVo. VwH$mam_ gmgy-gwZoÀ`m g§dmXmMm A{Ve` gw§Xa XmIcm EH$mA^§JmVyZ XoVmV. Amdm n§T>anwamcm OmVm OmVm nwÝhm Kar òVo Am{U gwZocm gyMZm XoD$cmJVo "_mPo hmVrMm H$cdSy>, _OdmMw{Z ZH$mo \$moSy>' didQ>{jarMo {c§nZ, ZH$mo \$moSy>_OdmMyZ,... {^jwH$ Amë`m Kam§, gm§J Jocr n§T>anwam' ho EoHy$Z gyZ åhUVo, "gmgy~mB© ñd{hVOmoS>m, gd© _mJrc Amem gmoS>m.' nU ho EoHy$Z gmgy åhUVo, "_wco, coH$ao, KaXma, _mPo òWo{Mn§T>anya &' VwH$mam_ eodQ>r åhUVmV, "VwH$m åhUo Eogo OZ, Jmo{d`co _mòH$ê$Z.'

_mUgmMm ñd^mdY_© ghOmghOr gwQ>V Zmhr. Ë`mcm {H$Vrhr g_Omdco Var Vmo _yiñd^mdmZwgmaM H$_© H$aVmo

VwH$mam_/ 191

JmT>d e¥§Jm[aco H$moS>o

H$mhr Ho$ë`m Zìho KmoS>o

Ë`m§Mo ^w§H$Uo Zamho

ñd^mdmgr H$arc H$mò

ídmZ {e{~Ho$ ~¡g{dco,

^w§H$Vm Zamho CJco

VwH$m åhUo ñd^mdH$_©

H$mhr Ho$ë`m Z gwQ>o Y_©

Varhr _mUgmZo Zoho_r gmdYnUo OJco nm{hOo. ^ŠVr H$aUohr H$R>rU Amho; nU VrHo$ë`mZoM OÝ_ gmW©H$s cmJVmo.

^pŠV Vmo H$R>rU ewimdarc nmoir,

{ZdS>o Vmo ~ir {daim eya

OoWo nmho VoWo XoIrMm nd©V,

nm`m{dU q^V VmVS>rMr...

VwH$m åhUo _Zm nm{hOo A§Hw$e

{ZË` Zdm {Xg OmJ¥VrMm

Aem àH$mao VwH$mam_m§À`m A^§JmV AË`§V {d{dYVm Amho Am{U X¡Z§{XZ CXmhaUmVyZgm_mÝ` OZm§Zm ^ŠVrMm Am{U Ë`mM~amo~a gwH$_m©Mm CnXoe Vo H$aVmV.


11.2 d 11.3 Amnbr àJVr Vnmgm : 1) VwH$mam_ ho ^mJdV Y_m©Mm ................................. hmoVo.

1) nm`m 2) H$ig 3) Im§~

2) VwH$mam_m§Mm OÝ_ H$moUË`m JmdmV Pmcm?

1) Ami§Xr 2) Xohr 3) Am§~oOmoJmB©

3) VwH$mam_m§Mm OÝ_ H$moUË`m gmcr Pmcm?

1) eHo$ 1528 2) eHo$ 1525 3) eHo$ 1520

g_mOmVrc A§YlÕm d ~wdm~mOrMm X§^ñ\$moQ> VwH$mam_m§Zr Ho$cm.

11.4 VwH$mam_m§À`m A^§JmMr ^mfm

EImÚm coIH$mcm, H$drcm eãXm§Mo \$ma _hÎd AgVo. VwH$mam_m§Zr Amnë`m EH$mA^§JmVM "...eãXo dmQy> YZ OZcmoH$m' Ago åhUyZ R>odco. dmñV{dH$ H$mhr doim Ë`m§Zr eãXeñÌmgmaIohr dmnaco. VwH$mam_m§Mr aMZm CËñ\y$V©, g_`mo{MV Amho. VwH$mam_m§Zm Am`wî`mVÁ`m Á`m n[apñWVrcm gm_moao Omdo cmJco Ë`mZwgma Ë`m§Mr ^mfmhr ~XcV Jocr. H$Yr VrcmoÊ`mhÿZhr _D$, Va H$Yr dO«mhÿZ H$R>moa ~Zcr. Ë`m§À`m H$mimV Or OmZnX ^mfm hmoVr{VMmhr à^md Ë`m§À`m coIZe¡crda hmoVm. CËñ\y$V© aMZm Am{U J«m_rU eãXg§Ho$V `m§_wioË`m§À`m ^mfocm d¡{eîQ>çnyU©Vm cm^cr. VwH$mam_m§Zr ^ŠVr d H$mì` `m§Mm g§~§Y AVyQ>_mZcm. g§JrVmMo _hÎdgwÕm Ë`m§Zr _mÝ` Ho$co hmoVo.

"Q>mi dmÚ JrV Z¥Ë` Ÿ& A§V:H$aU ào_^[aV &

d{U©Vm Vmo H$sV© & VX²^mdZo coImdm &

qH$dm

"Jm`ZmMo a§Jr & epŠV AX²^wV ho A§Jr &' `m n§ŠVtdê$Z ho {gÕ hmoVo.

H$Yr H$Yr VwH$mam_m§À`m H$mì`mV H$éU, AmV© ^md {XgV Agcm, Var Vo Pw§Oma Am{UAmH«$_H$ H$dr åhUyZ à{gÕ AmhoV. gË`mÀ`m A{^ì`ŠVr_wio Ë`m§À`m eãXm§ZmM EH$ YmaòVo. Vo Ooìhm g_mOmVrc ~wdm~mOr, T>m|JrnUm, Xm§{^H$nUmda eãXm§Mo H$moaS>o AmoT>VmV Voìhmho nQ>Vo.

ghO dof Ë`mMm & VoWo AZw^dmMm H$m` n§W &

qH$dm

VwH$mam_/ 193

4) VwH$mam_m§Zm H$moUmH$Sy>Z AZwJ«h Pmcm?

1) Jmdg 2) g{ƒXmZ§X 3) ~m~mOr M¡VÝ`

5) VwH$mam_m§À`m A^§Jm§À`m døm B§ÐmÙrV H$moUr ~wS>{dë`m?

1) gmcmo_mcmo 2) Mm§JXod 3) am_oída ^Å>

6) doXm§Mm Vmo AW© ................... R>mdm Ÿ&

1) BVam§g 2) gdmªg 3) Amåhmgr

7) OrdZm ....................... _mgmoir & V¡gm VwH$m Vi_i &

1) gmaIr 2) doJir 3) à_mUo

8) AënmjaVm d ...................... hm VwH$mam_m§À`m H$mì`mMm {deof Amho.

1) CËH$Q>Vm 2) gm¢X`© 3) Amc§H$m[aH$Vm

AW}{dU nmR>m§Va H$mg`m H$amdo,

ì`W©{M _amdo KmoHy${Z`m &

EImXm {df` gm§JVmZm VwH$mam_ Zoh_r dŠË`mÀ`m ^y{_Ho$V {XgVmV. Ë`m§À`m H$mì`mVhOmamo lmoË`m§Zm ào[aV H$aÊ`mMr AmdmhZmË_H$Vm Amho. CXm.

"Amcr qghñW nd©Ur &

Ýhmì`m^Q>m§ Pmcr YUr &

qH$dm

"KmoQ>drZ cmi ~«÷kmÝ`m hmVr &

_wŠVm AmË_pñWVr gm§S>drZ &

na_oídamÀ`m gd©ì`mnH$Ëdm{df`r ~mocVmZm Ë`m§Mr ^mfm gm_Ï`©dmZ hmoVmZm {XgVo.CXm.

"AZ§V ~«÷m§S>o O`m{M`m nmoQ>t &

Vmo Amåhm§ g§nwîQ>r ^pŠV^mdo &'

VwH$mam_m§À`m ^mfoMo EH$ d¡{eîQ>ç åhUOo g§{já, Aënmjar, gwQ>gwQ>rV AW©J^©aMZo_wio VwH$mam_m§À`m H$mì`mcm gw{dMmam§Mo qH$dm dMZm§Mo _hÎd àmá Pmcoco {XgVo. AmOhrì`dhmamV ~mocVmZm AmnU AZoH$Xm ghOnUo Vr dMZo dmnaVmo. CXm. "Am{c`m ^moJmgr...',"ewÕ ~rOm~moQ>r, chmZnU Xo Jm Xodm, Oo H$m a§Oco Jm§Oco B. Ë`m§À`m ^mfoV J«m_rU ^mfoVrcam§JS>o eãXhr AmT>iVmV. "åhUVm am_ am_ VwÂ`m ~mMo H$m`m doM| &' gm_mÝÒZm§er Ë`m§À`mM^mfoV ~mocyZ OmJo H$aÊ`mMo H$m_ VwH$mam_m§Zr Ho$co.

Ë`m§Zm AW©nyU© eãXm§Mr aMZm {dZmgm`mg O_Vo. H$Yr eãXm§À`m {ÛéŠVr_wioAZw^dmcm gYZVm òVo. CXm. "VwH$m åhUo òUo AmZ§Xr AmZ§Xw & Jmo{d§Xo JmoqdXw {nH${dcm &'qH$dm "AmZ§XmMo S>mohr AmZ§X Va§J & AZ§X{M A§J & AmZ§XmMo. gwI-Xw:ImMm n[aUm_à^mdrnUo ì`ŠV H$aVmZm, Vo nwÊ`m{M`m amer, Xw:ImMo S>m|Ja, ào_mMm H$„moi AgoH$ënZm~§Y dmnaVmV. gmdio na~«÷, gwImMm gmJê$, XrZm§Mm gmoàm, hfm©Mohr H$moS> Aerg§~moYZo dmnaë`mZo {dÇ>cmMr _yVuhr M¡VÝ`_` hmoD$Z OmVo.

H$mhr doim H$mhr eãXm§À`m AWm©Mo nXa CcJSy>Z Ë`m eãXmcm Zdo AW©n[a_mU XoVmV.CXm. "OmV' hm eãX.

VoWo nm{hOo OmVrMo & òam J~mimMo H$m_ Zmoho &&

Eogr H$idiçmMr OmVr & H$ar cm^m{dU àrVr &

_m{Pò OmVrMm _O ôQ>mo H$moUr &


`m VrZhr CXmhaUmV CnOV JwU A§Jr AgUmam, {d{eîQ> ñd^mdY_© Am{U ñd^mdmVrcgmaIonUm Ago OmV `m eãXmMo AW©ôX CcJS>VmV.

AmUIr _hÎdmMo åhUOo VwH$mam_m§Mr JmWm EH$ àH$mao AmË_H$WZM Amho. Am`wî`mVKS>V Jocoë`m AZoH$ KQ>Zm, Ë`m§Mo OrdZmda Pmcoco n[aUm_, Ë`mVyZ KS>V Jococm Ë`m§Mm{dMma `m gd© JmoîQ>r Ë`m§Zr AË`§V àm§OinUo doimodoir Amnë`m A^§Jm§VyZ _m§S>ë`m AmhoV.VwH$mam_m§Zr Oar AmË_M[aÌ {c{hco Zgco, Var AmË_M[aÌ `m gm{hË` àH$mamV AmT>iUmamnmaXeunUm, gË`Vm, VmQ>ñÏ`d¥Îmr hr gd© d¡{eîQ>ço Ë`m§À`m A^§JmV AmT>iVmV Am{UVarhr ^mdmoËH$Q>VoZo ho A^§J _mUgmcm hocmdyZ Q>mH$VmV. ñdV:~Ôc Hw$R>ohr Jm¡admoÒma ZH$mT>Vm "qZXH$mMo Ka Agmdo eoOmar' Ago VwH$mam_ åhUVmV. ewÐ dJm©V OÝ_mcm Amë`mMrH$moUVrhr I§V Z dmQy>Z KoVm, "~am Hw$U~r Ho$cmo & Zmhr Var X§ô{M AgVmo _ocmo' Ago VoåhUVmV. `mdê$Z OJÊ`mMr Ë`m§Mr D$_u d {H$Vrhr g§H$Q>o Amcr Var AmË_{dídmgmZoOJÊ`mMr VmH$X cjmV òVo.

Ë`m§Zr A^§JmÛmao Ho$cocm AmË_m{dîH$ma Ogm àm§Oi Amho VgoM Ë`m§À`m A^§JmMr ^mfmgmYr, gai Am{U Jo`VmnyU© Amho. am_oída^Å>m§Zr VwH$mam_m§À`m døm B§ÐmÙrV ~wS>{dë`mVoìhm M_ËH$mamZo Ë`m Vaë`m Agë`m, Var doerda Cä`m amhUmè`m dogH$amnmgyZ JmdmVrcgmoZma, cmohma, ~«m÷Um§n`ªV gdmªZmM VwH$mam_m§Mo A^§J _wImoX²JV hmoVo `m AWm©Zo Vo VacoAgo åhUVm òB©c. `mdê$Z VwH$mam_m§À`m ^mfoMo gmYonU cjmV òVo.

"KoB© KoB© _mPo dmMo

JmoS> Zm_ {dR>mo~mMo...'

"Ioi _m§{S>òcm dmid§Q>r R>m`r

ZmMVr d¡îUd ^mB© ao...&'

"d¥jd„r Amåhm gmo`r dZMao

njrhr gwñdao Ami{dVr...&'

hr CXmhaUo gm§JVm òVrc Am{U VwH$mam_m§Zr ñdV:M Amnë`m H${dËdm{df`r gm§JVmZm, "_O{díd§â ~moc{dVmoooo &' Ago åhQ>co Amho. EHy$UM ñdmZw^dm_wio VwH$mam_m§À`m H$mì`mV EH${Od§VnUm, agaerVnUm, AmOhr dmMUmè`mÀ`m _ZmMm R>md KoUmar CËH$Q>Vm Amho. AWm©VMho gmao Ë`m§À`m ^mfoVyZM A{^ì`ŠV hmoVo.

VwH$mam_m§À`m ^mfodê$Z Ë`m§Zr Ho$cocm g§VdmL>²_`mMm Aä`mghr cjmV òVmo.VwH$mam_m§Mr ^mfm ehmÊ`mcm eãXmMm _ma" Aem àH$maMr AgyZ, ZH$iV dmMH$mcm Q>ncr_maÊ`mMo H$m_ Vr ghO H$aVo.

H$mdiçmÀ`m Jim§ _wŠVm\$i_mim,

Var H$m` Ë`mcm ^yfU emoô...

VwH$mam_/ 195

VwH$m åhUo V¡go A^m{dH$ OZ,

Ë`m§gr dm`m§ grU H$ê$ Zò

VwH$mam_m§À`m A^§JmV Ë`m§Zr Amnë`m ì`dgm`mVrc à{V_m§Mm dmna> ~è`mMXm Ho$cocm{XgVmo.

âUr Amcr _wŠV noR>m,

H$am cmQ>m ì`mnma,

qH$dm

~ado XwH$mZr ~¡gmdo & ldU _ZZ Agmdo

gË` VamOy nm¡Yam & ZH$mam H¥${Ì_ {dH$a

VwH$mam_m§Mr CŠVr Am{U H¥$Vr `m§_Üò gX¡d EH$dmŠ`Vm am{hë`m_wio Ë`m§À`m A^§Jmcm EH$doJioM VoO cm^co Amho. AË`§V H$R>moa, naIS> Aem ^mfo~amo~a ê$ngw§Xa Am{U H$éUmnyU©^mfm Aer XmoÝhr Y«wdm§Zm g_mZ nmVirda AmUUmar ^mfm VwH$mam_m§À`m A^§Jm_Üò AmT>iVo.Amnë`mH$S>rc gm_Ï`©, gm¡OÝ` XmoÝhr OnÊ`mMr VwH$mam_m§Mr Or AmË`§{VH$ Vi_i hmoVrË`m_wio Ë`m§Mo A^§J A{YH$ cmoH${à` AmhoV.

Ë`m§Zr A^§JmV dmnacocr Cn_mZo, à{V_m, à{VHo$ ì`dhmamVrc Agë`mZo cmoH$m§ZmcdH$a g_OVmV. "H$Ý`m gmgwam{g Omò, _mJo naVmoZr nmho', "~miodrU _m` jUâ Zamho&', "Vm§{~`mMo ZmUo ZMco Iè`m _moco &' dmoUì`m gmoH$ar "goV ImXco nmIar&' AerH$m¡Qw>§{~H$ OrdZmVrc Cn_mZo VwH$mam_m§Zr H$mì`mV dmnacr.

gƒr AZw^yVr, {Oìhmim, Vi_i B. ^mdZm§Zr VwH$mam_m§Mo A^§J A{YH$ AW©nyU© ~ZcoAmhoV.

Ë`m§Mr ^mfm Ho$di cmoH$m§Zm g_OUmar Aer Zìho, Va {VVH$sM CnhmgmË_H$, Iao kmZXoUmar Amho.

11.5 VwH$mam_m§Mo gm§ñH¥${VH$, gm_m{OH$ H$m`©

VwH$mam_m§Mo Ym{_©H$, gm§ñH¥${VH$, gm_m{OH$ H$m`©

kmZoídam§nmgyZ MmcV Amcocr {dÇ>c^ŠVrMr na§nam VwH$mam_m§Zr EH$m doJiçm C§MrdaZoD$Z R>odcr. ewÐ OmVrV OÝ_mcm òD$Zhr gXoh d¡Hw§$R>J_Zmn`ªVMm VwH$mam_m§MmOrdZàdmg Acm¡{H$H$ Amho. _wimV Cƒd{U©`m§À`m {damoYmcm, Ìmgmcm ~ir Z nS>VmVwH$mam_m§Zr "KmoQ>rd cmi ~«÷kmÝ`mhmVr & _wŠVm§ AmË_pñN>Vr gm§S>drZ' Agm ñdV:~ÔcMm{dídmg R>m_nUo ì`ŠV Ho$cm Am{U Vmo gmW© H$ê$Z XmI{dcm. gm_m{OH$ OmJ¥VrgmR>r Am{U


VwH$mam_m§Mr ^mfm EH$sH$S>o naIS> Va XwgarH$S>o H$éUmnyU© hmoVr.

^ŠVrMm àgma H$aÊ`mgmR>r Ë`m§Zm H$sV©Zg§ñWm A{YH$ Cn`wŠV dmQ>cr. h[aH$Wm dZm_g§H$sV©Z hmM B©ídaàmárMm gd©loîR> _mJ© Ë`m§Zr _mZcm. "`mao `mao chmZ Wmoa & `m{V^cVo Zmar Za' Ago AmdmhZ H$ê$Z dmaH$ar g§àXm`mÀ`m P|S>çmImcr nwÝhm EH$Xm gdmªZmEH$Ì AmUco.

^yVX`m _hÎdmMr Agcr, Var VwH$mam_m§Zr g_mOmcm S>moig ^ŠVr {eH$dcr.A§YlÕm§da OmoaXma Q>rH$m Ho$cr. MwH$sÀ`m H$ënZm§Zm Ë`m§Zr H$Yrhr IVnmUr KmVco Zmhr.gJwU na_oídamÀ`m Xe©ZmgmR>r AmVwa Pmcoë`m VwH$mam_m§Zr "Xod XohmV, H$m hmo OmVmXodimV?' Agm àýhr {dMmacm. ^moiçm ^m~S>çm cmoH$m§Zm \$gdyZ, XodmÀ`m ZmdmImcrË`m§Zm cwQ>Umè`m, MwH$sÀ`m _mJm©cm cmdUmè`m ~wdm§Mo Iao ñdê$n VwH$mam_m§Zr CKS> Ho$coAmho.

nm`m Pmcm Zmê$ & VoWo Z ~m§Ym H$mnwé

VoWo {~~ì`mMo H$m_ & AY_mgr Vmo AY_

Xodmdar qdMy Amcm & XodnyOm ZmdS>o Ë`mcm

VoWo n¡OmaoMo H$m_ & AY_m{g Vmo AY_ &

{ZgJm©er OdirH$ gmYUmè`m VwH$mam_m§Zr Ë`m H$mimV AË`§V nwamoJm_r Ago {dMma_m§S>co. AmOÀ`m H$mimVhr Vo Cn`wŠV R>amdo BVHo$ XyaJm_r AmhoV. nwÌàmárgmR>r AmOhrZdg-gm`mg H$aUmao cmoH$ nm{hco, H$s VwH$mam_m§Zr Ë`m H$mir {c{hcoco eãX AmR>dVmV.

d¡Ú dmM{dVr Ordm & Var H$mUo Ü`mV| Xodm &

H$m` OmUmo H¡$gr nar & àmaãY Vo R>odr Car

Zdgo H$Ý`mnwÌ hmoVr & V[a H$m§ H$aUo cmJo nVr

OmUo hm {dMma & ñdm_r VwŠ`mMm XmVma &

Ë`m H$mir eoVr hm cmoH$m§Mm _w»` ì`dgm` hmoVm. _J noaUrÀ`m, H$mnUrÀ`m doirHw$UmMo _{V©H$ Pmco Va noaUr, H$mnUr Wm§~dmdr cmJo; na§Vw noaUr, H$mnUr {ZgJ©H«$_mZoMPmcr nm{hOo. _mUgmgmR>r H$mi Wm§~V Zmhr. åhUyZ "_T>o PmH$moZ H$amdr noaUr' AgonaIS>nUo VwH$mam_ gm§JVmV.

~hrU, ^mD$, ZmVr-JmoVr jU^§Jwa AgVmV. eodQ>r _mUyg EH$Q>m AgVmo. eodQ>rna_oídam{edm` H$moUr ZgVo. ^ŠVrMo _hÎd nQ>dyZ XoVmZm {df` dmgZm§_Üò Jw§Vcoë`mgd©gm_mÝ` _mUgm§Zm VwH$mam_ gm§JVmV.

... g»`m JmoÌ~{hUr gwImMo g§JVr & _moH$cwZr XoVr A§VH$mir &

... VwH$m åhUo AmVm gmoS> `m§Mr Amg & Yar Vo `m H$mg nm§Sw>a§Jm &

^ŠVrMm hm {dMma VwH$mam_m§Zr g§gmamV Jw§VyZ nS>coë`m EH$m gm_mÝ` ñÌrcmhr nQ>{dcm

> VwH$mam_/ 197

"Amdm Mmccr n§T>anwam & doernmgyZ Amcr Kam &' ho Ë`m§Mo ^mê$S> à{gÕ Amho.

qZXH$mH$S>o cj {Xë`mZo _mUgmMr àJVr hmoV Zmhr. Ë`m_wio Ë`mH$S>o cj Z XoVmAmnë`m _mJm©Zo AmnU MmcV amhUo hoM `mo½` Amho. Ago VwH$mam_ gm§JVmV.

qZXm H$moUr _mar & d§Xr H$moUr nyOm H$ar

_O ho hr Zmhr Vo Zmhr & doJim Xmoht nmgyZr &

Xoh^moJ ^moJo KS>o & O| Oo OmoS>o Vo ~ao

AdKo nmdo ZmamÙr & OZmX©Zr VwŠ`mMo

eHw$Z-AneHw$Z, ew^-Aew^ Aem g§H$ënZm§_Üòhr Jw§VyZ nSy> Zò, Ago Vo cmoH$m§ZmñnîQ> ~OmdVmV.

... AdKm Vmo eHw$Z öX`r XodmMo qMVZ

... VwH$m åhUo harÀ`m Xmgm ew^H$mi Ad¿`m {Xem...

gm_m{OH$ CX²~moYZmgmR>r cmoH$OrdZmVco ÑîQ>m§V Ë`m§Zr {Xco. eoXm§S> {enmB©, XmT>rdmcmnwam{UH$, n§T>argr OmD$ åhUUmar Amdm, dmK Am{U H$moëhm, IwemcM§Xr ~m`H$mo d ZmXmZZdam `m§gmaIr ì`pŠV{MÌo VwH$mam_m§Zr CnamoYJ^© eãXm§V aoImQ>cr. Aem ì`ŠVr Ë`m H$mirg_mOmV hmoË`m. VwH$mam_m§Mo H${dËd ho Ë`m§À`m AZw^yVrVyZ OÝ_ë`m_wio Vo AmOhr {VVHo$MIao Am{U CËH$Q> dmQ>Vo.

B©ídaàmárgmR>r dZmV OmÊ`mMrhr JaO Zmhr. ì`dhmar OrdZmVhr Vmo àmá hmoD$ eH$Vmohm {dMma VwH$mam_m§Zr gVV _m§S>cm. "gwIo òVmo Kam ZmamÙ' Ago Vo åhUV. _Z ewÕAgë`mIoarO ZwgË`m dZmV OmÊ`mMmhr H$mhr Cn`moJ Zmhr Ago Vo gm§JVmV. Ë`m H$mirgm_mÝÒZm§À`m e§Ho$Mo {ZagZ Ë`m§Zr Ho$co Amho Am{U dZmV OmÊ`mZo B©ídaàmár hmoB©cMAgo Zmhr Ago naIS>nUo Vo gm§JVmV. Ë`mM~amo~a Xwgè`m AWm©Zo Ym{_©H$ joÌmVrc~wdm~mOrcm, g§Ý`mgmcm Ë`m§Mm {damoY Amho. gmYy H$gm Zgmdm Am{U H$gm Agmdm ho XmoÝhrVo gm§JVmV. Ë`m_wio gm_mÝÒZm§Zm gmYwËd nmaIyZ KoÊ`mg VwH$mam_m§Zr {eH$dco.

H$Yr amJmZo Vo åhUVmV,

nmoQ>mgmR>r IQ>nQ> H$[agr AdKm doi &

am_ am_ åhUVm VwPr ~gcr XmVIri &&

Va H$Yr H$iH$irZo cmoH$m§Zm gm§JVmV. H$mimMr MmS> R>odm. doi OÝ_ nwÝhm òUma Zmhr.

CnOcm àmUr Z amho g§gmar,

~¡gcm goOmar H$mi Cgm

nmhm Vmo C§Xra, KoD${Z Om` ~moH$m,


V¡gm H$mi cmoH$m ZoV Ago

H$mhr Pmco Var _mUgmÀ`m hmVyZ AY_© KS>Vm H$m_m Zò. Xod-XodVm§À`m,A§YlÕm§À`m, OmVr`VoÀ`m {di»`mV gmnS>coë`m _mUgmcm gX¡d OmJo H$aÊ`mMo H$m_VwH$mam_m§Zr Ho$co.

~¡gmo{Z {Zdm§V ewÕ H$ar {MÎm & V`m gwIm A§Vnma Zmhr

òD${Z A§Var amhrc Jmonmi & gm`mgmMo \$i ~¡g{c`m &

Ago åhUyZ na_oída ôQ>rMm _mJ©hr gm§{JVcm.

^mJdVY_m©Mm H$ig R>acoco VwH$mam_ gm§ñH¥${VH$ d gm_m{OH$ OrdZmV CcWmnmcWH$aUmao g§VloîR> R>aco. Ë`m§Zr cmoH$m§Zm Ho$di {dÇ>c^ŠVr {eH$dcr Zmhr, Va S>moig ^ŠVr{eH$dcr. ì`dhma H$gm H$amdm Vo gm§{JVco. gm§gm[aH$ H$Q>H$Q>tnmgyZ _wŠVr H$er {_idmdrVo gm§{JVco. na_oídaàmár H$emZo hmoVo Vo gm§{JVco Am{U EH$ àH$mao gm_mÝ` _mUgmMo OJUoA{YH$ gmono Ho$co. ê$T>rJ«ñV _mUgmcm {dMmaàd¥Îm Ho$co Am{U ^ŠVm§Zm XodmÀ`m A{YH$Odi Zoco.

a§Oë`m-Jm§Oë`m§Zm Amncogo H$aUmam Vmo gmYy hr g§VËdmMr IyU Ë`m§Zr cmoH$m§Zmgm§{JVcr. kmZoídam§À`m dmQ>çmcm Amcocr Cnojm, `mVrhrZËdm_wio VwH$mam_m§Zrhr AZw^dcrAm{U am_oída ^Å>m§Zr B§ÐmÙr_Üò ~wS>{dcoë`m Ë`m§À`m A^§Jm§À`m døm Vaë`m hm M_ËH$ma~mOycm R>odcm, Var JmdÀ`m dogH$amnmgyZ ^Q>Orn`ªV gdmªZmM VwH$mam_m§Mo A^§J _wImoX²JVhmoVo. `m AWm©Zo Vo A^§J Vaco Ago åhUVm òB©c. `mMm AW© g_mOmcm éMoc, g_Ooc VmogmdY hmoB©c Aem nÕVrZo Ë`m§Zr A^§JaMZm Ho$cr. åhUyZM EdT>o dfmªZ§Va AmOhr Vo A^§JcjmV amhVmV. ewÐmVrewÐmcmhr ^ŠVrMr dmQ> gm§JUmè`m Am{U gOJnUo AdVr^modVrnmhm`cm cmdUmè`m VwH$mam_m§Zr Amnë`m H$m`m©V Ë`m H$mimÀ`m g_mOmV _moR>o Y_©OmJaUHo$co. cmoH$m§Zm hcdyZ OmJo Ho$co. ^mdZm Am{U ì`dhma `m§Mr gm§JS> KmcÊ`mg {eH${dco.CÎm_ ì`mnma H$gm H$amdm BWnmgyZ gmoZo Am{U _mVrg_mZ _mZUmar _ZmMr VQ>ñWVmAmnë`m AmMma {dMmam§VyZ g_mOmcm {eH${dcr.

eyÐ `mVr_mOr {ZpíMV &

OÝ_cm VwH$mam_ d¡îUd^ŠV

Omo OJX²Jwé _y{V©_§V

{dídmoÕmamW© AdVacm

Ago _{hnVr ~wdm§Zr Ho$coco VwH$mam_m§Mo dU©Z gmW© R>aVo.

VwH$mam_/ 199

g§V na§naoVrc AË`§V nwamoJm_r g§V åhUOo VwH$mam_.

11.6 g_mamon$

{_Ìm§Zmo, òWda AmnU VwH$mam_m§Mo OrdZ d H$m`© `mMm AmT>mdm KoVcm. kmZoídam§Zr nm`maMcoë`m ^mJdV Y_m©Mm H$ig R>acoco VwH$mam_ A{Ve` nwamoJm_r {dMmam§Mo g§V hmoVo. amoOÀ`m ì`dhmamV H$go dmJmdo BWnmgyZ na_oídaàmár H$er H$amdr BWn`ªVgd© JmoîQ>r Ë`m§Zr OZgm_mÝ`m§Zm gm§{JVë`m. naIS> eãXm§V g_mOmVrc ~wdm~mOr dA§YlÕm `m§da Q>rH$m Ho$cr Am{U gmYwËdmMo Iao ñdê$n CcJSy>Z XmIdco. dmaH$arg§àXm`mVrc H$ig R>acoë`m VwH$mam_m§Mo H$m`© Aä`mgë`mZ§Va nwT>rc àH$aUmV AmnUg_W© g§àXm`mÀ`m g_W© am_Xmg `m g§VmMm AmT>mdm KoUma AmhmoV.

11.7 gmam§e$

{_Ìm§Zmo, g§V na§nao_Üò A{Ve` naIS> eãXm§V, CnhmgJ^© e¡crV g_mOmVrcAY_m©da H$moaS>o AmoT>Umao g§V åhUOo VwH$mam_. dmÊ`mMm ì`dgm` H$ê$Z CÎm_ ì`dhma H$gmH$amdm ho Ë`m§Zr gm§{JVco; nU Ë`mM~amo~a AmnÎmr Amë`m_wio ì`dgm` ~wS>më`mda g§gmamVamhÿZhr na_oídaàmár H$er H$amdr hohr Ë`m§Zr gm§{JVco. H$Yr H$R>moa Va H$Yr _¥Xy ^mfmdmnê$Z Y_mªYVm Am{U AkmZmÀ`m ImB©V AS>H$coë`m cmoH$m§Mo S>moio CKS>co Am[U Ë`m§ZmS>moig ^ŠVr {eH$dyZ dmaH$ar g§àXm`mÀ`m P|S>çmImcr EH$Ì AmUco. åhUyZM dmaH$arg§àXm`mMm H$ig Ago Ë`m§Zm åhQ>co OmVo. Ë`m§Zr JmWoÛmao OZgm_mÝ`m§Zm ^ŠVrMm gmonm_mJ© XmIdcm.


11.4 d 11.5 Amnbr àJVr Vnmgm :

MyH$ H$s ~amo~a {chm

1) VwH$mam_ Pw§Oma Am{U AmH«$_H$ H$dr åhUyZ à{gÕ AmhoV.

2) VwH$mam_m§À`m A^§JmV AmdmhZmË_H$Vm Amho.

3) VwH$mam_m§Mr ^mfm nmëhm{iH$ Amho.

4) VwH$m_m§Mr "ho H$mì` _rM Ho$co Amho' Aer ^mdZm Amho.

5) VwH$mam_m§À`m A^§JmVrc Cn_mZo ì`dhmamVrc AmhoV.

6) VwH$mam_ {dMmamZo nwamoJm_r hmoVo.

7) ^mdZm Am{U ì`dhma `mMr gm§JS> KmcÊ`mg VwH$mam_m§Zr {eH${dco.


11.2 d 11.3

1. H$ig 2. Xohÿ 3. eHo$ 1528

4. ~m~mOr M¡VÝ` 5. am_oída ^Å> 6. Amåhmgr

7. doJir 8. CËH$Q>Vm

11.4 d 11.5

1. ~amo~a 2. ~amo~a 3. MyH$

4. MyH$ 5. ~amo~a 6. ~amo~a

7. ~amo~a.

***

VwH$mam_/ 201


A{YH$ {Q>nUmgmR>r

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àH$aU : 12

g_W© am_Xmg

( Xmg~moY, g_W© g§àXm`, H$éUmï>Ho$,_ZmMo ûcmoH$, doUm~mB©)

12.0 C{Ôï>o

{dÚmWu {_Ìm§Zmo, g§Vna§naoV g_m{dï> hmoUmè`m; na§Vw doJim g§àXm` {Z_m©U H$aUmè`mam_Xmg `m§Mm Aä`mg AmnU `m àH$aUmV H$aUma AmhmoV. `m àH$aUmMm Aä`mgHo$ë`mZ§Va Vwåhmbm,

g_W© am_Xmg / 203

12.0 C{ÔîQ>o

12.1 àmñVm{dH$

12.2 g_W© g§àXm`

12.3 am_Xmgm§Mo OrdZM[aÌ

12.4 am_Xmgm§Mo dmS²>_`rZ H$m`©

12.4.1 Xmg~moY

12.4.2 EH$drgg_mgr

12.4.3 _ZmMo íbmoH$

12.4.4 am_mÙ

12.4.5 ñ\w$Q> aMZm

12.4.6 H$éUmï>Ho$

12.5.7 amOH$s` àH$aUo

12.5 - doUm~mB©

12.6 am_Xmgm§Mo gm_m{OH$ , gm§ñH¥${VH$ H$m`©

12.7 g_mamon

12.8 gmam§e


l am_Xmgm§À`m dmL>²_`rZ H$m`m©Mm AmT>mdm KoVm òB©b.

l am_Xmgm§Mo gm_m{OH$ d gm§ñH¥${VH$ H$m`© ñnï> H$aVm òB©b.

12.1 àmñVm{dH$

{_Ìm§Zmo, `m àH$aUmV AmnU g_W© am_Xmgm§Mo H$m`©-H$V¥©Ëd OmUyZ KoUma AmhmoV._Ü``wJrZ dmS²>_`mMm {Vgam H$mbI§S> åhUOo 1650-1840. hm ñdamÁ`g§nmXZmMmñdamÁàjUmMm hmoVm. EH$ZmWm§À`m H$mimZ§Va _wºo$ída VwH$mam_m§À`m H$mimV amOH$s`n[apñWVr ~Xbbr hmoVr. Ym{_©H$ d¡_Zñ` dmT>bo hmoVo. 1674 _Üò {edemhrMm CX`Pmbm. `m H$mimVrb amOH$s`, gm_m{OH$, Ym{_©H$, gm§ñH¥${VH$ OrdZmMo {MÌ àH$fm©ZoÁ`m§À`m dmS²>_`mV {XgVo Ago g_W© am_Xmg g§V na§naoVrb AgyZhr, doJim g§àXm`{Z_m©U H$ê$Z Amnë`m H$m`©H$V¥©ËdmMm R>gm C_Q>{dUmè`m am_Xmgm§À`m H$m`m©Mr AmoiIAmVm H$ê$Z KoD$. Ë`mnydu g_W© g§àXm`mMr AmoiI H$ê$Z KoUo Bï> R>aob.

12.2 g_W© g§àXm`

_Ü``wJmÀ`m eodQ>À`m ndm©V g_W© g§àXm` CX`mg Ambm. kmZoída - Zm_Xodm§nmgyZMmbV Ambobr Or dmaH$ar na§nam hmoVr, gm_m{OH$, AmÜ`mpË_H$ OmJ¥VrMr Or Midi hmoVr{VMoM EH$ {dH${gV ê$n åhUyZ g_W© g§àXm`mH$S>o nmhVm òB©b. 17 ì`m eVH$mV _hmamîQ´>Añ_mZr gwbVmZrÀ`m H$MmQ>çmV gmnS>bm hmoVm. Aem doir g_W© am_Xmgm§Zr `m g§àXm`mMrñWmnZm Ho$cr. `mcmM _hmamîQ´> Y_©, am_Xmgr g§àXm` {H$§dm Xmg g§àXm` Agohr åhUVmV.Am{XZmamÙ, _hm{dîUw, h§g, ~«÷Xod, d{gð>, am_Xmg `m§à_mUo `m g§àXm`mMr na§namgm§JVm òVo. am_ d hZw_§V hr `m§Mr Cnmñ` X¡dVo hmoV. am_Xmgm§Zr {b{hbobm Xmg~moY hm`m n§WmMm A{YH¥$V J«§W hmoVm. AÜ`mË_{dÚobm Ë`m§Zr gd© {dÚm§Mo gma _mZbo. ^º$s, H$_©Am{U kmZ `m§{df`rMr g_WmªMr ^y{_H$m dmaH$ar g§àXm`mnojm doJir ZìhVr. AÛ¡VVÎdkmZ`m XmoÝhr g§àXm`m§g _mÝ` hmoVo. am_Xmgm§Zr {eî`m§Zm {Z:ñn¥hVoMm d {^jmQ>ZmMm CnXoeHo$bm. amOY_©, jmÌY_©,àOmY_© d amOnwéf B. àíZm§Mo dU©Z d D$hmnmoh H$ê$Z _hmamï´> Y_©dmT>{dÊ`mg g_WmªZr _XV Ho$br. naH$s` AmH«$_Umbm eh XoÊ`mgmR>r d gwÑT> OrdZmgmR>r~bmonmgZoda â {Xbm. {d{dY R>rH$mUr _R> ñWmnZ Ho$bo. g_WmªMo {R>H${R>H$mUMo _R> Am{UË`m§Zr XoemÀ`m {Za{Zamiçm ^mJmV ñWmnZ Ho$coco _méVr hr g_mOOmJ¥VrMr Am{Ug_WmªÀ`m gm{hË`àgmamMr _hËdmMr Ho$X| ~Zbr hmoVr. g_WmªZr Hw$Vw~emhr Am{UAm{XbemhrÀ`m öÔrVhr _R>ñWmnZm Ho$br. `m _R>m§Zr ñdamÁ`mg ~iH$Q>r AmUÊ`mMr Am{Ugm§ñH¥${VH$ OrdZ g_¥Õ H$aÊ`mMo _hÎdmMo H$m`© gmYco. `m _R>m§_wio gm{hË`{Z{_©Vr Am{Ug_mOOmJaU `m§Zm MmbZm {_imbr. gm§ñH¥${VH$ OrdZmMo g§dY©Z H$aÊ`mMo AË`§V`moOZm~Õ Ago H$m`© _hmamï´>mÀ`m B{VhmgmV àW_M g_W© am_Xmg Am{U Ë`m§À`m{eî`na§naoZo Ho$bo.


X{jU ^maVmV _amR>r gm{hË`mÀ`m {Z{_©VrMr XrK©H$mbrZ na§nam àñWm{nV H$aÊ`mMo_moR>o H$m`© g_WmªZr Ho$bo. Ë`mMà_mUo Xm{jUmË` g§JrVmghr Ë`m§Zr àoaUm {Xbr.

Oàm_ñdm_r dS>JmdH$a, a§JZmWñdm_r {ZJS>rH$a, Ho$edñdm_r ^mJmZJaH$a,AmZ§X_yVu ~«÷ZmiH$a d g_W© am_Xmg {_iyZ am_Xmgn§Mm`VZ {gÕ hmoVo.

nwT>o am_Xmgm§À`m níMmV ` g§àXm`mMr àoaUm bmon nmdbr. {^jmQ>Zmg d H$_©R>VogdmOdrnojm _hÎd {Xbo Jobo. am_^º$s~amo~a Vníd`m© d d«Vd¡H$ë`m§Zmhr ñWmZ {Xbo.am_Xmgm§À`m {eî`na§naoV d BVa _R>m{YnVt_Üò nwT>rb H$mimV H$bhM dmT>bm. Ë`m_wio `mg§àXm`mbm A{YH$ H$mi bmoH$ghdmg bm^bm Zmhr.

12.3 am_Xmgm§Mo OrdZM[aÌ

g§V_§S>imV g_m{dï> hmoD$Z ñdV:Mm doJim g§àXm` {Z_m©U H$aUmao g_W© am_Xmg.Om§~ JmdMo Hw$bH$U©nX d§ena§namJV am_Xmgm§À`m KamÊ`mH$S>o hmoVo. am_Xmgm§Mr AmB© amUy~mB©d dS>rb gy`m©Orn§V lram_mMr {ZË` CnmgZm H$arV. Ë`m§Zm J§JmYa d ZmamÙ Ago XmoZ nwÌPmbo. Ë`mVrb ZmamÙ åhUOo am_Xmg. eHo$ 1530 ( B. g.1608 ) _Üò Om§~ Jmdram_Xmgm§Mm OÝ_ Pmbm. Ë`m§À`m àËòH$ dmT>{Xder à{Vdfu am_Zd_rMm CËgd ÔZ-H$sV©ZmÀ`m JOamV gmOam hmoB©. Ë`mMm am_Xmgm§À`m ~mb_Zmda n[aUm_ Pmcm. amUy~mBªÀ`m_mhoar EH$ZmWm§Mm ^ŠVg§àXm` hmoVm. Ë`mMmhr à^md am_Xmgm§da hmoVm. EH$ZmWr am_mÙmMogVV ldU KSy>Z am_^ŠVrMo ~rO Ë`m§À`m _ZmV noabo Jobo. am_Xmgm§Mo Amamo½` CËH¥$ï>hmoVo. Zo_~mOrnmgyZ KmoS>oñdmarn`ªV gd© H$bm§V Vo nma§JV hmoVo. d`mÀ`m Zdì`m dfu eHo$1538 bm am_Xmgm§Zm lram_mMm AZwJ«h Pmbm. Voamì`m dfu "gmdYmZ' eãX EoHy$Zb¾_§S>nmVyZ Vo niyZ Jobo. B. g. 1610 Vo 1622 hr ~mam df} Zm{gH$Odi Q>mH$ir òWoamoO ghm Vmg H§$~aâ qH$dm Jimâ nmÊ`mV Cô amhÿZ nwaíMaU H$arV. B. g. 1632Vo 1644 nmgyZ Ë`m§Zr Amnë`m g§àXm`mMr C^maUr Ho$br. B. g. 1681 _Üòam_Xmgm§Zr g‚mZJS>mda Xoh R>odbm.

B. g. 1644 _Üò H¥$îUm{Var Amë`mda Ë`m§Zr YZwYm©ar am_M§Ð d hZw_mZ `mX¡dVm§À`m CnmgZoMm ñdV§Ì n§W C^mabm Am{U _hmamï´>bm ~bmonmgZoMr {eH$dU {XbrñdV: ~«÷Mmar amhÿZ ZoQ>H$m àn§M H$aÊ`mMr CÎm_ {eH$dU OZgm_mÝ`m§Zm {Xbr.

g_W© am_Xmg / 205

d¡{XH$ dUm©l_ Y_m©Mo am_monmgZoÀ`m ~imda nwZé‚mrdZ H$aUmam g§àXm`åhUOo g_W© g§àXm`.

eº$sMr CnmgZm H$aÊ`mMr _hÎdmMr {eH$dU am_Xmgm§Zr g_mOmbm {Xbr.

12.4 am_Xmgm§Mo dmL>²>_`rZ H$m`©

am_Xmgm§Mr gm{hË`g§nXm {d{dY àH$maMr Amho. AmÜ`mpË_H$ {dMma à{VnmXZ H$aUmaoQ>rH$mJ«§W Am{U ñ\w$Q> àH$aUo, Cnmñ`X¡dVm§Mo M[aÌ gm§JUmao Am»`mZH$mì`, CnXoena,AjaJUd¥ÎmmË_H$ àH$aUo, AmË_na AîQ>Ho$, A^§J d nXo, àmg§{JH$ ñdê$nmMr amOH$s`àH$aUo, ^ynmù`m, AmaË`m, ñVmoÌo Aem dmL>²>_`rZ aMZm Ë`m§Zr Ho$ë`m.

12.4.1 Xmg~moY

`m_Üò am_mÀ`m Xmgm§Zr Amnë`m {eî`m§Zm Ho$bobm CnXoe g_m{dï> Amho. Xmg~moY hrH$moUË`mhr g§ñH¥$V J«§Wmdarb Q>rH$m ZgyZ, AZoH$ dfmªÀ`m ì`mg§JmVyZ, qMVZmVyZ,{ZarjUmVyZ {b{hbr Jobobr hr dmL>²>_`H¥$Vr Amho. `mMo EHy$U 20 XeH$ AgyZ, àËòH$XeH$mV Xhm g_mg AmhoV. Ë`mMm boIZH$mi {ZpíMVnUo gm§JVm òV Zmhr. g_mgmVrbAmoì`m§Mr g§»`m, A§VJ©V {df`mÀ`m _hÎdmZwgma 20 nmgyZ 100 n`ªV H$_r-A{YH$ Amho.EHy$U 7751 hr Amodrg§»`m g_à_mUmV {d^mJbr Jococr Zmhr. Vr AZwH«$_o 3866 d



1) g_W© g§àXm` ................. eVH$mV CX`mg Ambm

1) 17 ì`m, 2) 12 ì`m, 3) 13 ì`m

2) am_ d ................. hr g_W© g§àXm`mMr Cnmñ`X¡dVo hmoVr.

1) H¥$îU, 2) ~bam_, 3) hZw_§V

3) `m g§àXm`mMm â ................. da hmoVm.

1) ^º$s, 2) ~bmonmgZm, 3) _y{V©nyOm

4) am_Xmgm§Mo Zmd ................. hmoVo.

1) ZmamÙ, 2) lram_, 3) H¥$îUH$m§V

5) am_Xmgm§Mm OÝ_ eHo$ ................. _Üò Pmbm.

1) 1530, 2) 1630, 3) 1730

6) ................. òWo am_Xmgm§Zr nwaíMaU Ho$bo.

1) Q>mH$ir, 2) _wéS>, 3) Om§~

7) am_Xmgm§Zr ZoQ>H$m ................. H$aÊ`mMr {eH$dU {Xbr.

1) àn§M, 2) amOH$maU, 3) ^º$s

8) am_Xmgm§Mm OÝ_ ................. `m Jmdr Pmbm.

1) Om§~, 2) `dV_mi, 3) n¡R>U

3885 Aer Amho. nydm©YmªV Ho$di AÜ`mË_ {df`, Va CÎmamYm©V AÜ`mË_m~amo~ag_mOYmaUobm nmofH$ Aem {d{dY {df`m§Mm nam_f© KoÊ`mV Ambm Amho. àmg§{JH$Vo~amo~a{df`m§Mr ì`mnH$Vm hr Xmg~moYmMr d¡{eïço AmhoV. H$mì`mb§H$ma Zgbo Var gai, AmoKdVr,AmË_àË``nyU© Aem Ame`mMr _m§S>Ur gd©Ì Agë`mZo, aMZoV ZragnUm OmUdV Zmhr.h[aH$Wm {ZénUmbm am_Xmgm§Zr _hÎd {Xbo Agbo, Var gmdYnUo d gmjonmZo Ho$bo OmUmaoamOH$maUhr {deX Ho$bo Amho. Zd{dYm^ŠVr, g¥ï>rMr C^maUr d g§hmaUr, gXJwébjU dgpÀN>î`bjU, Am{YX¡{dH$, Am{Y^m¡{VH$ `mM~amo~a boIZ{H«$`m, _yI©bjU dnT>V_yI©bjU, MmVw`©, H$mì`mMo {d{dY àH$ma, CÎm_ ZoË`mMo AWm©V g_mOZoË`mMo JwU,àn§MmMr d Ë`mVrb J¥hñWml_mMr Wmoadr Am{U amOH$maUmVrb _ybVÎdm§Mm D$hmnmoh AgodoJdoJiçm àH$maMo {df` Xmg~moYmV g_m{dï> Pmbobo AmhoV.

amOY_© Am{U jmÌY_© hr àH$aUo g_WmªÀ`m Mm¡\o$a Ñï>rMr, H$mim~ÔbÀ`mOmJê$H$VoMr Am{U amOH$maU{df`H$ Om{UdoMr gmj XoVmV. "O`mg {OdmMo dmQ>o ^` Ÿ&Ë`mZo jmÌY_© H$ê$ Zò' Ago g_W© ñnï>nUo gm§JVmV, Va g§gma ZrQ> Ho$ë`m{edm` na_mW©ZrQ> gmYUma Zmhr Agm CnXoe H$aVmV. am_Xmgm§Zr gm§{JVboë`m à`ËZdmXmbm ^ŠVrMmnm`m AmhoM. Ë`m_wio

"gm_W© Amho MidirMo & Omo Omo H$arb V`m§Mo &

A{Yð>mZ nm{hOo & ^Jd§VmMo Ÿ&'

Agm Ë`m§Mm {dídmg Amho.

n{hbo Vo h[aH$Wm{Zê$nU & Xwgao Vo amOH$maUŸ& {Vgao Vo gmdYnU& gd© {df`r'��`m AmodrVyZ Xmg~moYmVrb Ame`mMo ñdê$n bjmV òVo. Zd{dYm^º$sMm Am{U kmZmMmn[aM`hr am_Xmg `m J«§WmV H$ê$Z XoVmV. Jwé{eî`mMr bjUo Vo gm§JVmV. H$Yr Vo AmXe©nwéfmMr bjUo gm§JVmV, Va _yImªÀ`m XwJw©Um§Mr `mXr XoVmV. ^modVmbÀ`m gm_m{OH$n[apñWVrV Jm§Jê$Z Z OmVm OZgm_mÝ`m§Zr ZoQ>H$m àn§M Ho$bm nm{hOo. {ddoH$ OmJm R>odbmnm{hOo. Ë`mVM XohmMr gmW©H$Vm Amho.

g§gma _wirM ZmgH$m & {ddoH$E H$amdm ZoQ>H$m &

`m§Vrb amOY_© Am{U jmÌY_© `m àH$aUm§dê$Z VËH$mbrZ amOH$maUm{df`r am_Xmg{H$Vr OmJê$H$ hmoVo `mMr gmj nQ>Vo. _X© _mUgm§Zr H$mimMr nmdbo AmoiIyZ Mmbmdo. Xodm§MoamÁ` òÊ`mgmR>r AY_u bmoH$m§Zm _maVm _maVm dramZo _aU nËH$amdo. Ë`mgmR>r ZmZm`wŠË`m§Mr JaO Amho. g§nyU© g_mO ehmUm Pmbm nm{hOo. à`ËZdmX Am{U eº$sMr CnmgZm`m Jmoï>r gm§gm[aH$mbm Amdí`H$ AmhoV Am{U ho H$aVmZm na_oídamda {dídmg hdm. gm_Ï`©Amho MidirMo Omo Omo H$arb V`mMo & A{Yð>mZ nm{hOo ^Jd§VmMo &

g_WmªMr Aer {H$ËòH$ dMZo AmO gw^m{fVo åhUyZ à{gÜX nmdbr AmhoV. ñdV…MoApñVËd emoYÊ`mV d XodmMr AmoiI nQ>{dÊ`mV ZaXohmMr gmW©H$Vm Amho. Vr gmW©H$Vmàmá H$ê$Z KoÊ`mgmR>r CnmgZm Amdí`H$ Amho. na_mWm©da Ñï>r H$m`_ R>odyZ àn§M H$aUo

g_W© am_Xmg / 207

Amdí`H$ Amho. àn§MmV qH$dm na_mWm©V ^m½èmbr d g\$b OrdZ H$go OJmo hogm§JÊ`mgmR>r Xmg~moYmMr aMZm Pmbr.

Xmg~moYmÀ`m eodQ>r g_W© åhUVmV,

^º$m§Mo{Z gm{^_mZo & H¥$nm Ho$br XmeaWrZo &

g_W©H¥$noMr dMZo & Vmo hm Xmg~moY &

am_H¥$noZo ^º$mbm ñ\w$abobm hm Xmg~moY Amho. Vmo EH$m am_mÀ`m XmgmZo åhUOoam_Xmgm§Zr BVa Xmgm§Zm åhUOo am_^º$m§Zm Ho$bm Amho. {deof åhUOo na_mW© hm ^moiçm^m{dH$m§Mm {df` Zmhr, Va Vmohr gOJ amhÿZ Ho$bm nm{hOo.

åhUmo{Z {OVwH$m ^moim ^md & {VVwH$m AkmZm§Mm ñd^md &

AkmZo Var Xodm{YXod & nm{dOo H¡$Mm &

am_Xmgm§Mo d¡{eîQ>ç ho H$s Xmg~moYmÛmao àn§M Am{U na_mW© `mMr gm§JS> KmbyZ{ddoH$mZo XmoÝhr Jmoï>r H$aÊ`mMm g§Xoe gm_mÝÒZm§Zm Ë`mVyZ {_iVmo.

12.4.2 EH$drgg_mgr

21 g_mg g_m{dï> AgUmè`m `m aMZobm "OwZm Xmg~moY' Agohr åhUVmV.Xmg~moYmMr hr n{hbr AdñWm Agë`mMo gy{MV hmoVo. J«§WmMr Amodrg§»`m 1340 AgyZ,na_mW© {ddoMZ hm Ë`mMr bjUo, g§V_{h_m, na_mWm©Mr loð>Vm d àn§MnamS²>_wIVm ho `mVrbà_wI {df` AmhoV. B©ída^º$s H$aVmZm g§gmamMm Ë`mJ H$amdm ho nQ>dyZ XoVmZm g_W©åhUVmV.

"Aao O`mgr na_mW© ìhmdm & VoUo àn§M hm ËÒmdm &

àn§Mr na_mW© H$amdm & Vmo R>mHo$Zm gd©Wm &&'

lram_m{df`r am_Xmgm§À`m _ZmVrb CËH$Q> ào_^md n§Yamì`m g_mgmV dU©Z Ho$bobm{XgVmo. EH$drg g_mgrV {Zd¥ÎmrMo VÎdkmZ âbobo Amho. XodmMo g»`Ëd {_i{dÊ`mgmR>rOrdbJm§Mr VmQ>mVyQ> Pmbr, Va Mmbob Agm {dMma ì`º$ hmoVmo.

12.4.3 _ZmMo íbmoH$

am_Xmgm§Mo _ZmMo íbmoH$ Ë`m§À`m BVa aMZm§nojm A{YH$ n[a{MV AmhoV. am_Zd_rÀ`mCËgdmgmR>r gmYZgm_J«r {_imdr `m CÔoemZo `m íbmoH$m§Mr aMZm Pmbr, Aer gm§àXm{`H$H$Wm Amho. g_W©{eî` {^jm {_i{dÊ`mnydu EH$ íbmoH$ åhUyZ " O` O` aKwdra g_W©'Aer bbH$mar XoV AgV. Ë`m`moJo àËòH$ KamV EH$ EH$ {dMma XoÊ`mMo H$m`© g_W©g§àXm`mH$Sy>Z hmoVo Ago. `m íbmoH$m§Mr aMZm ^wO§Jà`mV d¥ÎmmV Agy, Ë`m§Mr g§»`m 205


Xmg~moYm_Üò am_mÀ`m Xmgm§Zr Amnë`m {eî`m§Zm Ho$bobm CnXoe AgyZ,Ë`mMr Amodrg§»`m 7751 Amho.

Amho. `m íbmoH$m§Mr aMZm àg§JmonmÎm Pmbr Agmdr. gm_mÝ` bmoH$m§Zm g_Oob, nQ>ob Aem^mfoV na_mWm©Mm CnXoe Ho$bm Amho. àn§M Am{U na_mW© H$aVmZm XmoÝhr {R>H$mUr _Zmdag§`_ amIUo, Ë`mÀ`m _`m©Xm d gm_Ï`© AmoiIUo AË`§V _hÎdmMo AgVo. g_WmªZr `míbmoH$m§_YyZ N>moQ>o-_moR>o {dMma ghOVoZo _m§S>bo AmhoV.

ZH$mo ao _Zm Ðì` Vo ny{T>bm§Mo Ÿ& AVr ñdmW©~wÜXr Z ao nmn gm§Mo Ÿ&

KS>o ^moJUo nmn Vo H$_© ImoQ>o Ÿ& Z hmoVm _Zmgm[aIo Xw:I _moR>o Ÿ&&

Aer ñdmW©namÙ d¥Îmr A§JrH$maÊ`mMm CnXoe Vo XoVmV, Va H$Yr jU^§JyaAm`wî`mMm _moh R>ody Zò ho gm§JVmZm g_W© åhUVmV,

_ao òH$ Ë`mMm XwOm emoH$ dmho Ÿ&

AH$ñ_mV Vmohr nwT>o OmV Amho Ÿ&

nwaoZm OZr bmo^ ao jmo^ Ë`mVo Ÿ&

åhUmoZr OZr _mJwVm OÝ_ KoVo &

am_Xmgm§Zr ñdV:À`mM _Zmbm ~moY H$ê$Z gm_mÝ` àmn§{MH$ bmoH$m§À`m _ZmMrAnyU©Vm ñnï> Ho$br Amho. `m _Zmbm nyUm©dñWoH$S>o OmUmar dmQ> XmI{dÊ`mgmR>r _Zmda Oog§ñH$ma KS>Uo Amdí`H$ AmhoV Vo g§ñH$maM EH$àH$mao _ZmÀ`m íbmoH$mVyZ dU©Z Ho$bo AmhoV.^JdX²>JrVo_Üò pñWVàkVm, `moJ, kmZ{Zð>m Am{U JwUmVrVVm `mÛmao OrdZ_wº$VoH$S>oOmÊ`mMr Or dmQ> XmIdbr Amho VrM EH$àH$mao `m_Üò am_Xmgm§Zr gm§{JVbr Amho.

H$moUË`mhr H$m`m©Mr gwédmV H$aVmZm _ZmV àW_ {dMma `«Vmo. `m {dMmambmg§ñH$m[aV H$aÊ`mgmR>r am_Xmgm§Zr VËdkmZ gm§{JVbo Amho.

_Zmbm am_màVr ~wÜXr pñWamdÊ`mg Vo gm§JVmV

_Zr bmoMZr lrhar Vmo{M nmho Ÿ&

OZr OmUVm ^º$ hmoD${Z amho Ÿ&

JwUr àr{V amIo H«$_y gmYZmMmŸ&&

OZr YÝ` Vmo Xmg gdm}Îm_mMm Ÿ&&

`m_Üò am_Xmg `mo½`mMr bjUo gm§JVmV, g‚mZm§Mo JwU gm§JVmV ^º$mMr bjUogm§JVmV, g‚mZm§Mo JwU gm§JVmV ^º$mMr bjUo gmJVmV, gË`mMm _mJ© H$WZ H$aVmV.nyd©H$_©, Xw:I, qMVm, g§gma , {dH$ma,H$V©ì`, OÝ_ - _¥Ë`y B. AZoH$ Jmoï>r {deX H$aVmV.H$gm ì`dhma H$amdm ho gm§JVmV Am{U eodQ>r `m 205 íbmoH$m§Mo _Z:nyd©H$ ldU Ho$bo Vagd© Xmof Zï> hmoVrb. kmZ d d¡a½`mMr àmár hmoD$Z _wº$s {_iob Aer ½dmhr XoVmV.

g_W© am_Xmg / 209

_ZmMr eVo EoH$Vm Xmof OmVr Ÿ&

_Vr_§X Vo gmYZm`mo½` hmoVr Ÿ&&

MXo kmZ d¡am½` gm_Ï`© A§Jr &&

åhUo Xmg {dídmgVm _w{º$^moJr Ÿ&&

g_WmªÀ`m g_mYrZ§Va Odinmg 60 dfmªZr (1749) EH$m gy\$s g§VmZo g_WmªÀ`m_ZmÀ`m íbmoH$m§Mo "_Zg_PmdZ' `m ZmdmZo XIZr ^mfoV ñd¡a ê$nm§Va Ho$bo. `mdê$Z Ë`míbmoH$m§Mo _hÎd Ü`mZmV òVo. AmOhr {H$ËòH$ Kam§V `m íbmoH$m§Mo nR>U Ho$bo OmVo.

12.4.4 am_mÙ

am_monmgZm hm am_Xmgm§Mm {nT>çmZ{nT>çm§Mm dmagm hmoVm. hr aMZm H$aVmZm Ë`m§À`m_Zmdarb EH$ZmWm§À`m ^mdmW© am_mÙmMo g§ñH$ma {XgyZ òVmV. am_amÁ`mMr JwT>rC^maÊ`mgmR>r lram_mZo AdVma KoVbm. ho gyÌ Agbo Var am_Xmgm§À`m am_mÙmMo {deofdoJio AmhoV. XmoZ am_mÙmn¡H$s EH$ "bKwam_mÙ' à_m{UH$ N>§XmV AgyZ, Ë`mV Ho$di`wÜXH$m§S> Amho. Ë`mMr íbmoH$g§»`m 125 Amho. bKwam_mÙ g_WmªZr Amnë`m nyd©d`mV{b{hbo Agmdo. _yi H$Wm am_mÙmVyZ KoD$Z Ë`mbm hdm Vgm AmH$ma {Xbm Amho. "OoUo\o${S>bm nm§J & ~«÷m{XH$m§Mm & ~io Vmo{S>bm ~§X Ë`m {ÌXem§Mm & åhUmoZr Xwgao am_mÙ _moR>oAgyZ "XrK© am_mÙ' Agmhr Ë`mMm C„oI Ho$bm OmVmo. `mV gw§Xa d `wÜX Aer XmoZ H$m§S>oAhoV. hr ^wO§Jà`mV d¥ÎmmV AgyZ, Ë`mVrb EHy$U íbmoH$m§Mr g§»`m 1462 Amho.Am`wî`mÀ`m eodQ>r g_WmªZr ho {b{hbo. _hmamï´>mV g§àXm`mÀ`m àgmamgmR>r g_WmªZr AZoH${R>H$mUr ^«_§Vr Ho$br. gyú_ {ZarjUm_wio AmgnmgÀ`m Eo{Vhm{gH$ KS>m_moS>tMo {MÌ `mam_mÙmV C_Q>bo Amho. b§Ho$V àdoe H$aÊ`mnmgyZ Vo naV A`moÜòbm {ZKÊ`mn`ªV am_Am{U amdU `m§À`m njmV doimodoir Pmboë`m eãXm§À`m d eóm§À`m MH$_H$s¨Mo {MÌU H$ê$Zg_WmªZr _mZdr ñd^mdmÀ`m N>Q>m _m{_©H$nUo d{U©ë`m AmhoV. am_mÀ`m naH«$_m~amo~a am_^º$hZw_mZ hohr Ë`m§Mo lÕmñWmZ Agë`mZo `m am_mÙmV hZw_mZmÀ`m namH«$_mMo dU©Zhr AmboAmho. `wÕ g§nVmM Amnë`m dmZagoZoMm Jm¡ad H$ê$Z lram_mZo grVobm {Zamon {Xbm Amho.amdUmMm na^d hmoVmM "{Z_më`mdar d¡a H$mhmo H$amdo' `m am_mÀ`m CÒmamVyZ amOZrVrMr{eH$dU am_Xmg XoVmV.

[any gmo{S>Vr Kmoa eóo PUmUm & ~io dmOVr ~mUm_mir IUmUm &

~hÿgmb ñ\w$q„J OmVr \$UmUm & _hr_§S>ir Kmof CR>o XUmUm &

`m draagmÀ`m Am{dîH$mam~amo~a amdU Am{U Ë`mMo amjgXi `m§Mr Ho${dbdmUrAdñWm {M{ÌV H$ê$Z hmñàgmMr {Z{_©Vr Ho$br Amho. VgoM H$modù`m d`mMm am_dZdmgmbm {ZKmbobm nmhÿZ H$m¡gëòÀ`m _mV¥öX`mV {Z_m©U Pmbobr AñdñWVm, {à`nwÌmMm dZdmg gwIH$a hmoÊ`mgmR>r {VZo {ZgJm©bm Ho$bobr {dZdUr bKwam_mÙmV am_Xmg


_ZmÀ`m íbmoH$m§Mr aMZm ^wO§Jà`mV d¥ÎmmV AgyZ, Ë`mMr g§»`m 205 Amho.

AË`§V H$mo_bVoZo ì`º$ H$aVmV.

lrgy`©amOm Hw$iXrn VyPm Ÿ& Vnm{g OmVmo aKwamO _mPm Ÿ&

ñnem} ZH$mo Vrd« {H$aUo V`mVo Ÿ& Ü`mZr {jVr dmQ>ob `mo{J`mVo Ÿ&

am_ hm Xwï>m§Mm g§hma H$aUmam hmoVm ho XmI{dÊ`mgmR>r `wÕmVbm am_ am_Xmgm§Zrd{U©bm d Ë`mMo OmJ¥V, gÒwUr, {ddoH$s d à`ËZerb _mUgmMo, Ý`m`ZrVrMo amÁ` åhUOoam_amÁ` Agm ^mdmW© Amnë`m gm{hË`mVyZ gy{MV Ho$bm.

12.4.5 ñ\w$Q>

am_Xmgm§À`m ñ\w$Q> aMZoMo XmoZ ^mJ H$aVm òVrb. n{hë`m ^mJmV AmË_na A^§J,AmaË`m, ^ynmù`m, nXo B. Mm g_mdoe Va Xwgè`m ^mJmV àg§JmZwê$n Ho$bobo nma_m{W©H$ñdê$nmMo boIZ, gm_m{OH$ d amOH$s` ñdê$nmMr ñ\w$Q> àH$aUmË_H$ aMZm gm_m{dï> hmoVo.kmZoídamXr g§Vm§Zr {dÇ>bmbm Cnmñ`X¡dV _mZyZ A^§JaMZm Ho$br, Va am_Xmgm§Zrlram_mbm AZwbjyZ A^§J {b{hbo. na§Vw, am_Xmgm§Mr A^§JaMZm {VVH$ser à{gÕ Zmhr.CbQ> "gwIH$Vm© Xw:IhVm©' hr JUnVrMr AmaVr, "bdWdVr {dH«$mim ~«÷m§S>r _mim' hre§H$amMr AmaVr, "^r_ê$nr ñVmoÌ' `m aMZm A{YH$ bmoH${à` AmhoV.

_amR>rà_mUo am_Xmgm§Zr qhXr ^mfoVhr nXaMZm Ho$br Amho. H$mhr {R>H$mUr XoeÐmohrqH$dm XwO©Z Aem åboNm>§{df`r Ë`m§Zr amJ ì`º$ Ho$bm Agbm, Var gd© _mZd EH$mM B©ídamMrboH$ao AmhoV hm {dMmahr àH$Q> Ho$bm Amho.

òH$ Or_rZ òH$hr nmZr Ÿ& òH$ AmVe Ag_mZ Ÿ&

òH$ _ohþ Amb_ MbmVm Ÿ& òH$ M§X gw^mZ Ÿ&

g§JrV joÌmVhr am_Xmgm§Mm A{YH$ma {XgyZ òVmo. "EWo H$m ao C^m lram_ & _Z_mohZ_oKí`m_m &' "Amåhr H$m` Hw$UmMo ImVo ao & Vmo am_ Amåhmbm XoVmo ao', "H$ë`mU H$ar Xodam`m'`m§gmaIr nXo Jm`ZmZwHy$b eãX`moOZm Am{U ào_i ^pŠV^md `m§_wio AmOhr åhQ>brOmVmV.

12.4.6 H$éUmï>Ho$

H$éUmï>H$m§Mr aMZm B. g.1625 Vo 1630 (e. 1547 Vo 1552 ) `m Xaå`mZPmbr Agmdr. Aï>Ho$ Agm C„oI Agbm, Var Ho$di AmR> íbmoH$m§Mo ~§YZ nmiyZ Vr{b{hbobr ZmhrV. nmMmnmgyZ drgm§n`ªV íbmoH$aMZm `mV AmT>iVo. gmYH$mdñWoVrbam_Xmgm§À`m A§Va§JmMo à{V{~§~ `m H$éUmï>H$mV C_Q>bo Amho. am_mÀ`m Xe©ZmgmR>rñdOZË`mJ Ho$bm Amho; nU am_Xe©Z Pmbo Zmhr. na_oídaXe©ZmMr Vi_i bmJyZ AñdñWPmboë`m ^º$mMr AmV©Vm VoWo nwaonya ì`º$ hmoVo. åhUyZM H$éUmï>Ho$ ho Zmd gmW© dmQ>Vo.

g_W© am_Xmg / 211

^wO§Jà`mV d¥ÎmmVrb am_mÙmVrb EHy$U 1462 íbmoH$ AmhoV.

AZw{XZ AZwVmno Vmnbmo am_am`m

na_{XZX`mim Zragr _moh_m`m

AMni _Z _mPo Zmdao Amd[aVm

VwO{dU {eU hmoVmo Ymdao Ymd AmVm Ÿ&

Aer am_Xmgm§Mr AmoT> {M{ÌV hmoVo. EH$m§V {à`Vm, {ZgJ©gm¡§X`©, {ddoH$dmX, ì`mdhm[aH$OrdZmVrb `ËZdmX `m§Mo Xe©Z H$éUmï>H$m§V KS>Vo. AZwàmg`wŠV$ eãXm§Mo Ioihr `m§V{XgVmV. "Xw:I ZoXmdo H$moUmbm & C§M ZrM Oar Ombm & A§VamË_m dmoi{Ibm & Vmo{MOmUmdm g‚mZ &&' Ago g‚mZm§Mo bjUhr òWo am_Xmg d{U©VmV. agmoËH$Q> Aer hrH$éUmï>Ho$ eVH$mZweVHo$ glÜX am_^º$m§Zm _Z:em§Vr XoÊ`mg g_W© R>abr AmhoV.

"am_daXm{`Zr' ho àVmnJS>mÀ`m ^dmZrg AZwbjyZ åhQ>bobo ñVmoÌ B. g. 1678 (e.1600) _Üò {b{hbo. "VwPm Vy dmT>dr amOm & erha Amåhmgr XoIVm' Ago _mJUoXodrH$S>o _m{JVbo Amho. " OZñd^mdJmogmdr', "OwZmQ> nwéf', "{ZJw©U Ü`mZ', _mZgnyOm &B. àH$aUo ~hþVm§er AmYmpË_H$ ñdê$nmMr AmhoV Mm\$iÀ`m _R>mV Amnë`m {eî`mH$S>o Or{ZË` Z¡{_{ÎmH$ H$_} g_WmªZr gmon{dbr hmoVr. Ë`m§Mo dU©Z "_mZgnyOoV' Amho. {XdmH$aJmogmdr d doUm~mB© `m§Zm Ho$bobm CnXoe `mV Amho.

12.4.7 amOH$s` àH$aUo

VËH$mbrZ amOH$s` joÌmV _wgb_mZr amÁ`H$Ë`mªH$Sy>Z VrW©joÌo, _§{Xao, _yVu, {ó`m`m§À`mda Pmbobo AË`mMma g_WmªZr nm{hbo hmoVo. g_mOmMr hr XwadñWm Zmhrer hmoÊ`mgmR>rY_©ajH$ Aem àH$maMm amOm {Z_m©U hmoUo Ë`m§Zm Amdí`H$ dmQ>V hmoVo. Aem doir {edmOr_hmamOm§gmaIo j{Ì` dra qH$dm Ë`m§Mo ghH$mar g_WmªH$S>o _mJ©Xe©ZmgmR>r òV. Voìhm Ë`m§ZmVo ~hþ_mob CnXoe H$arV. Ë`m doir H$mhr àmg§{JH$ àH$aUo g_WmªZr {b{hbr. "Añ_mZrgwbVmZr', "naMH«${Zê$nU' hr Ë`mMr CXmhaUo hmoV. qhX§yMm d _wgb_mZm§Mm B©ída EH$AgVmZm XmoKm§Zr AmnmngmV H$m bTm>do hm g_WmªMm àíZ Amho.

A„ {Za§OZ XmoD$ Zmhrao & g_Á`V g_Á`Z hmamo &

^mB© H$mho Hy$ bS>Vo & bS>Vo gmo nS>Vo ^mB© &

~mQ>dm~mQ>drÀ`m Am{U Ym{_©H$ Jwbm_{JarÀ`m àH$mam§g§~Yr am_Xmg {b{hVmV,

"{H$ËòH$ åboÀN> hmoD$Z Jobo & {H$ËòH$ {\$a§JUm§V AmQ>bo &

Xoe^mfoVo amo{Ybo & {H$VròH$ &&

naMH«$s Yê$Z Zobo & ZrM `mVrg {XYbo &

XwX©em hmoD$Z Jobo &&'

B. g. 1644 (e.1566) _Üò "AmZ§XdZ^wdZ' hr aMZm g_WmªZr Ho$br. `mH$mì`mMo ñWmZ gmè`m _Ü``wJrZ _amR>r dmS²>_`mV AZÝ`gmYmaU Amho. 58 Amoì`m§Mo ho


N>moQ>oImZr H$mì` Amho. am_Xmgm§À`m OrdZH$m`m©Vrb Y_m©{Y{ð>V amOH$maU Am{U Eo{hH$OrdZmMm gdmªJrU CËH$f© `mMo à{Vq~~ `m H$mì`mV C_Q>bo Amho.

AemàH$mao Xmg~moYmnmgyZ, ñ\w$Q> àH$aUm§n`ªV am_Xmgm§Zr {b{hboë`m dmS>²>_`m_wio_hmamï´>mV 17 ì`m eVH$mV _moR>o à~moYZ Pmbo. X{jU ^maVmV _amR>r gm{hË`mÀ`m{Z{_©VrMr XrK©H$mbrZ na§nam àñWm{nV H$aÊ`mMo lo` g_WmªH$S>o OmVo. "àn§M AWdmna_mW© & à{MVrdrU AdKo ì`W© & àË``kmZr Vmo g_W© & gH$im§_Üò &&" AgoOrdZì`mnr VÎdkmZ am_Xmgm§Zr g_mOmbm {Xbo.

g_W© am_Xmg / 213


1) Xmg~moYmMr Amodrg§»`m ....................... Amho.

1) 7751, 2) 7720, 3) 7750

2) gm_Ï`© Amho .......................& Omo Omo H$arb V`m§Mo.

1) ^º$sMo, 2) nyOoMo, 3) MidirMo

3) EH$drgg_mgrbm ....................... Agohr åhUVmV.

1) Zdm Xmg~moY, 2) OwZm Xmg~moY, 3) Xmg~moY

4) _ZmMo íbmoH$ EHy$U ....................... BVHo$ AmhoV.

1) 100, 2) 205, 3) 200

5) ....................... hr g_W© {eî`m§Mr ccH$mar Amho.

1) O` O` am_H¥$îU har 2) O` O` aKwdra g_W©

3) lram_ Oàm_ OÒàm_

6) _ZmÀ`m íbmoH$m§Mo ....................... `m ZmdmZo ê$nm§Va Ho$bo Amho.

1) _Zg_PmdZ, 2) _ZnmdZ, 3) _Zg_P

7) XrK© am_mÙmMr aMZm ....................... d¥ÎmmVrb Amho.

1) emXy©b{dH«$s{S>V, 2) ^wO§Jà`mV, 3) _§Xma_mb

8) "gwIH$Vm© Xw:IhVm©' hr AmaVr ....................... Zr {b{hbr.

1) am_Xmg, 2) VwH$mam_, 3) Zm_Xod

9) H$éUmï>H$m§Mr aMZm B. g. ....................... Vo ....................... `m Xaå`mZ Pmbr.

1) 1620 Vo 1625, 2) 1625 Vo 1630, 3) 1635 Vo 1640

12.5 doUm~mB©

am_Xmgm§Mr {eî`m doUm~mB© `m§Mm {dMma AmnU g§VH$d{`Ìr `m àH$aU 7 _Üò 7.2.9`m KQ>H$mV `mnydu Ho$bobm Amho. Vmo dmMmdm.

12.6 am_Xmgm§Mo gm§ñH¥${VH$, gm_m{OH$ H$m`©

kmZoídam§nmgyZ MmbV Ambobo ^mJdVY_u` VÎdkmZ am_Xmgm§Zr qMVZmZo dAZw^dmZo A{YH$ g_¥ÜX Ho$bo. àn§M d na_mW© `m§À`mVrb {dg§JVr Ë`m§Zr nyU©nUo Xya Ho$br.AmË_moÞVr H$ê$Z, gd©Ì g_^mdZoZo gdmªMr CÞVr ìhmdr, åhUyZ Oo à`ËZerb amhVmVAem na_mWu bmoH${ejH$m§Mr g§ñWm CËnÞ H$aUo d Vr Mmb{dUo ho am_Xmgm§Zr AmnboOr{dV H$m`© _mZbo. H$_©H$m§S>, _y{V©nyOm, Q>mi_¥X§Jm{Zer ÔZ hr ^º$sMr Xwæ`_ gmYZoAmhoV, Agm {dMma Vo Amnë`m dmS²>_`mV H$mhr {R>H$mUr H$aVmV. åhUyZM dmarbm OmUmè`m^º$mda Hw$Ur h„m Ho$bmM, Va hmVmVrb Q>mi Ë`mÀ`m S>moŠ`mV KmbyZ ñda§jU H$aVm Ambonm{hOo Ago Ë`m§Mo _V hmoVo. _wgb_mZr amOdQ>rV Ë`m§À`m AË`mMmambm ~ir nS>boë`mg_mOmbm g_W©nUo amhVm `mdo `mgmR>r Y_m©Mo amÁ` ñWmnZ H$aUmè`m {edmOrMo amÁ` `mdoAgo am_Xmgm§Zm dmQ>V hmoVo. Ë`mgmR>r AZwHy$b Aer bmoH$_Zmod¥Îmr V`ma H$aÊ`mMo H$m_am_Xmgm§Zr Ho$bo. qhXy§Mr Xodio d Y_© `m§g Á`m§V YmoH$m hmoVm, Aem _wgb_mZr amOdQ>rÀ`mgahÔrV Y_©àMmaH$m§Mo _R> d Xodio ~m§YyZ Ë`m§Mo gmd©O{ZH$ CËgd am_Xmgm§Zr gwê$ Ho$bo.

am_Xmgm§Zr g_mOmbm {Xbobr AmUIr EH$ _hÎdmMr {eH$dU åhUOo eº$sMr CnmgZm.am_nyOo~amo~a hZw_§VmMrhr CnmgZm Ë`m§Zr bmoH$m§Zr {eH${dbr. AH$am _méVtMr doJdoJù`m{R>H$mUr Ë`m§Zr Ho$bobr ñWmnZm `mMo ÚmoVH$ Amho. g_mOmV amhÿZ Amnë`mbm ñdV:À`mBÀN>oà_mUo, `mo½` à§nM Am{U na_mW© H$am`Mm Agob, Va Amnë`mH$S>o eº$s hdr. earamMrd _ZmMr. hr _ZmMr eº$s dmT>{dÊ`mH$[aVm am_Xmgm§Zr "_ZmMo íbmoH$' bmoH$m§nwT>o R>odbo.

g_W©H$mbrZ g_mOmVrb gd© Wam§Vrb d«Vo, Hw$imMma, {d{dY XodVm§À`m CnmgZm§MoàH$ma, {^Þ OmVtMo CÚmoJY§Xo, ì`mnma, ~mOmanoR>oVrb _mb, `m§Mr MnIb dU©Zo g_WmªÀ`mH${dVoV gmnS>VmV.

am_Xmg H$sV©ZmÛmao bmoH$m§Zm àn§M, na_mWm©Mm ~moY H$arV. _R> Mmb{dÊ`mg{eî`m§H$[aVm _R>mMr `moOZm H$ê$Z XoV. {eî`dJm©V nwéfm§~amo~a {ó`m§Mmhr g_mdoe H$arV.Ë`m§Zr AZoH$ ~mb{dYdm§Zm AZwJ«h XoD$Z na_mWm©Mm _mJ© XmI{dbm. A¸$m~mB© d doUm~mB© `mË`m§Mr CXmhaUo hmoV.

AbrH$S>o à{gÜX Pmboë`m H$mJXnÌm§dê$Z Xm{jUmË` g§JrVe¡brg àoaUm XoÊ`mgg_W© am_Xmg H$maUr^yV R>abo hmoVo Ago AZw_mZ {ZKVo. g_WmªZr _hmamï´>mV Am{U_hmamï´>m~mhoahr g§Mma Ho$bobm Agë`mZo g_mOOmJ¥Vrg Ë`m§À`m gm{hË`mMm _moR>m hmV^mabmJbobm {XgVmo.


BVa g§Vm§À`m VwbZoV VËH$mbrZ amOH$s` n[apñWVr{df`r am_Xmg A{YH$ OmJê$H$hmoVo. Y_m©À`m ajUmgmR>r ñdamÁ`g§nmXZ ho Üò` S>moù`m§nwT>o R>odyZ {edmOrZo ZoV¥Ëd Ho$bo,Va am_Xmgm§À`m "Xmg~moYmZo' `mbm à^mdembr VÎdkmZmMr ~¡R>H$ {_idyZ {Xbr. Ë`mXmoKm§Mo {^Þ joÌm§Vrb H$m`© EH$dmŠ`Vo_wio nañnam§Zm nyaH$ R>abo. H$mimMr nmdbo AmoiIyZam_Xmgm§Zr ^mJdV Y_m©bm _hmamï´>Y_m©Mo diU bmdbo. hr Ë`m§Mr amOH$maUnmofH$gm§ñH¥${VH$ H$m_{Jar Amho.

Ë`m§Zr àn§M d na_mWm©Mr gm§JS> KmbÊ`mg bmoH$m§Zm {eH${dbo. ho gd©M g§Vm§Zrgm§{JVbo; nU am_Xmgm§Mm {deof hm, H$s Ë`m§Zr gd© ~m~VrV gmdY amhÿZ à`ËZdmXA§JrH$mê$Z eº$sMr CnmgZm H$aÊ`mg bmoH$m§Zm àd¥Îm Ho$bo. Am§Yim X¡ddmX Am{U {ZîH«$s`VmXya gmê$Z à`ËZdmXmMr {eH$dU Ë`m§Zr {Xbr. "CÕQ>m{g nm{hOo CÕQ>' {H$§dm "_m[aVm_m[aVm _amdo' Agm à{VH$ma H$aÊ`mg bmoH$m§Zm {eH${dbo. _hmÎdmH$m§jmr ~Z{dbo.

gm_Ï`©, MVwaóVm, {ddoH$, MmVw`©, bmoH$g§J«h, à{VH$ma B. AZoH$ JwUm§Mrn[aUm_H$maH$ {eH$dU am_Xmgr dmS²>_`mVyZ bmoH$m§Zm {_imbr.

g_Wm©§Zr Amnë`m dmS²>_`mV {R>H${R>H$mUr Ë`mH$miÀ`m XoepñWVrMo dU©Z Ho$bo Amho."Añ_mZr-gwbVmZr' d naMH«${Zê$nU hr XmoZ àH$aUo Va Ë`mMr CÎm_ CXmhaUo AmhoV.AË`§V Xw:gh Aer pñWVr hmoVr.

eoV nrHo$Zm nrHo$Zm, nrHo$Zm CX§S> & H$ï> H$ê$Z H$ê$Zr hmoV Amho ^§S>Ÿ&

AdKo Omhmbo Omhbo, Omhmbo WmoVm§S> & Xw{Z`m nmhVm§ nmhVm§ CX§S> Ombr b§S> &&

qH$dm

àm{U_mÌ Ombo Xw: Ir & nmhVm§ H$moÊhr Zmhr gwIr &

H${R>U H$mio dmoiIr & YarZmV H$moÊhr &

Y_©À`wVr Pmboë`m `m H$mimV eº$s, MmVw`©, {ddoH$ `mMr qZVmV JaO hmoVr hoAmoiIyZ g_WmªZr bmoH$m§Zm OmJo Ho$bo. Ho$di na_mW© H$aÊ`mg {eH$[dbo Zmhr, ho Ë`m§Mo_moR>oM H$m`© hmoVo.

{edmOr _hmamOm§àVr am_Xmgm§Mo ào_ ì`º$ H$aUmè`m `m Amoir nm{hë`m, H$s amOmZoH$go Agmdo Va Vmo àOobm nwT>o ZoD$ eH$Vmo, g§H$Q>H$mir VméZ ZoD$ eH$Vmo `mMr ImÌrnQ>Vo.

{ZíM`mMm _hm_oé & ~hþVOZmgr AmYmé &

AI§S> pñWVrM {ZYm©é & lr_§V `moJŸ&

EHy$UM _hmamï´>Y_© a{jÊ`mgmR>r am_Xmgm§Zr Ho$bobo H$m`© C„oIZr` Amho d{dMmaZr`hr Amho. Varhr Ë`m§Mr {Z:ñn¥hVm Ë`m§À`mVrb g§VËdmMo Xe©Z KS>dVo.

g_W© am_Xmg / 215

ZbJo à{Vð>m _O ZbJo Jm¡ad & ZbJo hmd^md _mÝ`VoMm &

am_Xmg åhUo X§ô eãXkmZo & dm`m A{^_mZ H$mg`mgr &&

am_Xmgm§Zr g§KQ>Z Ho$bo, hm Ë`m§Mm AmUIr EH$ {deof. g§KQ>ZoMo EH$ gmYZ åhUyZhrdmS²>_`{Z{_©Vr Pmbr. VmpÎdH$ {df`mnmgyZ ì`mdhm[aH$ {df`m§n`ªV AZoH$ {df` Ë`m§ZrAmnë`m dmS²>_`mV _m§S>bo. Ë`m§À`m aMZm§_Üò dº¥$ËdJwU àH$fm©Zo OmUdVmo. gm¡§X`m©nojm{dMma à{VnmXZ A{YH$ OmUdVo. Ë`m§À`m {H$ËòH$ Amoì`m§Zm AmO gw^m{fVmMo ñdê$n àmáPmbo Amho. CXm.,

"dof Yamdm ~mdim & A§Var Agmì`m ZmZm H$im &'

"Xwgè`mdar {dg§~bm & Ë`mMm H$m`©^mJ Zmgbm &'

"`ËZ Vmo Xod OmUmdm &'

`m§gma»`m dMZm§dê$Z am_Xmgm§À`m boIZmVrb gyÌ~ÕVm, R>merdnUm AmoOñdrVmàË``mg òVo.

AemàH$mao g_Wm©ªZr {dnwb Am{U d¡Mm[aH$ boIZm_wio _amR>r dmS²>_`mV _mobmMr âKmVbr. OZgm_mÝ`m§Zm {ZîH«$s`VoVyZ ~mhoa H$mTy>Z H$m`©àdU H$aÊ`mV am_Xmgm§Mm dmQ>m _moR>mAmho. `mnydu gm_mÝ` OZVm amOH$maUmnmgyZ A{báM hmoVr. ñdamÁ`g§nmXZmgma»`mamOH$s` H$m`m©V gd©gm_mÝ` OZVobm gh^mJr H$ê$Z KoÊ`mMm g§K{Q>V, `moOZm~Õ à`ËZàW_ g_WmªZr Ho$bm.

12.7 g_mamon

{_Ìm§Zmo, òWda AmnU g_W© am_Xmgm§À`m H$m`m©Mm AmT>mdm KoVbm. 17 ì`meVH$mVrb gm_m{OH$ pñWVr A{Ve` {~H$Q> ~Zbr hmoVr. Ë`m H$mimV ñdamÁàjUmÀ`mH$m`m©V OZgm_mÝ`m§Zm CÚwº$ H$aÊ`mMo H$m_ am_Xmgm§Zr Ho$bo. ZoQ>H$m àn§M H$gm H$amdm`mMm dñVwnmR>M Xmg~moYmÀ`m ê$nmZo bmoH$m§g_moa R>odbm. bmoH$m§Zm ~bmonmgZm {eH$dyZg§K{Q>V Ho$bo. Xmg~moY, EH$drgg_mgr, _ZmMo íbmoH$, am_mÙ, ñ\w$Q> aMZm, H$éUmï>Ho$,amOH$s` àH$aUo Aer {dnwb Am{U {d{dYm§Jr aMZm H$ê$Z gm§ñH¥${VH$ d gm_m{OH$à~moYZmMo H$m_ ZoQ>mZo Ho$bo. `mnwT>rb àH$aUmV n§{S>VrH${dVoMm AmT>mdm AmnU KoUmaAmhmoV.


VËH$mbrZ amOH$maU d g_mOH$maU `m§da ^mî` H$aUmè`m g§Vam_Xmgm§Zr g_mOmbm g§KQ>ZoMm {dMma {Xbm.

12.8 gmam§e

g_W© am_Xmg ho {edH$m{bZ amOH$maUmer, ñdamÁ`mÀ`m AmH$m§jm§er g_ag Pmbobog§V hmoVo. Amnë`m dmS²>_`mVyZ Ë`m§Zr VËH$mbrZ amOH$s` d gm_m{OH$ pñWVrMo `WmW©Xe©Z KS>{dbo. bmoH$m§Zm ZoQ>H$m àn§M {eH${dbm. na_oídamMo JwUJmZ Ho$di ^m~S>çm ^mdZoZoZ H$aVm {ddoH$mZo, OmJ¥V amhÿZ Ho$bo nm{hOo. ñdg§ajU Am{U XoeajU n`m©`mZo Y_©ajU`mgmR>r eŠVrMr CnmgZm _hÎdmMr Amho ho cmoH$m§Zm nQ>dyZ {Xbo. {ZîµH«$s` d CXmgrZ~Zboë`m g_mOmbm nwÝhm EH$Xm hbdyZ OmJo H$aÊ`mMo H$m_ am_Xmgm§Zr Ho$bo.


12.2 d 12.3

1) 17 ì`m 2) hZw_§V 3) ~bmonmgZm

4) ZmamÙ 5) 1530 6) Q>mH$ir

7) àn§M 8) Om§~

12.4

1) 7751 2) MidirMo 3) OwZm Xmg~moY

4) 205 5) OÒ` aKwdra g_W©

6) _Zg_PmdZ 7) ^wO§Jà`mV 8) am_Xmg

9) 1625 Vo 1630

***

g_W© am_Xmg / 217


A{YH$ {Q>nUmgmR>r

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nmR> : 13

n§{S>Vr H$mì`

(dm_Z n§{S>V, gm_amO, ZmJoe B.)

13.0 C{Ôï>o

{_Ìm§Zmo, n§{S>Vr na§naog gwédmV H$aUmam H$dr _wŠVoída `mMm Aä`mg AmnU Ho$cm.`m àH$aUmV AmnU gd© _hÎdmÀ`m n§{S>V H$dtMm Aä`mg H$aUma AmhmoV. `mdê$ZAmnë`mcm n§{S>Vr H$mì`mMo ñdê$n, Ë`mÀ`m àoaUm d n§{S>Vr H$mì`m_Üò _hÎdmÀ`m H$dtZrOo `moJXmZ {Xco Vo ñnîQ> hmoB©c. ho àH$aU Aä`mgë`mZ§Va Vwåhmcm -

n§{S>Vr H$mì` (dm_Z n§{S>V, gm_amO, ZmJoe B.) /219

13.0 C{Ôï>o13.1 àmñVm{dH$13.2 n§{S>Vr H$mì`mÀ`m àoaUm d ñdê$n13.3 dm_Z n§{S>V

13.3.1 {ZJ_gma13.3.2 `WmW©Xr{nH$m13.3.3 g_ícmoH$s Q>rH$m13.3.4 Am»`mZH$ H${dVm13.3.5 n§MgwYm13.3.6 dm_Zr H$mì`{deof

13.4 gm_amO13.5 ZmJoe13.6 {dÇ>c ~rS>H$a13.7 AmZ§XVZ`13.8 aKwZmW n§{S>V13.9 n§{S>V H$dtMo `moJXmZ d _`m©Xm13.10 g_mamon13.11 gmam§e

- Amncr àJVr Vnmgm CÎmao

l n§{S>Vr H$mì`mÀ`m àoaUm d ñdê$n ñnîQ> H$aVm òVrc.

l dm_Z n§{S>VmÀ`m dmL>²_`mMm AmT>mdm KoD$Z Ë`mÀ`m H$mì`mMo {deof gm§JVm òVrc.

l gm_amO Am{U ZmJoe `m H$dtMo dmL>²_`rZ `moJXmZ ñnîQ> H$aVm òB©c.

l {dÇ>c ~rS>H$a Am{U AmZ§XVZ` `m§Mo dmL>²_`rZ H$m`© dU©Z H$aVm òB©c.

l aKwZmW n§{S>VmÀ`m gm{hË`mMr _m{hVr XoVm òB©c.

l dmL>²_ò{VhmgmV n§{S>V H$dtMo `moJXmZ d Ë`m§À`m _`m©Xm ñnîQ> H$aVm òVrc.>$$>$>$>$$>

13.1 àmñVm{dH$

{_Ìm§Zmo, àmMrZ _amR>r dmL>²_`mV g§VmÀ`m ^pŠVàYmZ gm{hË`na§nao~amo~a {dÛÎmmnyU©Am{U a{gH$VmnyU© Aem n§{S>Vr gm{hË`mMr na§namhr C„oIZr` Aer Amho. H$moUË`mhrVÎdkmZmMm àgma H$aÊ`mÀ`m CÔoemZo n§{S>Vr H$mì`mMr {Z[_©Vr Pmcr Zmhr. Ë`m_wioaMZmV§ÌmMo H$m¡eë` n§{S>Vr H$mì`mV AmT>iVo. Cnmñ` XodVoÀ`m M[aÌmVrc àg§J,{ddmhàWm, `wÕ Am{U g§gmamMo dU©Z `m§gmaIo cm¡{H$H$ àg§J Ë`m§À`m H$mì`mMo {df` hmoVmZm{XgVmV. ñWc-H$mc Am{U g_mOarVtÀ`m dU©Zm_wio VËH$mcrZ g_mOmMo à{Vq~~ Ë`mVnS>coco cjmV òVo. e¥§Jma, dU©Zo, d¥Îmm§Mr {d{dYVm, ZmX_Ywa aMZm, dU©ZH$m¡eë`, aMZmgm¡îR>d Aem JmoîQ>tMm {dMma H$ê$Z n§{S>Vr H$mì` {c[hco Joco. Ë`m_wio Ho$di agmñdmX KoUoAm{U ~m¡{ÕH$ AmZ§X {_idUo hr n§{S>Vr H$mì`mMr \$clwVr am{hcr.

13.2 n§{S>Vr H$mì`mÀ`m àoaUm d ñdê$n

àmMrZ _amR>r H$mì` XmoZ àH$maMo Amho. EH$ ^ŠVr Am{U d¡am½` `m§Mo à{VnmXZ H$aUmaog§VH$mì` d Xwgao am_H¥$îUmXtMr gwag M[aÌo dU©Z H$aUmao H$WmH$mì`. `m H$WmH$mì`m§MoàXrK© H$mì` Am{U Am»`mZ H$mì` qH$dm n§{S>Vr H$mì` Ago XmoZ ^mJ nS>VmV. am_mÙ,_hm^maV `mVrc gcJ H$Wm gm§JUmao Vo àXrK© H$mì`! Va H$mhr {ZdS>H$ àg§J KoD$Z Ë`mda^mî` H$aUmao Vo Am»`mZH$mì` qH$dm n§{S>Vr H$mì` _Ü``wJrZ dmL>²_`rZ n§{S>Vr H$mì` g§Vgm{hË`mhyZ doJio R>aVo. H$maU Ë`m§À`m _yc^yV àoaUm§_ÜòM \$aH$ Amho. g§gmamVyZ {Zd¥Îmrd _mojàmár {_idUo hm g§Vgm{hË`mMm nm`m Amho. Vmo g§Vm§Zr gm§{JVcoë`m VÎdkmZmMm nm`mAmho. Vmo g§Vm§Zr gm§{JVcoë`m VÎdkmZmVyZ {XgVmo. CcQ> {dÛÎmmnyU© d¡Mm[aH$Vm Am{UOrdZmMm AmñdmX KoÊ`mMr a{gH$Vm hr n§{S>Vr H$mì`mMm nm`m Amho. g_mOmVrcVimJmimVë`m gm_mÝ` OZm§Zm S>moig na_oída^ŠVr {eH$dÊ`mMo H$m_ g§Vm§Zr Ho$co. CcQ>n§{S>Vr H$mì` {c{hUmè`m H$dtg_moa WmoS>mgm OmUVm, gw{e{jV d ì`wËnÞ dJ© hmoVm. Ë`m_wio


Ë`m§À`mg_moa {dÛVoMo n«Xe©Z H$ê$Z Ë`m§Mr a{gH$Vm dmT>{dÊ`mMo H$m_ n§{S>V H$dtZr Ho$co.~aoMgo n§{S>V H$dr ho ì`dgm`mZo nwam{UH$ hmoVo. H$mhtZm amOml`hr hmoVm. Ë`m_wio ñdmñÏ`hrhmoVo. Ë`m_wio ì`mg§JmVyZ àm`mo{JH$VoH$S>o OmÊ`mMm Ë`m§Mm H$c hmoVm. H$moUË`mhr g§àXm`mÀ`mVÎdkmZmMm nwañH$ma qH$dm àgma H$aÊ`mMo C{ÔîQ> n§{S>V H$dtg_moa ZìhVo. gmh{OH$MOmUrdnyd©H$, `moOZm~Õ, V§Ì~Õ, H$cmË_H$ Aem ñdê$nmMr aMZm Ë`m§Zr Ho$cr. CcQ>gdmªZm g_Ooc Aem nÕVrZo CnXoe H$aÊ`mMm hoVy Agë`m_wio g§Vm§À`m H$mì`mV ghOAm{U CËH$Q> Agm AmË_m{dîH$ma AmT>iVmo.

eãXmc§H$ma, AWm©c§H$ma, d¥ÎmaMZm, eãXemñÌ kmZ `m gdmªMm dmna H$ê$Z aMZo_ÜòòUmar M_ËH¥$Vr qH$dm _Zmoa§OH$Vm gmYÊ`mMo H$m_ n§{S>V H$dtZr Ho$co Va àmgm{XH$ AereãX`moOZm H$ê$Z ^mdnyU© Am{dîH$mamZo _mUgmÀ`m _Zmcm ñne© H$aUmao H$mì` g§Vm§Zr{c{hco. Vgo nm{hco Va cm¡{H$H$ ì`dhmamVrc {df`m§da ê$nHo$ gmYyZM g§Vm§Zr Amnë`maMZm Ho$ë`m. na§Vw Ë`mncrH$S>o OmD$Z _wŠVrMr dmQ> MmoImiÊ`mMm CnXoe Ho$cm.Ë`mM~amo~a g§Vgm{hË`mà_mUo n§{S>Vr H$mì`mVhr ^ŠVrMm _{h_m, _mojmàVr Vi_i ho {dfÀmco na§Vw {Z{_©Vr àoaUo_Üò {^ÞËd Agë`mZo n§{S>V H$dtZr OrdZmH$S>o a{gH$VoZonmhÊ`mg {eH$dco. _wimV gw{e{jV AgUmè`m cmoH$m§Mr A{^éMr A{YH$ g_¥Õ Ho$cr.

am_mÙ, _hm^maV, ^mJdV `m§Mm AmYma KoD$Z, g§ñH¥$V n§M _hmH$mìò, ZmQ>Ho$ `m§Mmdmna H$ê$Z _amR>rV _wŠVoída, dm_Z n§{S>V, aKwZmW n§{S>V, ZmJoe, {dÇ>c, gm_amO B.n§{S>V H$dtZr H$mìàMZm Ho$cr. Ë`m_wio n§{S>V H$dtZr EH$àH$mao g§ñH¥$V gm{hË`mMonwZé‚mrdZ Ho$co. g§V gm{hË`mV em§V agmcm _hÎd {Xco Joco Va n§{S>Vm§Zr gd© agm§g{hVe¥§Jmamcm PwH$Vo _mn {Xco. gmh{OH$M g§V H$mì` gm_mÝÒZm§Zm gmX KmcUmao R>aco Van§{S>Vr H$mì` A{ÔZm§Zm AmH$fy©Z KoUmao R>aco.

_hmH$mì`, I§S>H$mì`, M§ny, cKwH$mì`, ñVmoÌo, gw^m{fVo, ZmQ>H$H$Wm Ago n§{S>VrH$mì`mMo {d{dY àH$ma AmhoV. H$m{cXmg, lrhf©, _mK, `m§gmaIo _hmH$dr, ^d^yVmo-O`XodmXr ZmQ>H$H$ma, OJÞmW Am{U ^V¥©hargmaIo e¥§Jma d d¡am½èVHo$ {c{hUmao H$dr`m§À`m H$cmH¥$VtMm Aä`mg H$ê$Z Ë`m§Mo AZwH$aU Amnë`m H${dVoV n§{S>Vm§Zr Ho$co. Ë`m_wioË`m§Zm n§{S>V åhUÊ`mMr ê$T>r nS>cr. {d{dYd¥ÎmaMZm, g§ñH¥$V H${dVoVrc g§Ho$V, gm_m{gH$aMZm d H$cmË_H$ {ZdoXZ _amR>r H${dVoV òD$ cmJco. na§Vw hr n§{S>Vr H${dVm gm_mÝÒZm§nmgyZ Xya am{hcr. g§ñH¥$VàmMw`©, gm_m{gH$Vm, `_H$mgmR>r AmoT>mVmU, An[a{MVeãX`moOZm `m_wio n§{S>Vr H${dVm pŠcîQ>> R>acr. g§Vgm{hË`mgmaIr CËH$Q>Vm dcmoH${à`Vm {Vcm cm^cr Zmhr.

Am»`mZH$ H${dVm hm dmL>²_`rZ H$a_UwH$rMm gdmªV OwZm àH$ma Amho. Ë`m_wio n§{S>VrH$mì`mV JmoîQ>rdoëhminUm AmT>iVmo. H$WmZH$mÀ`m _m¡{cH$Vonojm H$WmZH$ AmH$f©H$ dn[aUm_H$maH$ H$aÊ`mH$S>o H$dtMm H$c Ago. àgÞ, AmoKdVr, ZmZm ag^mdm§Zr _§{S>V Aer^mfm ho `m§Mo d¡{eîQ>ç. eãXm§À`m gmhmæ`mZo àg§Jm§Mr KQ>Zm§Mr dm ì`ŠVtMr {MÌo dmMH$m§À`mS>moiçm§g_moa Cô H$aÊ`mMo gm_Ï`© Am»`mZ H${dVoV AgVo. cmoH$m§À`m AmdS>Ë`m Z¡{VH$,

n§{S>Vr H$mì` (dm_Z n§{S>V, gm_amO, ZmJoe B.) / 221

Ym{_©H$, gm_m{OH$ OrdZ{df`H$ H$ënZm§Mo nS>gmX `m H$mì`mV C_Q>VmV. `m na§naoVrc_hÎdmÀ`m H$dtÀ`m dmL>²_`rZ H$V¥©ËdmMm n[aM` AmVm H$ê$Z KoD$.

13.3 dm_Z n§{S>V

Am»`mZH$mì`mMo ~hþVoH$ {deof dm_Z n§{S>Vm§À`m H$mì`mV {XgVmV. Ë`m_wio Ë`mcmAm»`mZH$mì`mVrc àm{V{Z{YH$ H$dr åhUVmV. Vmo am_Xmg g_H$mcrZ Amho. Ë`m§Mm OÝ_B. g. 1608 (eHo$ 1530) _Üò Pmcm Agmdm. Ë`mÀ`m M[aÌm{df`r H$mhr ÌmoQ>H$ _m{hVrCncãY Amho. Ë`m§À`m AZoH$Ëdm~Ôchr ~arM _V_Vm§Vao AmhoV. dm_Z n§{S>V VwH$mam_ dam_Xmg `m g§Vm§Zm ôQ>ë`mMm C„oI AmT>iVmo. H$adra n[agamV lrg{ƒXmZ§Xñdm_tMmJwénXoe Ë`mcm Pmcm. lwVr, ñ_¥Vr, nwamUo, fS>²emñÌo, `moJdm{gîR>mXr VÎdna J«§W, Amf©_hmH$mìò, g§ñH¥$VmVrc {dX½Y Am{U AÝ` gm{hË`g§nXm `m§Mm dm_Z n§{S>Vm§Zr Am`wî`âì`mg§J Ho$cm. N>§Xmc§H$maemñÌmVhr Vo nma§JV hmoVo. B. g. 1695 (eHo$ 1617) _ÜòJwèhoJaOdirc ^yJmdr Ë`m§Zr g_mYr KoVcr.

dm_Z n§{S>VmZo doXm§V{df`H$, nm¡am{UH$ Am»`mZna d ^mfm§V[aV Aem àH$maÀ`mH$mìàMZm Ho$ë`m. Ë`mÀ`m EHy$U H$mì`n§ŠVtMr g§»`m OdiOdi Mmirg hOma Amho.Ë`mÀ`m H$mì`mMm _hÎdmMm {deof åhUOo BVa Am»`mZH$dtà_mUo g§ñH¥$V H$mì`mMm VmoHo$di AWm©ZwdmX H$aV Zmhr, Va _yi g§ñH¥$V H$mì`mMr H$ënH$VoZo nwZ{Z©{_©Vr H$aVmo.Ë`m_wio ñdV§Ì H$mì`mMo ê$n Ë`mÀ`m aMZocm àmá hmoVo. àm¡T> eãX`moOZm, d¥Îmm§Mm S>m¡c,CËàojmXr AWm©c§H$ma, `_H$mZwàmgmXr eãXmc§H$ma `mMr {dnwcVm dm_ZmÀ`m H$mì`mVAmT>iVo. Ë`mMr H$mìò \$maer XrK© ZmhrV. àg§Jm§À`m {ZdS>rV gm¢X`©g¥îQ>r {XgVo.H$ënZmdcmoH$Zm_wio Ë`mMr eãX{MÌo CR>mdXma hmoVmV. {ZJ_gma, `WmW©Xr{nH$m, {MËgwYm,VÎd_mcm, lw{Vgma, H$_©VÎd, amO`moJ, JrVmU©dgwYm Ago J«§W d AÜ`mË_na àH$aUo dm_Zn§{S>VmZo {c{hcr.

13.3.1 {ZJ_gma

_c`nd©Vmda Pmcoë`m gX²Jwê$ ôQ>rMo d Ë`m_wio àmá Pmcoë`m ^mJ©dr dméUr {dÚoMoahñ` dm_Zm§Zr {ZJ_gma `m J«§WmÀ`m ZD$ AÜ`m`m§Vrc 1174 Amoì`mV d{U©coco Amho.Ë`mMm coIZH$mc B. g. 1676 (eHo$ 1595) hm Amho. ^ŠVr, kmZ, d¡am½` `m_mojgmYZm§Mo àmUVÎd AgUmè`m ~«÷{dÚoMm gm§»`-`moJ-doXm§V-emñÌg§_V ~moYJwê$H$Sy>Z Pmë`mMo dU©Z _§JcmÜ`m`mV Ho$co Amho. AÞ, àmU, _Z, {dkmZ `m n§MH$moemMo{ddaU `m aMZoV Amho. "OoWo nyU©ËdmMm àH$me & gH$i OoWo CnXoe & lrJwê$Mm &' AgoAmZ§X_` dU©Z AmZ§XmÜ`m`mV Ho$co Amho. `m J«§WmV _moj{dÚm à{Vnm{Xë`m_wioVÎd{Zê$nUÑîQ>çm `m J«§WmMo _hÎd AZÝ`gmYmaU Amho. 524 ícmoH$g§»`m AgUmam


{dÛÎmmnyU© d¡Mm[aH$Vm Am[U OrdZmMm AmñdmX KoÊ`mMr a{gH$Vm hm n§{S>VrH$mì`mMm nm`m Amho.

"H$_©VÎd' hm dm_Zn§{S>Vm§Mm VÎd{ddoMZna _hÎdmMm J«§W Amho. doXm§VmMo gma `m_ÜòWmoS>Š`mV gm§{JVco Amho. hr aMZm nmëhmirH$ Zmhr. lw{VdMZm§Mm {dMma H$ê$Z Ë`mMoñnîQ>rH$aU H$aÊ`mMr n§{S>Vr e¡crhr òWo {XgyZ òVo. dm_Z n§{S>VmMr eãX{M{H$ËgH$ AercoIZe¡cr, VH$m©{Y{ð>V {ddoMZnÕVr d ~moMH$e¡cr `mMr H$ënZm `m J«§Wmdê$Z òVo.

13.3.2 `WmW©Xr{nH$m

hm 22260 Amoì`m§Mm _amR>r gm{hË`mVrc EH$ loîR> VÎd {ddaUna J«§W Amho. `mJ«§Wm_wio dm_Z n§{S>VmMm gm{hË` àm§VmV Zmdcm¡{H$H$ Pmcm. JrVoMm `WmW© _m§Sy>Z kmZmoÎmagJwU ^ŠVrÀ`m {gÕm§VmMr à{VîR>mnZm `m J«§WmV Ho$cr Amho. òWo ñdrH$macocr Q>rH$mnÕVrAË`§V VH©$H$H©$e Amho. n{hë`m AÜ`m`mV J«§WcoIZmMr ^y{_H$m d JrVoVrc VÎdkmZmMmA{^àm` ì`ŠV Ho$cm Amho. n{hë`m ZD$ AÜ`m`m§À`m AIoarg lrH¥$îUñVdZna g§ñH¥$VícmoH$ {c{hcm Amho. AmnU Ho$coë`m AWm©darc g§^mì` Amjonm§Mm C„oI H$ê$Z Ë`mMo{ZagZ Ho$co Amho. JrVodarc AÝ` Q>rH$mH$mam§Zr Ho$coë`m AWm©Mm nam_e© KoVcm Amho.kmZoída, Xmgmon§V Aem nyd©Q>rH$mH$mam§da Ë`m§Zr Amjon KoVco AmhoV.

JrVm OmVo npíM_oH$S>o & Q>rH$m MT>o nyd©{Xem nd©VmMo H$S>o &

Xmohrg hmV cm{dVr ~mnwS>o & AW© gmnS>o Ho$drV`m ?

`mVrc ^mfm gH$g, OmoaXma Aer Amho. {VÀ`mV cm{cË` H$_r AgyZ ñnîQ>Vm A{YH$Amho. à{VnmÚ {df`mMr _`m©Xm Ë`m§Zr gmoS>cocr Zmhr. dm_Z n§{S>VmMm ÑpîQ>H$moZ àm_w»`mZo~w{Õ{ZîR> Amho. lrH¥$îU hm gmjmV gJwU ~«÷ Amho d BVa H$moUVrhr XodVm Ver Zmhr, Agmdm_ZmMm {gÕm§V Amho. {R>H${R>H$mUr lw{VJ«§W, `moJd{gîR>, ^mJdV B. J«§Wm§Mo Vo AmYmaXoVmV.

dmMmoV Oo dm{MVr & Z dmMmoV Oo dmB©Q> _mZVr &

g§VwîQ> hmo` EH$ OJËn{V & `m `WmW© {ZénUo &&

AemàH$mao lmoË`m§Mr \$maer ndm© Z H$aVm B©ídamda EH$_od lÕm R>odyZ dm_Zn§{S>VJ«§W{Zê$nU H$aVmV.

13.3.3 g_ícmoH$s Q>rH$m

lrH¥$îUmZo g§ñH¥$VmV gm§{JVcoco JrVméUr VÎdkmZ, AkOZm§Zm àmá ìhmdo åhUyZdm_Zm§Zr hr JrVmQ>rH$m cmoH$^mfoV {c{hcr. hr ícmoH$aMZm AZwîQw>^ N>§XmV Amho. àma§^rlrH¥$îUd§XZ, CnmoX²YmVmV nydm©nma AÜ`m` g§JVr, Z§Va ^mfm§Va, Cng§hmamV Q>rH$m dgma{ZX}eê$n ícmoH$ Aer `m J«§WmMr _m§S>Ur Amho. EHy$U 469 ícmoH$m§Mr hr aMZm Amho.`m g_ícmoH$s ^JdX²JrVmZwdmXm_wio "_mVm YÝ`, {nVm YÝ` YÝ` YÝ` gÛËgIo' AerYÝ`Vm àmá Pmë`mMo d "H$s MamMa ho gmjmV dmgwXod {Xgo O`m &' Agm AZw^d Amë`mModm_Z n§{S>V gm§JVmV.


arVr g_ícmoH$sMr AVwcm gmYoc H$m` Zì`mg &

`m gwèo hmoB©c H$m amo_m§Mì`má H$m` Z ì`mg &&

Aer `m g_ícmoH$s Q>rHo$Mr ñVwVr _moamon§Vm§Zr Ho$cr Amho.

13.3.4 Am»`mZH$ H${dVm

AÜ`mË_na ^mî`J«§Wmnojm Am»`mZH$ H${dVo_YyZ dm_ZmÀ`m nm§{S>Ë`mMr d a{gH$VoMrIar AmoiI nQ>Vo. dm_ZmZo ~arM Am»`mZo {c{hcr AmhoV. amOOÝ_, Am{hë`moX²Yma,grVmñd`§da, âV^md, OQ>m`w ñVwVr, cmonm_wÐmg§dmX hr Am»`mZo am_mÙmVrc AmhoV.H¥$îUOÝ_, ~mcH«$sS>m, dZgwYm, doUwgwYm, _¥{ÎmH$m-^jU, ^m_m{dcmg, amYm{dcmg,amYm^wO§J, amgH«$rS>m, H§$gdY, H$mË`m`Zrd«V hr Am»`mZo ^mJdVmda AmYm{aV AmhoV.`m{edm` ewH$a§^mg§dmX, JO|Ð_moj, dm_ZM[aÌ Aer H$mhr Am»`mZo AmhoV.

hr gd© Am»`mZo {d{dY ícmoH$d¥ÎmmË_H$ AgyZ, àËòH$ Am»`mZmÀ`m àma§^r _§JcmMaUAmho. dm_ZmMr gmar H¥$îUM[aÌna Am»`mZo ag d ZmX `m_wio _mohH$ Pmcr AmhoV. AVrde¥§JmamMr CÎmmZVm `m H$mì`mV Amho. H$mqcXrÀ`m dmid§Q>mVrc amgH«$sS>oMo dU©Z åhUOoe¥§JmamMr c`cyQ> Amho.

Oo Oo Jmo{ng AmnUmM Odir dmQ>o Agmdm har &

OmUmo{Z {OVwŠ`m pñÌ`m {VVwH$s`m VËH$mi _yVu Yar &

H¥$îU {dahmZo ì`mHw$i Pmcocr amYm Ooìhm H¥$îUmcm g_moa nmhVo Voìhm {VMr AdñWmn§{S>V nwT>rc eãXm§V ì`ŠV H$aVmV.

nmhVm {à`mZo {à`mMo _wImgr &

{ÌcmoH$m_Üò Xm{Q> Omcr gwImgr &

^wOr H§$MwH$s \$mQ>Vmho VS>mS>m &

H$ar H§$H$Uo \y$Q>Vrhr H$S>mS>m &

Ago dU©Z H$ê$Z dm_Z n§{S>V Ë`mcm AmÜ`mpË_H$ a§J XoÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$aVmV. Voa{gH$m§Zm gm§JVmV,

Z `m Vmo _Ý_Wm ~m`H$m§À`m &

OJmoÕmaH$m ÛmaH$mZm`H$mÀ`m

gH$m_m§ Oar lmoV`m H$m_ dmQ>o &

Var {MÎm cmJo KZí`m_ dmQ>o &

^mJdVr Am»`mZo hr dm_Zm§Zr _amR>r H${dVocm {Xcocr XoUJr Amho. ê$nH$mË_H$Vm,ZmQ>çnyU©Vm, AmH$f©H$Vm, H$ënH$Vm B. I§S>H$mì`m§Mr ~hþVoH$ d¡{eîQ>ço `mV AmT>iVmV.


cmoH$>a§OZ H$aV H$aV AÛ¡V^ŠVrMm àgma H$aÊ`mMr ^y{_H$m òWo {XgVo. AmË_ewÕrÀ`màoaUoZo dm_ZmZo hr aMZm Ho$cr Amho.

13.3.5 n§MgwYm

Zm_gwYm, dZgwYm, doUwgwYm, {MËgwYm, {n«`gwYm `m dm_Z n§{S>Vm§À`m n§MgwYm åhUOolrH¥$îU^pŠVna àH$aUoM hmoV. lr_X²^mJdVmVrc AKmgwadYH$WoÀ`m AmYmao "dZgwYm' ho110 ícmoH$m§Mo H$mì` aMco Amho. {MËgwYm ho VÎdqMVZna àH$aU Amho. `mV dm_Zn§{S>Vm§Zr Amncr nËZr {Jar~mB© {hcm Ho$cocm AmË_kmZmMm d kmZmoÎma ^ŠVrMm CnXoe 18ícmoH$m§V d{U©cm Amho. dm_Z n§{S>Vm§Zr e§H$amMm`©H¥$V AnamojmZw^yVr, g_ícmoH$s,^JdX²JrVm, OJÞmWmMr J§Jmchar, ^V¥©charMo Zr{VeVH$, e¥§JmaeVH$, d¡am½èVH$ `m§Mr_amR>rV ^mfm§Vao Ho$cr AmhoV. `m{edm` {gÕm§V{df` d AZw^y{Vcoe hr àH$aUo g§ñH¥$VmV{c{hcocr AmhoV. g§ñH¥$V coIZmVyZ d ^mfm§Vam§VyZ dm_ZmÀ`m ^mfm à^wËdmMm àË`` òVmo.

nwT>rc CXmhaUmVyZ Ë`m§Mo ^mfmà^wËd d ì`mg§J {XgVmo. nU Zr{V~moYmMo gm_Ï`©hràË``mg òVo.

M§Ðmcm {Xdgm àH$me ZgUo ò H$m{_Zrcm Oam

nÙmdrU Oco {Zaja_wIr Omo ZoQ>H$m Jmo{Oam &

XmË`mcm YZcmo^ {ZË` dgUo Xm[aÐç {dÛ‚mZr

ÑîQ>m§Mm \$mS>m _hrn{VJ¥hr hr gmV eë`_Zr &

dm_ZmZo ñ\w$Q> ícmoH$m§_YyZ ^mJdVn§Wr`m§À`m EH${dY ^ŠVrMm _{h_mhr gm§{JVcmAmho.

Z JO©Vr Oo h[a JmT> dmMo, Vo nmnénr Za JmT>dmMo &

Z AmVimdo A{O! Ë`m§g dmV}, Á`m§À`m _Zr dmg Z Ho$edmVo &&

dm_Z n§{S>VmH$S>o dU©ZH$m¡eë` Amho. ZrVr{df`r gm§JVmZm Vo Zr{VeVH$_Üò gm§JVmV.

^m½`mcm gwOZËd ^yfU Ago, H$s _m¡Z em¡`m©g Vo &

kmZmcm e_, Ë`m e_mg {dZ`, Ðì`mg XmV¥Ëd Vo &

AH«$moYËd Vnm, j_m à^wnUm, Y_m©g {ZX©^Vm

`m gdmªg{h _w»` ^yfU nhm gÀN>rc ho VÎdVm

Ë`mM~amo~a dm_Zm§Mr H$éUmîQ>Ho$, CnXoe_mcm, _Zmg~moY, dm_Z~moY, ^JdX²XmñÀer ñ\w$Q>aMZm dm_ZmZo Ho$cr.


dm_Zn§{S>V hm Am»`mZH$mì`mVrb àm{V{Z{YH$ H$dr Amho.

13.3.6 dm_Zr H$mì`{deof

AÛ¡V VÎdkmZ, kmZ`moJ, kmZmoÎma gJwU^ŠVrMm nwañH$ma, gmYma VÎd{ddaU,I§S>Z-_§S>ZmË_H$ {gÕm§Và{VnmXZ, VH©$H$H©$e {ddoMZ ho dm_Z n§{S>Vm§À`m Vm{ÎdH$ J«§Wm§Mo{deof hmoV. H$mì`mMm àma§^ lrhard§XZmZo hmoVmo. ZoQ>Š`m ì`pŠVaoIm hm Ë`m§À`m H$mì`mMm{deof Amho. CXm.-

ngaQ> _wI _moR>o Am§V X§îQ´>m H$amcm

na_Mni {Oìhm IL>²J O¡em {Zamim

Z`Z`wJwc OmUmo Vmnco ho_ nmUr

Mhþ ^wqf ZIeñÌo Xo{Icm MH«$nm{U

cm¡{H$H$ {df`mMr> AmdS> AgUmè`m dmMH$mMo {MÌ dmMVm dmMVm lrH¥$îU^ŠVrH$S>odi{dÊ`mMm à`ËZ dm_Zm§Zr gd©Ì Ho$cm Amho. ^ŠVrcm Ë`m§Zr Xhmdm ag _mZco Amho. Ë`mMoloîR>Ëd dU©Z H$aVmZm Vo åhUVmV,

Zdag H${d JmVr ho{M dUy©{Z OmVr

n[a Xe_ agmMr d{U©Vr Vo Z OmVr

Xe_ ag AZÝ` ào_^ŠVrg cmoH$s

`Xwn{V h[a Vmo Xo `mXdm§ ñdmX cmoH$s &&

dm_Z n§{S>VmZr {d{dY AjaJUd¥Îmm§V ícmoH$aMZm Ho$cocr AgyZ Ë`m_Üò {d{dYAc§H$mahr gmYco AmhoV. CXm.

Q>iQ>{iV Xwnmar OÝ_cm am_amUm

åhUw{Z gH$iJmVr R>mD$Ho$ ho nwamUm

XeaWJ¥h_m`m§ gy`© Amcm Ahmo Vmo

Hw$c{VcH$ nhm`m Vmo{M _Ü`mÝh hmoVmo.

`_H$ Am{U àmgmMm hì`mghr Ë`m§À`m H$mì`mV AmT>iVmo. CXm.-

ícmoH$d¥Îmr a{Mco `_H$m§Zr & Jm{V Ë`m§g Z nS>o `_ H$mZr &

eãXm§Mr ÛWu dm AZoH$mWu `moOZm H$ê$Z Vo AW© M_ËH¥$Vrhr gmYVmV. CXm.-

AmR>dmdm XodH$sMm Omo, AmR>dm AdVma Omo

AmR>dm VËH¥$VmÜ`m` AmR>dm öX`r gXm &&

dm_Z n§{S>Vm§À`m H$mì`mV H$mhr doim `_H$ gmYÊ`mgmR>r eãXm§Mr {d{MÌ ê$no Ho$crOmVmV. d¥ÎmmÀ`m gmo`rgmR>r èhñd-XrKm©Mm {dMma H$mQ>oH$moanUo Ho$cm OmV Zmhr. VËH$mcrZ


n[apñWVrMo ñnîQ> {MÌU `m H$mì`mV AmT>iV Zmhr. Ago Agco Var àH$m§S> nm§{S>Ë` Am{U{Zñgr_ H¥$îU^ŠVr hr dm_Z n§{S>Vm§Mr d¡{eîQ>ço hmoV. ^ŠVr _mJm©À`m dmT>rgmR>r Ë`m§Zr_amR>rV {dnwc J«§WaMZm Ho$cr.

H$mìèmñÌmÀ`m ÑîQ>rZohr agnyU© aMZm, dU©Z H$m¡eë`, ZmX_mYw`© ho JwU dm_ZmÀ`mH$mì`mV {XgVmV. dmMH$m§Zm AmH$fy©Z KoUmao ho H$mì` Amho. dm_ZmMr aMZm M_ËH¥$VrnyU©AgyZhr ^md_Yya Amho. dm_ZmÀ`m H$mìàMZoV ^mfmà^wËd BVHo$ AmT>iVo, H$s "gwícmoH$dm_ZmMm' AgoM åhQ>co OmVo. Ë`mMo {H$VrVar ícmoH$ OwÝ`m {nT>rVrc cmoH$m§À`m Vm|S>rAgV. c¾_w§OrÀ`m n§ŠVrV Vo Zoh_r åhQ>co OmV. Amnë`m H$sV©ZmVrc Am»`mZ a§J{dVmZmH$sV©ZH$mahr Ë`mMm dmna H$arV AgV. CXm.-

dZr IoiVr ~mi Vo ~„dm§Mo, Vwao Imo{dVr _ñVH$s n„dm§Mo &

\w$cm§Mo Jim Km{cVr {Xì` hma, ñdZmWmgdo Vo H$[aVr {dhma &

qH$dm

d§er ZmXZQ>r {Vcm H${Q>VQ>r Imody{Z nmoQ>rnQ>r

H$jo dm_nwQ>r ñde¥§J {ZH$Q>r lrem_ Xohr CQ>r

XmQ>r ì`mo_KQ>r gwam§ g{I cwQ>r KoVr OQ>r YyO©Q>r &&

ícmoH$aMZo_wio H$mìàMZoMm EH$ Zdm g§àXm` {Z_m©U Pmcm. dm_Zr H$mìàMZoMoAZwH$aU H$ê$Z AZoH$m§Zr _amR>r Am»`mZ H${dVoV â Q>mH$cr Amho. h[adm_Z, gm_«mÁ`dm_Z, {dídZmW dm_Z Aem AZoH$ dm_Z{eî`m§Zr dm_ZmMo AZwH$aU H$ê$Z H$mì`{Z{_©VrHo$cr Amho.


13.3 Amnbr àJVr Vnmgm : 1) Am»`mZH$mì`mVrc ................... hm àm{V{Z{YH$ H$dr Amho.

1) dm_Z n§{S>V 2) aKwZmW n§{S>V 3) gm_amO

2) dm_ZmZo ................... `m ZmdmMr JrVmQ>rH$m {c{hcr.

1) ^JdX²JrVm 2) `WmW©Xr{nH$m 3) kmZoídar3) dm_Z n§{S>VmZo {c{hcoë`m n§MgwYm ................... XodmÀ`m ^ŠVrna Amho.

1) am_ 2) {dÇ>c 3) H¥$îU4) ................... dm_ZmMm, A^§JdmUr à{gÕ VwH$`mMr.

1) Amodr 2) gwícmoH$ 3) Am`m©5) dm_ZmZo ^ŠVrcm ................... ag _mZco Amho.

1) nmMdm 2) Zddm 3) Xhmdm.

agnyU© aMZm, dU©Z H$m¡eë`, ZmX_mYw`© `m_wio íbmoH$aMZogmR>r dm_Z à{gÕ AmhoV.

13.4 gm_amO

gm_amO hm Am»`mZH$dr {edH$mcrZ, VgoM dm_Z n§{S>VmMm g_H$mcrZ Agmdm. B.g. 1608 Vo 1688 (eHo$ 1530 Vo 1610) hm Ë`mMm H$mcI§S> AgyZ ^mogcoKamÊ`mÀ`m {nT>rOmV nwamo{hVm§À`m d§emVrc {edH$mcrZ nwéf em_^Q> AmduH$a åhUOoMgm_amO H$dr Ago åhQ>co OmVo.

"_wX²Jcm»`mZ' ho gm_amOmMo Ama§^rMo H$mì`. A§{Jag JmoÌmVrc doXnma§JV {d»`mV_wZr _wX²Jc `m§Mr H$Wm `mV Amcr Amho. Amnë`m Hw$cX¡dVmMm hm JwUmdmX gm_amOmZo _moR>çm^{º$^mdmZo {c{hcm Amho. _wX²Jc_wZtÀ`m Vn:gm_Ï`m©_wio d XmZeyaVo_wio B§ÐmXr Xodm§Zm^rVr CËnÞ hmoVo. Vo Ë`m§Mr gÎdnarjm KoÊ`mgmR>r `_amOmcm nmR>dVmV. XwîH$mimVAÞmÞXem Pmcoë`m AdñWoV {Xdg H§$R>Umè`m _wX²Jc Hw$Qw>§~mV `_amO A{VWr åhUyZ àdoeH$aVmV d Ë`m§Mr narjm KoVmV. Ë`m narjoV _wX²Jc_wZr d Ë`m§Mo Hw$Qw>§~ èñdr hmoVo. Aer`m Am»`mZmMr H$Wm Amho. dUm©l_Y_m©Mm nwañH$ma H$ê$Z J¥hñWml_Y_© hoM _mojmMogdm}Îm_ gmYZ Agë`mMo Vmo gm§JVmo.

"épŠ_UrhaU' ho gm_amOmMo _hmH$mì` Amho. `mMo AmR> gJ© AgyZ gd© gJ© _w»`V:CnOmVr d¥ÎmmV {c{hco AmhoV. àËòH$ gJm©Mm eodQ> {^Þ d¥ÎmmV Ho$cm Amho."épŠ_UrhaUmMm' _yi H$Wm^mJ ^mJdVmÀ`m Xe_ñH§$Ymda AmYm[aV AgyZ Ë`mH$ënZmaå` H$mì`mcm gm_amOm§Zr ^pŠV^mdZoMr ~¡R>H$ {Xcr Amho. Hw$_ma-Hw$_marOÝ_,{ddmhnyd© V`mar, g§Ü`mH$mim, M§ÐmoX`, ZJa àdmg BË`mXtMr g§ñH¥$V _hmH$mì`mÀ`m YVudadU©Zo AmT>iVmV. EH$ZmWm§À`m épŠ_Ur ñd`§damVrc H$ënZm Am{U am_Xmg, VwH$mam_`m§À`m H$mì`mVrc eãXg§nÎmr `m§Mm gm_amOmZo gT>ihñVo dmna Ho$cm Amho.

gm_amOmMm nwamUm§Mm Aä`mghr `mV {XgVmo. g§ñH¥$VmVrc n§M_hmH$mì` dgm{hËèmñÌ `m§Mo ~aoM dmMZ {XgVo. AZoH$ {R>H$mUr ñd`§ñ\y$VuZo {c{hcocr àg§J{MÌo ddU©Zo AmT>iVmV. CXm. épŠ_UrÀ`m {ddmhV`marMo dU©Z, Ac§H$mam§Mo dU©Z, épŠ_UrMr{dahmdñWm, lrH¥$îU-Xa~ma. H$mhr {R>H$mUr gm_amOH$mcrZ OrdZXe©Zhr `mVyZ KS>Vo.^r_H$scm H¥$îUm{dZm H$mhrM ~ao dmQ>V Zmhr.

jUâr gnZt{h H¥$îU ÑîQ>r nS>oZm

Z`Zg{cc`moJo {M{ÌMm gmnS>oZm

Aer {VMr AdñWm hmoVo. épŠ_UrÀ`m gm¢X`m©Mo dU©Z H$aVmZm gm_amOmZo dmnacocmì`{VaoH$ Ac§H$ma nmhm.

VXwn[a CJdo hm M§Ð_m nm¡{U©_oMm Ÿ& AZ{^c{fV AWu hmo` ò CÎm_oMm &

{ÛOnVr {dgaoZm gd©Wm ñdr` Xrjm & H$a ngê$Z _mJo dŠÌcmdÊ`{^jm &

épŠ_UrÀ`m {dahdU©ZmV {VZo Ho$cocm H¥$îUmMm Ymdm, gIrer Ho$cocm dmVm©cmn,gm_amOmZo H$m¡eë`mZo a§J{dco AmhoV.


gò _mÂ`m Xw:Io CndZcVm `m {dgaVr

nhm ho njr hm dXZJV Mmam {dgaVr

{dcmno `m _mÂ`m Ðd{V ~hþ nmfmU gIò

eR>m§Mm hm ~mB© _wHw$Q>_{U AÚm{n{h Z ò

gm_amO hm amOHw$imVrc nwamo{hV Agë`m_wio {ZË`Z¡{_{ÎmH$ H$_} Ë`mcm Mm§Jcr _mhrVhmoVr. Xa~mar [admO, {ddmh gm_J«rMr Ë`mZo {Xcocr `mXr, {edH$mcrZ {ddmh{dYr `m§VyZVËH$mcrZ gm§ñH¥${VH$ g§X^© {_iVmV. gm¡XmJa, XamoJrU, hoOr~, ahdmi B. nmaer eãXhr`m ^mfoV gmnS>VmV. gai Am{U àmgm{XH$ {ZdoXZ hr `m H$mì`mMr d¡{eîQ>ço gm§JVm òVrc.gyú_ AdcmoH$Zhr gm_amOmH$S>o hmoVo.

AZoH$ ~marH$ Vnerc dU©Z Ho$ë`mZo VËH$mcrZ g_mOì`dñWoMo cmoH$ì`dhmamMo {MÌË`mÀ`m H$mì`mVyZ ñnîQ> hmoVo. gm_amOH$mcrZ H$m¡Qw>§{~H$ì`dñWm H$er hmoVr hohr Ë`mÀ`mH$mì`mdê$Z cjmV òVo. ZddYyZo gmgar Joë`mda H$go dmJmdo ho épŠ_UrMr AmB© EImÚm_Ü`_dJu` ñÌrn«_mUo gm§JVo

AgmoV VwÂ`m ZU§Xm Ahodm & CJmM VwPm H$[aVrc hodm

cmJoc Ooìhm VwOgr égm`m & Vy XoV Om nmQ>{nXo ~gm`m

... gmjmV gmnËZ Z XmIdmdo & àmUoídamMo _Z AmoiImdo

_mPo VwPo ho åhUerc Ooìhm & nañnao Vy{Q> nS>oc Voìhm &

gm_amOmMr ^mfm g§ñH¥$VàMya d gm_m{gH$ AgyZhr Vr ghO g_OÊ`mgmaIr Amho.`mÀ`m aMZoV OwZo _amR>r, àmH¥$V, J«m_rU VgoM \$meu eãXhr AmT>iVmV. ~è`mM åhUtMmdmna AmT>iVmo. {edH$mcrZ ^mfoÀ`m Aä`mgmV gm_amOmÀ`m H$mì`mMm g§X^© Cn`wŠVR>aVmo.

13.5 ZmJoe

ZmJoe hm gm_amOmZ§VaMm H$dr. hm Ah_XZJa {OëømVrc q^Jma `m JmdMm amhUmam.`mMo CnZmd _wio. hm Òwd}Xr ~«m÷U hmoVm. B. g. 1623-1688 hm Ë`m§Mm H$mcmdYrgm§JVm òVmo. ZmJoe hm g§ñH¥$VMm CÎm_ OmUH$ma hmoVm. N>§XemñÌ d Ac§H$ma `m§Mmhr Aä`mgË`mZo Ho$cm hmoVm. H$mìò, ZmQ>Ho$, nwamUo Am{U H$m_gyÌ, AZ§Ja§J, a{V_§Oar B.H$m_emñÌ{df`H$ J«§Wm§Mo AÜ``Z Ë`mZo Ho$co hmoVo. ZmJoemZo grVm-ñd`§da,épŠ_Urñd`§da, M§ÐmdirdU©Z, emaXm{dZmoX, ag_§[Oar Aer H$mìàMZm Ho$cr Amho. `mH$mì`mV {R>H${R>H$mUr ZJadU©Zo, G$VwdU©Zo, Zm`H$-Zm{`H$m dU©Zo òVmV. "M§ÐdirdU©Z' ho


gm_amO hm {edH$mcrZ Am»`mZH$dr AgyZ Ë`mZo _wX²Jcm»`mZ aMco.

Am»`mZ A{¾nwamUmÀ`m AmYmao {c{hcoco Amho d Vo CÎmmZ e¥§JmamZo âcoco Amho."grVmñd`§da' `m H$mì`mV ZmJoemZo hZw_ÞmQ>H$, aKwd§e Am{U am_mÙ `m§Mm AWm©ZwdmXHo$cm Amho. am_mÀ`m {ddmhmg_`r {_adUwH$s_mJo AgUmè`m pñÌ`m§Mo dU©Z H$aVmZm ZmJoemZo{M{ÌUr, n{ÙZr, hpñVZr d e§{IZr Aem Mma OmVtÀ`m pñÌ`m§Mr cjUmg{hV eãX{MÌoH$mT>cr Amho.

Ago Agco Var ZH$mo VoWo e¥§JmadU©Zo d H$mc{dn`m©g ho Xmof ZmJoemÀ`m H$mì`mVAmT>iVmV. M§Ðmdir dU©ZmV, M§Ðmdi d {VÀ`mgmo~V Jmoag {dH$md`mg OmUmè`m JmontModU©Z e¥§JmanyU© Amho.

_Xâo _J Jm¡i{U MmcVr

WaWam ñVZ_§Wa hmcVr

{H${VH$ Ë`m JOJm{_Zr S>mocVr

PUPUm H$iqH${H${U dmOVr

_Zwî`ñd^mdmÀ`m {dg§JVrXe©ZmVyZ {dZmoX{Z{_©VrMm à`ËZhr ZmJoemZo gmYcm Amho.

^modVmcÀ`m g_mOmMo gyú_ {ZarjU `mÀ`m H$mì`mV {XgVo. VËH$mcrZ Jwé-{eî`mMog§~§Y, {eî`ñd^md, Jmogmì`mMm ImoQ>onUm, ~wdm~mÁ`m§Mm ñÌrc§nQ>Um, J«m_OmoetMrê$T>r{à`Vm, {ddmh{dYr_Üò Y_©H¥$Ë`m§dê$Z hmoUmar {^jwH$m§Mr ^m§S>Uo B. C„oIñdm^m{dH$nUo ZmJoemZo Ho$co AmhoV. {edH$mcrZ g_mOmVrc JwU-Xmofm§da `m_wio àH$menS>Ê`mg _XV hmoVo. ì`{º$dU©ZmV ZmJoe Hw$ec Amho.

ZmJoem§À`m grVm ñd`§da `m H$mì`mV n[a{MV-An[a{MV Aer 16 Ajad¥Îmo dmnacrAmhoV. `m~m~VrV dm_Z n§{S>Vm§Mm à^md Ë`m§À`mda {XgVmo.

ZH$mo _Zm hmd Yê$ YZmMr Ÿ&

godm H$ar \$ma aKwÎm_mMr

`m§gma»`m n§ŠVrdê$Z `m aMZoda am_Xmgr à^mdhr OmUdVmo.


M§X«dirdU©Z ZmJoeZo {c{hco.

13.5 Amnbr àJVr Vnmgm : 1) ........................... ho gm_amOmMo Ama§^rMo H$mì` Amho.

1) épŠ_UrhaU 2) `WmW©Xr{nH$m 3) _wX²>Jcm»`mZ

2) épŠ_UrhaU ho gm_amOmMo ................. Amho.

1) _hmH$mì` 2) I§S>H$mì` 3) nwamU

13.6 {dÇ>c ~rS>H$a

`mMo nyU© Zmd {dÇ>c AZ§V jragmJa B. g. 1628 Vo 1660 hm Ë`mMm H$mcmdYrAmho. hm ~rS>Odirc Jm¡arnya `m JmdMm hmoVm. Vmo ì`mnma H$arV Ago. Cnmñ` X¡dV {dÇ>cAgë`mZo Vmo Zo_mZo n§T>arMr dmar H$aV Ago. épŠ_Urñd`§da (B. g. 1674),nm§MmcrñVdZ (B. g. 1674), grVmñd`§da (B. g. 1677), ag_§Oar (B. g.1679), Ðm¡nXrdñÌhaU, {dÛ‚mrdZ, {~ëhUM[aÌ hr aMZm {dÇ>c ~rS>H$aÀ`m ZmdmdaAmho. `m IoarO dm_Z M[aV ewH$a§^mg§dmX, H$~raH$Wm, Am»`mZo d ñ\w$Q> nXo, ^ynmiçm,nmiUo, Hy$Q> nÚo Aer aMZm {dÇ>cmÀ`m Zmdmda Amho.

{dÇ>c g§ñH¥$Vk d ì`wËnÞ hmoVm. ag_§{Oar hm ^mZwXmgmÀ`m gm{hËèmñÌr` J«§WmMmË`mZo Ho$cocm AZwdmX Ë`mÀ`m nm§{S>Ë`mMo Xe©Z KS>dVmo.

"grVm ñd`§da' ho 7 gJmªMo Am{U 363 ícmoH$m§Mo I§S>H$mì` Amho. `mgmR>r {dÇ>cmZohZw_ÞmQ>H$, aKwd§e, dmë_rH$ram_mÙ Am{U àmH¥$V H$mì`mMm AmYma KoVcm Amho.EH$ZmWm§À`m épŠ_Urñd`§damMmhr à^md `mÀ`m H$mhr gJmªda {XgVmo. Ag§»` d¥Îmm§VrcnÚaMZm Am{U nÚmÀ`m eodQ>r JmodÊ`mV Amcoco d¥ÎmZm_ ho `m H$mì`mMo d¡{eîQ>ço Amho.

Mm§no Ho$V{H$ _moJao gwaVé OmB© OwB© ^modVr Ÿ&

doUy doV H$Uoa _§X ndZo hocmdVr _mcVr

^ynmio _Yw _mYdo dZcVm gmè`m à\w$„m _hm &

d„rMo G$VyMo ñd`§da nhm emXy©c{dH«$s@hm &&

grVmñd`§damÀ`m eodQ>r {ddmhgmohiçmÀ`m dU©ZmV H$drZo _§JcmîQ>Ho$hr aMcr AmhoV.


3) jUâr ........... H¥$îUÑï>r nS>oZm.

1) gnZr{h 2) àË`jhr 3) KarXmar

4) ........................... ^mfoÀ`m Aä`mgmg gm_amOmMo H$mì` Cn`wŠV R>aVo.

1) noedoH$mcrZ 2) {edH$mcrZ 3) eH$H$mcrZ

5) ZmJoemMo M§ÐdirdU©Z ho ........................... À`m AmYmao {c{hcoco Amho.

1) grVmñd`§da 2) A{¾nwamU 3) grVmhaU

6) ........................... hr ZmJoemMr aMZm Amho.

1) emaXm{dZmoX 2) Am`m© 3) épŠ_UrhaU

7) ZmJoemÀ`m aMZoda ........................... `m g§VmMm à^md AmT>iVmo.

1) VwH$mam_ 2) kmZoída 3) am_Xmg

Omo Omo Omo Omo Omo ao Hw$c^yfUm & XeaWZ§XZm

{ZÐm H$[a ~mim _Z_mohZm & am_ cú_Um &&

hm lram_mMm nmiUm lram_O`§VrÀ`m àg§Jr AmOhr _hmamîQ´>mV åhQ>cm OmVmo. {dÇ>cmMo"ag_§Oar" ho H$mì` åhUOo ^mZwXmgmÀ`m g§ñH¥$V ag_§OarMo ^mfm§Va Amho.

"{dÛ‚mrdZ' ho H$mì` Ho$di n§{S>Vm§gmR>r Agë`mMo {dÇ>c gm§JVmo. 265 ícmoH$m§À`m `maMZoV ^mJdVmVrc H$WoÀ`m AmYmao H¥$îUmÀ`m ~mccrcm, amYmH¥$îU ào_, amgH«$sS>m `m§ModU©Z Ho$co Amho.

"{~ëhUM[aÌ' ho I§S>H$mì` cm¡{H$H$ {df`mdarc Amho. 11 ì`m eVH$mVrc {~ëhUH$drÀ`m "Mm¡an§M{eH$m' `m H$mì`mMo ho gwpícîQ> ^mfm§Va Amho. `m e¥§JmaagàYmZ H$mì`mMrnydm©Ym©V 60 ì`m d CÎmamYm©V 56 ícmoH$ Aer {d^mJUr Amho. {dÇ>cmMr aMZm H$iÊ`mgAdKS> Amho. `m H$mì`mcm {MÌH$mì` d H$Q>H$mì` åhUVm òB©c. H$mì`coIZmnojmhrgm{hËèmñÌr` kmZmMo àXe©Z H$aÊ`mMr {dÇ>cmMr ^y{_H$m {XgVo. {d{dY d¥Îmo, `_Ho$,AZwàmg, ícof, {d{dY eãXmc§H$ma B. {deof {dÇ>cmÀ`m H$mì`mV AmT>iVmV. ^mfm, g§Ho$V,Ac§H$ma, d¥Îmo, H$ënZm{dcmg `m ~m~VrV g§ñH¥$VMo diU {JadÊ`mMm {dÇ>c à`ËZ H$aVmo.Ë`m_wio aMZmM_ËH¥$Vr Ë`mÀ`m H$mì`mV àH$fm©Zo {XgVo.

H¥$îU OZmX©Z H¡$Q>^_X©Z Ho$ed _mYd dm_Z {dîUmo&

lr _YwgyXZ Xod{H$Z§XZ XmZdemgZ {dÇ>c {OîUmo &

Aer na_ídamMr Zmdo EH$m ícmoH$mV Jw§\$Ê`mMm Ë`mMm à`ËZ aMZm M_ËH¥$Vr XmIdVmo.

g§ñH¥$V eãX, g_mg `m§À`m A{YH$V_ dmnam_wio gm_mÝ` dmMH$mcm hr H$mìò pŠcîQ>dmQ>VmV. Hy$Q> aMZogmR>r Vmo à{gÕ Amho.

H$moUo EH$ dZr {d{MÌ nwVim Oodmd`m ~¡gcm Ÿ&

nmÌt OodU Oo{dVm, A{V ~io nmÌo{M Vmo ^{jcm &

Ë`mMr Oo d{ZVm dZm§V {\$aVm gy`m©g àmWu gXm &

~moco {dÇ>c hm nXmW© C_Jm fÊ_m{gMm dm`Xm &

(H$_imVrc ^«_a)

{dÇ>cmZo g§ñH¥$V Am{U [h§Xr_Üòhr nXaMZm Ho$cr Amho. 125 nojm OmñV nXohrË`mÀ`m H$mì`g§J«hmV AmT>iVmV. Ë`mVhr H¥$îUJmonr{df`H$ nXo A{YH$ AgyZ am_, e§H$a,{dÇ>c B. X¡dVm§{df`rMr AmhoV.


{dÇ>c ~rS>H$amMo {~ëhUM[aÌ ho I§S>H$mì` à{gÕ Amho.

13.7 AmZ§XVZ`

H$Zm©Q>H$_Yrc AaUr JmdMm amhUmam Agë`m_wio AmZ§XVZ` AaUrH$a `m ZmdmZo hmà{gÕ Amho. 17 ì`m eVH$mÀ`m CÎmamYm©V hm hmoD$Z Jocm. AmZ§XVZ` d aKwZmWn§{S>V hoì`mhr Agë`mMo åhQ>co OmVo. AmZ§XVZ`mZo am_mÙ, ^mJdV Am{U nwamUo `m§À`m AmYmao,{díd{_Ìm{^J_Z, VmQ>H$mdY, nyVZmdY, {dídm{_Ì, `kajU, grVmñd`§da, _mHª$S>oÀm»`mZ Aer ~arM I§S>H$mìò aMcr. drg Am»`mZo Am{U nÚohr CncãY AmhoV.

Am»`mZm§_Üò {d{dY AjaJUd¥Îmm§~amo~aM gdmB© qXS>r ho N>§Xhr `moOco AmhoV. Ë`mMrEHy$U aMZm ícmoH$~Õ, àmgm{XH$ d agmi Amho. AmZ§XVZ`mÀ`m Am»`mZmdaH$rV©Zg§ñWoMm à^md OmUdVmo. ^ŠVrna d CnXoena Aer 170 nXohr Ë`mÀ`m ZmdmdaAmhoV.

"grVmñd`§da' `m aMZoV àg§Jr A§J, d§J, H$qcJ B. XoemMo amOo O_co hmoVo. hogm§JVmZm dmnacoco My{U©H$mJÚ nmhm

O¡go gH$c Hw$cmMc {_imco EŠ`m ñWir

H$s cjmdYr cd dmam§{Z{YOir

H$s H$m_ê$n nÞJ^ma nmVmir,

H$s ZmZm {d_mZg§K JJZ_§S>ir, H$s ZmZm

\$ig_yh Q>mhir, Vo{d _wJwQ>m§ZX Ho$`ya H$Q>H$

_wŠVmhma VmoS>a Zwnwa h§gH$m{X ^yfUr

{damO_mZ ^ynmc OZH$g^m_§S>ir gH$ihr EH$dQ>co.

d¥ÎmaMZoVrc H$m¡eë`m~m~V, {d{dY d¥Îmm§Mr `moOZm H$aÊ`m~m~V AmZ§XVZ` gagR>aVmo. H$sV©ZH$mam§Zm Cn`moJr nS>Vrc Aer chmZ chmZ ñd`§nyU©, d¥Îm~Õ, lw{V_Zmoha AerAm»`mZo Ë`mZr aMcr. _hm^maV, ^mJdV, am_mÙ d BVa nwamUo `m§À`m AmYmao H$sV©ZmgmR>rCn`moJr Am»`mZo aMÊ`mMr àWm AmZ§XVZ`m_wioM nS>cr. nwT>o AZoH$ H$dtZr Ë`mMoAZwH$aU Ho$co. gm§gm[aH$m§À`m WH$coë`m _ZmMm CËgmh dmT>{dUmar d Ë`m§Zm Cëh{gVH$aUmao H$mì` AmZ§XVZ`mZo aMco.

nXaMZm H$aÊ`mV n§{S>V H$dt_Üò Ë`mMo Ago EH$ ñWmZ Amho. Ë`mÀ`m{df`r_moamon§Vm§Zr {c{hco Amho.

AmZ§XVZ` AaUrH$a emo^{d \$ma H$dZ `_H$m§hr Ÿ&

VËgypŠV nmR> Á`mcm Ë`mMo nmho Z ^dZ `_ H$mhr &


{d{dY AjaJUd¥Îmm§~amo~aM gdmB© qXS>r ho N§X Ë`mZo `moObo.

13.8 aKwZmW n§{S>V

Am»`mZH${dVoV dm_Z n§{S>Vmà_mUo àm{V{Z{YH$ R>aUmam hm H$dr. Ë`mÀ`mñWcH$mcm{df`r {dÛmZm§V EH$_V Zmhr. am_Xmg dU©Z, JO|Ð_moj Am{U X_`§Vrñd`§daAer aMZm `mÀ`m Zmdmda Amho.

"am_XmgdU©Z' ho dg§V{VcH$m d¥ÎmmVrc 11 ícmoH$m§Mo ñVmoÌ AgyZ, àË`jnm{hë`mà_mUo am_Xmgm§Mo hþ~ohÿ~ dU©Z `mV AmT>iVo. B. g. 1681 _Üò g_WmªÀ`mAmkodê$Z ho H$mì` {c{hco Joco.

"JO|Ð_moj' ho 58 ícmoH$m§Mo H$mì` Amho. Amnë`m gmo~Ë`mgh Oc{dhmamcm Jocoë`mJO|Ðmcm VcmdmVrc _JamZo nH$S>ë`mda JO|ÐmZo na_oídamMm Ho$cocm Ymdm d na_oídamZoË`mMr gwQ>H$m H$ê$Z Ë`mcm d _Jarcm {Xcoco {Xì`ê$n hm H$Wm^mJ `m H$mì`mV Amcm Amho.

aKwZmW n§{S>VmMo AË`§V cmoH${à` Am»`mZH$mì` åhUOo "X_`§Vrñd`§da'! `mMo EHy$U254 ícmoH$ AgyZ OmoS>rcm 14 nXo d 1 My{U©H$mhr Amho. ho H$mì` hfm©À`m "ZofY-M[aVm'dê$Z aMcoco Amho. _hmH$mì`mMm AmYma Agcm Var Am»`mZ AmQ>monera ñdê$nmMoAmho.

Vo erVcmonMmar OmJr Pmcr hiyM _J ~moco &

Am¡fY ZcJo _Ocm, n[agw{Z OZZr ~ao åhUw{Z S>moco Ÿ&

hr aå` H$ënZm aKwZmWm§Zr gd©Ì àkoZo Ho$cr Amho. X_`§VrMm hm {ZU©` EoHy$Z "_yc


13.7 Amnbr àJVr Vnmgm : 1) {dÇ>c ~rS>H$a `mMo Cnmñ`X¡dV ........................... hmoVo.

1) {dÇ>c 2) lrH¥$îU 2) am_

2) {dÇ>cmZo ........................... M[aÌ {c{hco.1) am_ 2) {~ëhU 3) e§H$a

3) {~ëhUM[aÌ ho I§S>H$mì` ........................... `m H$mì`mMo ^mfm§Va Amho.

1) ewH$a§^mg§dmX 2) Mm¡an§Mm{eH$m 3) dm_ZM[aÌ

4) ........................... ho H$mì` AmZ§XVZ`mMo Amho.

1) _mHª$S>o` Am»`mZ 2) am_Am»`mZ 3) d{gîR>J_Z

5) AmZ§XVZ` ........................... eVH$mV hmoD$Z Jocm.

1) 15ì`m 2) 20 ì`m 3) 17 ì`m

6) Am§ZXVZ` AaUrH$a emo^{d ....................... Ago ..................... `m§Zr åhQ>co.

1) _moamon§V 2) aKwZmW n§{S>V 3) dm_Z

Cnda ho Omhcr Bòcm & nm{hOo H$s da `mo½` nm{hOocm' `m {VÀ`m AmB©À`m CX²JmamVa_Ur` Aer ñÌrgwc^Vm gmR>cocr Amho. X_`§Vrà_mUo ZcmÀ`m {dahmMo dU©Zhr H$dr_m{_©H$nUo H$aVmo.

^¥§Jo {dam{OV Zdr AaqdXnÌo &

nmhÿ{Z _mZw{Z {VMrM {demc ZoÌo &

KmcrZ A§OZ Aem _{VZo VQ>mH$s¨ &

Amhm d¥Wm CVacmo {Ôcmo {dcmoH$s¨ &

hµo ^«m§{V_mZ Ac§H$mamMo CXmhaU Amho.

aKwZmW n§{S>VmZo `m H$mì`mV H$mhr doim _yi H$ënZm OerÀ`m Ver KoD$Z {VMm dmna`moOH$VoZo Ho$cm Amho. Va H$mhr doim AmYmamgmR>r _yi H$ënZm KoD$Z {VMm gd©ñdr ñdV§ÌAm{dîH$ma Ho$cm Amho. `m d¡{eîQ>çm§Mm cm^ `m Am»`mZ H$mì`mVrc ì`pŠV{MÌUmcm dàg§J`moOZocm Pmë`mZo ho X_`§Vrñd`§da H$mì` _amR>r Am»`mZH$ H${dVoÀ`m B{VhmgmV_hÎdmMo R>aco Amho. AmÎmmn`ªVÀ`m H$dtZm am_mÙ-_hm^maV ^mJdV B. nwamUJ«§Wm§À`mAmYmao Amncr Am»`mZo gO{dcr. hm nma§n[aH$ _mJ© gmoSy>Z Z¡fYM[aVmgma»`m g§ñH¥$V_hmH$mì`mÀ`m AmYmao Am»`mZ {chÿZ aKwZmW n§{S>Vm§Zr doJionU {gÕ Ho$co.

^mfm§VaH$ma åhUyZ aKwZmW n§{S>VmMo H$m_ _hÎdmMo Amho. _wimVrc JmoS>r H$_r hmoD$ ZXoVm, _wimVrc H$ënZoMm A{YH$ gw§Xa CR>md H$aV Zc-X_`§Vr ñd`§da Ë`mZo {c{hco Amho.^mfm g§ñH¥$VàMya Agcr Va Xw~m}Y Zmhr. H$mìàMZoVhr gwQ>gwQ>rVnUm {XgVmo. Ë`mH$mirn§{S>V H$dtZr H$sV©ZH$mam§gmR>r {c{hcoë`m H$mì`mMr CXmhaUo ~arM hmoVr. aKwZmW n§{S>VmZohrJm`ZmZwHy$c Aer 15 nXo {c{hcr. aoIrd dU©Zo, {ZdoXZmVrc àdmhrnUm, g§dmXmVrcIQ>Ho$, CR>mdXma {MÌU, ^mdZm{dîH$mamVrc gyMH$Vm B. {deofm§_wio ho H$mì` CÎm_ aMcoJoco Amho.

13.9 n§{S>V H$dtMo `moJXmZ d _`m©Xm

àmMrZ _amR>r dmL>²_`mMm AmT>mdm KoVm, _wimV n§{S>V H$dtMo dmL>²_` ho H$moUË`mhrVÎdkmZmMm àgma, àMma H$aÊ`mÀ`m CÔoemZo {Z_m©U Pmcoco ZìhVo, Va H$cmàXe©Z Am{Uì`mdhm[aH$ OJmV WmoS>m AmZ§X {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mÀ`m BÀN>oZo `m dmL>²_`mMr {Z{_©Vr Pmcr.Ë`m_wio gmh{OH$M `m dmL>²_`mÀ`m `moJXmZmMm {dMma Ho$cm Va Vmo H$cm{dîH$mamÀ`mÑpîQ>H$moZmVyZM H$amdm cmJoc. cmoH${ejU d g_mOà~moYZ hm Ogm g§Vgm{hË`mMm nm`mhmoVm Ë`mà_mUo H$moUË`mhr VÎdkmZmMm hoVynwañga àgma n§{S>Vr H$mì`mZo Ho$cm Zmhr. Varhr

> n§{S>Vr H$mì` (dm_Z n§{S>V, gm_amO, ZmJoe B.) /235

Z¡fYM[aVmgma»`m g§ñH¥$V _hmH$mì`mÀ`m AmYmao Am»`mZ {chÿZaKwZmW n§{S>VmZo Amnco doJionU {gÕ Ho$co.

dm_Zn§{S>VmnmgyZ _moamon§Vm§n`ªV àËòH$ n§{S>V H$drZo Amnmnë`m H$mì`mZo H$mì`àm§VmV âMQ>mH$cr Amho.

n§{S>V H$dtZr Am»`mZ H${dVoMo XoUo _amR>r H${dVocm ânya {Xco. àXrK© Am{U H$WZnacoIZe¡cr Ë`m§Zr àg¥V Ho$cr. Cnmñ` XodVoÀ`m M[aÌmMo Jm`Z H$aVmZm, {ddmh, `wÕ, g§gma`mg§~§YrMo cm¡{H$H$ àg§JdU©Z Ho$ë`m_wio _mUgmÀ`m cm¡{H$H$ OrdZmcm H$mì`mV ñWmZ àmáPmco. ho coIZ H$aV AgVmZm AmH$f©H$Vm d gm¢X`© AmUÊ`mgmR>r Ë`m§Zr {d{dY d¥Îmm§Mm dmnaHo$cm. Ë`mH$mir H$sV©ZH$mam§Zm Ë`m§À`m {ddoMZmV dmnaVm òVrc Aem {d{dY nXaMZmHo$ë`m. g_H$mcrZ MmcrarVr, g_mO, g§ñH¥$Vr `m§Mo AZw~§Y `m H$mì`mV à{Vq~{~V hmoVmZm{XgVmV. e¥§Jma agmMm gT>i dmna Pmcm Agcm Var ^JdX²^ŠVr H$aÊ`mg gm§Jm`cmn§{S>V H$dr {dgaV ZmhrV.

Ahmo òVm OmVm§, ~gV CR>Vm§, H$m`©H$[aVm &

gXm XoVm KoVm dX{Z dXVm J«mg {J{iVm &

Kar Xmar eæòd[a a{VgwImMo Adgar &

g_ñVm§Mr c‚mm ËÒw{Z ^JdqƒVZ H$ar Ÿ&

hm dm_ZmMm ícmoH$ CXmhaUmXmIc gm§JVm òB©c.>>>>n§{S>V H$mì`m_Üò d¥Îmd¡{MÍ`, Ac§H$maàmMw`©, ZmX_mYw`©, dU©ZnaVm, aMZmgm¡îR>d B. d¡{eîQ>ço AmT>iVmV. g§ñH¥$VÀ`m dmnam_wion§{S>Vm§Zr g§ñH¥$V ^mfoMo, gm{hË`mMo nwZé‚mrdZ Ho$co Ago åhUVm òB©c. _mUgmcmOrdZmVcm AmZ§X Cn^moJÊ`mg Ë`m§Zr {eH${dco. cm¡{H$H$ OrdZ Mm§Jë`m àH$mao ì`VrVH$aÊ`mg {eH${dco. gw{e{jV cmoH$m§À`m a{gH$VoMr OmU R>odyZ Ë`m§Zm A{YH$ A{^éMr g§nÞ~Z{dco. _hmH$mì`, I§S>H$mì`, Am»`mZH${dVm, M§nr, cKwH$mì`, ñVmoÌo, gw^m{fVo, ícmoH$Aem {d{dY H$mì`àH$mam§_Üò aMZm H$ê$Z _amR>r H${dVm g§nÞ ~Z{dcr. n§{S>Vm§Mo H$mì`~wÕrcm d a{gH$Vocm AmdmhZ H$aUmao hmoVo. Ë`m§Zr gwM{dcoë`m ^pŠV_mJm©Vhr a{gH$VmA{YH$ hmoVr. Ë`m_wio ^moiçm-^m~S>çm, A{e{jV gm_mÝ` OZm§nmgyZ n§{S>Vr H${dVm Xyaam{hcr.

_Zmoa§OZmÀ`m nmVirda am{hë`m_wio gd©gm_mÝ` OZVoÀ`m _ZmMm R>md KoÊ`mMo H$m_Vr H$ê$ eH$cr Zmhr. g§ñH¥$VÀ`m dmnam_wio hr H${dVm pŠcîQ>, Xw~m}Y dmQy> cmJcr. Ho$diA{ÔZm§MoM {VÀ`mH$S>o cj Joco. gm_mÝ` OZVm n§{S>Vr H${dVonmgyZ Xya am{hcr. n§{S>Vm§MrH$mìàMZm H$m¡eë`nyU© Amho. CËñ\y$V© Zmhr. ^mdZm{dîH$mamnojm H$ënZm{dñVma Ë`m§ZrA{YH$ Ho$cm. {d{dY d¥Îmm§§Mm dmna, VËH$mcrZ g_mOXe©Z B. JmoîQ>tMo `moJXmZ `m H$dtZr{Xcoco Agco Var g_mOmcm à~moYZmË_H$ {Xem XoÊ`mMo H$m_ Ë`m§Zm gmÜ` Pmcoco Zmhr.Ë`m_wio g§Vna§naoà_mUo AmOÀ`m H$mimn`ªV Vo {Q>H$co Zmhr. AmMma-{dMmam§À`m ~m~VrVË`m§Mm H$moUVmhr R>am{dH$ g§àXm` ZìhVm. H$mhr doim A{Ve`moŠVr, H$mc{dn`m©g, e¥§JmamMmA{VaoH$, ~r^ËgnUm, AewÕ ^mfm B. Xmof `m H${dVo_Üò AmT>iVmV. am_H¥$îUm§À`m{ddmhH$Wm§da â {XgVmo. na§Vw EHy$UM àmMrZ _amR>r dmL>²_`mÀ`m B{VhmgmV>nm§{S>Ë`


àXe©Z Am{U _Zmoa§OZ `m hoVyZo {c{hco Jococo H$mì` åhUyZ n§{S>V H$mì`mda Q>rH$m hmoVAgcr Var Ë`m§Zr _amR>r H$mì`mMo XmcZ g_¥Õ Ho$co Ago åhUÊ`mg H$moUVrhr haH$V KoVmòUma Zmhr.

13.10 g_mamon

{_Ìm§Zmo, `m àH$aUmV AmnU n§{S>Vr H$mì`mMm AmT>mdm KoVcm. g§Vm§à_mUo H$moUVmhrà~moYZmË_H$ hoVy Z R>odVm n§{S>V H$dtZr Ho$di _Zmoa§OZmH$[aVm d AmñdmXmH$[aVmH$mìàMZm Ho$cr. `m_Üò AmnU dm_Z n§{S>V, gm_amO, ZmJoe, {dÇ>c ~rS>H$a,AmZ§XVZ`, aKwZmW n§{S>V B. H$dtÀ`m dmL>²_`rZ H$m`m©Mm Aä`mg Ho$cm. Vn{ecmV Ë`m§À`mdmL>²_`H¥$Vr d n§{S>Vr H$mì`m_Üò Agcocm Ë`m§Mm dmQ>m H$moUVm `mMm {dMma Ho$cm. Ë`m§À`m{d{dY H$mìàMZm nm{hë`m. àmMrZ _amR>r dmL>²_ò{VhmgmV EHy$UM n§{S>V H$dtMo `moJXmZnm{hco d Ë`m§À`m _`m©Xmhr ñnîQ> Ho$ë`m. `mnwT>rc àH$aUmV AmnU emhÿ _hmamOm§À`m


13.9 Amnbr àJVr Vnmgm : A. Jmicoë`m OmJm âm.

1) ........................... ho ñVmoÌ aKwZmW n§{S>VmZo {c{hco.

1) am_XmgdU©Z 2) hZw_mZ dU©Z 3) lrH¥$îUdU©Z

2) ........................... ho 58 ícmoH$m§Mo aKwZmW n§{S>VmMo H$mì` Amho.

1) JO|Ð_moj 2) am_XmgdU©Z 3) Zc-X_`§Vr

3) X_`§Vrñd`§da ........................... M[aVmdê$Z Macoco Amho.

1) X_`§Vr 2) Zc 3) ZofY

4) aKwZmW n§{S>VmZo Jm`ZmZwHy$c ........................... nXo {c{hcr AmhoV.

1) 10 2) 15 3) 20

~. MyH$ H$s ~amo~a {chm

1) n§{S>VH$dtMo H$mì` H$moUË`mhr VÎdkmZmÀ`m àMmamW© {Z_m©U Pmco ZìhVo.

2) n§{S>VrH$dtZr Am»`mZH${dVm {c{hcr.

3) n§{S>Vr H$mì`mV draagmMm A{YH$ dmna hmoVm.

4) d¥Îmd¡{MÍ`, e¥§Jmaag, ZmX_mYw`©, Ac§H$maàmMw`© hr n§{S>Vr H${dVoMr d¡{eîQ>ço hmoV.

5) n§{S>V H${dVm gm_mÝÒZm§À`m A{Ve` Odi Jocr.

6) A{Ve`moŠVr, H$mc{dn`m©g, e¥§JmamMm A{VaoH$ ho n§{S>V H$mì`mMo Xmof hmoVo.

n§{S>V H$dtZr _amR>r H${dVoMo XmbZ g_¥Õ Ho$bo; na§Vw hr H${dVmgm_mÝÒZm§nmgyZ Xya am{hbr.

H$maH$sXuVrc C„oIZr` J«§WH$ma H¥$îUX`mU©d Am{U lrYa `m§Mm Aä`mg H$aUma AmhmoV.

13.11 gmam§e

{_Ìm§Zmo, n§{S>Vr H$mì`mÀ`m àoaUm d ñdê$nmMm Aä`mg Ho$ë`mZ§Va Amnë`m Ago cjmVAmco, H$s g§Vgm{hË` Am{U n§{S>Vr gm{hË` `m§À`m_Üò coIZhoVy {^Þ {^Þ AmhoV. Ë`m_wiog§Vmà_mUo cmoH${ejUmÀ`m hoVyZo n§{S>Vr H$mì`mMo coIZ Pmco Zmhr. g§ñH¥$V H$mì`mMm AmYmaKoD$Z n§{S>V H$dtZr {d{dY Am»`mZo, M§nyH$mì`, _hmH$mì`, I§S>H$mì`, ñVmoÌo, ícmoH$ Aem{d{dYm§Jr aMZm Ho$ë`m. {d{dY N>§X, d¥Îmo `m§Mm dmna H$ê$Z, e¥§Jm[aH$ dU©Zo H$ê$Z A{ÔZm§Mo_Zmoa§OZ Ho$co. H${dVoMo XmcZ g_¥Õ H$aVmZm n§{S>Vr H${dVm gm_mÝÒZm§nmgyZ _mÌ Xyaam{hcr. H$maU g§ñH¥$VàmMm`©, An[a{MV eãX`moOZm `m_wio Vr pŠcîQ> ~Zcr. {VÀ`mVCËH$Q>Vonojm ~w{ÕJå`Vm Amcr Ë`m_wio Vr ~w{Õd§Vm§Zm AmñdmX`mo½` R>acr. VarhrOmUrdnyd©H$ Ho$coë`m aMZm§ZrgwÕm n§{S>V H$dtZr _amR>r H$mì`àH$ma A{YH$ g_¥Õ Ho$cm.


13.3

1. dm_Z n§{S>V 2. `WmW©Xr{nH$m 3. H¥$îU 4. gwícmoH$5.Xhmdm

13.5

1. _wX²Jcm»`mZ 2. _hmH$mì` 3. gnZr{h 4. {edH$mcrZ

5. A{¾nwamU 6. emaXm{dZmoX 7. am_Xmg

13.7

1. {dÇ>c 2. {~ëhU 3. Mm¡an§Mm{eH$m

4. _mHª$S>o` Am»`mZ> 5. 17 ì`m 6. _moamon§V

13.9

A. 1. am_XmgdU©Z 2. JO|Ð_moj 3. ZofY 4. 15

~. 1. ~amo~a 2. ~amo~a 3. MyH$

5. ~amo~a 6. MyH$ 7. ~amo~a



A{YH$ {Q>nUmgmR>r

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A{YH$ {Q>nUmgmR>r

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nmR> : 14

H¥$îUX`mU©d / lrYa

14.0 C{Ôï>o

{_Ìm§Zmo, _mJrc àH$aUmV n§{S>Vr H$mì`mMm AmT>mdm AmnU KoVcm. `m àH$aUmVAmZ§Xg§àXm`mÀ`m emIoVrc H¥$îUX`mU©d Am{U Ë`m§Mo g_H$mcrZ lrYa `m§À`m gm{hË`mMmAä`mg AmnU H$aUma AmhmoV. `m àH$aUmMm Aä`mg Ho$ë`mZ§Va Vwåhmcm,

l H¥$îUX`mU©d `m§À`m H$mìàMZoMm AmT>mdm KoVm òB©c.

l lrYam§À`m gm{hË`g§nXoMo dU©Z H$aVm òB©c.

l H¥$îUX`mU©d Am{U lrYa `m§Mo dmL>²_`mVrc `moJXmZ ñnîQ> H$aVm òB©c.>

14.1 àmñVm{dH$

`m àH$aUmV AmnU AmZ§X g§àXm`mÀ`m H¥$îUX`mU©d Am{U lrYa `m§À`m{df`r OmUyZKoUma AmhmoV. emhÿ_hmamOm§À`m H$maH$sXuV H¥$îUX`mU©d d lrYa ho XmoZ _moR>o J«§WH$ma Pmco.AmZ§X g§àXm`mZo 17 ì`m, 18 ì`m eVH$mV _amR>r dmL>²_`mV _mocmMr â KmVcr.a§JZmWñdm_r {ZJS>rH$a, lrYañdm_r ZmPaoH$a, H¥$îUX`mU©d, {edam_ñdm_r H$ë`mUrH$a

H¥$îUX`mU©d / lrYa / 241

14.0 C{Ôï>o14.1 àmñVm{dH$14.2 H¥$îUX`mU©d14.3 lrYa

14.3.1 h[a{dO`14.3.2 lram_{dO`14.3.3 {edcrcm_¥V14.3.4 nm§S>dàVmn

14.4 g_mamon14.5 gmam§e

- Amncr àJVr Vnmgm CÎmao

`m cmoH$m§Zr `m g§àXm`mgmR>r H$m_ Ho$co. H¥$îUX`mU©dm§Mr Jwéna§nam JmoqdX-ñdmZ§X-EH$ZmWAer Amho Va nyUm©Z§X-XÎmmZ§X-~«÷mZ§X-lrYa Aer lrYam§Mr Jwéna§nam Amho.dmL>²_ò{Vhmgm_Üò `m g§àXm`mcm ñWmZ {_idyZ XoÊ`mMo H$m_ H¥$îUX`mU©d d lrYa `m§ZrHo$co. Ë`m_wio Ë`m§À`m dmL>²_`rZ H¥$VtMm AmT>mdm AmnU `m àH$aUmV KoUma AmhmoV.>>>

14.2 H¥$îUX`mU©d$

emhÿ _hmamOm§À`m H$ma{H$XuVrc H¥$îUX`mU©d ho EH$ C„oIZr` J«§WH$ma hmoV. Ë`m§MmOÝ_ B. g. 1674 _Üò gmVmam {OëømVrc H$monS>} `m Jmdr Pmcm. _amR>dmS>çmVrcAm§~oOmoJmB© òWo JmoqdX Mm¡Yar Zm_H$ AmZ§Xg§àXm`r ñdm_tH$Sy>Z Ë`m§Zr {Xjm KoVcr. KamoKar{^jm _mJVmZm "H¥$îUX`mU©d' `m Zm_mMm _moR>çmZo Kmof H$ar Agë`m_wio Ë`mM ZmdmZo VmoAmoiIcm OmD$ cmJcm. Mmirer CcQ>ë`mZ§Va Ë`m§Zm _hmamoJ Pmcm. Ë`mda BcmO åhUyZEH$ZmWm§Zr ñdßZmV Xe©Z XoD$Z Ë`m§Zm ^mJdVmÀ`m Xe_ñH§$Ymda ^mî` H$aÊ`mMm CnXoeHo$cm. Ë`mZwgma "h[adXm' hm 42000 Amoì`m§Mm J«§W H¥$îUX`mU©dm§Zr {c{hcm.

`m J«§WmÀ`m nydm©Ym©Vrc 49 gJ© d CÎmamYm©Vrc 37 AÜ`m` Ë`mZo ñdV: nyU©Ho$co. 38ì`m AÜ`m`mÀ`m H$mhr Amoì`m nyU© Ho$ë`mZ§Va n¡R>U òWo Vmo {ZdV©cm. Cacoco VrZ-gmS>oVrAÜ`m` Ë`mMm {eî` CÎm_ícmoH$ `mZo nyU© Ho$co. h[adaXm Amodr~Õ AgyZ Ë`mVrc AmodrEH$ZmWm§À`m AmodrgmaIr gmS>oMma MaUr Amho. òWo X`mU©dm§Mm hoVy Ho$di g§ñH¥$V ^mJdV_amR>rVyZ g_OmdyZ gm§JÊ`mMm Zmhr Va lmoË`m§Zr h[aJwUldUm_wio d ldUm~amo~a kmZr dì`dhmar hmoD$Z ^JdX²^ŠV ~Zmdo Agm Amho. àn§M ZoQ>H$m H$gm H$amdm `m g§~§YmVA{V{WgËH$ma, Amhma-ì`dhmar, gmdYVm, cmoH$Ì`gmYH$, A§V~m©ø eÌyda OV, G$UÌ`\o$S>, B. ícmoH$m§V Zgcoco {dMma gm§{JVco AmhoV. {H$VrVar {R>H$mUr AÝ` {d{dY {df`m§daX`mU©dm§Zr {c{hco Amho. d¡ÚH$, g§JrV `m§{df`r Vo OmUH$marZo {c{hVmV. amg{H«$S>oMo dU©ZH$aVmZm H$m_gyÌgÑe aMZmhr H$aVmV. XmZmgmR>r `mo½` Jm`tMr O§Ìr, Ac§H$ma, dmÚo, `moJ_mJm©Vrc gmYZo B. {df`m§darc Vnercdma _m{hVr Vo XoVmV. Y¡`©cjU gm§JVmZm VoåhUVmV,

Y¡`© nwéfmMo ñdén Ÿ& Y¡`© e_o nmnVmn &

Y¡`© {dnÎmrMm cmon & nwÊ`àVmn àH$me &

Y¡`© gX²JwUm A{YîR>mZ & Y¡`© èmMo ^yfU &

Y¡`© _mojmMo gmYZ & Y¡`©hrZ X[aÐr &

X`mU©dm§Zr Am{XZmW > XÎmmÌo` > OZmX©Z > EH$ZmW > {MXmZ§X > ñdmZ§X > JmoqdXAer Amncr Jwéna§namhr gm§{JVcr Amho. JrVm, nyd©_r_m§gm, CÎma_r_m§gm, gm§»`,ì`mH$aUemñÌ, ñ_¥Vr, nwamUo `mVrc dMZo d XmIco AZoH$ Amoì`m§VyZ nhm`cm {_iVmV.Ë`m_wio ho Ho$di ^mJdV J«§WmMo _amR>r ê$nm§Va ZgyZ AZoH$ emñÌm§Mo gmagd©ñd H$mT>cocm


EImXm H$moeJ«§WM dmQ>Vmo. X`mU©dm§À`m ^mfoV kmZoídarVrc eãXH$ënZm d _m§S>Ur AmcocrAgyZ am_Xmgm§à_mUo ^mfm d B{VhmgH$mcrZ eãX Amcoco AmhoV. Ë`m§Mr ^mfm àm¡T>,g§ñH¥$VàMwa Agcr Var Ë`mV Xw~m}YVm Zmhr. aMZoV g\$mB© Amho. ZmX_mYw`© Amho. Ë`m§MrH${dËd eŠVr AZoH$ {Za{Zamiçm N>§Xê$nm§Zrhr ZQ>cocr Amho. Amodrà_mUo ñÌ½Yam, _{Xam,{eI[aUr, _m{cZr, gmH$s, ñdmJV, B§Ðd«O«m AmaVr B. {Za{Zamiçm d¥Îmm§V Ë`m§Zr aMZm Ho$crAmho.

EH$mXe ñH§$Ymdarc ZmWm§Mr Q>rH$m Oer gdm}ƒ Amho. Ver Xe_ñH§$Ymdarc gdmo©ƒQ>rH$m X`mU©dmMr _mZcr OmVo. H$Wm {ZdoXZmVrc hmVmoQ>r Am{U ^mfoMm JmoS>dm `m_wio Q>rH$m_hÎdmMr Amho.

N>m`m ì`m»`mZ Ho$co \$ma Ÿ& åhUmoZr Z _mZmdm {dñVma

hm AdKm{M n[ahma & OJXwÕma OmUVgo

Agm Amnë`m h[adaXm `m ^mî`mMm hoVy X`mU©dm§Zr ñnîQ> Ho$cm Amho. Xoer^mfoMo _hÎdgm§JVmZm X`mU©d åhUVmV,

Oo Oo Xoer Or ^mfm & Vo{M VmofX lrnaoe &

ôX g§ñH¥$V àmH¥$V Eogm & EW| ghgm Z dXmdm &

Xoe^mfm g§ñH$mad§V & Voìhm Ë`m{g åhUmì`m g§ñH¥$V &

Ed§ g§ñH¥$VàmH¥$V ôXa{hV & hm g§Ho$V g_ñVm &

H¥$îUJmontÀ`m H$m_H«$sS>oMo Vnercdma dU©Z Vo H$aVmV cmoH$m§Zm e¥§JmaH$VoH$S>o AmH${f©VH$ê$Z h[a^ŠVr {eH$dÊ`mMm à`ËZ {XgVmo.

amgH«$sS>m e¥§Jmaa{gH$m & ldUr AmH$fu H$m_wH$m§ &

_mZg doYVm h[aJwUgwI & {df` Amdm§H$m hmano &

g§ñH¥$V ^mfoVrc gm¢X`©, Vmc Am{U AW©g_mZËd X`mU©dm§Zr _amR>rV CVadco Amho.

Ë`m§Zr VÝ_`mZ§X~moY, H$mhr A^§J d nXo B. aMZm Ho$ë`m Agë`m Va "h[adaXm' `mJ«§Wm_wioM Vo AmoiIco OmVmV.

g§ñH¥$V ^mfoVrc gm¢X`©, g§JrV Am{U AW©g_mZVm ho JwU X`mU©dm§À`m H$mì`mV A{YH$g_¥Õ hmoD$Z Amcoco AmhoV. ^mfm g§ñH¥$VàMwa Agcr Var àmgm{XH$ Amho. ^mfo_ÜòJmoS>dmhr Amho.


H¥$îUX`mU©dm§Mr 42,000 Amoì`m§Mr Xe_ñH§$Ymdarc Q>rH$m gdm}ƒ _mZcr OmVo.

14.3 lrYa$

lrYa ho EH$mM doir g§V d n§{S>Vr `m XmoÝhr nañnam§er AZw~§Y R>odUmao H$dr AmhoV.Ë`m§Mm OÝ_ eHo$ 1580 (B. g. 1658) _Üò ZmPaoH$a Hw$cmV, n§T>anya òWo Pmcm.Ë`m§Mo Hy$i ^JdX²^ŠV d {dÛmZ åhUyZ à{gÕ hmoVo. J«§WcoIZmMm dmagm Ë`m§Zm {nË`mH$Sy>ZåhUOo ~«÷mZ§XmH$Sy>Z {_imcm. am_mZ§X > A_amZ§X > ghOmZ§X > nyUm©Z§X > XÎmmZ§X >~«÷mZ§X > lrYa Aer Ë`m§Mr AmZ§X g§àXm`mMr Jwéna§nam hmoVr. ^maV, am_mÙ, ^mJdVB. J«§Wm§Mo AÜ``Z lrYam§Zr Ho$co hmoVo. n§M _hmH$mìò, H$m{cXmgm{X H$dtMr ZmQ>Ho$, gm{hË`J«§W, JrVm, Cn{ZfXo, `moJdm{gîR> B. J«§Wm§Mm Aä`mg Ho$cm hmoVm. g§VH$dr d n§{S>V H$dtÀ`mH$mì`H¥$VtMo AÜ``Zhr Ë`m§Zr {dñV¥VnUo Ho$co hmoVo. h[a{dO`, lram_{dO`, nm§S>dàVmn,{edcrcm_¥V ho J«§W d BVa ñ\w$Q> àH$aUo, A^§J, nXo, AmaVr, ñVdZo B. àH$maMr aMZmlrYam§Zr Ho$cr.

lrYam§Mo KamUo AmZ§X g§àXm`mMo Agco Var Ë`m§Mr OdirH$ dmaH$ar g§àXm`merA{YH$ hmoVr. `m g§àXm`mVrc AÛ¡V VÎdkmZmMm lrYam§da A{YH$ à^md nS>cm. Amnë`m^mdZm d {dMma ì`ŠV H$aÊ`mgmR>r g§Vmà_mUo A^§J d Amodr hr _mÜ`_o Ë`m§Zr dmnacrAmhoV. `mM~amo~a g_H$mcrZ n§{S>Vr H$mì`mMm à^mdhr lrYam§À`m H${dVm§da Amho.AmXe©dmX, na_oídamÀ`m _mZdr A§emMo {MÌU, Ac§H$maàmMw`©, g§ñH¥$V diUmMr aMZm B.n§{S>Vr H$mì`{deof Ë`m§À`m H${dVoV {XgVmV.

14.3.1 h[a{dO`

hm J«§W lrYamZo eHo$ 1624 _Üò {c{hcm. `m J«§WmMo nydm©Y© d CÎmamY© Ago XmoZ ^mJAmhoV. nydm©Ym©V H§$gdYmn`ªVMm H$Wm^mJ EH$moUrg AÜ`m` d Mma hOma XmoZeo N>ÎmrgAmoì`m§_Üò gm§{JVcm Amho. CÎmamYm©Vrc nwT>rc H$Wm^mJ N>Îmrg AÜ`m` d VrZ hOmaZD$eo VrZ Amoì`m§V d{U©cm Amho. AmQ>moneranUm hm `m J«§WmMm EH$ {deof Amho. harZo AZoH$X¡Ë`m§da {dO` {_idyZ ^y^ma haU Ho$cm åhUyZ Ë`mMo namH«$_ Á`m§V d{U©co AmhoV Ë`mJ«§Wmg H$drZo h[a{dO` Zmd {Xco Amho. lrYamZo na_oídaàmárMo AZoH${dY _mJ© d Ë`mVrcd¡JwÊ` gm§JyZ Zd{dYm^ŠVrMm d Zm__mhmËå`mMm nwañH$ma Ho$cm Amho. jrag_wÐmVrcg^m_§S>ndU©ZmV lrYamMo dmñVw {eënH$coMo kmZ {XgVo. CXm.

eVIUr Xm_moXao {demio & dmQ>o AmH$memgr Q>|H$U {XYco &

H$s {_ÌaW AS>Iio & {Zami n§W H«${_Vm hmo &

`m aMZoV VËH$mcrZ dmÚo, eñÌo, Ioi, pñÌ`m§Mo Ac§H$ma, doe^yfm, cmoH$^«_ B.gm_m{OH$ ~m~tMo Xe©Z KS>Vo. lrYam§Mr ^mfme¡cr AË`§V gw~moY, agmi, àg§J{deofr deãXmWm©c§H$mam§Zr ZQ>cocr Amho.

14.3.2 lram_{dO`

hm J«§W lrYamZo eHo$ 1625 _Üò nyU© Ho$cm. `m§Mr Amodrg§»`m 9147 Amho. `mV


lram__mhmËå` d{U©co Amho. _yi am_mÙmà_mUo `m J«§WmMr gmV H$m§S>o AgyZ Ë`m àËòH$mMoAZwH«$_o AmR>, Mma, Mma, XmoZ, nmM, Xhm d gmV Ago EHy$U Mmirg AÜ`m` lrYamZo Ho$coAmhoV. `mdê$Z H$drZo `wÕH$m§S>mg AJ«ñWmZ {Xco Amho. am_mÙmVrc AZoH$ CX²~moYH$H$Wm§Zr lmoË`m§g {Z{VgXmMmag§nÞ H$ê$Z Ë`mg na_mW©àdU H$aUo ho Ë`m§Mo Üò` Amho.åhUyZM \$clwVrV dmMH$m§Mo Xw:IXm[aÐç d g§H$Q>o `m§Mo {ZagZ hmoD$Z Ë`mg Eo{hH$ dnma_m{W©H$ gwImMm cm^ hmoB©c Ago AmídmgZ Ë`mZo {Xco Amho.

nimco ^dXw:I & ^m½` Amco Anma &

Agm ñdmZw^dhr gm§{JVcm Amho. Cn_m, ê$nH$ ho lrYamMo AmdS>Vo Ac§H$ma.

ñ\${Q>H${eiodar lram_ & ~¡gcm Voìhm KZí`m_ &

Oodr H¡$cmgm Úmd`m jo_ & ~cmhH$ CVacm &

qH$dm

doiyda Km{cVm Hw$R>ma & {MaV Om` O¡gm Xya

V¡gr lram_mMr ~w{Õ Vrd« & VH©$ Anma Z JUdo &

14.3.3 {edcrcm_¥V

{ed_mhmËå` gm§JUmè`m `m J«§WmMo Mm¡Xm AÜ`m` AgyZ, Amodrg§»`m XmoZ hOma MmaeonÞmg Amho. hm J«§W lrYamZo "ñH§$XnwamU ~«÷moÎmaI§S>mÀ`m' AmYmao aMcm Amho. `m aMZoV_wŠVrMm hoVy Yê$Z On, Vn, _§Ì, V§Ì, éÐmjYmaU, H$WmldU, {ednyOZ, Zm_g§H$sV©Z,^ñ__{h_m, A{V{Wgodm, namonH$ma B. Cnm` gmoXmhaU gm§{JVco AmhoV. `m J«§WmVgm§{JVcocm ^pŠV_mJ© d _§ÌV§Ìm{X AmMmaY_© gd© dUm©Vrc Am~mcd¥Õ ñÌr nwéfm§ggmaImM _moH$im Amho.

ñÌrewÐ Am{X H$éZr & hm{M On _w»` Mh§y dUu &

J¥hñW ~«÷Mmar Am{XH$éZr & {XdgaOZr Onmdm &

H$m_m{Zd¥Îmr d g§`_ `m§Mm CnXoehr `mVyZ {XgVmo. `m{edm` e{Z_mhmËå`,O¡{_ZrAíd_oY d lrn§T>ar_mhmËå`, lrkmZoídaM[aÌ, _ëhmar{dO` Ago J«§W lrYamZo{c{hco.

àmMrZ H$dt_Üò lrYamcm A_mn cmoH${à`Vm {_imcr. ewÕ ^mfm, agmiVm, gw~moY_m§S>Ur `m§_wio Ë`mÀ`m J«§Wmda cmoH$m§Mr lÕm ~gyZ Vo gdmªÀ`m amoOÀ`m dmMZmV òD$ cmJco.pŠcîQ> aMZo_wio d nm§{S>Ë` àXe©Zm_wio `m H$mimVrc _amR>r H${dVm ~hþOZm§nmgyZ Xya JocrhmoVr. {VMr H¥${Ì_Vm ~mOycm gmê$Z {Vcm àmgm{XH$Vm d CËH$Q>Vm àmá H$ê$Z XoD$Zgm_mÝ` cmoH$m§er {VMr OdirH$ KS>{dÊ`mMo lo` lrYamcm Úmdo cmJVo. AmOhr JmdmoJmdrË`mÀ`m J«§WmMr nmamÙo hmoVmV. {edamÁ`m{^foH$mnmgyZ n{hë`m ~mOramdmÀ`mH$maH$rXun`ªVMm H$mi lrYamZo nm{hcm hmoVm. na§Vw `m H$mimVrc H$moUË`mhr _hÎdmÀ`m


KQ>Zm§Mo {MÌU lrYamÀ`m H${dVoV AmT>iV Zmhr.

14.3.4 nm§S>dàVmn

hm J«§W {c{hÊ`m_mJrc CÔoe Ho$di _hm^maVmVrc H$Wm _amR>rV AmUÊ`mMm ZìhVm VaË`mVrc nm§S>dm§À`mM M[aÌmer {ZJ{S>V Agcoë`m H$Wm§Mo dU©Z H$aUo hm hmoVm. åhUyZ `mMoZmd "nm§S>dàVmn' Amho. EHy$U 13397 Amoì`m§Mm hm J«§W eHo$ 1634 _Üò nyU© Pmcm.nmëhmi Z cmdVm A{Ve` g§jonmZo lrYamZo nm§S>dH$Wm gm§{JVë`m AmhoV. e¥§Jma, dra dH$éU ho VrZ ag {deofËdmZo dU©Z Ho$co AmhoV. _wŠVoídar _hm^maVmMr N>mn `m aMZodaAgë`mMo åhQ>co OmVo na§Vw ~è`mM {R>H$mUr lrYamMm ñdV§Ì à{V^m{dcmg {XgVmo.

j{Ì` Y_© hm gmMma & H$s XwO©Z g§hamdo g_J« &

ÑîQ>r XoIVm§ _maH§$ & {dIma Vm|S> AmYr R>oMmdo &&

j{Ì`Y_m©Mr OmUrd H$ê$Z XoÊ`mMr lrYamMr ^y{_H$m _hÎdnyU© Amho. BVam§À`m_hm^maVmnojm nm§S>dàVmnM lmoË`m§H$Sy>Z A{YH$ dmMcm OmVmo.

chmZ-Wmoa-ñÌr-nwéf lmoË`m§_Üò àËòH$mÀ`m A{^éMrcm _mZdoc, _Zmcm AmZ§XXoB©c Agm ^mJ lrYam§À`m J«§WmV Hw$R>o Zm Hw$R>o AmT>iVmoM. ào_i d¥Îmr, em§V H$Wm àdmh,^md `m§_wio ^moiçm gm§gm[aH$m§Zm lrYam§Mo J«§W g§OrdZr XoUmao ^mgVmV.

dñÌhaUmÀ`m àg§JrMo dU©Z nmhVm Vo gd©gm_mÝ`m§Zm g_Ooc Ago Amho ho ghO cjmVòVo.

dñÌo ^yfUo g§nyU© & AmYr ¿`m nm§S>dm§Mo [ham¡Z &

Eogo EoH$Vm§ nm§MhrOU & dëH$co doîQy>Z ~¡gco &

OmZw CKS>r H$ê$Z & Ðm¡nXrg Xmdr gw`moYZ &

åhUo ~¡g AYmªJr òD$Z & nÅ>amUr hmoB© _mPr &&

g§gmar cmoH$m§Zm H$mhr H$mi Amncr Xw:Io {dgam`cm cmdUo hoM lrYam§À`m J«§Wm§MoC{ÔîQ> Amho.


n§{S>V H$dt_Üò gdm©{YH$ cmoH${à`Vm {_idyZ EH$mM doir g§V d n§{S>Vr `mXmoÝhr na§nam§er AZw~§Y R>odUmao H$dr åhUOo lrYa.

14.4 g_mamon

{_Ìm§Zmo, òWda AmnU AmZ§Xg§àXm`r H$dr H¥$îUX`mU©d Am{U lrYa `m§À`m H$m`m©MmAmT>mdm KoVcm. emhÿ _hmamOm§À`m H$maH$rXuV hmoD$Z Jocoë`m `m H$dtZr _amR>r dmL>²_`mV_mocmMr â Q>mH$cr. H¥$îUX`mU©dm§Mm h[adaXm Am{U lrYam§Mm h[a{dO`, lram_{dO`,nm§S>dàVmn, {edcrcm_¥V ho _hÎdmMo J«§W AmhoV. `mnwT>rc àH$aUmV AmnU _wZrída Am{UA_¥Vam` `m§À`m H$mì`mMm Aä`mg H$aUma AmhmoV.>

14.5 gmam§e

emhÿH$mcrZ H$mimV hmoD$Z Jococo H¥$îUX`mU©d Am{U lrYa ho AmZ§Xg§àXm`rZ H$drhmoV. ^mJdVmÀ`m Xe_ñH§$Ymda H¥$îUX`mU©dm§Zr h[adaXm hm 42000 Amoì`m§Mm J«§W{c{hcm. Va lrYam§Zr h[a{dO`, lram_{dO`, nm§S>dàVmn, {edcrcm_¥V ho J«§W {c{hco.H¥$îUX`mU©dm§À`m aMZoda EH$ZmWm§Mr N>mn {XgVo Va _wŠVoídam§À`m nm¡am{UH$ YmQ>Urà_mUo



1) h[adaXm hm ................... Amoì`m§Mm J«§W Amho.

1) 42000 2) 50,000 3) 21,000

2) h[adaXm `m J«§WmMr Amodr ................... MaUmMr Amho.

1) XmoZ 2) gmS>oMma 3) gmS>oVrZ

3) h[adaXm hr ................... ñH§$Ymdarc Q>rH$m Amho.

1) EH$mXe 2) Xe_ 3) ÛmXe4) VÝ_`mZ§X~moY hr aMZm ................... `m§Mr Amho.

1) lrYa 2) H¥$îUX`mU©d 3) EH$ZmW

5) nm§S>dàVmn hm J«§W ................... Zr {c{hcm.

1) H¥$îUX`mU©d 2) EH$ZmW 3) lrYa

6) lram_{dO` J«§WmMr Amodrg§»`m ................... Amho.

1) 9147 2) 9350 3) 9150

7) {edcrcm_¥V J«§WmMo ................... AÜ`m` AmhoV.

1) Mm¡Xm 2) Voam 3) ~mam

am_mÙ, ^maV, ^mJdV d BVa nwamUm§Mo AZwdmX lrYam§Zr Ho$coco {XgVmV. dmaH$arg§àXm`mMm à^mdhr lrYam§da hmoVm. n§{S>Vr H$mì` àMwaVm, nm§{S>Ë` àXe©Z, pŠcîQ> aMZm`m_wio ~hþOZm§nmgyZ Xya Jocr hmoVr. _amR>r H${dVocm nwÝhm cmoH$m§À`m Odi ZoÊ`mMo H$m_H¥$îUX`mU©dm§Zr d {deofV: lrYam§Zr Ho$co.


14.2 d 14.3

1. 42000 2. gmS>oMma 3. Xe_ 4. H¥$îUX`mU©d

5. lrYa 6. 9147 7. Mm¡Xm

***



A{YH$ {Q>nUmgmR>r

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àH$aU : 15

_Üd_wZrída d A_¥Vam`

15.0 C{Ôï>o

{dÚmWu{_Ìm§Zmo, _mJrb àH$aUmV AmnU H¥$îUX`mU©d Am{U lrYa `m§À`m H$mì`mMmAmT>mdm KoVbm. `m àH$aUmV AmnU noedoH$mVrb _Üd_wZrída Am{U A_¥Vam` `m§À`mH$mì`mMm AmT>mdm KoUma AmhoV. `m àH$aUmMm Aä`mg Ho$ë`m Z§Va Vwåhmbm,

l _Üd_wZrídam§À`m H$mì`mg§nXoMo dU©Z H$aVm òB©b.

l A_¥Vam`m§À`m dmL²>_`rZ H$m`m©Mm AmT>mdm KoVm òB©b.

15.1 àmñVm{dH$

noedoH$mimVrb H$dt_Üò gd© g_mOmbm EH$ {Xem XoB©b Agm H$dr {Z_m©U PmbmZmhr. dmaH$ar, g_W© Aem g§àXm`m_mJMr àoaUm bmon nmdbr. OrdZmVrb _yëò g§nVMmbbr. n§{S>Vr H$mì`hr Ho$di bmoH$m§Mo _Zmoa§OZ H$ê$ bmJbo. Aemdoir H$mhr H$sV©ZH$mam§ZrAmnë`m H$mì`mÛmao _amR>r dmL²>_`mV H$mhr â KmVbr. Ë`m_Üò _Üd_wZr d A_¥Vam` `mJwé{eî`m§À`m OmoS>rZo Amnë`m ZmX_Ywa JrVm§Zr _amR>r gm{hË`mV EH$ doJio ñWmZ {Z_m©UHo$bo. Ë`m§À`m H$mì`mMm AmT>mdm Amnë`mbm `m àH$aUmV ¿`m`Mm Amho.

_Üd_wZrída d A_¥Vam` / 251

15.0 C{ÔîQ>o

15.1 àmñVm{dH$

15.2 _Üd_wZrída

15.3 A_¥Vam`

15.4 g_mamon

15.5 gmam§e


15.2 _Üd_wZrída

noedoH$mimV amOH$s` d gm_m{OH$ OrdZ pñWa Pmbo hmoVo. Ë`m_wio gm§ñH¥${VH$OrdZmV {dbmgrnUm Ambm. nmodmS>m Am{U bmdÊ`m `m em{har H$mì`mMm {dH$mg `mMH$mimV Pmbm. g§Vm§Mo VÎdkmZmË_H$ dmL²>_` _mJo nS>bo. nXo, Am»`mZo, H$Q>md, My{U©H$mAgo gwQ>gwQ>rV H$mì`àH$ma bmoH${à` Pmbo. `m H$mimV _mÌmd¥ÎmmË_H$ Jo` aMZm H$aUmao_Üd_wZrída d A_¥Vam` ho XmoZ à{gÕ H$sV©ZH$ma CX`mg Ambo. _Üd_wZrídam§À`mgm{hË`mMm n[aM` òWo H$ê$Z KoUma AmhmoV. _Üd_w{Zídam§À`m M[aÌ{df`H$ H$moUVohrboIZ CnbãY Zgë`mZo, CnbãY dmL²>_`mVyZ {_iUmar _m{hVr à_mU _mZmdr bmJVo.

_Üd_wZrída ho Zm{eH$Mo. Ë`m§Mo _yi Zmd {Ì§~H$, d{S>bm§Mo Zmd ZmamÙmMm`© d AmB©MoZmd ÛmamdVr~mB©. KamUo F$½doXr, H$Å>a d¡îUd hmoVo. ~mbnUr _Üd_wZrœam§Zr d{S>bm§Odi{ejU nyU© Ho$bo. nwT>o lrewH«$mMm`mªH$Sy>Z Ë`m§Zm JwénXoe Pmbm. H$mhr {Xdgm§Zr _Üd_wZrídaVrWm©Q>Zmg Jobo. àW_M ^¥JwF$ftÀ`m Aml_mH$S>o OmD$Z lrJOmZZmMo ñVdZ Ë`m§Zr Ho$bo.d VoWyZM Vo H${dËd H$ê$ bmJbo. n§T>anyaÀ`m dmarbmhr Vo Zo_mZo OmV. ~aoM VrWm©Q>Z H$ê$ZAm¡a§Jm~mXÀ`m Odi g|XyadmS>çmg Vo pñWa Pmbo d VoWoM B. g.1731 (eHo$ 1653)_Üò Ë`m§Zr g_mYr KoVbr.

_Üd_wZrída CÎm_ H$sV©ZH$ma hmoVo. Ë`m§Zr AZoH$ XodñWmZm§Mm _{h_m àJQ> Ho$bm dnwîH$i CËgd Mmby Ho$bo. Ë`m§À`m H${dVoMr _w»` R>odU h[aXmgr ñdê$nmMr Amho.

e¥§Jma{à` gd© bmoH$ {df`r Ombo {dbmgr _hm Ÿ&

amYm_mYd ZmdS>oM öX`r EH$mXer Zo_ hm Ÿ&

Zmhr ^yVX`m _ZmoO` H$Xm H$moUm ZH$mo doX hm Ÿ&

Eogo XoIw{Z _ÜdZmW åhUVmo dmQ>o _bm IoX hm Ÿ&&

VËH$mbrZ g_mOmVrb Amnë`m g^modVr {XgUmè`m AY_, T>m|Jr h[aXmgJUm§Mo_ÜdZmWm§Zr aoImQ>bobo {MÌ ñnï>moº$snyU© Amho. H${dËdm{df`r Ë`m§Mr H$ënZm am_Xmgm§à_mUoAmho.

XodmÀ`m à{V_m dmo{VVr dmoVmar Ÿ& VoUo H$m` Vmar Xod Ë`mgrŸ&

V¡go H${dËdmMo a{MVm à~§Y Ÿ& Z VwQ>Vr ~§Y g§gmamMo Ÿ&&

H${dËd g§gmaê$nr ^dgmJamVyZ VmaUma Zmhr Ago Vo gm§JVmV.

Ahmo, ÐmoUo ^é{Z K¥V nwîH$i go{dVm

Vwåhr ~hþV nmoQ> ^éZ Oodm

H$mhr na§Vw CXH$mg{h R>md R>odm

Aem n§º$s_YyZ "namÞnwï>' ~«m÷Um§Mo Ho$bobo dU©Z _moR>o {dZmoXr Amho. Ë`m§À`m H${dVoV


AZoH$ J«§Wm§Mm d J«§WH$mam§Mm C„oI AmT>iVmo. VËH$mbrZ amOH$s` n[apñWVrMr, KS>m_moS>tMrN>m`m _ÜdZmWm§À`m H${dVoV AmT>iVo.

XoD$i _moSy>{Z _yVuMm CÀN>oX

H$[aVr JmodY Mm§S>mi Vo

Aer VrW©joÌmVrb XwadñWm Vo dU©Z H$aVmV.

H$mio VwPo ~mb amYo Ÿ& Jmoao VwPo Jmb

{dÚm {eg\w$b ^mir emoô Ÿ& ^m§Jr gag Jwbmb

_Üd_wZrída åhUVmo VwPo Ÿ& a§JrV AYa agmi Ÿ&

Ago e¥§JmadU©Zhr Ë`m§À`m H¥$îUH«$sS>odarb nXm§V AmT>iVo.

"_Üd_wZrMr `_H|$ dmo &

JmVm _J Vmo `_ H|$dmo &Ÿ'

Aer Amnbr d `_H$ aMZoMr àm¡T>r Vo JmVmV. _Üd_wZrída am_monmgH$ Agë`mZolram_M[aÌmVrb AZoH$ àg§Jm§da Ë`m§Zr nXo aMbr AmhoV.

gmdim gHw$_ma Á`mMo amOg bmdÊ` Ÿ&

gy`©d§er ^yfU öX`r {dbgo H$méÊ` Ÿ&

OQ>m_wJwQ>_§{S>V earar d¡am½` VméÊ` Ÿ&

OmZH$sg_doV Á`mZo go{dbo AmaÊ` Ÿ&

_Üd_wZrídam§Mr ^mfm AË`§V ~mi~moY, gmonr, CËH$Q>, agmoËH$f© gmYUmar Amho.Ë`m§Mr ~hþVoH$ gd© H${dVm Jo` Amho. {Za{Zamù`m amJam{JUtMm CÕma H$aÊ`mg AË`§VCn`wº$ AmhoV.

_Üd_wZtÀ`m H$mì`mV {dZmoX, ñnï>moº$r, ZmX_Ywa eãXM_ËH$ma, gm_m{OH$ {MÌo,^º$s, ào_ B. AZoH$ JwU {XgyZ òVmV. bmdUrMr ~rOohr Ë`m§À`m H${dVoVo R>iH$nUo {XgVmV.

_Üd_wZtZr àëhmX{MÌ, gwIM[aÌ, _Ëñ`|ÐM[aÌ, JUoemï>H$ d H$mhr A^§Jhr {b{hboAmhoV. "YZoídaM[aÌ' qH$dm Mm¡b amOmMr H$Wm ho Ë`m§Mo H$pënV H$Woda AmYm[aV AgboboñdV§Ì Am»`mZ Amho. "H${Y ôQ>ob _Obm Xod h[a', "H¥$nmKZm VwO H$m§ Z ò H$éUm§' , "Vy_mPm Ò_mZ am_m", "h[a VwPr _wabr EoHw$Zr JmoS>", "`mMo hm§{VMm doUw Hw$Ur ¿`mdoJo',"H$mÝøm g§^mb ao g§^mb Amnwë`m JmB©' B. nXo _mYw`©nyU© AmhoV. _Üd_wZrídam§Mr H$mhr nXogwS>m¡b aMZoMr, à_mU~Õ ~m§YUrMr Agë`m_wio Ë`mdê$Z AmYw{ZH$m§Zrhr H$mhr Zì`mOm{VN>§XmMr {Z{_©Vr Ho$br Amho.


_Üd_wZrídam§À`m JmWoV 669 nXo AmhoV. {edm` íbmoH$, A^§J, AmaË`m, KZmjar B.aMZmhr Ë`m§Zr Ho$ë`m. H¥$îUbrbm dU©Zna nXo {bhÿZ Vo EH$àH$mao H$dtgmR>r nmD$bdmQ>V`ma H$aV hmoVo. ^{º$^mdZm, e¥§Jma `mM~amo~a AmÜ`mpË_H$ ê$nHo$hr Ë`m§Zr aMbr AhoV.

CIi {ZO{Zð>oMo _m§Sy>ZŸ& Ñí` gmir Kmbw{Z H$m§S>U

{ddoH$mÀ`m _wgio VmS>UŸ& H$m|S>m _m`m {ddV© PmS>Uo Ÿ&&

qH$dm

AX^wV EoH$m Zdb V_mem Jwê$ XmIdr S>moim Ÿ&

bdUmMr _mgmoir OrdZr KoVr CÝhmim Ÿ&

EH$mIS>r `m ZmdmMr EH$ aMZm _Üd_wZtZr Ho$br

H$ H$ H$ H$ H$imo ò ao àn§M _mB©H$

H$ H$ H$ H$ H$ny©aJm¡a Ü`mB© Vy EH$

I I I I VwPo ñdê$n AmoiI

I I I I IQ>nQ> gm§Sw>{Z godr {MËgwI

_Üd_wZtMr dU©Ze¡br AmH$f©H$ Amho. Ë`m§Mo AdbmoH$Z gyú_ Agë`m_wio VËH$mbrZamOH$s` d gm_m{OH$ AdZVrMo {MÌ Ë`m§À`m H${dVoV {XgVo. CXm.

Amoì`m, íbmoH$, nXo, à~§X aMZm ho Vmo {ZKmbr Zdr Ÿ&

Q>ßno, »`mb, {H$VoH$ Jm{V `_Ho$ Ombo \w$H$mMo H$dr

JrVm, ^maV, doXemó ZéMo Jobr OZmMr Mdr

Eogo XoIw{Z _ÜdZmW åhUVmo Xodm _bm dmMdrŸ&

Ë`m§Zr H$mhr qhXr nXohr {b{hbr AmhoV.

15.3 A_¥Vam`

A_¥Vam` D$\©$ amÒr ho _Üd_wZrídam§Mo {eî`. B. g. 1698 Vo gZ 1753 hmË`m§Mm H$mbI§S>. nydu Vo ~wbT>mÊ`mg amhmV AgV. nwT>o Am¡a§Jm~mXbm {dgm_moamo `m Y{ZH$J¥hñWmH$S>o Vo H$maHy$Z åhUyZ am{hbo. g§gmambm H§$Q>miyZ {^jmd¥ÎmrZo {\$aV AgVmZm Ë`m§Mr_Ü`_wZrídam§er JmR> nS>br. Ë`m§À`m ghdmgmV amhV AgVmZm WÅ>oImoa ñd^mdm_wio EH$XmË`m§Zr _Üd_wZtMrhr WÅ>m Ho$br. Aem doir Z amJmdVm, B©ídaÔZmMm CnXoe Ë`mbm Ho$bm.VoìhmnmgyZ A_¥Vam` B©ída^{º$na nXo {bhÿ bmJbo.


_Üd_wZrídam§Mr ^mfm AË`§V ~mi~moY, gmonr, CËH$Q> d agmoËH$f© gmYUmar Amho.

àmÊ`m ~mobmdo ~hþ JmoS>Ÿ&

Xwï> Xwéº$s Xwd©MZmMr & Q>mHw$Zr Úmdr ImoS>

A§Va ~m{ha Z~m{X gmIaŸ& go{d gwImMr H$moS>

A_¥V åhUo ZaXohm òD${Z & g§Vg_mJ_ OmoS> &&

EH$ èñdr H$sV©ZH$ma åhUyZ A_¥Vam`m§Mm _moR>m bm¡{H$H$ hmoVm. Ë`m_wio H$sV©ZmgCn`wº$ AgUmar ~arM Am»`mZo Ë`m§Zr aMbr. Xm_mOrn§V, Xm¡nXrdóhaU, lram_OÝ_,b§H$mdU©Z, gwXm_M[aÌ, Xwdm©g`mÌm, Y«wdM[aÌ, ewH$M[aÌ, dËgbmhaU, nyVZmdY, M§ÐmdirAer ~arM Am»`mZaMZm Ë`m§Zr Ho$br. Ë`m§Mr ~hþVoH$ Am»`mZo "H$S>mH$m' N>§XmV AmhoV.Ë`mgmR>r qhXr ^mfoMmhr dmna Ë`m§Zr Ho$bm Amho. CXm-Xm_mOrZo YmÝ`mMo H$moR>ma _moH$io Ho$boho EoH$VmM g§Vá `dZ åhUVmo, "~«åhZ d¡îUdH$s OmV I§Xr & ~S>r ham_OmXr Ÿ& Om~o, XdS>mo,nH$S>mo, Vw_, ObXr Ÿ& ~hþ H«$moYo qZXr '

_amR>rVrb AZoH$ R>gHo$~mO, T§Jdma nXo Am{U J{V_mZ d S>m¡bXma IQ>Š`mMo H$Q>md`m§Mr {Z{_©Vr A_¥Vam`m§Zr Ho$br. Ë`m§Mr nXo H$sV©Zg§àXm`r _§S>irV AË`§V {à` AmhoV. nUVr gd©gm_mÝ` _amR>r lmoË`m§da _mo{hZr Q>mH$Umar R>abr. Ë`m§Mr " ~m VwPm MmbVm H$mi ',"g§VnXmMr OmoS>, Xo ao h[a ', " am_Xe©Zm{g Mbm ' `m§gmaIr nXo ÔZmV gVV åhQ>brOmVmV. eãX{MÌm§Mo H$m¡eë`nyU© aoImQ>Z, ^mfoMr àmgm{XH$Vm, ZmX_mYw`©, Ë`mgmR>r qhXr dg§ñH¥$V eãXm§Mo {_lU, ^mfobm dmH${dÊ`mMo H$g~ `m_wio Ë`m§Mo H$Q>md lmoË`m§Zm ghOAmdS>V.

A_¥Vam`m§À`m Zmdmda gw_mao 100 Vo 150 nXo AmT>iVmV.

~m VwPm MmbVm H$mi Ÿ& Im`bm {_iVr gH$i

ho H$moU ~m`H$moMo gmbo Ÿ& VwnmdoJim Kmg Z {Jio

Vm§Xwi am§Ymdo _moH$io Ÿ& Ho$bo ~|~rMo CIi

`m§gma»`m nXmVyZ g§gmamMr d ZmË`mJmoË`mMr AgmaVm A_¥Vam` AË`§V gmÜ`m,àmgm{XH$ ^mfoV nU ZmQ>çnyU©VoZo nQ>{dVmV. ^Jdr dóo Jw§S>miboë`m nU bmo^ Z gwQ>boë`mT>m|Jr g§Ý`memMr S>moB© _w§Sw>{Z ^Jdo Jw§Sw>{Z Ÿ& {nedrVrb Ðì`mg JUmdo Ÿ& A_¥Vam` åhUo `mH$nQ>nQy>À`m H$m Ý` å`m Vm|S>mV hUmdo Ÿ& Aem H$R>moa eãXm§V H$drZo hOoar KoVbr Amho.

_Üd_wZtÀ`m boIZe¡brMm n[aUm_ A_¥Vam`m§da Pmbobm {XgVmo. AÜ`mË_, ^º$sAm{U ì`mdhm[aH$ ZrVr hm Ë`m§À`m nXmMm à_wI Ame` Amho.

^y_r~mim åhUo Z¥nmim `m XeH§$R>m _r Z darŸ&

H$_bZ`Z aKwamO YZwY©a Zdam, Ë`mMr _r Zdar &

ho nX àmgm{XH$Vm d ZmX_mYw`©nyU© Amho.


AÜ`mË_, ^º$s, ZrVrì`dhma `m JwUm§_wio {nT>çmZ² {nT>çm bmoH$m§À`m Vm|S>mV Agboë`m{XgVmV. N>moQ>çm AW©dmhr Am{U agnyU© nXm§Mr aMZm Ho$ë`mZo A_¥Vam`m§Mo ñWmZ _amR>rH${dVoV C„oIZr` Amho.

h[a _O H$gm H$[ab ^dnma

VZ _Z YZ {df`md[a diVo Ÿ& ÔZr Amig {dH$ma

qH$dm

g§VnXm§Mr OmoS> Ÿ& Xo ao har Ÿ&

g§Vg_mJ_o AmË_ËdmMm Ÿ& gw§Xa CJ{d _moS>

gw\${bV H$éZr nyU© _ZmoaW Ÿ& nwa{d{e Or{dMo H$moS>

A_¥V åhUo ao h[a Ÿ! ^º$m§Mm Ÿ& eodQ> H$[agr JmoS>

AemàH$mao g§V d n§{S>V `m§À`mnojm _Üd_wZrída Am{U A_¥Vam` `m§Mr aMZm doJirAmho. `m_Üò g§VàUrV ^º$shr Amho Am{U n§{S>Vr nÕVrMr Am»`mZaMZmhr Amho. `m§À`mH$mhr aMZm§dê$Z AmOÀ`m N>§XmoaMZoVrb Zmdo R>a{dÊ`mV Ambr AmhoV. CXm. Vw§{Xb, CÕd,JOdXZ, gXJwé nm` B. em{har H$mì`mMo ho {ZH$Q>dVu AmhoV. WmoS>Š`mV g§Vm§Mm dmagm nwT>oAmUyZ em{ham§À`m H$mì`mMm nm`m _Üd_wZrída d A_¥Vam` `m§Zr KmVbm.



1) _Üd_wZtMo _yi Zmd ....................... hmoVo.1) qÌ~H$ 2) gXm{ed 3) ZmamÙ

2) ....................... H$Sy>Z _Üd_wZtZm JwénXoe Pmbm.1) EH$ZmW 2) lrewH$mMm`© 3) A_¥Vam`

3) YZoídaM[aÌ ....................... `m§Zr {b{hbo.1) _Üd_wZr 2) A_¥Vam` 3) {Za§OZ

4) _Üd_wZtÀ`m JmWoV ....................... nXo AmhoV.1) 40 2) 669 3) 120

5) ....................... ho _Üd_wZrídam§Mo {eî` hmoV.1) EH$ZmW 2) _wºo$ída 3) A_¥Vam`

6) A_¥Vam` ho ....................... aMZogmR>r à{gÕ AmhoV.1) H$Q>md 2) \$Q>H$m 3) bmdUr

7) A_¥Vam` ....................... hmoVo.1) bmdUrH$ma 2) H$sV©ZH$ma 3) {ejH$

8) g§VnXmMr OmoS> Xo ao ho H$mì` ....................... Mo Amho.1) A_¥Vam` 2) _Üd_wZr 3) _wºo$ída

H$sV©ZH$ma åhUyZ bm¡{H$H$ AgUmè`m A_¥Vam`m§Zr H$Q>md aMZm Ho$br.

15.4 g_mamon

{_Ìm§Zmo, `m àH$aUmV AmnU noedoH$mimVrb à{gÕ H$dr, H$sV©ZH$ma_Üd_wZrída Am{U A_¥Vam` `m§À`m H$mì`mMm n[aM` H$ê$Z KoVbm. amOH$s` d gm_m{OH$OrdZmV {dbmgrnUm Ambm. em{har H$mì`mMm {dH$mg `mM H$mimV Pmbm. `mdoir JoàMZm§_wio, nX _mYw`m©_wio ho XmoZ H$dr bmoH${à` Pmbo. VËH$mbrZ OrdZmMo {MÌUhr Ë`m§À`mH$mì`mV AmT>iVo.

15.5 gmam§e

_Üd_wZrída d A_¥Vam` ho XmoKohr CÎm_ H$sV©ZH$ma hmoVo. H$sV©Zmbm Cn`moJrAer Jo` d _mYw`©nyU© nXm§Mr aMZm Ë`m§Zr Ho$br. VËH$mbrZ AY_ T>m|Jr h[aXmgm§Mo dU©Z,XodñWmZMm _{h_m, H¥$îUH«$sS>m, B. {df`m§da _Üd_wZtZr aMZm Ho$ë`m. Ë`m§Mr ^mfm agmi,gmonr d CËH$Q> Amho. bmdUrMr ~rOohr `m H$mì`mV AmT>iVmV. A_¥Vam` ho "H$Q>md'aMZogmR>r à{gÕ hmoVo. R>gHo$~mO, J{V_mZ, S>m¡bXma IQ>Š`mMo H$Q>md Ë`m§Zr {b{hbo. Ë`m§Zràmgm{XH$, ZmQ>çnyU©, _Ywa H$mìò {b{hbr. _Üd_wZr d A_¥Vam` `m§Zr lmoË`m§Zm AmdS>VrbAem Jo` aMZm Ho$ë`m. Ë`m_wio AmÜ`mË_ Am{U ì`dhma `m§Mr gm§JS> KmbyZ AZoH$ àmgm{XH$nXo {bhÿZ, _amR>r H${dVoV Amnbo ñWmZ {Z_m©U Ho$bo.


15.2 d 15.3

1) qÌ~H$ 2) lrewH«$mMm`© 3) _Üd_wZr

4) 669 5) A_¥Vam` 6) H$Q>md

7) H$sV©ZH$ma 8) A_¥Vam`

***



A{YH$ {Q>nUmgmR>r

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àH$aU : 16

{Za§OZ _mYd d _moamon§V

16.0 C{Ôï>o

{dÚmWu {_Ìm§Zmo, `m _mJrc àH$aUmV AmnU _Üd_wZrída d A_¥Vam` `m H$dtÀ`mH$mì`mMm AmT>mdm KoVcm. `m àH$aUmV AmnU {Za§OZ _mYd Am[U H$mimÀ`m ÑîQ>rZo eodQ>Mo

{Za§OZ_mYd d _moamon§V / 259

16.0 C{ÔîQ>o

16.1 àmñVm{dH$

16.2 {Za§OZ _mYd

16.2.1 kmZoída {dO`

16.2.2 {MX²~moY am_mÙ

16.2.3 doXm§V^mîò d N>§XemñÌr` coIZ

16.2.4 ñVmoÌaMZm

16.3 M§nyH$mì`

16.3.1 gw^ÐmM§ny

16.4 _moamon§V

16.4.1 Hw$ecdmonm»`mZ

16.4.2 Am`m©^maV

16.4.3 g§H$sU© am_mÙo>

16.4.4 lrH¥$îU{dO`

16.4.5 ^mJdVr àH$aUo

16.4.6 ñ\w$Q>aMZm

16.4.7 ñÌr JrVo

16.4.8 Am`m©

16.5 _moamon§Vm§Mo `moJXmZ

16.6 g_mamon

16.7 gmam§e

- Amnbr àJVr Vnmgm CÎmao

- joÌr` H$m`©

H$dr _moamon§V `m§À`m H$mì`mMm AmT>mdm KoUma AmhmoV. `m àH$aUmMm Aä`mg Ho$ë`mZ§VaVwåhmcm, Ÿ

l {Za§OZ _mYdmÀ`m H$mìàMZm§Mo dU©Z H$aVm òB©c.

l M§nyH$mì` åhUOo H$m` Vo gm§JyZ gw^ÐmM§ny{df`r _m{hVr XoVm òB©c.

l _moamon§Vm§Mo dmL>²_`rZ `moJXmZ ñnîQ> H$aVm òB©c.>

16.1 àmñVm{dH$

{_Ìm§Zmo, `m àH$aUmV AmnU {Za§OZ _mYd Am{U _moamon§V `m§À`m dmL>²>_`m{df`rOmUyZ KoUma AmhmoV. kmZoœa {dO`, {MX²~moY am_mÙ, doXm§V^mîò, N>§XemñÌr` coIZ,M§nyH$mì` Aer aMZm {Za§OZ _mYdm§À`m Zmdmda Amho. Am`m©nVr åhUyZ AmoiIco OmUmao_moamon§V ho n§{S>V H$dt_Yco eodQ>Mo H$dr AmhoV. Hw$ecdmonm»`mZ, Am`m©^maV, g§H$sU©am_mÙo, lrH¥$îU {dO`, ^mJdVr àH$aUo, ñÌr JrVo B. aMZm _moamon§Vm§Zr Ho$ë`m. _amR>rH${dVoV `m XmoZhr H$dtZr _mocmMr â KmVcr.

16.2 {Za§OZ _mYd

B. g. 1702 Vo 1790 hm {Za§OZ _mYdmMm H$mcI§S> Amho. `m§Mo _yi Zmd ~ZmOr.`m§Mm OÝ_ H$m§MrOdi njrVrW© òWo Pmcm. d{S>cm§À`m {ZYZmZ§Va Vo Amnë`m ÁòîR>~§Yy§gh gmVmè`mg Amco. Ë`m C^`Vm§Zm Wmoaë`m ~mOramd noeì`m§Zr Amnë`m nXar R>odco.cú_rYa ~d} ho Ë`m§Mo n{hco Jwê$! `m§À`m hmVmImcr {Za§OZ _mYdm§Zr g§ñH¥$VMo AÜ``ZHo$co. Z§Va {gÕoœag§àXm`r ~mnmOr n§{S>V Jwê$ åhUyZ cm^co. Ë`m§Zr {Za§OZm§Zm am__§Ì{Xcm. {Za§OZmMo Am`wî` n{hco ~mOramd d ZmZmgmho~ `m noeì`m§Mo dH$sc åhUyZ,V§OmdaH$a g\$m}OramOo ^mogco, nm©VwJrO, åh¡gyaMm amOm h¡XaAcr dJ¡a|À`m Xa~mamV Joco.

16.2.1 kmZoœa{dO`

`m J«§WmMr aMZm eHo$ 1687 (B. g. 1765) _Üò Pmcr. àñVwV J«§W ho Zm_Xodm§À`m"AmXr' Am{U "g_mYr' `mVrc A^§Jmda AmYmacoco AmhoV. `mMo 17 AÜ`m` Am{U1038 ûcmoH$ AmhoV. g§Vm§À`m A^§Jm§À`m AmYmao d g§VM[aÌmda {c{hcoco H$mì` åhUyZ`mMo {deof _hÎd Amho. `m J«§Wmg H$drZo _hmH$mì` åhQ>co Agco Var Ë`mMo A§Va§JAm»`mZH$mì`mMoM Amho.

`m VrWm©hþ{Z AÝ` VrW© ZcJo _mZo{M`m `m _Zm &

_mPrhr n[anyU© Am{O KS>cr òWo{M Vo H$m_Zm &


joÌmg H$amo{Z {MÎm ~gco _mPo Ac§H$mnwar &

AmVm _moj CXma XoB©c _cm kmZoœa - lrhar &&

16.2.2 {MX²~moY am_mÙ

lram_H$Wodarc ho ûcmoH$~Õ H$mì` B. g. 1758 (eHo$ 1680) _Üò aMco.`mVrc \$º$ ~mcH$m§S> CncãY AmhoV. ~mcH$m§S>mMo 7 gJ© AgyZ {^Þ {^Þ d¥Îmm§Vrc 422ûcmoH$ Ë`mV AmhoV. Zoh_rÀ`m d¥Îmm§ì`{V{aº$ A_¥VÜdZr ho Zdo d¥Îm `mV `moOco Amho. {Z:ñn¥hg§Ý`mgr d d¡^dg§nÞ amOm `m§À`mVrc hm g§dmX AgyZ g§Ý`mgr d¡am½`m_wio amOd¡^dmgVwÀN> _mZVmo Aer ^y{_H$m Amho. `mVrc ûcmoH$aMZm àm¡T> d gag AgyZ _hmH$mì`mcm emoôcAer Amho.

XoedmUr àmH¥$V ho åhUmo{Z Z JUm H$Yr &

òWo à{dcgo nyU© ~«÷~moY gwImdYr &&

Agm Amncm ^mfm{^_mZhr {Za§OZ _mYd ì`º$ H$aVmV.

16.2.3 doXm§V^mîò d N>§XemñÌr` coIZ

{Za§OZm§Zr e§H$amMm`mªÀ`m "dmŠ`gwYo'da "~moYàXr{nH$m' d ñdmË_{Zê$nUmda"AÛ¡Vm_¥V' Aem XmoZ JÚQ>rH$m {c{hë`m AmhoV. noedoH$mimVrc JÚmMm Z_wZm åhUyZ `mQ>rH$m§Mo _hÎd Amho. `m{edm` lre§H$amMm`mªÀ`m VrZ ûcmoH$m§da '{MÐcm' ZmdmMr JÚQ>rH$m{c{hcr. B. g. 1765 _Üò d¥ÎmdZ_mcm hm d¥ÎmemñÌmdarc à~§Y B. g. 1769 _Üòd{eîR>gwe_m©g§dmX d am_H$Um©_¥V Va 1772 _Üò nwÝhm EH$ "d¥ÎmmdV§g' ZmdmMmd¥ÎmemñÌmdarc J«§W {Za§OZ _mYdm§Zr {c{hcm. e§H$amMm`mªÀ`m "ñdmË_mZ§XàH$me' `m J«§Wmda{Za§OZm§Zr àmH¥$V JÚ Q>rH$m Ho$cr AgyZ, noedo Xáam§Vrc {Za§OZmÀ`m nÌì`dhmamZo Ë`mÀ`mJÚ Xa~mar ^mfoMm cm^ AmnUmg Pmcm Amho.

16.2.4 ñVmoÌaMZm

{Za§OZ _mYdm§Zr aMcoë`m 21 ñVmoÌm§Mm ñVmoÌH$ën hm J«§W Amho. hZw_§V, _hmcú_r,_ëhmar, ì`§H$Q>oe, gm§~{ed, ^dmZr, {dÇ>c, Vwcgr, ^JraWr, JmoXmdar, ~Ze§H$ar B.XodXodVm§da ñVmoÌo d AîQ>Ho$ `m§Mm ~amM _moR>m g§J«h {Za§OZ _mYdm§Zr aMcm. `mVrc ~arMerñVmoÌo M_ËH¥${V`wº$ AmhoV. "am_H$Um©_¥V'_Üò lram_mÀ`m em¡`©, Y¡`©, Jm§^r`©, EH$npËZËd`m JwUm§Mo AmXanyd©H$ dU©Z Ho$co Amho.

dm_o d¡XohH$Ý`m gH$iew^JwUm ^yfUmc§H¥$Vm§Jr &

~§Yy gm¡{_Ì emoô YZweaYa Vmo gd©Xm Xj^mJr &

H¡$H$`rnwÌ gmOo A[aX_Z gdo Mm_aN>ÌYmar &

{VîR>o Vmo AJ«^mJr {dZ``wV _hm_méVr ~«÷Mmar &&


Ago lram_n§Mm`VZmMo gw§Xa {MÌ aoImQ>co Amho. A{ÔmV g§ñH¥$VmMm _moR>m à^md{Za§OZmda òWo {XgVmo. Vwcgr ñVmoÌmVyZ noedoH$mcrZ gm_m{OH$ OrdZ{MÌU AmT>iVo.

gwOZ gwnW Vo cmJco VrZ dmQ>m &

emñÌm§Mm KmV _moR>m & {ÛOJwU g_wXo, {dH$Vr doX nmoQ>m &&

Aer noedoH$mcrZ ~«m÷Um§Mr nmoQ>mWu d¥Îmr XmI{dcr Amho.

"n' dJ© JmiyZ {c{hcoco {Zdm}îR>amKd-M[aÌ ho EH$ C„oIZr` M_ËH¥$Vr`wº$ {MÌH$mìÀmho.

lr "JmoXmdar _mZgnyOm' ho ñVmoÌ g§ñH¥$VàMwa Amho na§Vw noedoH$mcrZ pñÌ`m§MoAc§H$ma d doe^yfm, ^moOZnXmW© B. g§~§YrMo C„oI Amë`mZo gm_m{OH$ MmcrarVr cjmVòVmV.

ho ZmZm n[aMo gw^j ~ad§ gX²^moÁ` cmSy>, {Iar &

Oodr am`nwar gôV a{Më`m Z¡doÚ A§JrH$ar &&

hr {d{dY ñVmoÌo AmhoV Vr AZoH$ d¥Îmm§_Üò {Za§OZ _mYdm§Zr aMcr AmhoV.emXy©c{dH«$s{S>V d¥Îmmda Ë`m§Mm A{YH$ â Amho. doXmon{ZfXo, nwamUo, JrVm, H$mì`, ZmQ>Ho$B. _Yrc AZoH$ g§X^© H$dr doimodoir XoVmV.

{Za§OZ _mYdm§Mo gmao Am`wî` amOH$maUmV Joco Agco Var Ë`mMo {MÌU Ë`m§À`mJ«§WaMZo_Üò AmT>iV Zmhr. Ë`m§Zr {c{hcoë`m VrW©`mÌoÀ`m àH$aUmV VodT>r VËH$mcrZg_mOOrdZmMr {MÌo nmhm`cm {_iVmV. Y_m©À`m Zmdmda OJUmè`m nmoQ>^ê$ Xm§{^H$m§daË`m§Zr Ho$coë`m Qr>Ho$dê$Z Ë`m H$mimVrc g§nÞVm d gwImgrZd¥ÎmrMm n[aM` hmoVmo.noedoH$mcmVrc {ZîàmU Y_©OrdZ AYmoao{IV hmoVo.

Amnë`m Jwég§àXm`mMr _m{hVr XoUmam gm§àXm` n[a_i hm EH$M J«§W Ho$di Amodrd¥ÎmmVAmho.Amnë`m ñVmoÌg§J«hmV d BVa H$mì`m§V Ë`mZo Ho$coë`m Ac§H$ma d nŠdmÞ dU©Zmdê$Z{Za§OZ _mYd ~hþlwV d Mm¡H$g Agë`mMr ImÌr nQ>Vo. H$mhr ñVmoÌo g\$mB©Xma d ZmX_YwaAmhoV;

16.3 M§nyH$mì`

M§ny ho g§ñH¥$V ^mfoVrc JÚnÚ_` lmì` H$mì` Amho. Vo H$mhrgo _hmH$mì`mgmaIoAgVo. Ë`mMm MVwamoXmÎm, {ddoH$s Zm`H$ namH«$_r d à~i eÌy§er XmoZ hmV H$ê$Z {dO`{_idVmo. ag d ^md `m H$mì`mV n[anyU© AgVmV. eãXmW©d¡{MÍ`, M_ËH¥$VrnyU© Ac§H$ma`moOZm, H$WmonH$Wm d àg§JmMr gwgyÌ _m§S>Ur, ZmZm àH$maMo N>§X Am{U ZJao, CÚmZo,Aml_, {e{~ao, {^Þ G$Vy, gamodao, ZÚm, M§Ðgy`m©Mo AñVmoX` B. Mr {dnwc {MÌXeu dU©Zo


{Za§OZ _mYd M§nyH$mì`mgmR>r à{gÕ AmhoV.

hr `m H$mì`mMr ì`dÀN>oXH$ cjUo hmoV. àmW©Zm, Z_Z, {df`{ZX}e, BîQ> XodVoMo d H$drMoZmd, H$Wm^mJ, H$drMm CÔoe Agm aMZmH«$_ AgVmo. Xhmì`m eVH$mVrc {Ì{dH«$_^Å>mMm"ZiM§ny' hm gdmªV àmMrZ M§ny g_Ocm OmVmo. ~arMer M§nyH$mìò am_mÙ, _hm^maV d^mJdV `m J§«Wm§da d Ë`m§Vrc EImÚm Am»`mZmda AmYmacocr {XgVmV. Xhmì`m eVH$mZ§Vahm H$mì`àH$ma X{jUoV {deof cmoH${à` Pmcocm {XgVmo.

16.3.1 gw^ÐmM§ny

_amR>rVrc ho EH$_od M§nyH$mì` Amho. `mV 7 gJ© AmhoV. àËòH$ gJm©À`m nwpînHo$V"gw^Ðmñd`§da M§nyH$mì`' Agm {ZX}e Ho$cm Amho. JÚ {d^mJmcm My{U©H$m g§~moYco Amho.Aem 75 My{U©H$m AgyZ Ë`m§Mr aMZm c`~Õ JÚmV Amho. ~mH$sMo 379 ûcmoH$ {d{dYd¥Îmm§V AmhoV. àñVwV H$mì`mV AOw©Z-gw^Ðm `m§À`m {ddmhmMr àUàå` H$Wm Amho.e¥§JmaagnyU© {ddmhH$Wm Amho.

~«m÷Um§À`m YoZy§Mo AnhaU, AOw©ZmMr VrW©`mÌm, `Vr dofmVrc Ë`mMo à^mgjoÌrAmJ_Z, H¥$îUmOw©Z ôQ>, `VrZo Ho$coco AmË_qZXm d gw^ÐoZo Hoo$cocr nmW©àeñVr, gw^ÐoÀ`mào_mMr H¥$îUmZo KoVcocr narjm B. ZmQ>ç_` àg§J Z_© {dZmoXmZo gmH$ma Ho$co AmhoV. `mVrca¡dVH$dU©ZmgmaIr ñWcdU©Zo d eaËH$mcdU©ZmgmaIr G$VwdU©Zo _wºo$œam§Mr AmR>dUH$ê$Z XoV Agcr Var ñdV§Ì d d¡{eîQ>çnyU© AmhoV.

_yiÀ`m H$WoV Zgcoco ào_mMo d {dah^mdZoMo a§J âVmZm {Za§OZmÀ`m a{gH$ d¥ÎmrMmàË`` òVmo.

e¥§Jma_w»` Zdhr ag _y{V©_§V & H$mì`mV `m n[ag§Vm {XgVr àeñV &&

^moº$m Ago `Xwn{V gH$im agm§Mm & Pmcr åhUmo{Z a{gH$m H${damOdmMm &&

H$mì`{dcmgmV {Za§OZmZo ^º$sMo gyÌ Hw$R>ohr gwQy> {Xcoco Zmhr. n§{S>V d ^m{dH$OZm§ZmAmdS>oc Aer hr aMZm Amho.

{Za§OZ _mYdm§Mo g§ñH¥$Vmda à^wËd hmoVo. e¡cyf, H$sH$g, {_{ha, Ðþ{hU B. An[a{MVeãX Ë`mZo ghOmghOr `moOco AmhoV. hm J«§W ^maV, ^mJdV d AÝ` nwamUo `m§Mm AmYmaKoD$Z Ë`mV nXaMr "H${d^maVr' KmcyZ aMcm Amho.

épŠ_Urñd`§da d grVmñd`§da `m§da _amR>rV AZoH$ Am»`mZH$mìò aMcr JocrAmhoV; na§Vw gwIQ>UH$a `m§À`m aMZoMm AndmX gmoS>ë`mg {Za§OZ _mYdm§Mo gw^Ðmñd`§daho `m {df`mdaMo EH$_od ñdV§Ì Am»`mZH$mì` Amho. épŠ_Urñd`§da, grVmñd`§da `m_Üòna_oídamMo AdVma Zm`H$ AmhoV, na§Vw gw^Ðmñd`§damV ^º$mcm Zm`H$ ~Zdco Amho. n§{S>VH$dtMr Mm¡H$Q> nmicr Agcr Var AOw©Zmda AmYrnmgyZ ào_ H$aUmè`m gw^ÐoÀ`m ñÌrñd^mdmo{MV ào_mMo dU©Z òWo àW_M Ho$co Amho. ZmaXmMo nmÌhr òWo àW_M AmUcoco Amho.H¥$îUmMr ì`pŠVaoIm hr {Za§OZm§Mr Img{Z{_©Vr Amho.

ho H$WmH$mì` {Za§OZmZo lrH¥$îUmn©U~wÕrZo Am{U ào_mZ§XmË_ ^º$sZo aMcoco Amho. hr


H$mì`àoaUm ^{º${ZîR> Amho. òWo {ZgJm©À`m {MÌUmVhr ào_ Amho. "nT>oc Omo nmW©M[aÌ Ë`mcm`WmW© Vo Kmcrc _wpŠV_mim' Aer `m H$Wm H$mì`mÀ`m dmMZmMr dm ldUmMr \$clwVrH$drZo gm§{JVcocr Amho.

_amR>rV nyd©na§nam ZgVmZmhr {Za§OZ _mYdm§Zr Ho$coco M§nyH$mì` coIZ _hÎdnyU© Amho.A{ÔmV g§ñH¥$V gm{hË`mMm à^md d ñdV§Ì H$ënZmeº$s `m_wio Ë`m§Zr n§{S>V H$mì`mV_mocmMr â KmVcr. nwT>o _moamon§Vm§À`m H$mì`coIZmV {Za§OZmÀ`m coIZnÕVrMm à^md{XgVmo.

16.4 _moamon§V

_moamon§V namS>H$a ho n§{S>Vr na§naoVrc gd©loîR> Am{U H$mimÀ`m ÑîQ>rZo eodQ>Mo H$drhmoVo. _moamon§Vm§Mr H${dVm H$moUË`mhr g§àXm`mÀ`m AmYmamZo C^r am{hcocr Zmhr. AmYrÀ`mH$moUm n§{S>V H$drcm Jwê$ H$ê$Z qH$dm Ë`mMr H${dVm S>moiçm§nwT>o R>odyZ Ë`m§Zr H$mìàMZm Ho$crZmhr. `_H$mÀ`m ~m~VrV n§{S>V H$dtMo Ë`m§Zr AZwH$aU Ho$co Agco Var Ë`m§À`m^mîè¡{Wë`mnmgyZ Am{U d¥ÎmaMZme¡{Wë`mnmgyZ Vo Xya am{hco. n§V am_Xmgr qH$dmdmaH$arhr ZìhVo. Ë`m§À`m H${dVm§Mm àgma H$sV©ZH$mam§H$Sy>Z Pmcm. g§Vm§Mr Am{U em{ham§MrcmoH${à`Vm Ë`m§Zm cm^cr Zmhr.

har Á`m§Mm H¡$dmar Ë`m nm§Sw>gwVm§{g d§{XVmo ^mdo &

dmQ>o M[aÌ Ë`m§Mo H$mhr AmnU Vamd`m Omdo &&

ho _moamon§Vm§À`m H$mì`coIZmMo à`moOZ hmoVo. d¡`pŠVH$ g_mYmZmgmR>r ^JdV²M[aÌmMo



1) {Za§OZ _mYdm§Mo _yi Zmd ....................... hmoVo .

1) ~ZmOr, 2) e§H$a, 3) gImam_

2) {Za§OZ _mYdm§Mr ....................... hr aMZm Zm_Xodm§À`m A^§Jmda AmYm[aV Amho.

1) kmZoœa{dO`, 2) {MX²~moY am_mÙ, 3) gw^ÐmM§ny

3) {MX²~moY am_mÙmV ....................... ûcmoH$ AmhoV.

1) 422, 2) 420, 3) 400

4) ....................... ho _amR>rVrc EH$_od M§nyH$mì` Amho.

1) ^mdmW© am_mÙ, 2) J«§WamO, 3) gw^ÐmM§ny

gw^ÐmM§ny ho {Za§OZ _mYdm§Mo 7 gJmªMo _amR>rVrc EH$_od M§nyH$mì` Amho.

Jm`Z Ë`m§Zr Ho$co.

_moamon§Vm§Mm OÝ_ B. g. 1729 (eHo$ 1651) _Üò nÝhmiJS>mda Pmcm. d`mÀ`mMmodrg dfmªn`ªV VoWo Ho$edemñÌr d JUoeemñÌr nmÜò `m§À`mH$S>o Ë`m§Zr AÜ``Z Ho$co.AÜ``ZmZ§Va B. g. 1752 _Üò n§V ~mam_Vrg ~m~yOr ZmB©H$ `m§À`mH$S>o nwam{UH$ åhUyZAml`mg Amco. nwamU gm§{JVë`mda Cacoë`m doimV H${dVm H$aUo hm n§Vm§Mm AmdS>Vm N>§XhmoVm. OdiOdi 41 df} Ë`m§Zr CX§S> H${dVm {c{hcr hmoVr. BVa n§{S>V H$dtnojm n§Vna_oída^º$sV A{YH$ a_coco hmoVo. eHo$ 1716 _Üò Ë`m§Mo XohmdgmZ Pmco.

16.4.1 Hw$ecdmonm»`mZ

B. g. 1750-51 (eHo$ 1672-73) _Üò _moamon§Vm§Zr Ho$cocr hr aMZmAíd_oKmVrc 25 Vo 36 AÜ`m`m§da AmYm[aV Amho. 13 ì`m AÜ`m`mV {d^mJcoco 508ûcmoH$m§Mo ho Am»`mZ Amho. emXy©c{dH«$sS>rV, A_¥VÜdZr, _§XmH«$m§Vm, n¥Ïdr, h[aUr, {eI[aUrAem XrK©d¥Îmm§À`m `moOZo_wio ho H$mì` Mm§JcoM _moR>o Pmco Amho. grVmË`mJ, grVmemoH$`m§gma»`m H$éUaå` àg§Jm§Zr ho H$mì` ZQ>coco Amho. `m n{hë`mM aMZoV n§Vm§À`maMZmà^wËdmMr d g§ñH¥$VàMwaVoMr gmj nQ>Vo. g§ñH¥$VmMo AÜ``Z Ho$co Agë`m_wio ^mfoMrì`mH$aUewÕVm n§Vm§Zr Amnë`m H$mì`mV H$Q>mjmZo nmicr. Ë`m§À`m AmYrÀ`m g§V, V§V dn§V OZm§Zrhr `mH$S>o Xwc©j Ho$co hmoVo. Ë`m_wio nwT>À`m _amR>r H$dtZm _moamon§Vm§Zr Amnë`mH$mì`m_YyZ ì`mH$aUewÕVoMm AmXe© KmcyZ {Xcm.

_mWm§ aËZ{H$arQ>, Hw§$S>c`wJ jmoÌr {damOo ~ao,

~mhÿ A§JX^yfUo {dcgVr, gÝ_Ü` nrVm§~ao &

H§$R>r _m¡{º$H$hma, M§XZCQ>r A§Jr KZí`m_cm &

Eoer amKd_yVu `mda H$Yr ôQ>oc dËgm; _cm?

grVoZo cú_Umcm CÔoeyZ Ho$coë`m `m g§dmXmVrc lram_mMo {MÌ gw§Xa Amho.

16.4.2 Am`m©^maV

hm _moamon§Vm§Mm gdmªV _moR>m J«§W Amho. B. g. 1772 Vo 1782 `m H$mimV Ho$cocraMZm 1736 Am`mª_Üò g_m{dîQ> Amho. _yi _hm^maVmcm Yê$Z Ë`mM ZmdmMr 18 nd}Amcr AmhoV. gJir H$Wm 224 AÜ`m`m§_Üò n§Vm§Zr gm§{JVcr Amho. ^maVmMm AZwdmXH$aÊ`m_mJrc n§Vm§Mo _w»` YmoaU H$WmH$WZmMo hmoVo. _hm^maVmMm AmñdmX a{gH$ lmoË`m§ZmÚmdm, hm Ë`m§Mm hoVy nwT>rc eãXm§V ì`º$ hmoVmo.

Ë`m lrì`mgà^wcm d§Xw{Z _r ^maVo{Vhmgag &

nmOrZ Vwåhm§ lmoË`m A_¥VagmhÿZ \$ma hm gag &&

AZmdí`H$ {dñVma, nmëhmi n§Vm§À`m H$mì`mV AmT>iV Zmhr. e¥§Jmam~amo~a òUmarAícrcVmhr òWo Zmhr. amYoZo H$Um©~Ôc Ho$cocm {dcmn, H$Um©~Ôc Hw§$Vr d Y_© `m§Zr Ho$cocm{dcmn hm n§Vm§À`m à{VôMm ñdV§Ì {dcmg Amho.


A§H$s _ñVH$ KoD${Z Vr ~mim CÎmam nhm n{VVo &

{M~wH$ Yê${Z hmc{dVo, {c{hco Eogo H$go _hmn{VV| &&

H$U©, Y¥VamîQ´>, ÐmoU, AOw©Z, ^r_, Hw§$Vr, grVm, Ðm¡nXr, gw^Ðm `m§gma»`m _yi_hm^maVmVrc ì`{º$aoIm§Zm _moamon§Vm§Zr ñdV:À`m e¡crZo doJioM ê$n àmá H$ê$Z {Xco Amho.{H$ËòH$ àg§J ZmQ>çnyU© d _m{_©H$ g§dmXm§Zr ZQ>co AmhoV.

ho ñÌr Zìho, à{VîR>m Vw_Mr, O[a B©g gmo{S>Vm§ nmUr &

Y_}MmW}M Ago dXcm H$m àW_ Omo{S>Vm nmUr?

hr Ðm¡nXrZo ^r_mÀ`m draËdmcm Am{U nm¡éfmcm Ho$coë`m AmdmhZmVrcZmQ>çmË_H$Vm à^mdrnUo ì`º$ Pmcr Amho. ~è`mM àg§Jm§Zm gm_m{OH$ ZrVr Am{U CXmÎmg§ñH$mam§Mo A{YîR>mZ Amho. Ë`m_wio Am`m©^maV cmoH${à` Pmco Am{U H$sV©ZH$mam§Zr H$sV©ZmV`mMm dmna _moR>çm à_mUmda Ho$cm.

16.4.3 g§H$sU© am_mÙo

am_^º$sVyZ n§Vm§Zr `m am_mÙm§Mr aMZm Ho$cr Agmdr. hr am_mÙo AîQ>moÎmaeV åhUOo108 AmhoV Aer g_OyV Amho. AX²>^wVam_mÙ, X§S>H$ am_mÙ, Xm_am_mÙ, na§Vwam_mÙ, nr`yf am_mÙ, nwÊ` am_mÙ, _§Ì am_mÙ, lram_mÙ, grVmam_mÙ Aer Ë`m§MrZmdo AgyZ aMZoMr {d{dYVm Ë`mV Amho. `m coIZm_mJo H$mì`gmYZonojm ^{º$gmYZoMr X¥îQ>rhmoVr. n§Vm§À`m {H$ËòH$ am_mÙm§Mo d¡{eîQ>ç Ë`m§À`m d¥Îmm§V Amho. Ë`m d¥Îmm§À`m ZmdmZoM Vrg§~mo{Ycr Jocr AmhoV. `mV qhXr d¥Îm Xmohm, KZmjam, {d~wY{à`m, gdm`m, A^§J, Am`m©JrVr,n§MMm_a, VÝdr, X§S>H$ B. d¥Îmo Amcr AmhoV. n§Vm§Zr `m am_mÙ aMZoV ñdV:da H$mhr ~§YZoKmcyZ KoVcr. hr gmar H$mìàMZoVrc d«VoM hmoVr. òWohr àmgm{XH$ gm¢X`m©nojm n§Vm§Monm§{S>Ë`àXe©ZM A{YH$ {XgVo.

16.4.4 lrH¥$îU{dO`

^mJdVmÀ`m Xe_ñH§$Ymda AmYm[aV Agcoco n§Vm§Mo ho {dñV¥V ^mî` Amho. `m J«§WmMrAÜ`m`g§»`m _yi ^mJdVmVrc AÜ`m`g§»òBVH$sM åhUOo 90 Amho. _yi aMZoV n§Vm§Mm`_H$m§Mm hì`mghr {XgyZ òVm.

d¥Îmr AmYr Am`m© lmì`m, goì`m{M \$ma, gmYr Am`m©

`wº$m gÚ_H$m§Zr, ß`mdr a{gH$s H$ê${Z CÚ_ H$mZr

åhU{V ^crcm Am`m©, V¡grM gamoOZm^crcm Am`m©

g§JV ho XmoKtVo, O¡go a{dh[anXmoËWg[aXmoKr Vo.

`mV 3-4-5 Ajar `_Ho$ Amcr AmhoV. Vr gmYÊ`mgmR>r n§Vm§Zm g§ñH¥$Và^wËdmMm


Am`m©^maV hm _moamon§Vm§Mm gdmªV _moR>m J«§W.

Cn`moJ H$amdm cmJcm Amho. `mVrc gwXm_M[aÌ, AOw©Zgw^Ðm{ddmh, AîQ>Zm{`H$m{ddmhH$WZ hr àH$aUo C„oIZr` R>acr AmhoV.

16.4.5 ^mJdVr àH$aUo

`m_Yrc _§Ì^mJdV `m aMZoV H¥$îUM[aÌmIoarO Xj`k, Y«wdH$Wm, OS>âVH$Wm,d¥ÎmdY, ZhþfH$Wm, àëhmXM[aV, JO|Ð_moj, g_wÐ_§WZ, ^JraWH$Wm B. H$Wm òVAgë`mZo dmMH$ Ë`m_Üò a§JyZ OmVmo. ^mJdVr àH$aUm§_Üò Am`m©, gmH$s `m _mÌmd¥Îmm§MmMàmYmÝ`mZo ñdrH$ma Ho$cm Agë`mZo `mVrc aMZm _moH$ir d àgmXnyU© CVacr Amho.

16.4.6 ñ\w$Q>aMZm

_Xmcgmonm»`mZ, h[aíM§Ðm»`mZ, AZ§Vd«VH$Wm, ^ñ_mgwam»`mZ, XÎmX`moX`,gáem§Vr, _ëhmar{dO` Aer XrK© nU ñ\w$Q> àH$aUo _moamon§Vm§Zr {c{hcr AmhoV. n§Vm§Zr XmoZHo$H$mdcr {c{hë`m.

Ë`m§n¡H$s Am`m©Ho$H$mdcr hr àma§^rÀ`mM H$mì`mV {c{hcr hmoVr. `mV n§Vm§Mm `_H$mMmhì`mg {XgV Zmhr.

lram_m & Vy ñdm_r Ager _mÂ`m {eamdar OmJm &

Amåhm§{g VwÂ`m nm`m§dmMw{Z {Z^©` Zgo XwOr OmJm &&

`m Am`}dê$Z {XgVo.

"ícmoH$Ho$H$mdcr' ho H$mì` n§Vm§À`m ñ\w$Q> H${dVo_Üò gd©loîR> Amho. n§Vm§À`m^{º$^mdZoMm CËH$Q> Am{dîH$ma H$aUmao ho ^mdH$mì` Amho. na_oœamZo Amnë`mda H¥$nmH$amdr åhUyZ na_oœamg AmdmhZ H$ê$Z namonar Ho$cocr AmidUr `m H$mì`mV Amho. `mH$mì`mH$[aVm n§Vm§Zr n¥Ïdr d¥ÎmmMr `moOZm H$ê$Z _amR>r_Üò Ë`mcm à{VîR>m Am{U d¡{eîQ>ç{_idyZ {Xco. n§Vm§À`m H$ënZm{dcmgmÀ`m Am{U aMZmMmVw`m©À`m Ag§»`m IwUm `mHo$H$m§_Üò AmT>iVmV.

X`m_¥VKZm Ahmo h[a & dim _`yamH$S>o

aS>o {eew, V`m{g Ko H$idimo{Z _mVm H$S>o

Agm A{V{W Ym{_©H$ ñVwVnXm & `Xm gm§nS>o?

Vwåhm§ OS> ^dmU©dr CV[aVm Z Xmgm§nS>o

hr ñdmoÕmam{df`r n§Vm§Zr Ho$cocr AIoaMr àmW©Zm AË`§V doYH$ Amho.

gwg§J{V gXm KS>mo, gwOZdmŠ` H$mZr nS>mo,

H$c§H$ _{VMm PS>mo, {df` gd©Wm ZmdS>mo,

gX§{Y«H$_ir XS>mo, _wa{S>Vm hQ>mZo AS>mo,


{d`moJ KS>Vm aS>mo, _Z ^dƒ[aÌr OS>mo.

hm n§Vm§Zr gm§{JVcocm gËg§JVrMm _{h_m AmOhr g_mOmV AmR>{dcm OmVmo. lram_Am{U H¥$îUmÀ`m ê$nmZo AdVma YmaU H$aUmè`m VÎdm§Mo g§wXa {MÌ _moamon§V nwT>rc Ho$H$m_YyZì`º$ H$aVmV.

hm H$ënmXnmMm amonm cgcgrV H$modim gmonm

`mÀ`m öX`r Amho Imonm, KoVmV h§g gwIPmonm &&

Jmoam Z§X, èmoXm Jmoar, dgwXod XeaW{h Jmoam,

VËgwV H$mim H$m Vy? ^moio OZ R>H${dgr öX`Mmoam &&

H$mim H$m§ ho H$ico _Ocm, Vy ZrcH§$R>H§$R>_Ur

^moiçm {edo {Xco VwO nw§S>[aH$mVo [aPmo{Z gmYwnUr &&

`_H$mgº$s_wio n§Vm§À`m H${dVoV {ŠcîQ>Vm òVo. _mÌ nwîH$i H$Wm^mJ WmoS>Š`mVAmUÊ`mMo H$m¡eë` Ë`m§À`mH$S>o Amho.

16.4.7 ñÌr JrVo

_moamon§Vm§Zr ñÌrJrVohr aMcr. grVmJrV, gm{dÌrJrVo, épŠ_UrJrV hr Amodr~Õ aMZmn§Vm§Zr Ho$cr. nÝhmiJS>mdê$Z Amnë`m d{S>cm§~amo~a ~m~yOr ZmB©H$ ~mam_VrH$a `m§À`mH$S>oAmë`mda `m aMZm Ë`m§Zr Ho$ë`m. ZmB©H$m§À`m KaÀ`m _wcr~mitZm Pmonmiçmda ~gyZåhUÊ`mÀ`m Cn`moJr nS>mdrV åhUyZ Ë`m§Mr aMZm Pmcr Agmdr. Jm`co OmD$ eH$ë`m_wio`m§Zm JrV ho Zmd {_imco. grVm-gm{dÌr, épŠ_Ur `m gVtÀ`m M[aÌm{df`r Agë`mZoË`m§Zm gVrJrV åhQ>co OmD$ cmJco.

dZdmgmVyZ naVë`mda grVocm {VÀ`m Omdm§Zr, åhUOo ~{hUtZr, AmncodZdmgd¥ÎmH$WZ H$aÊ`mMr {dZ§Vr Ho$cr. Vr _mÝ` H$ê$Z dZdmgmcm àma§^ Pmë`mnmgyZA`moÜòcm òB©n`ªVMr hH$sH$V {VZo gm§{JVcr.

Ooìhm H$m§hr dmQ>o & MmcVm _r _mJo &

_waS>mo{Z _mJo & {dcmo{H$Vr

~mB© ! H$m` gm§Jmo ! ñdm_tMr Vr ÑîQ>r

A_¥VmMr d¥îQ>r & _O hmo` &

AÌrÀ`m Aml_r & Zoco _O dmQ>o

_mhoa{M dmQ>o & IaoIwao &

AZgy`m gVr & H$ar doUr \$Ur &

AmZ§XmMr YUr {Xcr _O &&


ho grVoÀ`m {ZdoXZmVyZ {XgUmao lram_-grVm ào_mMo {MÌ Amho.

épŠ_UrhaU JrVmV Ðm¡nXrÀ`m AmkoZo épŠ_UrZoM Amnë`m {ddmhmMr Am{UH¥$îUH¥$V haUmMr H$Wm gm§{JVcr Amho. épŠ_UrhaU àg§Jr A§~mc`mV H$S>oH$moQ> nhmamH$aUmè`m g¡{ZH$m§Mo,

Oo _O ^modVo & hmoVo Cô _oco & A§~oZo Vo Ho$co & doS>o gd© &

Jimcr _oë`m§À`m & hmVtMr hmVoao & nim§V _mVoao & Pmco Ë`m§Mo &

Ago ñÌrgwc^VoZo épŠ_Ur dU©Z H$aVo.

gm{dÌrJrVmV H$drM gË`dmZ-gm{dÌr `m§Mr H$Wm gm§JVmo. `mV n§Vm§Zr gVrÀ`m{ZîR>oMo _hÎd à{VnmXZ Ho$co AgyZ, `_mÀ`m VmdS>rVyZ gmoS>dyZ Amnë`m nVrcm Kar òD$ZOmUmè`m gm{dÌrMo dU©Z Ho$co Amho.

OoUo gn© ew§S>mH$ma & Vmo VmoS>mdm &

nVrMm Vmo S>mdm & aå` ~mhÿ &

dmho dm_ñH§$Yr & Amnwë`m Vr gVr &

ñdXjmZo nVr & AmqcJyZr &

{ZKmcm Vmo dZr & M§{ÐH$m {XdQ>r &

hmoD$Zr {ZdQ>r & A§YH$mam &

ñÌrJrVm§_Üò _moamon§Vm§Zr d¡XûarVrMm Cn`moJ Ho$cm Amho.

16.4.8 Am`m©

`m{edm` _moamon§Vm§Zr g§V{df`H$ H${dVm, H$mhr AZwdmXmË_H$ H$mì`, XodXodVmnañVmoÌo, `mÌm-àH$aUo, gÝ_ZmoâmOr H$dZ B. aMZm Ho$ë`mm. Ago AgyZhr _moamon§V Ë`m§À`mAm`}gmR>rM à{gÕ AmhoV. Am`m©^maVmV Ë`mMm àË`` òVmo. "Voìhm H$moR>o Jocm hmoVm amYmgwVmVwPm Y_©' Aer ñnîQ>moº$s H$ê$Z H$Um©Mr {Z^©Ëg©Zm H$aUmam lrH¥$îU, Hw$éH$Q>H$nmhÊ`mnyduM ñdna~im~i ZoUw{Z ~m{ce ~hþ ~m`H$mV ~S>~S>Umam CÎma B. JmoîQ>r AmOhrH$mì`àm§VmV C„o{Ië`m OmVmV.

Zm__mhmËå`mda Zm_m`m©, Zm_gwYmM~H$ d Zm_agm`Z Aer VrZ àH$aUo _moamon§Vm§Zr{c{hcr AmhoV.

gËg§JVr Agmdm ào_m, J«rî_r Ogm Ago ìÒZr &

Ë`mÁ`{h A^º$ hmo _O, _Ywnm M§nH$ Vgm Agoì` OZr &&


àXrK© aMZoÛmao _moamon§Vm§Zr _amR>r H${dVoV Am`m©d¥Îm ê$O{dco.

16.5 _moamon§Vm§Mo `moJXmZ

_moamon§Vm§Zr Oer M_ËH¥$VrnyU© aMZm Ho$cr VerM àmgm{XH$ JrVohr aMcr. Ë`m§Zr _amR>rH${dVocm ewÕ ^mfoMr XoUJr {Xcr. àXrK© aMZm H$ê$Z _amR>r H${dVoV Am`m©d¥Îm éO{dco.n§{S>V H${dVoMo Vo AIoaMo à{V{ZYr R>aco.

Am`m©^maV hm J«§W agm§Mm gmJa Amho. Ë`m§Mo H$Wm-{ZdoXZ AmQ>monera AgyZ, g§dmX,^mfUo `m~m~VrV Hw$ec coIZ Ë`m§Zr Ho$co. H$sV©ZH$mam§Zm Am»`mZ a§J{dÊ`mgmR>r n§Vm§À`mAm`mªMm Cn`moJ hmoVmo. loîR> ZrVrMr {eH$dU n§V coIZmVyZ XoVmV. Ë`m§À`m ì`{º${MÌUmVhr{Od§VnUm AmT>iVmo. g§`_ hm Ë`m§À`m H$mì`mMm _moR>m JwU Amho. Ë`m§Mo ^mfmà^wËdhrAgm_mÝ` Amho. BVa n§{S>V H$dtÀ`m VwcZoV _moamon§Vm§Mr aMZm AewÕVoÀ`m XmofmnmgyZA{cá Amho.

am_ ~S>do `m§Zr n§Vm§Zr {c{hcoë`m Am`m©~Õ nÌmV gwícmoH$ dm_ZmMm, Amodr kmZoem§MrqH$dm Am`m© _`yan§Vm§Mr Agm A{^àm` ì`º$ Ho$cm Amho Am{U Vmo gd©g§_V Amho.g_H$mcrZm§Zr n§Vm§À`m H${dVoMo AZwH$aU Ho$coM; na§Vw nwT>o 19 ì`m eVH$mdahr _moamon§VrH${dVoMr N>mn nS>cr. Vo EH$ `wJàdV©H$ H$WmH$dr hmoVo. Ë`m§À`m Am`mª_wio Aìdc B§J«OrH$mimVhr nwamUH$Wm§§Mm àgma cmoH$m§_Üò hmoV am{hcm. _amR>r ^mfoMm cd{MH$nUm d Ý`yZJ§S>Zmhrgm H$ê$Z eãX, {dMma, H$ënZm `m ~m~VrV g_¥Õ Aem ^mfo_Üò aMZm Ho$ë`m. n§{S>Vrna§naoMo ho è åhUmdo cmJoc. na§Vw noedmB©V KS>coë`m KQ>Zm§Mr Zm|X Ë`m§À`m H${dVoZo KoVcrZmhr. `_H$mgº$sMm Xmofhr `m H${dVoV AmT>iVmo. Varhr Vo EH$ cmoH${à` H$dr hmoVo, `mMmC„oI H$amdmM cmJVmo.


16.4 d 16.5 Amnbr àJVr Vnmgm : 1) _moamon§V ho H$mimÀ`m ÑîQ>rZo ....................... n§{S>V H$dr hmoV.

1) n{hco 2) Xwgao 3) eodQ>Mo

2) Hw$ecdmonm»`mZ ....................... da AmYm[aV Amho.

1) Aœ_oK 2) ^mJdV 3) am_mÙ

3) ....................... hm _moamon§Vm§Mm gdmªV _moR>m J«§W Amho.

1) ñÌrJrVo 2) am_mÙ 3) Am`m©^maV

4) ^mJdVmÀ`m Xe_ñH§$Ymda AmYm[aV ....................... hr aMZm _moamon§Vm§Zr Ho$cr.

1) am_M[aV 2) lrH¥$îU{dO` 3) épŠ_UrhaU

5) ûcmoH$Ho$H$mdcr ....................... Mr aMZm Amho.

1) {Za§OZ _mYd 2) A_¥Vam` 3) _moamon§V

6) Amodr kmZoemMr ....................... _`yan§Vm§Mr

1) Am`m© 2) gmH$s 3) qXS>r

_moamon§V n§{S>Vr na§naoVrc eodQ>Mo H$dr hmoV.

16.6 g_mamon

{dÚm{W©{_Ìm§Zmo, òWda {Za§OZ _mYd d _moamon§V `m§À`m H$mì`g§nXoMm AmT>mdm AmnUKoVcm. kmZoída{dO`, {MX²~moY am_mÙ, doXm§V^mîò, N>§XemñÌr` coIZ, ñVmoÌaMZm B.aMZm {Za§OZ _mYdm§Zr Ho$cr Agcr Var Vo M§nyH$mì`mgmR>r à{gÕ AmhoV. VgoMHw$ecdmonm»`mZ, Am`m©^maV, g§H$sU©am_mÙo, lrH¥$îU {dO`, ^mJdVr àH$aUo, ñ\w$Q>aMZmñÌrJrVo _moamon§Vm§Zr {c{hcr Var Vo Am`m© aMZogmR>r à{gÕ AmhoV. n§{S>Vr H$mì`mV `mXmoKm§Zrhr _mocmMr â KmVcr. noedoH$mimVrc ho C„oIZr` H$dr hmoVo. _moamon§V ho n§{S>VH${dVoMo AIoaMo à{V{ZYr hmoVo. n§{S>Vr H$mì`na§naoMm H$mcI§S> _moamon§Vm§Z§Va g§ncm dem{har H${dna§naocm àma§^ Pmcm. Ë`m_wio `mnwT>rc àH$aUmV AmnU em{har H$mì`mMmAä`mg H$aUma AmhmoV.

16.7 gmam§e

noedoH$mimV n§{S>Vr diUmMr H${dVm {c{hUmao {Za§OZ _mYd d _moamon§V `m H$dtZr_amR>r H${dVoV _mocmMr â Q>mH$cr. _amR>rVrc EH$_od M§nyH$mì` R>acoco gw^ÐmM§ny `mMraMZm {Za§OZ _mYdm§Zr Ho$cr. A{ÔmV g§ñH¥$V gm{hË`mMm à^md d ñdV§Ì H$ënZmeº$s`m_wio n§{S>Vr H$mì`mV Ë`m§Zr _moR>o `moJXmZ {Xco. _moamon§V ho eodQ>Mo n§{S>V H$dr hmoV.{d{dYm§Jr aMZm§_wio Vo cmoH${à` H$dr R>aco. Ë`m§Mr Am`m© H$sV©ZmÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ cmoH$m§n`ªVnmohmoMcr.


16.2, 16.3

1) ~ZmOr 2) kmZoída{dO` 3) 422

4) gw^ÐmM§ny

16.4 d 16.5

1) eodQ>Mo 2) Aœ_oK 3) Am`m©^maV

4) lrH¥$îU{dO` 5) _moamon§V 6) Am`m©

***

> {Za§OZ_mYd d _moamon§V / 271


A{YH$ {Q>nUmgmR>r

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àH$aU : 17

em[har H$mì` (bmdUr, nmodmS>m d \$Q>H$m)

17.1 C[ÔîQ>o{dÚmWu {_Ìm§Zmo, _mJrb àH$aUmV {Za§OZ_mYd d _moamon§V `m§À`m H$mì`mMm AmT>mdm

AmnU KoVbm. _moamon§V ho n§{S>Vr H${dVoMo AIoaMo à{V{ZYr R>aVmV. nwT>o 18ì`m eVH$mVg§V Am{U n§{S>V `m H$mì`mnojm dooJi`m YmQ>UrMr H${dVm CX`mg Ambr {Vbm em{har H$mì`åhQ>bo OmVo. nmodmS>m, bmdUr, \$Q>H$m hr Ë`m H${dVoMr _hÎdmMr A§Jo AmhoV. `m em{harH$mì`mMm Aä`mg `m àH$aUmV H$amd`mMm Amho. `m àH$aUmMm Aä`mg Ho$ë`mZ§Va Vwåhmbm,

l em{har H$mì`mÀ`m àoaUm d ñdê$n {deX H$aVm òoB©b

l nmodmS>m `m H$mì`àH$mamMo ñdê$n ñnîQ> H$aVm òB©b.

l bmdUr `m H$mì`àH$mamMr d¡{eîQ>ò g§mJVm òVrb

> em{har H$mì` / 273

17. 0 C{ÔîQ>o17.1. àmñVm{dH$17.2 em{har H$mì`mÀ`m àoaUm d ñdê$n17.3 nmodmS>m17.4 bmdUr 17.5 AZ§V\§$Xr17.6 naewam_ 17.7 am_Omoer17.8 à^mH$a17.9 gJZ^mD$17.10 hmoZmOr~mim17.11 dmL²>_`rZ _yë` 17.12 g_mamon17.13 gmam§e


l AZ§V\§$Xr d naeam_ `m em{ham§À`m H$mì`mMo ñdê$n ñnîQ> H$aVm òB©b.

l am_Omoer d à^mH$a `m§À`m H$mì`mMo ñdê$n {deX H$aVm òB©b.

l gJZ^mD$ d hmoZmOr~mim `m§À`m H$mì`mMo ñdê$n dU©Z H$aVm òB©b.

l em{har H${dVoMo dmS²>._`rZ _yë` {b{hVm òB©b.

17.1 àmñVm{dH$18 ì`m eVH$mV CX`mbm Ambobr em{har H${dVm hr gd©gm_mÝ` bmoH$m§À`m A{YH$

Odi OmUmar hmoVr. H$maU Vr {b{hUmao bmoH$H$dr gm_mÝ` _mUgmÀ`m gwIXw…Im§Zm Amnë`mH${dVoV _wIa H$aV hmoVo. n§{S>Vr H$mì` Am{U g§V H$mì` `m§À`mnojm ho H$mì` doJio hmoVo.nmodmS>o, bmdUr, IQ>md, \$Q>Ho$. B. {d{dY H$mì`àH$ma dmnê$Z eya nwéfm§Mo JwUJmZ dbmdÊ`dVtMo gm¡§X`©dU©Z Ho$bo. Ë`m§Mr ^mfm gmonr, am§JS>r hmoVr. Ë`m_wio gm_mÝ` _mUgmbmg_Oob Aer hmoVr. bmoH$ì`dhmamÀ`m ^mfoVyZ Ë`m§Zr bmoH${eúmUmMohr H$m_ gmYbo. na§VwagmñdmX KoUo, _Zmoa§OZ H$aUo `m ~m~VrV Vr n§{S>Vr H$mì`mÀ`m Odi OmUmar hmoVr.VËH$mbrZ OrdZXe©Z `m H${dVoVyZ KS>bo. namH«$_ Am{U gm¢X`© `m§Mr nyOm ~m§YUmar hrH${dVm hmoVr. gmh{OH$M gd©gm_mÝ` OZm§Zm Vr Amnbr dmQ>br. `m àH$aUmV em{ha H$drAm{U Ë`m§À`m aMZm§Mm AmT>mdm AmnU KoUma AmhmoV.

17.2 em{har H$mì`mÀ`m n«oaUm d ñdê$n18 ì`m eVH$m_Üò g§V Am{U n§{S>V `m§À`m H$mì`mnojm EH$ doJir H$mì`Ymam CX`mg

Ambr Vr åhUOo em{har H$mì`. ho {b{hUmao H$dr ho bmoH$H$dr hmoVo. ~hþOZ g_mOmMo Iè`mAWm©Zo à{V{ZYr hmoVo. "V_mem" ho bmoH$m{^_wI _mÜ`_ Ë`m§Zr dmnabo. JmdmÀ`m MmdS>rdaCô amhÿZ, S>\$, VwUVwÊ`mÀ`m gmhmæ`mZo H$mì`Jm`Z H$ê$Z emhra bmoH$a§OZ H$arV AgV.`m_Üò bmoH${ejUmMo H$m`©hr Ë`m§Zr nma nmS>bo. nmodmS>o, bmdUr ho Ë`m§À`m H$mì`Jm`ZmMoà_wI àH$ma hmoVo. bmoH$OrdZmVrb {d{dY àg§Jm§À`m AmYmao eya nwéfm§Mo JwUJmZ Am{UbmdÊ`dVtMo gm¢X`©JmZ H$aUmar em{ham§Mr H${dVm Amho. ghO, gmoß`m àg§Jr am§JS>çm ^mfoV^mdZobm ñne© H$aUmao ho H$mì` ~hþOZ g_mOmbm Amnbo dmQ>bo.

`m em{ham§Zr doJdoJiçm JmoîQ>tMo kmZ XoD$Z gm_mÝ` OZVobm ~hþlwV Hoo$bo. H$moUË`mZjÌmda noaUr H$amdr, gUg_ma§^, d«Vd¡H$ëò, `mÌm, {VWr, _whÿV©, S>mohmio, bhmZ _wbm§Mo{dH$ma, Ë`mdarb _m{hVr Aem AZoH$ JmoîQ>r gm§{JVë`m. EdT>oM Zìho AmB©À`m nmoQ>mVAgVmZm ZD$ _{hÝ`m§V J^m©Mr dmT> H$er hmoVo `mMrhr _m{hVr {Xbr. "_hmXodmgr nwgo nmd©VrJ^m©À`m IwUm Ÿ& gm§Jm ñdm_r ZD$ _{hÝ`m§Mr H$er Omhbr aMZm' Aem bmdÊ`m AmhoV.`mM~amo~a gd©{à` e¥§Jma amYmH¥$îUmÀ`m AmS>nS>ÚmZo dU©Z H$aÊ`mMr nÕV em{ham§Zr_moS>br. CKS>nUo e¥§Jma H$mì`mVrb AmZ§X KoÊ`mg bmoH$m§Zm {eH${dbo. dra nwéfm§À`m


èmoJmWoVyZ g_mOmbm ñ\y$Vu {_imdr. namH«$_mg MoVZm {_imdr åhUyZ nmodmS>çm§À`m_mÜ`_mVyZ ho emhra bmoH$m§Zm AmdmhZ H$arV. Y_m©Mo ajU H$aÊ`mgmR>r àË`j na_oídamZoAdVma ¿`mdm åhUyZ Ë`m§À`mg_moa Jm|Yi KmbÊ`mMr g§Vm§Mr JrVna§nam hmoVr. VoM gyÌem{ham§Zr nmodmS>çmÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ nwT>o Mmb{dbo. _. Zm. ghñÌ~wÕo `m§Zr nmodmS>çmg"H$s{V©H$mì`" Ago g§~mo{Ybo Amho.

g§V gm{hË`mZo ^º$sÀ`m _mJm©da CƒdJm©nmgyZ {ZåZ ñVamVrb bmoH$m§n`ªV gdmªZmEH$Ì H$aÊ`mMo H$m_ Ho$bo. Om{VôXmnbrH$S>o OmD$Z {dMma H$aÊ`mg {eH${dbo; na§Vwg§Vm§À`m ^º$sMm A§{V_ CÔoe g§gmamVyZ gwIê$nnUo ncrH$S>o OmD$Z _wº$s, _moj {_i{dUohm hmoVm. `mD$bQ> em{ham§Zr g_mOmnwT>o H$Yr AmXe© ì`[º$_Îd C^r H$ê$Z dra^md OmJ¥VHo$bm, Va H$Yr e¥§Jma agmMm AmñdmX Amnë`m H$mì`mÛmao {Xbm. OrdZmVrb AmZ§X nwaonyaAZw^dUo Am{U gm¢X`m©Mo _hÎd _mZyZ em¡`© Am{U gm¢X`© `m§Mr nyOm ~m§YUo, EH$m AWm©Zonwéf d ñÌrÀ`m {ZgJ©XÎm gm_Ï`m©Mm JwUJm¡ad H$aUo hr em{har H${dVo_mJrb ^mdZm hmoVr.`m~m~VrV n§{S>Vr H$mì`mímr OdirH$ gmYUmar hr H${dVm hmoVr. em{ham§Mr ^mfm ZwgVràmgm{XH$ ZgyZ amoOÀ`m bmoH$ì`dhmamVrb hmoVr. åhUyZhr Vr bmoH$m§Zm OdiMr dmQ>br.H$Wm gm§JÊ`mMr nydm©nma nÕVhr `m H$mì`mVyZ dmnabr OmVo.

em{har H$mì` ho _hmamîQ´>mÀ`m amOH$s` Am{U gm_m{OH$ OrdZmMo à{Vq~~ Amho.H$maU em{har H$mì`mMr gwédmV {edH$mbmnmgyZ Pmbr, Va noedmB©~amo~a Ë`mMm eodQ>Pmbm. Ë`m_wio `m H$mimV hmoD$Z Joboë`m amÁ`H$Ë`mªMo, Aml`XmË`m§Mo H$s{V©JmZnmodmS>çm§_YyZ em{ham§Zr Ho$bo. B§J«O Am_XmZrÀ`m H$mimVhr nmodmS>o {b[hbo Jobo.

n§{S>Vr H$mì` ~è`mMXm Am{dîH$mamÀ`m ~m~VrV gm§Ho${VH$Vo_Üò AS>H$bo; na§Vwem{har H$mì` dmS²>._`rZ g§Ho$VmnmgyZ _wº$ hmoVo. gH$g, Omo_Xma d Añgb "_èhmQ>r'^mfo_wio ~hþOZm§À`m _ZmV Ë`mbm ñWmZ {_imbo. nmodmS>çm§_Üò hmoUmar àg§J{Z{_©Vr, Ë`mÀ`mAZwf§JmZo Amboë`m àË``H$mar à{V_m d ÑîQ>m§V, Ë`mVyZ gmH$maUmè`m ì`{º$aoIm, Ë`m§Mog§dmX d `m gdmªVyZ S>moH$mdUmao VËH$mbrZ g_mO{MÌ `m JmoîQ>t_YyZ nmodmS>çmMo ñdê$n{gÕ Pmbo.

{eaH$_io H§$XwH$dV² CS>Vr Ÿ&

{N>Þ {^Þ {H$Vr hmoD$Z aS>Vr Ÿ

{H$VrH$ nmÊ`m{dUm VS>\$S>Vr

{H$VrH$ àoVm§_YrM XS>Vr Ÿ&

`m§gma»`m à^mH$am§À`m {MÌ_` AmoitVyZ àË`j aU_¡XmZ gmH$maVo.

emhÿ_hmamOm§À`m _¥Ë`wàg§Jr em{ha {b{hVmo,

O¡gm M§Ð_m bnmbm Ÿ& AdKm Yw§YwH$ma nS>VmŸ&

ImU aËZmMr IMbr Ÿ& Xmoa IwQ>bm Vmo n{N> hmoD$Zr Jobm &Ÿ&

em{har H$mì` / 275

17. 3 nmodmS>mnmodmS>m åhUOo dram§À`m namH«$_mMo, {dÛmZm§À`m ~wpÜX_ÎmoMo, gm_Ï`m©Mo, JwU-

H$m¡eë`mMo H$mì`mË_H$ dU©Z qH$dm ñVwVr hmo`. "nmodmS>m åhUOoo H$s{V©H$mì`. H$saVH¥$Vr(nwéf dmd gwH¥$V_)(EVao`) Xohm{^_mZmMm Ë`mJ H$ê$Z {Z…ñdmW©nUo Wmoa H$m`m©gmR>ràmUmn©U H$aUo hr Iar gwH¥$Vr. `m nwéfmWm©Mo H$m¡VwH H$aUmao "dra_mb H$mì`' Vmo nmodmS>mAer ì`m»`m _. Zm. ghñÌ~wÜXo `m§Zr Ho$br Amho; na§Vw `m dmL>²_` àH$mambm nmodmS>m ho ZmdZŠH$r H$moUË`m H$mimV nS>bo Vo gm§JVm òV Zmhr. AJrZXmgmMm "qghJS>Mm nmodmS>m'CnbãY aMZm§_Üò gdmªV àmMrZ g_Obm OmVmo. emhra ñdV…À`m aMZobm "H$S>mH$m' `mZmdmZo g§~moYVmo. _amR>rV AmO gw_mao VrZeo nmodmS>o CnbãY AgyZ, Ë`mn¡H$s {edH$mbmVrbMma, emhÿH$mbmVrb VrZ, noedoH$mbmVrb XrS>eo AgyZ Cabobo Aìdb B§J«Or Am_XmZrVrbAmhoV. em{ham§Zr Ho$bobr nmodmS>çm§Mr aMZm ~hþVm§er Hw$UmÀ`m Var Amkodê$Z Pmbobr {XgVo.Ë`mgmR>r Ë`m§Zm Jmd, dVZ, BZm_, _moH$mgm Aer ~{jgohr {_iV Agë`mMm CëboI Amho.CXm. {OOm~mB©Zo gm§{JVë`mdê$Z A{JZXmgmZo nmodmS>m {b{hbm. Ë`m~Ôb Ë`mbm ~jrg{_imbo. "{edmOr gaÁ`mZoŸ& BZm_ KmoS>m ~jrg {XbmŸ& eoaâ gmoÝ`mMm VmoS>mŸ& hmVmVKmVbmŸ&&'

em{ham§Mr ÑîQ>r dñVw{ZîR> hmoVr. dÊ`©{df`mMr {MÌo Ë`m§Zr hþ~ohÿ~ aoImQ>br AmhoV.H$mì` H$aUo hrM Ë`m§Mr _yi ^y{_H$m hmoVr. Šd{MV Ë`m§Mo H$mì` à~moYZna Pmbo Agbo, VarË`m§Mm _yi hoVy bmoH$a§OZ hmM hmoVm. namH«$_r amOmMr ñVwVr d gm¢X`©dVtMr ñVwVr hmË`m§À`m H$mì`mMm CÔoe hmoVm. `m H${dVoV ñd`§ñ\y$Vu AmT>iV Zgë`mZo AmË_{ZîR>H$mì`JwUm§Mm `mV A^md Amho. Hw$UmÀ`mVar Amkodê$Z qH$dm Hw$UmgmR>rVar ho H$mì` aMboJoë`mZo Ë`mV Cñ\y$V©Vm Zmhr. Var eãX`moOZm, d¥ÎmZ¡nwÊ`, H$ënZm{dñVma, bmoH$^mdZm `mJmoîQ>r bjmV R>odyZ Ë`m§Mr aMZm Pmbobr {XgVo.

nmodmS>çmMr gwédmV {edH$mbmnmgyZ Pmbr Agbr Var gdmB© _mYdamd Am{U Xwgam~mOramd `m§À`m H$mimV Vmo Zmdmê$nmbm Ambm. AZ§V\§$Xr, naeam_, am_Omoer, à^mH$a,gJZm^mD$, hmoZmOr~mim Ago à{gÕ emhra òWo {dMmamV ¿`mdo bmJVmV,

nmodmS>çmMr aMZm Jm|Yiçm§À`m H$Wm{ZdoXZmgmaIr Amho. àW_ gmè`m XodVm§ZmAmdmhZ, Z_Z d _J _w»` H$Wm gm§JUo Agm Ë`mMm H«$_ Amho. Jm|YimV nm¡am{UH$ H$WmAgVmV Ë`mà_mUo nmodmS>çmV Eo{Vhm{gH$ àg§J AgVmV. lmoË`m§Mm H$b nmhÿZ emhraàmg§{JH$ H$Wm, JmdJßnm, {dZmoX{Z{_©Vr H$ê$Z Amnë`m Eo{Vhm{gH$ H$WoV a§J âVmo. Ë`m§MrdmUr VS>\$Xma Am{U draag`wº$ Agë`mZo EImÚm namH«$_r Eo{Vhm{gH$ nwéfmÀ`m drad¥ÎmrModU©Z EoH$VmZm lmoVo _§Ì_w½Y hmoD$Z OmVmV. na§Vw nmodmS>çmVrb dU©Z H$YrH$Yr A{Va§{OV


em{har H$mì` ho _hmamîQ´>mÀ`m amOH$s` Am{Êm gm_m{OH$ OrdZmMo à{Vq~~ Amho.

Am{U {d^y{VnyOH$ Agë`mZo Eo{Vhm{gH$ boIZmMm XñVEodO åhUyZ nmodmS>çmH$S>o nmhVmòV Zmhr, Vo a{gH$m§Mo a§OZ H$aUmao ÑH$-lmì` H$mì` Amho. nÚ_` ^mJ Mmby AgVmZm_ÜòM Hw$R>o Hw$R>o JÚ dU©Zhr emhra H$aVmo; na§Vw AmdoenyU© g§JrVmZo d ^mfoZo lmoË`m§ZmH$Wm^mJm_Üò ~m§YyZ R>odÊ`mMo H$m_ Vmo H$aVmo. VgoM VËH$mbrZ bmoH$OrdZmMo {MÌhr `mnmodmS>çm§_Üò {XgV Ago.

boH$ åhUo ~mnmbm åhmVmam Pmbm `mMr ewÕ Jobr

gyZ gmgyMr _Ou R>o{dZm {\$ê$Zr ~moby Vr bmJbr

{eî` Pmbo _ñV Jwê$Mr {dÚm Jwê$da {\$abr

JmoagmËZ H$moUr nwgoZm Xmê$ _hmJ {dHy$ bmJcr

n{Vd«Vm hr Cnmer _aVr {Vbm {_ioZm gmdbr

M§Mb Zma ~m§YrV Ago Zdo Ka EH$ XagmbrŸ&

`m AZ§X\§$Xr§À`m nmodmS>çmdê$Z bjmV òVo. 1818 gmbmV ñdamÁ` g§nbo Am{Uem{ham§À`m dmUrMm ~hahr Amogabm. `mZ§Va Ho$di nmoQ>mH$[aVm em{har H$dZo H$aÊ`mMr doiem[ham§da Ambr. B§J«Or Am_XmZrV Ë`m§Mo H$mì`{df` ~Xbbo.

Ago Agbo Var {edH$mb Am{U noedoH$mbmVrb amîQ´>r` H${dVm åhUyZ nmodmS>çmMo_hÎd A~m{YV Amho.

17.4 bmdUr"bmdUr' ho em{har H${dVoMo Xwgao A§J. bmdUr `m eãXmÀ`m ì`wËnÎmr{df`r AZoH$ _Vo

AmhoV. bdU åhUOo g§wXa, Ë`mZwgma bmdÊ` ho {deofU V`ma Pmbo. ñÌrgm¢X`© dU©ZnaH$mì` åhUOo bmdUr qH$dm bmn{ZH$m åhUOo AmÜ`mpË_H$ Hy$Q>àíZmË_H$ g§ñH¥$V aMZm. _.dm. Ym|S> `m§Zr bmdbobm AW© òWo A{YH$ g§`w{º$V R>aVmo. "emo{^d§V' qH$dm "gw^J aMZm'`m AWm©Zo em{ham§Zr "bmdUr' hm eãX `mo{Obm Agmdm' Ago Vo åhUVmV. gd©gm_mÝÒZm§À`m _Zmoa§OZmH$[aVm Ë`m§Zm éMVrb Aem bm¡{H$H$, nm¡am{UH$ dm AmÜ`m{Ë_H$ {df`m§daaMbobr, H$S>o dm T>mobHo$ `m§À`m Vmbmda {d{eîQ> T>§JmZo åhQ>bobr, IQ>Ho$~mO d g\$mB©XmanÙmdV©Zr dm ^¥§JmdV©Zr Om{VaMZm åhUOo bmdUr hr Ë`m§Mr ì`m»`m g_n©H$ dmQ>Vo.

VËH$mbrZ g_mOmV a`V d amîQ´> Xm[aÐçmÀ`m d {dZmemÀ`m _mJm©Zo PnmQ>çmZoAYmoJVrbm Mmbbr hmoVo. na§Vw g¡{ZH$, gaXma, H$ma^mar, gmdH$ma BË`mXr bmoH$ g§nÞ hmoVMmbbo hmoVo. Y_m©V H$_©H$m§S>mMo dM©ñd nwÝhm dmT>bo. gm_«mÁ`{dñVmamMr B©î`m© ~imdbr.g§Vm§Zr {eH${dbobm ^mJdVY_© Xwb©{jbm Jobm. WmoS>Š`mV Cƒd{U©`m§_Üò gwImgrZVoMr d^moJ{dbmgmMr àd¥Vr dmT>br. emhra ho `mM g_mOmMm EH$ KQ>H$ hmoVo d g_mOmMo _Zmoa§OZ

em{har H$mì` / 277

nmodmS>m åhUOo H$s{V©H$mì`

H$aUo hm Ë`m§Mm ì`dgm` hmoVm. Ë`mVyZM em{har H$mì` {Z_m©U Pmbo. emhra H$_r ho n§S>rVH$dtà_mUo g_mOmVrb Ho$di CƒdJm©Vrb Zgë`m_wio Ë`m§À`m H$mì`mMo "_èhmQ>nU'A~m{YV am{hbo. bmdUr ho Ho$di lmì` Zìho Va Ñí`H$mì`hr Amho. bmdÊ`m§Vrb {df` hogd©gm_mÝ` bmoH$m§À`m OrdZmVrb AmhoV. Ë`m H$drÀ`m d¡`{º$H$ AZw^yVr ZgyZ gdmªMogmd©{ÌH$ AZw^d AmhoV. `m bmdUrVrb Cn_m, à{V_m, ì`mdhm[aH$ AgV. jUâ M_Hy$ZZmhrem hmoUmè`m gw§Xarg emhra {dÚwëbVoMr ê$T> Cn_m Z XoVm "Oer M_H$b Z§Jr g_eoaAb_ nmhVr {â{âm' Aer VbdmarMr Cn_m XoVmV qH$dm nm`m§Vrb OmoS>ì`mg "OgoKmoS>çmMo Zmb dmOVr AmdmO H$mZr XUmUr' Aer KmoS>çmÀ`m Q>mnm§Mr Cn_m XoVmV. n§{S>Vm§Zrg§ñH¥$V H$mì` g§Ho$Vm§Zm Yê$Z H$mìàMZm Ho$br. CXm. -

a§^m H$m` BònwT>o, hVg_ma§^m {Xgo _oZH$m

O§^mam{V{ZV§{~Zr V[a JVmh§^md Vo hrZH$m

CbQ> em{ham§Mr ^mfm ghO-gmonr Am{U ñnîQ> eãXm§V e¥§Jma^md ì`º$ H$aVo. `mCbQ> bmoH$g§Ho$Vm§Zm ñWmZ {Xbo.

JJZmV Mm§XUr R>iH$ _m[aer PiH$ C^r J§ A§JUr

{H$Vr ZQw>Z WQw>Z _m[aerb N>ZmZZ Z¡ZmÀ`m g§{JUr

g¥pîQ>dU©ZmVhr emhra n§{S>V H$dtnojm doJionUm XmIdVmV. g§VH$mì`mV Cn_m-ÑîQ>m§VmnwaVm g¥îQ>rMm dmna hmoVmZm {XgVmo. n§{S>Vr H$mì`mVrb g¥pîQ>dU©Z R>ard nÕVrMr demoôH${aVm òUmar AmhoV; Va bmdUrVrb g¥pîQ>dU©Zo OrdZmer g§~§{YV AmhoV. nmD$g,Mm§XUo, amÌ, ~mJ, {Xdmir, hmoir, ZmJn§M_r, a§Jn§M_r B. nmíd©^y_rda ào{_H$m§Mr_rbZmoËgwH$Vm d{U©bobr {XgVo.

{edH$mimVrb gmYm-gai nmodmS>m _mJo nS>bm Am{U nyd© noedmB©V bmdUr CX`mbmAmbr. CÎma noedmB©V {VMr ââmQ> Pmbr.

bmdUr `m N>§XmMo _yihr Amodr-A^§Jmà_mUo bmoH$JrVm§_Üò gmnS>Vo. bmdUrdmL²>_`mVrb e¥§JmaagmMo ñdê$n n§{S>Vr H$mì`mVrb e¥§JmadU©Zmnojm {^Þ Amho. H$maU n§{S>VrH$mì`mMr aMZm hr g§ñH¥$V gm{hË`mÀ`m AmYmao Pmbobr Amho. ñÌr gm¡§X`m©Mr dU©Zo WmoS>rgm§Ho${VH$ ñdê$nmMr AmhoV. CbQ> bmdUrVrb e¥§JmadU©Z A{YH$ _wŠVnUo Ho$bobo {XgVo.åhUyZM gm_mÝ` _mUgmbm Vo A{YH$ ^mdVo Am{U g_OVohr. e¥§Jma, dra, H$éU agm§Mmn[anmof amYmH¥$îU, am_ Aem nm¡am{UH$ ì`º$s¨À`m OrdZmVrb ì`{º$JV ^md-^mdZm§Zm {df`~Z{dUo, AÜ`mË_mMm Jm^m R>odyZ, e¥§JmamMr gOmdQ> H$ê$Z ~møm§J gO{dUo, `m§~m~VrVn§{S>V d emhra `m§À`mV gmaIonUm {XgyZ òVmo.

hmoZmOr~mim `mZo bmdUrbm Ooìhm amJXmarMr OmoS> {Xbr, Voìhm V_memÀ`m \$S>mVrbbmdUr ~¡R>H$sMr bmdUr Pmbr. n§{S>Vm§H$Sy>Zhr {VMo H$m¡VwH$ Pmbo. bmdÊ`m§Mo {df`gm_mÝ`m§À`m bm¡{H$H$ OrdZmer {ZJ{S>V hmoVo. {ddmh, _rbZ, nVr-nËZr g§~§Y, ào_, {dah,


{Zamon, nwZ_ubZ, ì`m{^Mma, {Znw{ÌH$ ñÌrMo Xw…I, J^©dVrMo S>mohmio, nwÌOÝ_... Aem{d{dY {df`m§da cmdÊ`m aMë`m Joë`m. ñÌr-nwéf g§~§YmÀ`m AZoH$ N>Q>m cmdUrVa§J{dcoë`m {XgVmV. H$mhr doim e¥§JmadU©ZmMm A{VaoH$hr {XgVmo. cmdÊ`m§_Yrc {df`-{dcmgmMr dU©Zo hr ^S>H$ d Aícrchr {XgVmV. gm_mÝÒZm§Mr àmn§{MH$ ^moJm§~ÔcMrcmcgmM EH$àH$mao cmdUr dmL²>_`mVyZ ì`ŠV Pmcr, Aer Q>rH$m cmdUrda hmoVo; na§Vwl¥§Jmam~amo~a ^pŠVna cmdÊ`mhr em{ham§Zr {c{hë`m AmhoV.

Xmo {Xdgm§Mr VZw hr gmMr gwaVagmMr H$é{Z _Om &

J_Om H$[aVm _{Z C_OmZm ho gwI nwT>o Z nS>oc dOm &

^mB© & gmdY ìhm &

qH$dm

`m BîH$mMo nm`r ~wS>mco H¡$H$ cjmnVr &

Agm g„mhr emhra Amnë`m cmdÊ`m§_YyZ XoVmZm {XgVmV. CKS> Am{U _wŠVnUoAZw^dm§Mr A{^ì`ŠVr ho cmdUrMo d¡{eîQ>ç åhUVm òB©c. cmdÊ`m `m Ho$di e¥§Jm[aH$AmhoV Ago Zmhr, Va ^pŠVna cmdÊ`m§_Üò {Za{Zamir X¡dVo, ñWmZo, XodVm§Mm _{h_m dU©ZH$aUmè`m cmdÊ`m AmhoV. ^ynmiçm§Mr aMZmhr em{ham§Zr Ho$cr. hmoZmOr ~mimMr "KZí`m_gw§Xam' hr cmdUr à{gÕM Amho. gm_m{OH$ cmdÊ`m, nm¡am{UH$ cmdÊ`m, H$WmH$mì`,ZmQ>çH$Wm, {dZmoXr H$Wm, CnXoena cmdÊ`m, AmÜ`mpË_H$ VÎdkmZ {deX H$aUmè`mcmdÊ`m, H$cJr-Vwam, ô{XH$ cmdÊ`m, Hy$Q> cmdÊ`m, Ago cmdUrMo {d{dY àH$ma nS>VmV.

\$Q>H$m

"\$Q>H$m' hm em{har H${dVoVrc EH$ _hÎdmMm àH$ma Amho. `mV AmR>-AmR> _mÌm§MoVrZ JQ> Am{U eodQ>r àËòH$ AmoirV ghm _mÌm, Ago XmoZ AmoitMo Y«wdnX AgVo. emhraAZ§V \§$Xr `mZo hm H$mì`àH$ma A{YH$ dmnacm. Ë`mMm nwT>rc \$Q>H$m à{gÕ Amho.

c§S>o Jw§S>o {hago VÅz> Ë`m§Mr g§JV Yê$ ZH$mo Ÿ&

ZaXohmgr òD${Z àmÊ`m XwîQ> dmgZm Yê$ ZH$mo &&Y¥&&

{~H$Q> dmQ> d{hdmQ> Zgmdr YmonQ>_mJm© gmoSy> ZH$mo &

g§gmam_{Y Eog Amncm CJmM ^Q>H$V {\$ê$ ZH$mo &

Mc gmcgnU Yê${Z {ZImcg ImoQ>çm ~mocm ~mocw ZH$mo &&

naYZ naH$m{_Zr nmhþZr {MÎm ^«_y ho XoC ZH$mo &&

A§{J Z_«Vm gXm Agmdr amJ Hw$Umda Yê$ ZH$mo &&

em{har H$mì` / 279

ñÌr gm¢X`©na dU©Z åhUOo cmdUr

17.5 AZ§V\§$XrB. g. 1744-1819 `m H$mimV emhra åhUyZ _mÝ`Vm nmdcocm AZ§V\§$Xr hm

_yiMm g§J_ZoaMm. Vmo noedmB©Vrc gdmªV dS>rc emhra hmoVm. d{S>cm{O©V ì`dgm` "Jm|Yir'Agë`mZo, chmZnUmnmgyZ em{hamMo ~miH$Sy> Ë`mcm {_imco. A_mn cmoH${à`Vm d n¡gmË`mZo {_i{dcm. nwUo Xa~mamV Ë`mcm Mm§Jcm _mZ_amV~ àmá Pmcm. CÎmad`mV VmoH$sV©ZH$ma ~Zcm. Xwgè`m ~mOramdmMr Ë`mÀ`mda A{Ve` _Ou hmoVr. Ë`mZo 359 Amoì`m§Mm"_mYd{ZYZJ«§W' hm J«§W \§$XrH$Sy>Z {chÿZ KoVcm. \§$XrMo gmV nmodmS>o, H$mhr cmdÊ`mCncãY AmhoV. `m{edm` H$Q>md Am{U \$Q>Ho$ `m H$mì`àH$mam§_wio Vmo cmoH$m§À`m A{YH$


17.2 Vo 17.4 Amnbr àJVr Vnmgm : 1) em{har H$mì` ....................... eVH$mV CX`mcm Amco.

1) 15 ì`m 2) 18 ì`m 3) 10 ì`m

2) em{har H${dVm ....................... À`m _mÜ`_mVyZ gmXa hmoV Ago.

1) H$sV©Z 2) V_mem 3) àdMZ

3) em{har H${dVoV ....................... d ....................... ho à_wI àH$ma hmoVo.

1) nmodmS>m d cmdUr 2) A^§J d Amodr 3) H$Wm d JrVo

4) em{har H${dVm ....................... ^mfoV hmoVr.

1) g§ñH¥$V 2) AY©_mJYr 3) _amR>r

5) ....................... hm àmMrZV_ nmodmS>m Amho.

1) AJrZXmgmMm qghJS>Mm 2) A\$PcImZdYmMm 3) gdmB© _mYdamdm§Mm

6) nmodmS>çmMr gwédmV ....................... hmoVr.

1) {edH$mcmV 2) noedonyd© H$mimV 3) noedo H$mcmV

7) cmdUr_Üò ....................... À`m gm¢X`m©Mo dU©Z AgVo.

1) ñÌr 2) chmZ _wco 3) åhmVmao

8) cmdUrV ....................... ag àm_w»`mZo AgVmo.

1) e¥§Jma 2) H$éU 3) hmñ`

9) ....................... `m H$mimV cmdUr CX`mcm Amcr.

1) {edH$mc 2) nyd© noedmB© 3) noedmB©

ñ_aUmV am{hcm. Ë`mMm "IS>çm©À`m cT>mB©darc nmodmS>m' C„oIZr` Amho. ZmZm \$S>Urg,\$ÎmoqgJamd Jm`H$dmS> d èd§Vamd hmoiH$am§À`m nwUo àm§Vmdarc H$ma^mamdahr Ë`m§Zr nmodmS>o{c{hco AmhoV. Ë`mZo ~mOramdmÀ`m H$maH$sXuVrc A§XmYw§Xr `m {df`mda ~arM H$dZo {c{hcr.Ë`m doiÀ`m amÁ`m_Yrc AZmJm|XrMo {MÌ nwT>rc cmdUrVyZ {XgVo.

coH$ åhUo ~mnmcm- åhmVmam Pmcm, `mMr ewÕ Jocr.

gwZ gmgyMr _Ou R>o{dZm, {\$ê$Z ~mocy Vr cmJcr.

{eî` Pmco _ñV, Jwê$Mr {dÚm Jwê$da {\$acr

Jmoagmcm H$moUr nwgoZm, Xmê$ _hU** {dHy$ cmJcr

n{Vd«Vm hr Cnmer _aVr, {Vcm {_ioZm gmdcr

M§Mc Zma ~m§YrV Ago Zdo Ka EH$ Xagmcr

VËH$mcrZ g_mOmMo gyú_ {ZarjU `mVyZ {XgVo. gm§JcrH$a, {_aOH$a, nQ>dY©Z`m§À`m amOYmÝ`m `m§À`mdahr Ë`mZo nmodmS>o aMco AmhoV.

\§$XrMr M§Ðmdi cmdUr ~arM cmoH${à` Amho. `mVrc H$WmZH$ _yi A{¾nwamUmVcoAmho. Aà{V_ ñÌrcmdÊ`mMr VËH$mcrZ H$ënZm `mVyZ H$iyZ òVo.

AZ§V\§$Xr Ë`mcm Oo gm§Jm`Mo Amho Vo {ZûS>nUo gm§JVmo, "YÝ` VwPo cmdÊ` àrVrMo~mU O¡go gUmUr Ÿ& Iao gm§Jerc H$Yr V¥á hmoB©c Jo Am_Mo _Zm§Zr?'

\$Q>H$m, H$Q>md åhUOo Ë`mMr CnXoena H$dZo hmoV.

ñZoømgmR>r nXa_moS> H$a, na§Vw Om{_Z amhÿ ZH$m

~ar Iwem_V ehmÊ`mMr hr, _yIm©Mr Vr _¡Ìr ZH$mo &

Agm ì`mdhm[aH$ g„m \§$Xr XoVmo, Va àn§M d na_mW© `m§Mm CÎm_ _oi gmYÊ`mgmR>r Vmogm§JVmo,

ZaXohm_{Y òD${Z Za hmo, gmYZ Eogo H$am &

OoUo ^dgmJa Vé{Z, gwIo ìhmdo n¡c{Vam &&

g§gmamU©dr {Ôm, JS>çm§Zmo, g§gmamU©dr {Ôm &

na§Vw na_mW©gmYZmVo gmYm, `mVM _Om &

AZ§V\§$XrMr n§MV§ÌmVrc {ÌñVZr H$ÝòÀ`m JmoîQ>rdarc cmdUr gmÜ`m Xogyar _amR>r^mfoMm CËH¥$îQ> Z_wZm Amho. Ë`mcm qhXr ^mfm Mm§Jcr òV Ago. Ë`mZo aMcocm ZmZm\$S>{UgmMm nmodmS>m d {H$ËòH$ cmdÊ`m qhXrV AmhoV, ôXH$ Q>rH$mhr Vmo Hw$ecVoZo H$aVmo.

ho _yIm©! IyU VH$m© nH$m© nwéf Amncm Zgo &

em{har H$mì` / 281

qH$dm

"_m§ åhQ>co hm MH$ én`m {XgVmo _mc Iam

dmOyZ Omo nhmVmo Vmo Am§V Vm§ã`mMm ^wa^wam &'

\§$XrÀ`m XwîH$mi-cmdUrgma»`m gm_m{OH$ cmdÊ`m§V VËH$mcrZ XyadñWoMo d Z¡{VH$AYmoJVrMo {MÌ {XgyZ òVo.

CcQ>m O_mZm Amcm ao & godH$ ñdm_tMo _mZrZm

{OH$S>o {VH$S>o Q>moi _mOco & J[a~m ^modVo _mOcoV nmoi &&

IoS>rnmS>r ^cVmM cw{Q>Vmo & Hw$Uã`mMm Ord CXmgcm

gwno Q>moncr {~Jma dmhVm§ & dmhVm§ {~Å>m dmgcm &&

H$cmË_H$VoEodOr AewÕVm, nwZéŠVr, `_H$mgŠVr ho Xmof \§$XrÀ`m H${dVoV {XgVmV.Varhr "\$Q>Ho$' {c{hÊ`m_Üò \§$Xr à{gÕ hmoVm. Ë`mMm g_H$mcrZ emhra hmoZmOr `mZoË`mÀ`mda cmdUr aMcr Amho. '\§$Xr AZ§V H$dZm§Mm gmJa & AqOŠ` Á`mMm hmVI§S>m &&M_ËH$ma MhþH$S>o MmcVmo & g¥îQ>rda Á`mMm P|S>m &'

`mdê$Z Ë`mÀ`m H$mì`mMo _hÎd H$iyZ òVo.

\§$XrOdi erK« H${dËd hmoVo. \§$XrMr ñdV§Ì à{V^m Ë`m§À`m "\$Q>H$m' aMZoV àH$fm©ZoAmT>iVo.

17.6 naeam_B. g. 1754 Vo 1844 `m H$mimV hmoD$Z Jococm hm emhra Zm{eH$À`m nyd}g

AgUmè`m {gÞa VmcwŠ`mVrc dmdr JmdMm. Vmo ì`dgm`mZo qenr hmoVm. Vmo {dÇ>c^ŠVAgyZ, XodnyaH$a ^mJdV ho Ë`mMo Jwê$. Ë`m§À`m AmXoemZo Vmo em{har H$mìàMZoH$S>o dicm.

naeam_À`m cmdÊ`m§V BVa em{ham§nojm Iyn {df`-d¡{MÍ` AmT>iVo. VËH$mcrZgm_mÝ` OZVoMr amhUr, cmoH$m§À`m g_OwVr, Zdgm§Mo àH$ma, MmcrarVr, B.Mr {dnwc _m{hVr`mÀ`m H$mì`mVyZ {_iVo.

N>na nc§J Pmonmio gmH$içm Mm§XrMo cQ>H$Vr hcHo$ &

nS>Xo {MH$mMo a§JrV g§JrV OUw KÅ> H$mirO hcHo$ &

IUmoIUr VO{~am H$m{T>ë`m Am§J«oOr EoZo OS>co &

emc Xwemco _hm{c {~N>m`mV _I_mcr V¸o$ nS>co &&


AZ§V\§$XrMm IS>çm©À`m cT>mB©darc nmodmS>m d M§Ðmdi cmdUr à{gÕ Amho.

naeam_mZo Ho$coë`m `m ~¡R>H$sÀ`m dU©ZmVyZ noedoH$mcrZ Eoíd`m©Mr ghO H$ënZmòVo. AZoH$ em{ham§Zr cmdÊ`dVr pñÌ`m§Mr AZoH$ dU©Zo Ho$cr; na§Vw "Z`Z gwaoI XmoÝhr cmcA§Jmda emc XwnoQ>m Oar & C_Xm H$moUr C_amd {Xgo gaXma gm¡^m½` Kar' ho naeam_mZoHo$coco _Xm©Zr gm¢X`m©Mo dU©Z doJionUm XmI{dUmao Amho. Ë`mÀ`m {H$ËòH$ cmdÊ`m Ho$dina_mW©na AgyZ, Ë`mV doXm§VmMo nm[a^m{fH$ eãX, Cn_m B. aocMoc AmT>iVo. nm¡am{UH$H$Wm§da aMcoë`m cmdÊ`m§_Üò {H$ËòH$ H$moS>r KmcVmZm Vmo {XgVmo. H¥$îUcrcodarc Ë`mÀ`mcmdÊ`m öX`§J_ AmhoV. CXm.-

MH«$nmUr & ZH$mo Yê$ nm{U & ^ê$ Xo nmUr &

OmB©c nmUr P{U _mPo & _r ZdVaUr & _mWm VaUr &

Xoh^mZ Joco har VwPo &&

{H$ËòH$ {dZmoXr H$hmÊ`m d H$Wm na_oídamZo Amnë`m cmdÊ`m§_Üò Jw§\$ë`m AmhoV.Zdè`mZo ~X\¡$crnUm H$aÊ`mnojm "EH$ ZmQ>H$emim R>odm Kar XoIÊ`mV O¡er B§ÐmKaMr nar'Ago ~m`H$mo ~oeH$nUo gm§JVo. naeam_mÀ`m AZoH$ cmdÊ`m§VyZ noedmB© AIoaÀ`m d B§J«OrA_cmÀ`m Ama§^rÀ`m g_mOpñWVrMr _m{hVr {_iVo. Aìdc B§J«Or A_cmVrc XoepñWVrMohþ~ohÿ~ {MÌ Ë`mZo a§J{dco Amho. CXm.

"Oo n§MhË`mar hmoVo Amnë`m cmdUrV

T>mcVcdmam R>o{dë`m KaÀ`m JmoUrV'

"qhXdUr amOo hmoVo, Ad¿`m JmoîQ>r gmoB©À`m &

d{S>cm§Zr {_i{dcr Ohm{Jar ~gë`m R>m`rÀ`m &'

ñÌrcmdÊ`mMo dU©Z H$aVmZm Ë`mÀ`m ^mfoV _mohH$Vm òVo. CXm.-

Qw>_Xma Hw$UmMr N>mZ & ZdVr âÁ`mZ nwgm ao Amcr Hw$Ry>Z &

ñdê$nmMo VwQ>Vr Vmao H$S>mH$S> {dOdm nS>Vrc VwQy>Z &

noedmB© ~wS>më`mda à^mH$amà_mUo, naeam_mcmhr B§Xya, ~S>moÚmn`ªV nmoQ>mgmR>r^Q>H$mdo cmJco; na§Vw e¥§JmamÀ`m Aícrc dU©Zm§Zr a§Joc Ò_mZm§Zm Iye H$aÊ`mMm _mJ©Ë`mZo Adc§{~cm Zmzhr. VËH$mcrZ g_mOmV nwéfm§~amo~a _Xw©_H$s JmO{dUmè`m pñÌ`m§Mo dU©ZVmo H$aVmo.

"Añgc OaXr KmoS>m {^daWS>r da ~gcr Mm§XUr &

H$mZ H$imer \o$a\$Q>Š`m_Yr H$moUr Var {Xcr Am§XUr'

amOH$s` n[apñWVrMo ñnîQ> Am{U {Z^r©S> {MÌ a§J{dUmam emhra åhUyZ Vmo à{gÕhmoVm. H$moUmMr ImoQ>r ñVwVr H$ê$Z ~jrg àmá H$ê$Z KoÊ`mMr Ë`mMr d¥Îmr ZìhVr. EH$m àg§Jr~mOramdmZo Ë`mcm {Xcocr Ohm{Jarhr Ë`mZo ZmH$macr,

em{har H$mì` / 283

nmoQ> âm`m C^m[acm Zm V_memMm Y§Xm

_hmc _moH$mgo Ohar digo H$[aVrc Anwcm ~§Xm

Ago MmoI CÎma {Xco.

naeam_mZo XoepñWVrda nmodmS>o {c{hco AmhoV. `m nmodmS>çm§VyZ B§J«Or amOdQ>rVrc_amR>r g_mOmMo {MÌU ghO CVaco Amho. cmoH$m§Mr AJ{VH$Vm d g_mOOrdZmVrc {dg§JVr`mda Vmo Zo_Ho$ ~moQ> R>odVmo.

Ë`mÀ`m cmdÊ`m§_Üòhr {df`mMr {d{dYVm Amho. H$_r eãXm§_Üò à^mdr ì`pŠV{MÌUH$aUo ho Ë`mÀ`m coIZmMo d¡{eîQ>ç Amho. naeam_mMr ghO Am{U am§JS>r ^mfm, OrdZmMogyú_ {ZarjU d VËH$mcrZ g_mO{MÌU hr Ë`mÀ`m H$mì`mMr gm_Ï`©ñWio gm§JVm òVrc.~m~m gmV^mB©, _cwamO, ~mHo$amd `m§Zr naeam_mMr H${dVm V_memVyZ cmoH${à` Ho$cr.


17.5 d 17.6 Amnbr àJVr Vnmgm : 1) AZ§V\§$XtMo dS>rc ì`dgm`mZo ....................... hmoVo.

1) Jm|Yir 2) _mir 3) H$sV©ZH$ma2) ....................... hm J«§W \§$XrZo {c{hcm.

1) am_mÙ 2) Xmg~moY 3) _mYd{ZYZ3) AZ§V\§$XrMo ....................... à{gÕ AmhoV.

1) H$dZo 2) \$Q>Ho$ 2) é~m`m 4) ~ar Iwem_V ehmÊ`mMr hr ....................... Vr _¡Ìr ZH$mo

1) _yIm©Mr 2) lr_§VrMr 3) doS>çm§Mr5) "\§$Xr AZ§V H$dZm§Mm gmJa' Ago ....................... Zo åhQ>co.

1) hmoZmOr ~mim 2) AZ§V\§$Xr 3) à^mH$a6) naeam_ ì`dgm`mZo ....................... hmoVm.

1) qenr 2) _mir 3) H$sV©ZH$ma

7) "MH«$nmUr & ZH$mo Yê$ nm{U & ^ê$ Xo nmUr&' ho H$mì` ....................... Zo aMco

1) à^mH$a 2) naeam_ 3) hmoZmOr

ghO Am{U am§JS>r ^mfm, OrdZmMo gyú_ {Z[ajU d VËH$mcrZ g_mO{MÌU hrnaewam_mÀ`m H$mì`mMr d¡{eîQ>ço.

17.7 am_Omoeram_Omoer hm n§{S>V H$dr Am{U emhra `m XmoZ na§nam§Zm OmoS>Umam Xwdm Amho. {dÛÎmm

Am{U Om{VloîR>Vm `m§À`m Omoamda am_OmoetZr cmdUrcm àW_ {eîQ>_mÝ`Vm {_idyZ {Xcr.B. g. 1758 Vo 1813 hm Ë`m§Mm H$mcmdYr. `m§Mo KamUo _yi gmocmnyaMo. {dÛÎmoMr na§namAgyZ em{ham§À`m \$S>mVM Ë`m§Zm A{YH$ ag hmoVm. _amR>rda Ë`m§Mo à^wËd hmoVo. _moamon§Vm§À`mCnXoemZwgma Vo H$sV©Z H$ê$ cmJco. _moamon§Vm§À`m H$mìàMZoMr N>mnhr Ë`m§À`m H$mì`mda{XgVo.

e¥§JmamMo dU©Z am_Omoer OnyZ H$aVmV. ~hþYm {da{hUr n[Vd«VoMo {MÌU Vo H$aVmV.CXm. "Pmco Xw:ImYrZ AmVm§ Xoh V`mMo MaUmd[a R>odrZ & H$Yr ZoÌ ^é{Z nmhrZ & hm {dcmgË`m{dU _Ocm XoVmo erU' Ë`m§À`m Zr{Vna cmdÊ`mhr à{gÕ AmhoV.

"ZaOÝ_m_{Y Zam H$é{Z Ko ZaZmamÙm JS>r &

V[aM ho gmW©H$ _mZdHw$S>r &&'

"^cm OÝ_ hm Vwcm cm^cm Iwcmg öX`r ~wYm &

Y[agr V[a godH$ h[aMm gwYm &'

XwîH$mi Am{U n|T>mar `m§Zr ÌñV Agcoë`m g_mOmV ~wdm~mOr H$er ~moH$miVo, hogm§JVmZm Vo åhUVmV- _Zr YéZr H$m{_Zr, _R>m_Üò _wZr {dZ`MmVwar & OJr Xm{dVr ~mdm,n[a Am§Vw{Z H$mdm, ^m|Xw{Z ImVr nwar & coe Zgo CnXoe, Amnwcm Xoe Q>mHw$Zr Xwar & Ho$edmM©ZH$aVr daVr n[a Am§Vw{Z H$_} ZmZm nar &

nwamU Am{U H$sV©Z ho ì`dgm` Agë`m_wio, am_OmoetZr d¡am½`na H$dZo Ho$cr AmhoV.nwUo Am{U noedmB© `m§À`m d¡^dmMo Jm`Z Ë`m§Zr nmodmS>çm§_YyZ Ho$co. "~«m÷Ur amÁ` OmoaXmaKmoS>çmda ñdma hmoVo {enmB© & O~a gÔr H¡$H$m§Zr nm{hcr eÌw R>o{dco Zmhr' hm Ë`m§Mm nmodmS>mà{gÕ Amho. am_OmoetMr eãXg§nÎmr {dnwc Amho. nXcm{cË`, g_n©H$ eãX`moOZm, g§JVdmadU©ZnÕVr ho am_OmoetÀ`m H$mì`mVrc JwU hmoVo. Ë`m§Zr a§J{dcoë`m ñd^md{MÌm§V ghgm{dg§JVnUm AmT>iV Zmhr. g§ñH¥$V H$ënZm d g§ñH¥$V g§àXm` `m§Mr N>mn Ë`m§À`m H$mì`mda_moR>çm à_mUmV AmT>iVo.

Ë`m§À`m CnXoena cmdÊ`m _ZmMr nH$S> KoUmè`m AmhoV. "hQ>mVQ>mZo nQ>m a§JdwZr OQ>mY[aer H$m {ear & _R>mMr CR>mR>od H$m Var &' hr cmdUr à{gÕ Amho.

amYm-H¥$îU `m§À`m hmoirÀ`m àg§Jr Pmcoë`m H«$sS>oMo dU©Z ~hmaXma Amho. amYoZoH¥$îUmMo d H¥$îUmZo amYoMo ê$n KoVë`m_wio g§^«_ {Z_m©U Pmcm.

lra§J Jmo{nH$moËg§J Yé{Z H$[a a§J har hm ~mB©

Hw§$OmV _mVcm dg§V gm§Jw _r H$mB©

AW© M_ËH¥$Vr, IQ>Ho$~mOnUm, àmgmXmË_H$Vm Am{U ^mfoMo cm{cË` `m§_wio Ë`m§À`m

em{har H$mì` / 285

cmdÊ`m cmoH${à` Pmë`m. H$YrH$Yr g§ñH¥$V àmMw`©, àm¡T>Vm d Amc§H$m[aH$Vm `m§_wio Ë`m§Mr^mfm H¥${Ì_ Pmcr Amho. n|T>mar Am{U Z§Va nS>cocm XwîH$mi Am{U Ë`m_wio _amR>r amÁ`mÀ`md¡^dmMr Pmcocr hmZr `m§Mo {MÌ XwîH$mimdarc nmodmS>çmV Ë`m§Zr a§J{dco Amho.

17.8 à^mH$aB. g. 1769 Vo 1843 hm `m em{hamMm H$mcI§S>. à^mH$a OZmX©Z XmVma `mMm

OÝ_ Zm{eH$ {OëømVrc J§Jmnyacm Pmcm. d`mÀ`m 22 ì`m dfu Vmo nwÊ`mcm gaXma amñVo`m§À`m nXar H$maHy$Z åhUyZ am{hcm. òWyZ nwT>o V_memÀ`m OJmer Ë`mMm g§~§Y Amcm.~mOramdm§Mr Ë`mÀ`mda _Ou hmoVr. à^mH$aZo noedmB©Mm CËH$f© Am{U AdZVr XmoÝhr nm{hcrhmoVr.

BVa em{ham§nojm à^mH$amMo OmñV Eo{Vhm{gH$ nmodmS>o CncãY AmhoV. Ë`m§Vrc VrZgdmB© _mYdam§dmda, XmoZ Xwgè`m ~mOramdmda, XmoZ noedod§emda, XmoZ Xwgè`m g`mOramdJm`H$dmS>m§da, EH$ A{hë`m~mBªda, EH$ amKmoOr Am½è`m§da, EH$ ZmZm e§H$aeoQ> `m§À`mda B.aMZm Ë`mZo H$ë`m. gdmB© _mYdamdm§À`m H$maH$sXudarc Ë`m§Mm a§JmMm nmodmS>m à{gÕ Amho.IS>çm©Mr cT>mB©, gdmB© _mYdamdm§Mm _¥Ë`y, amd~mOrMr {dcmgr H$maH$sX© Am{U Ë`mÀ`mOrdZmMo CÎmaH$m§S> `m gd© KQ>Zm§Mo à{Vq~~ à^mH$amÀ`m H$mì`mV AmT>iVo. IS>çm©darcnmodmS>çmV _hmXOrMr Wmoadr dU©Z H$aVmZm Vmo {c{hVmo-

_wJwQ>_Ur Vo nm{Q>c~mdm & H$moR>da Ë`m§Mm àVmn Jmdm &

Xe©Z_mÌo VmnM Omdm & Zdg Zd{gVm§ \$img `mdm &

hah_oem eÌw{g Xmdm & _m{hV gJim _amR>r H$mdm &

gdmB© _mYdamdm§À`m _¥Ë`yZ§Va _amR>r amÁ`mV ~O~Onwar _mOcr. {VMo `WmW© dU©Zà^mH$amZo Amnë`m nmodmS>çmV Ho$co Amho.

Om g_`m _mcdyZ Amnë`m Kamg Ýhm`mcm &

{Od§V _r Agë`mg CÚm `m ZoÌ nwgm`mcm &&

ho gmYo nU __©ôXH$ dmŠ` èmoXm~mBªÀ`m Vm|S>r KmcyZ gdmB© _mYdamdm§Mm A§Ë` àg§JA{YH$ H$éU Ho$cm Amho.

noedmB© Joë`mZ§Va à^mH$amMm AmYma VwQ>cm. nmoQ>mgmR>r cmMma hmoD$Z ZmZm e§H$aeoQ>,noñVZOreoQ>, pñà¨Jc gmho~mMo ^moOUr Am°{\$g `m§da Ë`mcm nmodmS>o {chmdo cmJco.

cm¡{H$H$ {df`m§darc cmdÊ`m§nojm Xodm{XH$m§darc Am{U nm¡am{UH$ H$Wm§darc


am_Omoer hm n§{S>V H$dr Am{U emhra `m XmoZ na§nam§Zm OmoS>Umam Xwdm Amho.

à^mH$aÀ`m cmdÊ`m OmñV gag AmhoV. n§Mm`VZmÀ`m àmW©ZoV A§~oMr àmW©Zm H$aVmZm VmoåhUVmo, "e{e gy`© VwÂ`m ~i^ò CJdVr & ho YÝ` YÝ` AÞnyU© ^dJVr &'

H¥$îUmÀ`m _wacrdaMr cmdUr ~hmaXma Amho. _wacrÀ`m n[aUm_mMm {damoYm^mg VmodU©Z H$aVmo.

V¥U Ë`mJwZ gd©hr YoZy dËgm{dU Km{cVr nmÝhm &

ñVZ AmXao dXZr XoVm n`àmeZ H$[aZm VmÝhm§ &

V„rZ {H$Vr hmoD$Z aËZr J{^©Ur nwÌ àg{dVr &

AÜ``Zm {dà {dgaco & H$mZZr g_wXm` ngaco &

YÝ` _m¡Ý` Yê$Z AZwgaco & Agm _wacrMm _moh Amho,

Ago Vmo {c{hVmo.

à^mH$a Vnercdma dU©Zmda â XoVmo. VËH$mcrZ _amR>r ñÌrÀ`m A§Jmdarc {d{dYXm{JÝ`m§Mo dU©Zhr Vmo EH$m cmdUrV H$aVmo.

JmoR> hmVga Odo {IO_Ë`m {_ZoXma H$ar MwS>o &

MmcVm {d{MÌ ÑîQ>r nS>o & dmH$S> doim ~mhþ^yfUo ~mOw~§X Ë`mnwT>o

~mo[cVm H$mo{H$i d¥jr XS>o & qMMnoQ>çm VÝ_Ur {hè`mMo N>§{Xd H$m|XU IS>o &

Vm§Xir nmoV ÑîQ>r Zm nS>o & nm`r {damoÚm OmoS>dr AZdQ> {~Mdo_|X

éB©\w$c {damoYm ^marZJm§Mr M|X & OS> Pmco eara _XZ Vmoao Yw§X &

H¥$îUmMr ÑîQ> H$mT>Ê`mMo _hmamîQ´>mVrc àH$ma, ewêHw$Zm§Mr àdmgmV hmoUmar cjUo,nwÌàmárgmR>r Ho$co OmUmao Zdg B. dU©Zo à^mH$a H$aVmo.

Xwgè`m ~mOramdmÀ`m {dcmgdU©Zna Vrg-~Îmrg cmdÊ`m à^mH$amZo {c{hë`mAmhoV. _mZdr d¥Îmr-àd¥ÎmtMo ghO Xe©Z `m cmdÊ`m§VyZ hmoVo. àmgm{XH$ ^mfo_wio Ë`mMo ~aoMH$mì` cmoH${à` Pmco. à^mH$amÀ`m cmdÊ`m BVa H$dtÀ`m _mZmZo A{YH$ ^S>H$ ñdê$nmÀ`mAmhoV. a{gH$m§Mr AmdS> OmoIyZ H$mì` H$aUmam Vmo H$dr Amho. Ë`mÀ`m nmodmS>çm§VyZdU©ZeŠVr {XgVo.

em{har H$mì` / 287

cm¡{H$H$ {df`m§darc cmdÊ`m§nojm Xodm{XH$m§darc, nm¡am{UH$ H$Wm§darcà^mH$aÀ`m cmdÊ`m gag AmhoV.

17.9 gJZ^mD$gJZ^mD$ `m OÝ_mZo _wgc_mZ Agcoë`m em{hamcm Xwgè`m ~mOramdmÀ`m H$maH$sXuV

è {_imco. Ë`mMo dmñVì` nwÊ`mV hmoVo. Ë`mMm {eH$cJmarMm ì`dgm` hmoVm. B. g. 1778Vo 1840 hm Ë`mMm H$mcI§S> hmoVm. _wgc_mZ AgyZhr _amR>r amÁ`gÎmm, _amR>r g_mO,_hmamîQ´>r` g§V, qhXy Y_©na§nam `m§~Ôc Ë`mcm AmXa hmoVm. cT>mB©Z§Va Pmcocr nwÊ`mMrnmoaH$s pñWVr d ~mOramdmMr ggohmocnQ> Ë`mZo nwT>rc eãXm§V dU©Z Ho$cr.

XiUmgago {H$S>o aJS>co aS>Vr Za Zmar &

coH$amcm _m` {dgacr H$gm B©ída Vmar &

noedmB© ~wS>më`mda gZJ^mD$ gmVmaÀ`m N>ÌnVtÀ`m Xa~mar Jocm. {VWo nmZnVMmnmodmS>m Ë`mZo aMcm. hm nmodmS>m H$éUmoËH$Q> ag{Z{_©Vr_wio nmZnVÀ`m cT>mB©darcnmodmS>çm§_Üò hm _hÎdmMm _mZcm OmVmo. gmVmaÀ`m àVmnqgh _hmamOm§da Ë`mMo XmoZ nmodmS>oAmhoV.


17.7 d 17.8 Amnbr àJVr Vnmgm : 1) ....................... hm n§{S>V H$dr Am{U emhra `m XmoZ na§nam§Zm OmoS>Umam Xwdm Amho.

1) à^mH$a 2) hmoZmOr 3) am_Omoer

2) ....................... À`m CnXoemZo am_Omoer H$sV©Z H$ê$ cmJco.

1) _moamon§V 2) dm_Zn§{S>V 3) EH$ZmW

3) "hQ>mVQ>mZo nQ>m a§JdwZr OQ>m Y[aer H$m {ear' hr H$mì`n§ŠVr .................... Mr Amho.

1) am_Omoer 2) hmoZmOr 3) gJZ^mD$

4) à^mH$amMo A{YH$Va ....................... nmodmS>o CncãY AmhoV.

1) nm¡am{UH$ 2) Xoer 3) Eo{Vhm{gH$

5) gdmB© _mYdamdm§À`m H$maH$sXuda à^mH$amZo ....................... Mm nmodmS>m {c{hcm.

1) a§JmMm 2) {ZgJ©dU©ZmMm 3) {edmOrMm

6) _wHw$Q>_Ur Vmo nm{Q>c~mdm & H$moR>da Ë`m§Mm àVmn Jmdm &

Xe©Z_mÌo VmnM Omdm & Zdg Zd{gVm§ \$img `mdm &

hr H$mì`n§ŠVr ....................... Mr Amho.

1) à^mH$a 2) gJZ^mD$ 3) AZ§V\§$Xr

gJZ^mD$ hmoZmOrMm à{VñnYu hmoVm. `mÀ`m cmdÊ`m§_Üò e¥§JmamÀ`m ~mø dU©Zmnojm_ZmVrc ^mdmcm A{YH$ _hÎd Amho.

Amcr Xw{Z`m C\$amQ>r \$ma Vwåhr gmdY{JarZo Agm &

qH$dm

naZmarer ^mfU H$aVm {dMma Zmhr ~am &

Ago ì`mdhm[aH$ CnXoe Ë`mMr Zm{`H$m H$aVo. Ë`mÀ`m cmdÊ`m§V ZmOyH$nUm d g§`_hr Amho.gdVrgdVtMo ^m§S>U `m {df`m§dahr Ë`mMr cmdUr Amho. am_mÙ-_hm^maVmXr J«§Wm§Mo,Xodm{XH$m§Mo XmIco Ë`mÀ`m H$mì`mV òVmV. Ë`mÀ`m H$mhr H$mì`mV Va _m`mdmX Am{U~«÷kmZmMohr C„oI AmT>iVmV. Ë`mÀ`m ^mfoV Omo_XmanUm Amho. e¥§JmamVyZ Vmo AÜ`mË_hrgwM{dVmo. Vmo _wgc_mZ Agcm Var qhXy Y_m©Vrc lÕm, nm{Vd«Ë`, {ZîR>m `m§~m~VMo Ë`mMog§ñH$ma ñnîQ> {XgyZ òVmV.

~mOramdmÀ`m H$maH$sXuV am_m Jm|Yir `mZo gJZ^mD$Mr cmdUr cmoH${à` Ho$cr.XodXodVm§~Ôc ñdV§Ì cmdÊ`m Ë`mZo aMë`m Zgë`m, Varhr B©ída^ŠVr{df`r cmdUr Vmo{c{hVmo.

ZoÌ ^éZ Ý`mhm{ico Vwåhmcm AmZ§Xco M§Ð nmhVm &

Ë`mg§Jo àrV KS>mo Agm H$Yr nmderc n§T>arZmWm &

gJZ^mD$Zo H$ñVyarMm gwJ§Y, {ZdmS>m d eHw$Zd§VrMr `mMZm `m VrZ H$WmË_H$ñdê$nmÀ`m cmdÊ`m {c{hë`m AmhoV.

17.10 hmoZmOr ~mimhmoZmOr ~mim hm OmVrZo Jdir hmoVm. Ë`mMo g§nyU© Zmd hmoZmOr g`mOr {ecmaImZo.

hmoZmOrÀ`m Hw$imV H${dËdeŠVr {nT>rOmV hmoVr. Ë`mMm AmO em§Vmßnm D$\©$ gmVmßnm hmCËH¥$îQ> emhra hmoVm. qenr OmVrMm ~mim H$ma§OH$a hmoZmOrÀ`m \$S>mVrc gmWrXma hmoVm.eãX hmoZmOrMo d ñda ~mimMm Ago. noeì`m§À`m dmS>çmV "hmoZmOr ~mim' Agm Ë`m§Mm C„oIHo$cm OmB©.

KZí`m_ gw§Xam ! lrYam ! AéUmoX` Pmcm !

C{R> cdH$ar dZ_mir ! CX`mMir {_Ì Amcm !

`m cmdUrZo hmoZmOrMo Zmd _amR>r dmL>²_`mV A_a Pmco. ~mOramdmÀ`m gm§JÊ`mdê$ZhmoZmOrZo amJXmarÀ`m cmdÊ`m aMÊ`mMm àKmV nmS>cm. V_memcm ~¡R>H$sÀ`m JmÊ`mMo ñdê$n

em{har H$mì` / 289

gJZ^mD$Mm IS>H$sÀ`m cT>mB©darc nmodmS>m à{gÕ Amho.

AmUco. hmoZmOr hm g§JrVmMm OmUH$ma hmoVm. Vmo H$ënH$VoZo ZdrZ ñdaaMZm H$arV Ago.

hmoZmOrÀ`m cmdÊ`m§VyZ ào_^mdZoÀ`m {d{dY N>Q>m ì`ŠV hmoVmV.

VwÂ`m àrVrMo Xw:I _cm XmD$ ZH$mo ao &

dYyZ OmB© àmU KoB© OJr R>ody ZH$mo ao &

Aer ào{_Ho$Mr AdñWm Vmo dU©Z H$aVmo.

gai {Mar Hw§$H$mMr H$nmir,

cmc Oer {nH$cr {_aMr &

qH$dm

~m§{Yd ~wMS>çmMr c~H$, nXa A{V gw~H$ Imo{dcm, {VnXar do{UMm &

M§XZ T>m{iV Vgm cnoQ>m H$mio Zm{JUrMm &

Agm _amR>_moiçm ê$ndVtMm ZIam Vmo dU©Z H$aVmo.>

hmoZmOrÀ`m nmM CncãY nmodmS>çm§n¡H$s VrZ ~mOramdmg§~§Yr AmhoV. ~mOramd JmXrdaòVmM, "lr_§V à^wMo nwÊ` AmJio {Xgo & Ord{Z cdUmnar nañnar eÌw {damco Vgo &' hmnmodmS>m hmoZmOrZo aMcm. qeXo, nQ>dY©Z Am{U ZmZm \$S>Urg `m§Zr EH$_oH$m§Mr H$mañWmZonañna hmUyZ nmS>ë`m_wio ~mOramd JmXrda H$gm Amcm, Ë`mMo ho g_n©H$ dU©Z Amho.

_mVªS> _ëhmarZo Ho$cocm _{U_„ X¡Ë`m§Mm dY, A{hëòMo Am»`mZ, CfmñdßZ,~mUmgwam»`mZ, ZimZo Ho$cocm X_`§VrË`mJ, gwcmoMZoMo Am»`mZ, lmdUdYmnmgyZam_OÝ_mMr H$Wm, JmonrM§Xm»`mZ `mM~amo~a H¥$îUM[aÌmVrc {H$ËòH$ Am»`mZm§dahmoZmOrÀ`m cmdÊ`m AmhoV.

_mZdr {dcmgmMo hmoZmOrZo Ho$coco dU©Z ~hþA§er ewÕ d gm{ÎdH$ Amho. Ho$di ê$nAm{U a§JM Zìho, Va _Zhr Owico nm{hOo VaM ào_ OS>Vo, hr hmoZmOrMr ^mdZm Amho.

Vd gX²JwU-CX`r Xw~w©{Õ g_yi Inë`m &

_Zem§VrÀ`m ~io H$ënZm XwépŠVÀ`m cnë`m &

{Z_©i J§JoMo Zra VwPo _Z ñWra {Xgco Vgo &

_§Owi _Ü`_ g_ra dmQ>Vo jra {à`H$a Vgo &

VÛV Vd XohmV Yra ~hþV, J§^ra Vy ñZohago &

hmoZmOr ~mim åhUo Aer VwO nmhÿZ {MVd¥Îmr Ymcr &

_Xm©Zr XoIUonUmMo d nmofmImMo dU©Zhr Vmo AZoH$Xm H$aVmo. gmpÎdH$ ào_ Am{UB©ída^ŠVr hr gmaIrM _mojàX AmhoV, Ago hmoZmOrZo "Jw{UOZ JwU_§{S>Vm nmhVm Ahmo


gX²JwUamgr' `m cmdUrV d{U©co Amho. hmoZmOr ~mimÀ`m H$mì`mV d¡{MÍ`m~amo~a dU©ZmMm{dcmg, àgmX, à{V^m, ^mdZm d ^mfoMo gm¢X`© `m§Mm {_cm\$ AmT>iVmo. H$_mcrMrcmoH${à`Vm d noeì`m§À`m Aml`mZo {_imcocr g§nÎmr `m§Mm n[aUm_ åhUyZ noedmB©~wS>më`mZ§Va H$mhr H$mimZo _maoH$è`m§Zr Ë`mMm {ZK¥©U A§V KS>dyZ AmUcm.

17.11 dmL>²_`rZ _yë`>AmÎmmn`ªV AmnU doJdoJiçm em{ham§À`m, {d{dY {df`m§darc aMZm nm{hë`m. `m

KQ>H$m§V AmnU EHy$UM em{har H${dVoMo dmL>²_`rZ _yë` ñnîQ> H$aUma AmhmoV. _amR>rB{VhmgmMm em{har H$mì` hm H$gm A{d^mÁ` ^mJ hmoVm, ho Amnë`m cjmV òB©c.

em{har H$mì` / 291

17.9 d 17.10 Amnbr àJVr Vnmgm : 1) gJZ^mD$ ì`dgm`mZo ....................... hmoVm.

1) _mir 2) {eH$cJma 3) narQ>

2) "XiUmgago {H$S>o aJS>co aS>Vr ZaZmar' ho H$mì` ....................... Zo {c{hco.

1) hmoZmOr 2) gJZ^mD$ 3) naeam_

3) nmZnVMm nmodmS>m ....................... Zo aMcm.

1) gJZ^mD$ 2) à^mH$a 3) AZ§V\§$Xr

4) gJZ^mD$ ....................... Mm à{VñnYu hmoVm.

1) hmoZmOr 2) à^mH$a 3) naeam_

5) ....................... Zo gJZ^mD$Mr cmdUr cmoH${à` Ho$cr.

1) am_m Jm|Yir 2) am_Omoer 3) à^mH$a

6) "KZí`m_ gw§Xam ! lrYam' hr cmdUr ....................... Mr Amho.

1) n«^mH$a 2) AZ§V\§$Xr 3) hmoZmOr ~mim

7) hmoZmOrZo ....................... g§~§Yr VrZ nmodmS>o aMco.

1) ~mOramd 2) gdmB© _mYdamd 3) {edmOr

8) amJXmar cmdÊ`m ....................... Zo aMë`m.

1) hmoZmOr 2) naeam_ 3) AZ§V\§$Xr

KZí`m_ gw§Xam `m cmdUrZo hmoZmOrMo Zmd _amR>r dmL>²_`mV A_a Pmco.>

1) Eo{Vhm{gH$ÑîQ>çm em{har H$mì`mMo _yë` \$ma _moR>o Amho. H$mhr nmodmS>çm§_ÜòB{VhmgmVrc BVa Añgc H$mJXnÌm§er OwiUmao Eo{Vhm{gH$ C„oI gmnS>ë`mZo, _yi nwamdo^¸$_ H$aÊ`mMo H$m_ nmodmS>o H$aVmV. CXm. A\$PcImZmÀ`m nmodmS>çmV ImZmÀ`m g¡Ý`mMrd hmcMmctMr AMyH$ _m{hVr {_iVo.

2) H$Yr H$Yr VËH$mcrZ g_mOmMr {d{eîQ> n«g§JmMr g_O, Om{Udm `m§À`mC„oIm_wio B{VhmgmZo Z gm§{JVcocr _m{hVr {_iVo. XÎmmOr OmYdm§darc nmodmS>m hm{edmOramOo d {_Pm©amOo O`qgJ `m§À`m g§~§Ym§da àH$me Q>mHy$Z {edmOrÀ`m `m g§X^m©VrcamOH$maUmMr H$ënZm XoVmo.

3) H$mhr dmXJ«ñV g_ñ`m§da àH$me Q>mH$Ê`mMo H$m_ H$mhr nmodmS>çmZo Ho$co Amho.

nmodmS>çm§_YyZ VËH$mcrZ eHw$ZH$ënZm, _whÿV©, X¡dr M_ËH$ma `m JmoîQ>tMo dU©ZAmT>iVo. Ë`mdê$Z VËH$mcrZ g_mOmVrc lÕm-A§YlÕm cjmV òVmV.

_amR>çm§À`m MmcrarVr, _amR>çm§Mo JwU-Xmof, _amR>çm§Mm ñdm{^_mZ, _amR>çm§Mo {dMma,_amR>çm§Mm B{Vhmg `m§À`mer em{har H$mì` EH$ê$n Pmcoco Amho. _amR>r amÁ`mMr Am{Ugm_«mÁ`mMr MT>Vr-CVaVr H$im Ë`mV à{Vq~{~V Pmcr Amho.

OJmVrc {Za{Zamiçm Xoem§V Á`m amÁ`H«$m§Ë`m Pmë`m Am{U Á`m {^Þ amÁ`nÕVrA_cmV Amë`m, Ë`m§n¡H$s ~hþVoH$m§Mr CXmhaUo {edamÁ`mamohUmnmgyZ ~mOramdmÀ`mamOg§Ý`mgmn`ªVÀ`m XrS>eo dfmªÀ`m _amR>r B{VhmgmV gmnS>VmV.

AÜ`mË_, ^ŠVr, CnXoe B. JmoîQ>r cmdÊ`m§Zr g_mOmÀ`m H${ZîR> ñVamn`ªV ZoD$ZnmohmoM{dë`m. cmdUr dmL>²_`mMo H$m`© Cƒ d {ZåZ ñVamdarc dmL>²_`mVrc Ame`mMoAmXmZ-àXmZ hmoÊ`mMo gmYZ åhUyZ Pmco.

_amR>çm§À`m B{VhmgmMo ñdÀN> à{Vq~~ cmdUrV nS>coco {XgVo. X§Jo, XwîH$mi, joÌo,ehao, gU, CËgd, cmoH$mMma, cmoH$^«_, eHw$Z_whÿV©, ZdagJmèhmUr, gm¢X`m©À`m H$ënZm,nmofmImÀ`m nÕVr, nŠdmÞm§Mo àH$ma, Xm{JÝ`m§À`m Vèhm, {ddmh{df`H$ Mmcr d VXZ§VaMog§ñH$ma, ñÌr-nwéf g§~§Y d Ë`m§À`m AmdS>r{ZdS>r B. JmoîQ>r cmdÊ`m§_YyZ Ñ½JmoMa hmoVmV.Ë`m_wio dmL>²_`rZÑîQ>çm d gm_m{OH$ÑîQ>çmhr em{ham§Mr H$m_{Jar _hÎdnyU© R>aVo.

em{ham§Zr _amR>r ^mfocmhr g_¥Õ >>Ho$co. Ë`m§Mm _amR>r ~mUm Ë`mÀ`m Añgc Am{UamoIR>moH$ ^mfoÛmao ì`ŠV hmoVmo. gd© OmVr-Y_mªVrc emhra Agë`mZo, Ë`m§Zm g§ñH¥$VMmAmYma ZìhVm. Ë`m_wio Ë`m§À`m H$mì`mV _wŠV Am{dîH$ma {XgVmo. gm§Ho${VH$Vm AmT>iVZmhr. n§{S>V H$dtZr Ho$coco gm¢X`©dU©Z ho g§ñH¥$VMr N>mn Agcoco hmoVo. em{ham§Zr gm_mÝ`_mUgmÀ`m X¡Z§{XZ ì`dhmamÀ`m ^mfo_Üò H${dVm {c{hcr. CXm.

MwS>m cH$m{H$V OS>mdm AJXr H$m|XU Ho$co _Y adm

V§J Mmoirda a§J Hw$gw§~r Jmoao Jmc Ogm Za_ Idm

dU©Z H$aÊ`mgmR>r em{ham§Zr `moOcocr {deofUo, àVrHo$ gmÜ`m ^mfoVrc AgyZhr CR>mdXma


AmhoV. CXm. gwaV nmH$, Zma Zdr VaUr, N>~rXma gwVa \$mH$S>r, ~w§X _wImoQ>m, ZmOyH$ énS>oB. g§ñH¥$Vnojm \$magr ^mfoVrc emàrMm n[aUm_ em{ham§À`m ^mfoda A{YH$ Pmcocm {XgVmo.CXm. O~a, gÔr, BîH$mMr MQ>H$, XX©. ZmX_`, Vmc~Õ aMZm cmoH$m§À`m Vm|S>r cJoM éiVo.em{ham§Mr ^mfm Ë`m_wio Vmc~Õ, IQ>Ho$~mO Aer Amho.

A§Jr VméÊ`mMm ~ha, ÁdmZrMm H$ha,

_m[aVo cha _XZ Vcdma

em[ham§À`m H$ënZoV ZdonUm Amho. A{Z~ªYnUm Am{U AícrcVm Agcr, VarAm{dîH$mamV ghOVm Am{U dmñVdVm Amho. Añgc _amR>r ^mfoÀ`m am§JS>onUm_wio AmOhrem{har H$mì` cmoH${à` Amho.

17.12 g_mamon{dÚm{W©{_Ìm§Zmo, `m àH$aUmV AmnU em{har H$mì`mMm AmT>mdm KoVcm. 18 ì`m

eVH$mV CX`mcm Amcocr hr H${dVm g§V Am{U n§{S>Vr H$mì`mnojm doJir hmoVr. g§ñH¥$VMmAmYma Z KoVm Añgc _amR>r ^mfoV Vr A{^ì`ŠV hmoV am{hcr. cmoH$ì`dhmamVrcMmcrarVr, Ym{_©H$ g§H$ënZm, g§ñH¥$Vr `m§Zm {VZo eãX~Õ Ho$co. nmodmS>m Am{U cmdUr hoem{har H${dVoMo à_wI àH$ma hmoV. AZ§V\§$Xr, naeam_, à^mH$a, am_Omoer, gJZ^mD$,hmoZmOr ~mim B. em{ham§À`m H$mì`mMm AmT>mdm `m àH$aUmV KoVcm. em{har H${dVoÀ`m àoaUmd `m H$mì`mMo dmL>²_`rZ _yë`hr AmnU Aä`mgco. `mnwT>rc àH$aUmV ~Ia dmL>²_`mMmAmT>mdm AmnU KoUma AmhmoV.>>

17.13 gmam§eem{har H$mì`mMm AmT>mdm KoVë`mZ§Va Ago cjmV òVo, H$s g§V Am{U n§V `m§À`m

H$mì`mnojm doJir Aer H${dVm 18 ì`m eVH$mV V§V H$mì`mÀ`m ê$nmZo OÝ_mcm Amcr.amOocmoH$m§Mr ñVw{Vna dU©Zo, Ë`m§À`m namH«$_mMo JmoS>do, nmodmS>m `m H$mì`àH$mamVyZ em{ham§ZrJm`co Am{U gm¢X`©dVtÀ`m gm¢X`m©Mo dU©Z Ë`m§Zr "cmdUr' `m H$mì`àH$mamÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZHo$co. {ddmh, MmcrarVr, g§ñH¥$Vr, g_mO B. Y_©H$ënZm, cmoH$mMma, lÕm-A§YlÕm B.ModU©Z `m H$mì`mVyZ Ho$co Jooco. Añgc _amR>r ^mfm dmnê$Z cmoH$ì`dhmamVrc ^mfocmH$mì`ê$n {Xco. {Vcm {Od§V R>odcr. {d{dY d¥Îmo, N>§X, `_Ho$ dmnê$Z H$mì`mV {d{dYVmAmUcr. em{ham§Zr OrdZmVrc AmZ§X nwaonya AZw^dÊ`mgmR>r em¡`© Am{U gm¢X`© `m§Mr nyOm~m§Ycr. _hmamîQ´>mÀ`m amOH$s` Am{U gm_m{OH$ OrdZmMo à{Vq~~ em{har H${dVoV {XgVo.AZ§V\§$Xr, naeam_, am_Omoer, à^mH$a, gJZ^mD$, hmoZmOr ~mim `m em{ham§Zr cm¡{H$H$OrdZì`dhmamcm H$mì`~Õ Ho$co. Eo{Vhm{gH$ C„oI Agë`mZohr em{har H$mì` _hÎdmMoR>aVo.

em{har H$mì` / 293

OrdZmZw^yVrÀ`m {Od§V Am{dîH$mamZo em{ham§Zr ^mfocm Zdr XoUJr {Xcr Amho.


17.2 Vo 17.4

1) 18 ì`m 2) V_mem 3) nmodmS>m d cmdUr

4) _amR>r 5) AJrZXmgmMm qghJS>Mm 6) {edH$mcmV

7) ñÌr 8) l¥§Jma 9) nyd© noedmB©

17.5 d 17.6

1) Jm|Yir 2) _mYd{ZYZ 3) \$Q>Ho$

4) _yIm©Mr 5) hmoZmOr ~mim 6) qenr

7) naeam_

17.7 Vo 17.8

1) am_Omoer 2) _moamon§V 3) am_Omoer

4) Eo{Vhm{gH$ 5) a§JmMm 6) à^mH$a

17.9 Vo 17.10

1) {eH$cJma 2) gJZ^mD$ 3) gJZ^mD

4)hmoZmOr 5)am_m Jm|Yir 6) hmoZmOr ~mim

7) ~mOramd 8) hmoZmOr

***


em{har H$mì` / 295

A{YH$ {Q>nUmgmR>r

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A{YH$ {Q>nUmgmR>r

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àH$aU : 18

~IadmL>²_`> (d¡{eîQ>ço)

18.0 C{Ôï>o

{dÚmWu {_Ìm§Zmo, `m eodQ>À`m àH$aUm_Üò "~Ia' `m _hÎdmÀ`m gm{hË`àH$mamMm{dMma AmnU H$aUma AmhmoV. em{har H$mì` d Ë`mÀ`m àH$mam§_YyZ Ogo B{VhmgmMo Xe©ZAmnë`mcm KS>Vo, Ë`mà_mUo B{VhmgmMm EH$ _hÎdmMm ^mJ åhUyZ, XñVEodO åhUyZ~IatH$S>o nm{hco OmVo. _Ü``wJrZ _amR>r dmL>²_ò{VhmgmMm hm AIoaMm Q>ßnm Amho. hoàH$aU Aä`mgë`mZ§Va Vwåhmcm -

l ~Ia åhUOo H$m` d {VMo {d{dY àH$ma ñnîQ> H$aVm òVrc.

l ~IatMo Eo{Vhm{gH$ _hÎd {deX H$aVm òB©c.

l ~IatMr coIZ d¡{eîço dU©Z H$aVm òVrc.

l "AmkmnÌ' `m JÚJ«§Wm§Mo _hÎd ñnîQ> H$aVm òB©c.

l ~Iat_Yrc {df`m§Mo d¡{dÜ` gm§JVm òB©c.>

~IadmL>²_` (d¡{eîQ>ço)>/ 297

18.0 C{ÔîQ>o

18.1 àmñVm{dH$

18.2 ~Ia - AW© d _hÎd (d¡{eîQ>ço)

18.3 ~IatMo àH$ma

18.3.1 {ednyd©H$mcrZ ~Iar

18.3.2 {edH$mcrZ ~Iar18.3.3 noedoH$mcrZ ~Iar

18.3.4 gm§àXm{`H$ ñdê$nmÀ`m ~Iar

18.4 AmkmnÌ

18.4.1 dmL>²_`rZ _hÎd>

18.5 g_mamon

18.6 gmam§e

- Amnbr àJVr Vnmgm - CÎmao

- joÌr` H$m`©

18.1 àmñVm{dH$

amOH$s` ~mV_r qH$dm B{Vhmgmcm "~Ia' Agm eãX Amho. Eo{Vhm{gH$ KQ>Zm~Iat_Üò Z_yX Ho$ë`m OmVmV. KQ>Zm KS>ë`mZ§Va Ë`mMH$mimV qH$dm Z§Vahr hr Zm|X H$aVmòVo. Ë`mZwgma ~IatMo g_H$mcrZ, CÎmaH$mcrZ Ago àH$ma nS>VmV. H$moUmÀ`mVarAmkodê$Z B{VhmgH$mcmV `m ~IatMo coIZ Pmco Amho. B{VhmgmMo gmYZ åhUyZ `m~IatMo {deof _hÎd Amho. ~Iat_YyZ Amncm B{Vhmg, g§ñH¥$Vr OVZ H$aVm Amcocr Amho.`m àH$aUmV {ednyd©H$mcrZ, {edH$mcrZ, noedoH$mcrZ Ago ~IatMo àH$ma AmnUAä`mgUma AmhmoV. dra d H$éU ag`wŠV Aem `m ~Iar Eo{Vhm{gH$ ì`ŠVtMo M[aÌCcJS>Ê`mgnU Cn`moJr nS>VmV. òWoM AmnU "AmkmnÌ' `m aMZoMrhr ñdê$n d¡{eîQ>çoOmUyZ KoUma AmhmoV. `m àH$aUm~amo~a àmMrZ _amR>r dmL>²_`mÀ`m B{VhmgmMr n«H$aUo g_máhmoVmV>.

18.2 ~Ia - AW© d _hÎd

~Ia hm eãX I~a `m Aa~r eãXmnmgyZ {ZKmcocm AgyZ _yi Aa~r eãXmMm VmodU©{dn`©` åhUVm òB©c. I~a hm eãX dmVm©, _m{hVr, g_mMma `m AWm©Zo dmnacm OmVmo.{d. H$m. amOdmS>o `m§À`m _Vo ~H$=~H$Uo, ~mocUo `m YmVynmgyZ ~Ia eãX _amR>rV {ZnOcmAmho. `mdê$Z Agm A§XmO H$aVm òVmo H$s \$ma nwamVZ H$mir ~Iar Vm|S>mZo ~mocV AgV.~Ia `m eãXmMm ê$T>mW© amOH$s` ~mV_r, B{Vhmg Agm Amho. nwT>o ~Ia `m eãXm_mJrcH$ënZm A{YH$ ì`mnH$ Pmë`m_wio ~IatMo {d{dY àH$ma {Z_m©U Pmco.

amOH$maUmË_H$ qH$dm Eo{Vhm{gH$ ~Iat_Üò g_H$mcrZ amOH$maUmMm B{Vhmg AgVmo.H$moUVrhr Eo{Vhm{gH$ KQ>Zm àË`j S>moiçm§nwT>o KS>ë`mà_mUo ~IaH$ma {VMr _m{hVr gm§JVmo.dÊ`©{df`mer coIH$mMm gmjmV n{aM` Agë`m_wio qH$dm Ë`m H$mimV Vmo àË`j dmdaVAgë`m_wio `m àH$maÀ`m ~IarV Iam B{Vhmg òUo eŠ` AgVo. åhUyZ `m ~Iar ~è`mM{dídgZr` AgVmV. CXm. - "g^mgXr ~Ia' qH$dm "^mD$gmho~m§Mr ~Ia'.

EImXr Eo{Vhm{gH$ KQ>Zm KSy>Z Joë`mda _mJmhÿZ {VÀ`m~ÔcÀ`m AmR>dUr, X§VH$Wm,na§namJV XmIco BË`mXtÀ`m AmYmao CÎmaH$mcrZ ~Iar {c{hë`m OmVmV. `m àH$mamVH$cmË_H$ nÕVrZo H$WZ H$aÊ`mg, CncãY nwamì`m§Mr N>mZZr H$aÊ`mg ~IaH$mamg dmdAgVmo. na§Vw {H$ËòH$ doim H$mc{dn`m©g, ñWc{dn`m©g qH$dm ì`pŠV{dn`m©g hmoÊ`mMreŠ`Vm AgVo. "noeì`m§Mr ~Ia' hm CÎmaH$mcrZ ~IatMm Z_wZm gm§JVm òB©c.

~Ia ho àË`j Zmd Z XoVm ~IagÑí`coIZ H$mhr doim Ho$co OmVo. Vo dmH$m, H¡${\$`V,hH$sJV, M[aÌ, AmË_M[aÌ `m ñdê$nmMo AgVo. ho coIZ Zoh_rÀ`m ~Iatnojm cm§~rZo H$_r,Ìw{Q>V qH$dm ñ\w$Q> ñdénmMo AgVo. `m_Üòhr àË`j nm{hcoë`m KQ>Zm§Mo {ddoMZ Agë`mZo`m coIZmMm g_mdoe ~Ia dmL>²_`mV Ho$cm OmVmo. {Za{Zamiçm KamÊ`m§À`m hH$sJVr qH$dm{^Þ {^Þ ì`ŠVtÀ`m H¡${\$`Vr `m VËH$mcrZ B{Vhmg H$WZ H$aUmè`m ~IarM hmoV. CXm.


nQ>dY©Zr dmH$m, Am½`«m§Mr hH$sJV, ^mD$gmho~m§Mr H¡${\$`V. `m coIZmMm àgma CÎma_amR>oemhrV _moR>çm à_mUmda Pmcm.

Eo{Vhm{gH$ qH$dm amOH$s` {df` Zgcoë`m coIZmMm g_mdoehr H$mhr doim ~IadmL>²_`mV Ho$cm OmVmo. Ë`m§Zm gm§àXm{`H$ d nm¡am{UH$ ~Iar åhUVmV. `m àH$maMo coIZlÕoZo Ho$co OmV Agë`mZo Ë`mMo ñdê$n Ym{_©H$ AgVo. M_ËH$ma, AdVma H$ënZm, AmXe©OrdZ B. JmoîQ>tMm g_mdoe Ë`mV AgVmo. EImXo ñWyc gË` `mV à_mUmnojm a§JdyZ gm§{JVcoAgë`mZo Eo{Vhm{gH$ gË`mMo à_mU `mV H$_r AgVo. "g_WmªMr ~Ia', "H¥$îUOÝ_H$Wm~Ia' hr `m àH$maMr CXmhaUo hmoV.

~Ia coIZ ho JÚmË_H$ AgVo. JÚmË_H$ _OHy$a nÚmnojm A{YH$ {ZpíMV ñdê$nmMmAgVmo. Ho$edmMm`© {XH¥$V "_{hH$mdVrMr D$\©$ _mhr_Mr ~Ia' `mcm AndmX Amho. H$maUVr JÚnÚ{_{lV Amho. ~IarMr {Z{_©Vr EH$m {d{eîQ> n[apñWVrVM Pmcocr AgVo. H$moUmVar amOH$s` nwéfmÀ`m Amkodê$Z Vr {c{hcr OmVo. nydu ~è`mM ~IaH$mam§Zm amOmlÀgë`m_wio >>Amnë`m nmofUH$Ë`m©~Ôc ~IaH$ma {c{hV AgV. CXm. - "gmho~r _ohoa~mZrH$éZ godH$mg... Amkm Ho$cr. Ë`mOdéZ dV©_mZ Eogr Oo' Aer g^mgXmÀ`m ~IarMrgwédmV lr_§V _hmamO N>ÌnVr `m§Zm CÔoeyZ Amho.

~IarMr gwédmV nwamUnÕVrMr AgVo. H$moUË`mhr KQ>ZoMm EH$X_ d¥Îmm§V Z gm§JVmàW_ g¥ï>rMr CËnÎmr XoD$Z {Za{Zamù`m àmMrZ amOm§À`m d§emMr _m{hVr Ë`mV {XbobrAgVo. {edH$mbrZ {df`m§daÀ`m ~IarV hm àH$ma AmT>iVmo. `m ~IarMm eodQ>hr EH$m{d{eï> nÕVrZo Ho$bobm {XgVmo. ~IarÀ`m eodQ>r, {VMr nyduÀ`m H$hmÊ`m§à_mUo \$blwVrgm§{JVbobr Amho.

d¡{eîQ>çnyU© boIZe¡br hm ~IatMm _hÎdmMm dmS²>_`rZ JwU Amho. ~IarVrb ^mfm àm¡T>d agmi AgVo. \$magr eãXm§Mo Am{YŠ` Am{U {e{Wb dmŠàMZm ~IarV AmT>iVo. CXm- hñVZmbm, gwVaZmbm, hþOwamV ~aH§$XmO B. eãX. XrK©dmŠàMZojm bhmZ dmŠòH$aÊ`mH$S>o ~IaH$mam§Mm H$b AgVmo. H$maU gwQ>rdmŠò A{YH$ n[aUm_H$maH$ AgVmV.Ë`mV EH$M H$ënZm Agë`m_wio AWm©À`m Ñï>rZo Vr àmgm{XH$ R>aVmV. CXm -"^mD$gmho~m§Mr ~Ia '

O_mIMm©Mr nÕV hm ~IaH$mam§Mm gd©gm_mÝ` g§Ho$V Amho. g¡Ý`, H$moQ>XwJ©, gaXma B.Mr _m{hVr ~IaVrV O_mIMu nÕVrZo {b{hbobr AmT>iVo. CXm - {MQ>Urgm§MogáàH$mamàH$aUmË_ M[aÌ.

~Iat_Yrb {ZdoXZnÕVr AmH$f©H$ AgVo. EImÚm h[aXmgr H$sV©ZH$mamà_mUo~IaH$ma, dmMH$m§Mo {MÎm doYÊ`mgmR>r AZwê$n ^mfm, H$mì`mË_H$ H$ënZm, Ab§H$ma,gw^m{fVo, åhUr B. gmYZm§Mm dmna H$aVmV. Ë`m_wio ^mfm AmoKdVr hmoVo. CXm -^mD$gmho~m§Mr ~Ia.

AmË`wº$s hr ~IarMr EH$ ~mOy Amho. dÊ`©{df`mg§~§Yr {Oìhmim Agë`mZo ~è`mM doim

~IadmL>²_` (d¡{eîQ>ço)>/ 299

~IaH$mam§H$Sy>Z A{Ve`moº$snyU© boIZ Pmbo Amho. ~hþVoH$ ~Iar Jm¡admW© {b{hë`mJoë`m_wio Ë`mV hm àH$a ghO hmoD$Z OmVmo. boIZmbm EH$ àH$maMr AX^wVaå`Vm àmáhmoVo. {ednyd©H$mbrZ d {edH$mbrZ {df`m§darb ~IarMo ho d¡{eîQ>ç Amho.

~IaboIZmV na§naoZo Amboë`m _m{hVrg àmYmÝ` {Xbobo AgVo. H$Wm, Am»`m{`H$m,X§VH$Wm hm ~IatMm AmYma AgVmo. {H$ËòH$ doim OwZr ~mS>o qH$dm na§namJV {bhÿZ R>odbobr_m{hVr `m§Mmhr ~IaH$ma Cn`moJ H$ê$Z KoVmo. CXm. {MQ>Urer ~Ia.

g§JVdma B{Vhmg ho ~IatMo AmUIr EH$ d¡{eîQ>ç. H$moUË`mhr ~IarV B{VhmgmMrg§JVr AgVo. AZoH$ KQ>Zm§Mo gbJ dU©Z Ho$ë`m_wio Ë`mVrb KQ>ZmH«$_ MQ>H$Z bjmV òVmo.CbQ> Eo{Vhm{gH$ nÌo VmËH$m{cH$ JaOoZwgma {b{hë`m_wio Ë`mdê$Z KQ>Zm§Mm g§JVdma H«$_R>a{dVm òV Zmhr. KQ>ZmH«$_, H$mbmZwH«$_ B. Jmoï>t_wio ~IarVrb B{Vhmgmbm EH$ nÕVrAgVo.

~IatMo boIZ nj{Zð>nUmZo Ho$bo OmVo. `mMm n[aUm_ åhUOo Ë`m§Zm EH$m§JrnUm òVmo.H$moUmÀ`m Var AmkodéZ ~IarMo boIZ Pë`m_wio Am{U JwUdU©Z hm hoVy Agë`mZo dÊ`©ì`ŠVrÀ`m ~mOyZo boIZ H$aUo ~IaH$mamg An[ahm`© R>aVo. Ë`m_wio Vo boIZ EH$m§Jr hmoVo.hmoiH$a, Xm^mS>o, Jm`H$dmS>, Am§J«o B. gaXmam§À`m H¡${\$`Vr d hH$sJVr `m§V {XgyZ òUmè`mEH$V\$s© B{VhmgmMr H$maU_r_m§gm hrM Amho.

~Iat_Üò AmQ>moneranUm AgVmo. `mVrb àg§J WmoS>Š`mV nU n[aUm_H$maH$VoZo{ZdoXZ Ho$bobo AgVmV. boIZmV ghOVm AgVo. ñdm^{dH$Vm AgVo. `mbm boIH$mÀ`m~hþlwVnUmMr d gyú_ {ZarjUmMr OmoS> {_iyZ boIZ gm¢X`©nyU© ~ZVo. CXm - {edN>ÌnVtMoM[aÌ, ZmZm§Mo AmË_M[aÌ. H$mhr ~IarV _mÌ nmëhmirH$Vm d nwZéº$sMm Xmof AmT>iVmo.CXm - noeì`m§Mr ~Ia, {MÌJwámMr ~Ia.

^mdZmË_H$Vm hm ~IatMm _w»` JwU. {ZdS>H$ ZmQ>çnyU© àg§Jm§À`mAmYmao b{bVH$WmH$mam§à_mUo ~IaH$ma H$m¡eë`mZo boIZ H$aVmo. ~Ia hm EH$ àH$maMm B{VhmgAgë`m_wio Ë`mMo ñdén H$WZna hmoVo. Ë`mbm Am»`mZmMo ê$n òVo.

gw§Xa _m§S>Ur hohr ~IarMo Amdí`H$ A§J Amho. `m_wio H$bmÑîQ`m ~IarMo _yë`dmT>coco Amho. Ho$di _OHw$amÀ`m ~m~VrV, EImÚm {d{eîQ> {df`mdarc AZoH$ ~IarV

gmå` AmT>ico, Var aMZoÀ`m Ñï>rZo Ë`m§À`mV \$aH$ {XgyZ òVmo. ~IaH$mam§À`mì`pŠV_ÎdmMm n[aUm_ boIZmda Pmë`mZo aMZoÀ`m Ñï>rZo àËòH$ ~Ia ñdV§Ì R>aVo.

~IatMo _hÎd :

B{VhmgmMo gmYZ åhUyZ ~IatMo Ogo _hÎd Amho, VgoM dmL²>_`mMm àH$ma åhUyZhrË`mMo {d{eï> _yë` Amho.


~Ia `m eãXmMm éT>mW© amOH$s` ~mV_r, B{Vhmg Agm Amho.

~IatMm hoVy B{Vhmg {ZdoXZ Agë`mZo gmÜ`m nÜXVrZo Ho$bobo boIZ dmMH$mbmAmZ§X XoD$ eH$V Zmhr. Vo H$ënH$VoZo, Ab§H$ma, gw^m{fH$m{XH$m§Zr ZQ>dyZ gm§{JVë`mgË`mV a_Ur`Vm òVo. g^mgXmMr ~Ia, nm{ZnVMr ~Ia, ^mD$gmho~m§Mr ~Ia BË`mXr~Iar {dMmagm¢X`m©Mm Z_wZm gm§JVm òVrc.

dÊ`©{df`rmg§~§Yr ~IaH$mamMm {Oìhmim Agë`mZo ^mdZmgm¢X`© hm JwU ~Iat_ÜòAmT>iVmo. CXm. - ^mD$gmho~m§Mr ~Ia.

~IatMo {df` Eo{Vhm{gH$ ñdê$nmMo Zgë`mZo Ë`mV dra d H$ê$U ho ag àm_w»`mZoAmT>iVmV. _amR>r ~Iar e¡crÀ`m ÑîQ>rZo gw~moY AmhoV. \$maer, Aa~r, VwH$s© ^mfm§Vrc{H$ËòH$ nm[a^m{fH$ eãX _amR>r ~IarV dmnabo Jobo AmhoV. CXm. - AO©, B_mZ, H$m~rO,Hw$_H$, Hy$M, h„m BË`mXr.

`m dmL²>_`rZ JwUm§~amo~aM amOH$s` B{VhmgmÀ`m kmZmMm àgma, ñdXoe, ñdY_©`mg§~§YrÀ`m CXmÎm ^mdZm§Mm n[anmof ~IatÛmao Pmbm. B{VhmgmMm Vm¡b{ZH$ Aä`mg H$aUoeŠ` Pmbo. OwÝ`m B{VhmgmMo {nT>`mZ²{nT>çm g§ajU, OVZ H$aVm Ambo. ~IatZrñdXoem{^_mZmMo nmofU Ho$bo.

18.3 ~IatMo àH$ma

18.3.1 {ednyd©H$mbrZ ~Iar

_hmamï´>mV n{hbr gÎmm H$moUmMr hmoVr `mg§~§Yr {dÛmZm§V _VôX AmhoV. em{bdmhZm§Zr{¼ñVnyd© 73nmgyZ 300 df} _hmamï´>mda amÁ` Ho$bo. Ë`mZ§Va 6 ì`m eVH$mÀ`m gwédmVrg150 df} MmbwŠ`m§Mr gÎmm hmoVr. Ë`mZ§Va gw_mao 225 df} amï´>Hy$Q>m§Zr amÁ` Ho$bo. Z§VaB.g.1294 n`ªV `mXdm§Mo amÁ` hmoVo. Ë`m§À`m A§VJ©V `mXdr_wio _hmamï´>mV _wgb_mZrAmH«$_Uo Pmbr. XmoZeo df} d¡^dg§nÞ AgUmao {dO`ZJaMo gm_«mÁ` ~hm_Zr gwbVmZm§ZrB.g.1565 À`m Vm{bH$moQ>À`m bT>mB©V Zï> Ho$bo. 14 ì`m eVH$mnmgyZ gw_mao 300 df}

~IadmL>²_` (d¡{eîQ>ço)>/ 301


MyH$ H$s ~amo~a Vo {chm.

1) ~Ia hm eãX I~a `m Aa~r eãXmnmgyZ {ZKmcm Amho.

2) noeì`m§Mr ~Ia hm CÎmaH$mcrZ ~IatMm Z_wZm Amho.

3) g_WmªMr ~Ia hr gm§àXm{`H$ ñdê$nmMr Amho.

4) ~IarMr ^mfm ~m{ce d Ac§H$m[aH$ AgVo.

5) Am»`m{`H$m, H$Wm, X§VH$Wm hm ~IatMm AmYma ZgVmo.

6) ~IarV g§JVdma B{Vhmg AgVmo.

7) ~Iat_Üò e¥§Jma d em§Vag àm_w»`mZo AmT>iVmV.

_hmamï´> _wgb_mZr A_bmImbr hmoVm. Ë`mZ§Va {edN>ÌnVtMm CX` Pmbm.

àñVwV H$mbI§S> XrS>-XmoZ hOma dfmªMm Agbm, Var ~IatMo {df` Pmboë`m `mH$mimVrb KQ>Zm AË`ën AmhoV.

_mhr_ àm§VmMm B{Vhmg gm§JUmar "_{hH$mdVrMr D$\©$ _mhr_Mr ~Ia' hmo`. R>mUoH$moH$UMm AkmV B{Vhmg `m ~IarÛmao àW_ nwT>o Ambm. VËH$mbrZ amÁ`ì`dñWm, O_rZ_moOÊ`mMr nÜXVr, XoemÀ`m ajUmW© {Za{Zamù`m _hmbm§V R>odboë`m g¡Ý`m§À`m `mÚm,gaXmam§À`m `mÚm, Jmdo, ZÚm d {H$„o `m§Mr _{hVr `m ~IarV òVo. `mVrb àH$aUo JÚ-nÚmË_H$ AmhoV. H$mbÑîQ>çm n{hbr ~Ia åhUyZ hr à{gÜX Amho (B.g.1448).

B.g.nydu n{hë`m eVH$mnmgyZ Bgdr gZÀ`m {Vgè`m eVH$mn`ªVMm em{bdmhZH$migm§JUmar ~Ia åhUOo "em{bdmhZmMr ~Ia'. B{VhmgmMm`© amOdmS>o `m§À`m _Vo hr gdmªVOwZr ~Ia hmo`. {VMo EHy$U AH$am ~§X AgyZ Vr _moS>r {bnrV ewÕ Xoer H$mJXmda nÌmË_H$nÕVrZo {b{hbobr {XgVo. em{bdmhZ M[aÌ åhUyZ EH$ _w{ÐV ~Iahr Amho. hr XmoÝhr M[aÌonm¡am{UH$ nÕVrZo {b{hbr Agë`mZo Ë`mM AX²^wVmMm ~amM ^mJ {XgVmo.

"amjgVmJS>rMr ~Ia' (B. g. 1565-66) `m_Üò {dO`ZJaÀ`m {dÜd§gmÀ`mEo{Vhm{gH$ àg§JmMr _m{hVr AmT>iVo. `m ~IarVbo àg§J `wÕnyd© d `wÕmVco Ago XmoZàH$maMo AmhoV. `wÕnyd© àg§JmMo dU©Z H$aVmZm KQ>Zm§Mo n`©dgmZ `wÕmV H$go Pmbo `mMrñnï> H$ënZm ~IaH$ma XoVmo. `m ~IarMo _yi H$mZS>r Agë`m_wio `mVrb ^mfoMo diUH$mZS>r Agë`mMo ñnï> {XgVo. CXm. - "amO^wdamMo _mò d {VKrOU ~mB©bm ho I~a EoH$moZ_mhmbmgr AmJr bmD$Z {Xëho' amOH$s` ~mVå`m nydu H$em nmR>drV, amOXyVmH$adrZOaZOamUo H$aÊ`mMr nÕVr H$er hmoVr, pñÌ`m§H$Sy>Z ~cmXwar åhUOo g§H$Q>o ZmhrerhmoÊ`mgmR>r AmodmiÊ`mMr éT>r H$er hmoVr BË`mXr VËH$mbrZ gm_m{OH$ MmbrarVtMm CbJS>m`m ~IardéZ hmoVmo. _m{hVrMm {~ZMyH$nUm, {Zab§H¥$V ^mfme¡cr hr d¡{eîQ>ço gm§JVm òVmV.

`m{edm` _hmZw^mdm§Zr {b{hboë`m qgKUmXr `mXdm§À`m ~Iar d Ë`m ~Iat~amo~aMrho_mS>n§Vm§Mr ~Ia `m {ednyd©H$mbmVrb ~Iar hmoV. ho_mS>n§VmMr ~Ia e¡j{UH$ Agmdr. `m~Iar CnbãY ZmhrV.

AemàH$mao {ednyd©H$mbrZ ~IatMr g§»`m Aën Agbr Var Eo{Vhm{gH$dmL²>_`boIZmMr gwédmV {VWyZM Pmbr. ñdH$s`m§Mm B{Vhmg {bhÿZ R>odÊ`mMr ^mdZm `mMH$mimV àW_ {Xgë`m_wio `m ~Iar_YyZ ~IaH$mam§À`m ^mdZmhr ì`ŠV hmoVmV."amjgVmJS>rÀ`m d _{hH$mdVrÀ`m' ~IarVrb CÎma ^mJmV naH$s` eãXà`moJdmnaë`m_wio, _amR>r ^mfm g_¥Õ hmoÊ`mg _XV Pmbr. {edm` AmYw{ZH$ H$mimà_mUo `mH$mimV Eo{Vhm{gH$ gmYZo åhUmdr Ver CnbãY ZìhVr. Ë`m_wio ho boIZ _hÎdmMo R>aVo.VËH$mbrZ amOH$s`, gm_m{OH$ d Ym{_©H$ n[apñWVrÀ`m B{VhmgmMo d _amR>r dmL²>_`mMoXe©Zhr `mVyZ KS>Vo.


R>mUo H$moH$UMm AkmV B{Vhmg "_{hH$mdVr'À`m ~Iar_wio àW_ nwT>o Ambm.

18.3.2 {edH$mbrZ ~Iar

_hmamï´>mMm Iam B{Vhmg ^mogë`m§À`m CX`mnmgyZ gwê$ Pmbm hmoVm. {edmOrZo Ho$boë`mñdamÁ` ñWmnZo_wio B{VhmgmV H«$m§Vr KS>br. {edmOrZ§Va g§^mOrÀ`m H$mimV hdm VodT>mì`dpñWVnUm amÁ`H$ma^mamV am{hbm Zmhr. g§^mOrZ§Va amOmam_ d àëhmX ZramOr, I§S>mo~„mi B. _§S>itZr 18 df} J{Z_r H$mì`mZo _wgb_mZr g¡Ý`m~amo~a `wÕ Ho$bo. Am¡a§JOo~mÀ`m_¥Ë`yZ§Va B.g. 1707 _Üò emhÿZo gmVmè`mMr JmXr {_idbr. `mà_mUo {edH$mb åhUyZg§~moYboë`m H$mbI§S>mMm gw_mao EH$ eVH$mMm B{Vhmg _hmamï´>mbm Amho.

`m H$mimVrb ~Iatn¡H$s {Zåå`mnojm A{YH$ ~Iar {edmOrg§~§Yr AmhoV. ñdamÁ`ñWmnUmè`m N>ÌnVtMo M[aÌ hm ~IatMm _w»` {df` hmoUo ñdm^m{dH$ Amho.

"g^mgXmMr ~Ia' hr {edH$mbmVrb n{hbr ~Ia hmo`. {edmOr_hmamOm§À`mAm`wî`mVrb EH§$Xa 71 àg§J `mV AmhoV. KQ>Zm§Mo {dñV¥V dU©Z d AR>am H$maImZo,I{OZm, {eboXma, gwôXma, gaXma, H$maHy$Z, hþOao, O§{Oao, JS>, H$moQ> B.Mm O_mIM©Vnerb hr `m ~IarMr d¡{eîQ>ço AmhoV. AX²^wV àg§Jm§Mo dU©Zhr hmhr {deof gm§JVm òVmo.H¥$îUmOr AZ§V g^mgX, {edmOrÀ`m A§JmV ghm doim ^dmZr g§Mmaë`mMo {b{hVmV. {edm`_mbmoOrg e§^y _hmXodmMm gmjmËH$ma, _¥Ë`wg_`r {edXyVm§À`m {d_mZmV ~gyZ{edmOr_hmamOm§Mo H¡$bmgJ_Z d Ë`mZ§Va n¥ÏdrH§$n B. àg§J B{VhmgÑîQ>çm à_mU _mZVmòUmao ZmhrV.

`m ~IarVrb ì`{º$Xe©Z `WmW© Amho. CXm - A\$ObImZmMo ~IaH$mamZo Ho$bobodU©Z ""A\$ObImZ gm_mÝ` Zìho, Ho$di Xy`m}YZM OmVrZo hmoVm. Am§JmMm, ~imMmhr V¡gmMAm{U Xwï>~wÕrZo V¡gmM. Ë`mg EH$bo ^r_mZo _m[abm. Ë`mà_mUo (òWo amOmZo) Ho$bo.''AmH$f©H$ dñVwdU©Z hm `m ~IarMm AmUIr EH$ JwU Amho. CXm - A\$ObImZmÀ`môQ>rgmR>r {ZKmboë`m {edmOrÀ`m nmofmImMo dU©Z H$aVmZm ~IaH$ma {b{hVmo, "Im§gma{O`m§Zr OarMr Hw$S>Vr KmVbr, S>moB©g _§Xrb _m§{Ybm Ë`mV VmoS>m ~m§{Ybm. nm`m§V MmoiUmKmbyZ H$mg H$gbr d hmVmV EH$ {~Mdm d dmKZI MT>{dbo' dU©ZmMm g_VmobnUm `mVAmT>iVmo.

`mM~amo~a AZwHy$b dmVmdaU{Z{_©Vr, AmoKdVr ^mfm `m ~IarMr d¡{eï>ço hmoV. ^mfmg§ñH¥$V, \$magr{_{lV Amho. nm¡am{UH$ nÕVrMo {ZdoXZ hm {edH$mbrZ ~IatMm {deofàñVwV M[aÌmÀ`m \$blwVrV {XgVmo. "......{Znw{ÌH$m§g nwÌ hmoVrb d X[a{Ð `m§g bú_rd§VhmoVrb d Anoer `m§g èd§V hmoVrb d nwÊ`íbmoH$ namH«$_r hmoVrb' Aer \$blwVrg^mgXmZo eodQ>r OmoS>br Amho. H¥$îUmOr AZ§V g^mgXmnmgyZ Eo{Vhm{gH$ boIZmMr na§namgwê$ Pmbr.

" ^mogbod§e M[aÌ ' `m ~IarV V§OmdaÀ`m ^mogbo KamÊ`mMm B{Vhmg Amho. {edmOrMmAm~m _mbmoOrnmgyZ YmH$Q>çm emhÿ _hmamOmn`ªV _hmamï´>mVrb ^mogbo Am{U ì`§H$moOrnmgyZea\$moOr amOo `m§À`mn`ªV V§OmdaÀ`m ^mogë`m§Mm B{Vhmg `m ~IarV Ambm Amho. `mXd

~IadmL>²_` (d¡{eîQ>ço)>/ 303

Am{U ehmOr `m§Mo `wÕ, A\$ObImZmÀ`m dYmMm àg§J, g§^mOr d Am¡a§JOo~ `m§Mr ôQ> B.dU©Zo {MÌXeu AmhoV. "npíM_ àXoer {damQ> Xoem§V gmKnd©VmMo KmQ>m Imbo npíM_g_wÐVramg_rn Xoe bmohnd©VàmVr àVmnJS>mg g_rn Om`d„r ZJa Amho' gw§Xa ñWbdU©Z`m ~IarV òVo. V§OmdaH$S>rb _amR>r diUmMr ~Ia åhUyZ {hbm ñdV§Ì _hÎd Amho.

`mM~amo~a g^mgXmÀ`m ~IarMm AZwdmX AgUmar "{MÌJwámMr ~Ia' {MQ>Urg{da{MV " {edN>ÌnVrMo M[aÌ' lr_§V N>ÌnVr g§^mOr _hmamO Am{U ^mogbo amOmam_ `m§MrM[aÌo, "lr{edmOràVmn' N>ÌnVr ^mogbo KamÊ`mMr g_J« hH$sJV gm§JUmar, " eoS>JmdH$a~Ia ' Omdir àm§VmÀ`m M§Ðamd _moè`m§Mr hH$sJV gm§JUmar OmdbrH$a _moao `m§Mr N>moQ>r~Ia B. ~Iar {edH$mimV {Z_m©U Pmë`m.

{ednyd©H$mbmnojm {edH$mbrZ ~IatMr g§»`m _moR>r Amho. H¥$îUmOr AZ§V g^mgX,AZmOr a§JZmW _bH$ao, _ëhma am_amd {MQ>Urg B. ~IaH$mam§Zm VËH$mbrZ amOH$maUmMmn[aM` Agë`mZo Ë`m§À`m boIZmbm B{VhmgÑîQ>çm {deof _hÎd Amho. dmL²>_`ÑîQ>çmaMZoMo H$m¡eë` `m ~Iat_Üò H$_r AmT>iVo. B{VhmgmMr Xwgar ~mOy åhUyZ naH$s`m§Zr{b{hboë`m ~w§Xoë`mÀ`m ~IarMo d _wYmoiÀ`m KmoanS>o KamÊ`mÀ`m B{VhmgmMo _hÎd Amho.H$b_dma boIZ d AmQ>moneranUm hohr `m H$mbmVrb ~IarMo {deof Amho. {edH$mbmnmgyZ~IaboIZmbm {d{eï> diU bmJbo. `m H$mimV ñdamÁ`mÀ`m ñWmnZo~amo~a ~IatÛmaodmL²>_`rZ joÌhr {dH${gV hmoD$ bmJbo. nwT>rb gm_«mÁ`mgmR>r Amdí`H$ Vr amï´>^º$sbmoH$m§À`m _ZmV éO{dÊ`mg Ë`m_wio _XV Pmbr.

18.3.3 noedoH$mbrZ ~Iar

`m H$mimVrb _hÎdmMr KQ>Zm åhUOo B.g. 1761 _Yrb nm{ZnVMm aUg§J«m_! `m`wÕmV _amR>çm§Mm na^d Pmbm Agbm, Var Ë`m§Zr eodQ>n`ªV em¡`© JmO{dbo. nm{ZnV òWo_amR>çm§Mr {dgH$Q>bobr KS>r B. g. 1795 _Üò IS>çm©À`m bT>mB©V {ZOm_mMm nam^dPmë`m_wio H$mhrer gmdabr Jobr. Ë`mZ§Va AmnmngmVrb H$bhm_wio noedmB©Mm eodQ> Pmbm.

`m H$mimVrb ~IatMo {df` {d{dY ñdê$nmMo AmhoV. EH$m nm{ZnVÀ`m àg§Jmda gmV-AmR> ~Iar AmhoV. {edH$mbmnojm `m ~Iar g§»òZo OmñV d A{YH$ {dídgZr` AmhoV.OwZr {Q>nUo, X\$mVr, nÌo B. gmYZo ~IaH$mam§Zm CnbãY hmoVr. `m ~Iat_Üò AX²^wVmMmA^md Agë`mZo Iè`m B{VhmgmMo {ZdoXZ Pmbo Amho. "^mD$gmho~m§Mr ~Ia' `m ~IarMm_w»` {df` nm{ZnVMo `wÕ. `mV B. g. 1753 Vo B. g. 1760 n`ªV 7-8 dfmªVrbqhXwñWmZmVrb _amR>o d XwamUr `m§À`m nañnag§~§Ym§Mo dU©Z AmT>iVo. `m H$mimVrb AZoH$KS>m_moS>tMo gyú_ {MÌ ~IaH$mamZo aoImQ>bo Amho. bT>mB©Z§Va XmoZM dfmªZr hr ~Ia {b{hbrAmho. ì`{º$dU©Z d KQ>ZmdU©Z `m ~IarV CÎm_ Pmbo Amho. AmH$f©H$ Cnm_m-Ñï>m§VAb§H$ma, gw^m{fVdOm dmŠò `m_wio ~IarMr ^mfm àmgm{XH$ ~Zbr Amho. CXm -


g^mgXmMr ~Ia hr {edH$mbmVrb n{hbr ~Ia hmo`.

_oao _Z_o H$Nw> Am¡a Ÿ& H$Vm© Ho$ H$Nw> Am¡a Ÿ&

CKmo _mKmo H$ho Ÿ& PyQ>r _ZH$s Xm¡a

Agm qhXr Xmoøm§Mmhr dmna Ho$bm Amho.

Ogo ^S>^w§Oo bmøm ^mOVmV, Ver JV Ho$br &

_waJr _mar ~MS>o XmUmXmU' V¡go {OH$S>rb {VH$S>o nimbo &

CÎma H$moH$UmVrb gmï>r d dgB© `m àm§Vmda B.g. 1737 Vo 1739 `m H$mimV_amR>çm§Zr Ho$bobr ñdmar d {\$a§½`mMm nmS>md H$ê$Z Ë`m àm§Vmda ~g{dbobo dM©ñd hm_amR>çm§À`m B{VhmgmVrb _hmÎdmMm àg§J "gmï>r' D$\©$ "R>mÊ`mMr ~Ia' `mV òVmo. aå`dU©ZnÕVr hm `m ~IarMm {deof Amho. CXm- " Vw_Mo C{O©V (H$arb) Vw_M| Xm§[a h{VPwbd{db Vmo ~mOramd Agm Amho' ho ~mOramdmMo dU©Z g_n©H$ Amho.

{déÕnjr` _mUgmZo nm{ZnVMo `wÕ àË`j nmhÿZ "gmoZnV nmZnV òWrb _amR>o XwamUr`wÕ' _Yrb hH$sJV {b{hbr Amho. boIH$ H$meramO n§{S>V hm `m `wÕmV àË`j hOa hmoVm.nm{ZnVÀ`m _hÎdnyU© KQ>ZoMr ^mfm§V[aV ~Ia åhUyZ {Vbm {deof _hÎd Amho.

"noeì`m§Mr ~Ia' `m_Üò ~mimOr {dídZmWmnmgyZ ~mOramd aKwZmWn`ªV gw_mao 100dfmªMm noedo KamÊ`mMm B{Vhmg Amho. dU©ZmMm nmëhmi d nwZéº$s ho Xmof _mÝ` H$ê$Zhre¡brXma dmŠàMZm, CËH¥$ï> {ZdoXZnÕVr, dU©ZmMm ~maH$mdm, ^mdZoMm {Oìhmim, B.JwUm§_wio hr ~Ia doYH$ R>abr Amho.

'ZmZm \$S>{UgmMo AmË_M[aÌ', J§JmYaemór nQ>dY©Z AmË_M[aÌ AemAmË_M[aÌmË_H$ ~Iar `m H$mimV {b{hë`m Joë`m.

"hmoiH$am§Mr H¡${\$`V' `m_Üò _ëhmaamd hmoiH$a, A{hë`m~mB©, VwH$moOramd hmoiH$a,~mimgmho~ hmoiH$a, èd§Vamd BË`mXr hmoiH$a KamÊ`mVrb ì`º$s¨Mr hH$sJV Amho.AmdoenyU© ^mfm ho H¡${\$`VrMo d¡{eîQ>ç hmo`. CXm- "énò Amnbo ~mnmMo H$s H$m`?Á`mOda én`m òVmo Ë`m§Obm OI_ bmJbr AgVm hiX \$Q>Hy§$ {_iUo H$R>rU. Voìhm\$m¡OoMr hm_amB© amhVo H$er? amIUmamZo H$m` H$amdo?'

`m{edm` "lremhÿ_hmamO `m§Mr ~Ia', "YmdS>er òWrb ~«÷|Ðñdm_r `m§Mo M[aÌ',"_amR>çm§Mr ~Ia', "h[ad§emMr ~Ia', "IS>çm©À`m ñdmarMr ~Ia' BË`mXr ~IarnoedoH$mimV {Z_m©U Pmë`m.

boIZÑîQ>çm `m ~Iat_Üò nÕVeranUm AmT>iVmo. ~IatMm CJ_ {ednyd©H$mbmVqH$dm {edH$mbmV Pmbobm Agbm Var Ë`m§Mm Iam {dH$mg noedoH$mbmVM Pmbobm {XgVmo.hm ~IadmL²>_`mÀ`m d¡^dmMm H$mi _mZbm OmVmo.

~IadmL>²_` (d¡{eîQ>ço)>/ 305

~IatMm Iam {dH$mg noedoH$mimV Pmbm.

18.3.4 gm§àXm{`H$ ~Iar

`m Eo{Vhm{gH$ ~IarZ§Va am_mÙ, _hm^maV, ^mJdV, B. nwamU{df`H$ J«§WmdaAmYm[aV Agboë`m nm¡am{UH$ ~Iar d {d{eï> g§àXm`mVrb Wmoa nwéfm§Mr hH$sJV gm§JUmè`mgm§àXm{`H$ ~Iar {Z_m©U Pmë`m. "lrg_WmªMr ~Ia' g_WmªÀ`m Abm¡{H$H$ Or{dVH$m`m©Mo{Od§V Xe©Z KS>{dUmarŸhr ~Ia Amho. g_WmªMo M_ËH$ma gwagnÕVrZo a§Jdbo AmhoV.àg§J{ZdoXZ d ì`{º${MÌU ^mdnyU© AmhoV. Oàm_ñdm_r dS>JmdH$a ho EH$ZmWm§Mo AdVma_mZyZ Ë`m§À`m {df`rhr ~Ia {b{hbr Amho. Oàm_ñdm_r Ë`m§Mo Jwê$ ,Jwê$Mo Jwê$, {eî` -à{eî` `m§À`m M[aÌm§Mr hr ~Ia Amho. "YmdS>er òWrb ~«÷|Ðñdm_tMo M[aÌ' hr ~IahrË`m§À`m {eî`m§Zr gm§àXm{`H$ ^mdZoZo {b{hbr Amho. ñdm_tMo bm¡{H$H$ OrdZ d nma_m{W©H$A{YH$ma `m XmoÝhr n¡by§Mo Xe©Z òWo KS>dbo Amho.

B{VhmgoVa ~IatMo ñdê$n lÕm_` Amho. `m ~IarVrc B{Vhmg ì`º$s, Hw$Qw>§~ qH$dmn§W `m§Mm Amho. Aìdc B§J«Or H$mimV {¼ñVr {_eZar cmoH$m§Zr Y_©àgma H$aÊ`mgmR>r ~IacoIZ Ho$coco {XgVo.

AemàH$mao Eo{Vhm{gH$ Aä`mgmMo EH$ gmYZ åhUyZ Ë`mM~amo~a dmL>²_`mMm EH$ àH$ma

åhUyZ ~IatMo _hÎd gm§JVm òVo.>



MyH$ H$s ~amo~a {chm.

1) _{hH$mdVrÀ`m ~IarV ....................... àm§VmMm B{Vhmg gm§{JVcm Amho.

1) _m{h_, 2) am`JS> 3) _mcdU

2) {dO`ZJaÀ`m {dÜd§gmMr _m{hVr ....................... ~IarV AmT>iVo.

1) em{cdmhZ 2) _mhr_ 3) amjgVmJS>r

3) g^mgXmMr ~Ia hr ....................... H$mcmVrc n{hcr ~Ia hmo`.

1) {ed 2) noedo 3) CÎma noedo

4) "^mogcod§e M[aÌ' `m ~IarV ................. À`m ^mogco KamÊ`mMm B{Vhmg Amho.

1) _mhr_ 2) ImZXoe 3) V§Omda

5) "eoS>JmdH$a ~Ia ....................... H$mcmVrc Amho.

1) noedo 2) {ed 3) {ednyd©

6) "^mD$gmho~m§Mr ~Ia' `m ~IarMm _w»` {df` ....................... Mo `wÕ hm Amho.

1) nmZnV 2) XwamUr 3) IS>m©

7) "hmoiH$am§Mr H¡${\$`V' hr ~Ia ....................... `m H$mimVrc Amho.

1) noedo 2) {ednyd© 3) {ed

18.4 AmkmnÌ

amOH$maUmcm dm{hcocm Agm _amR>rVrc à_wI J«§W åhUOo am_M§Ð ZrcH§$R> A_mË``m§Zr {c{hcocm "AmkmnÌ' hmo`. AmkmnÌ åhUOo N>ÌnVtMr Amkm gm§JUmao amOnÌ. B. g.1872 Vo 74 `m H$mimV ho {c{hco Joco. am_M§Ðn§V A_mË` ho {edmOramOm§À`mAîQ>àYmZm§n¡H$s EH$ hmoVo. am_M§ÐmMo dS>rc ZrcH§$R> ho {edmOrÀ`m H$maH$sXuV àYmZnXmdahmoVo. d{S>cm§À`m _¥Ë`yZ§Va am_M§Ðm§Zm A_mË` nX {_imco. ho nX Ë`m§Zr {edmOrÀ`m H$mimV7 Vo 8 df}, nwT>o g§^mOr d Z§Va amOmam_ `m§À`m H$maH$sXuVhr {Q>H$dco. amOmam_mZo Ë`mcm{O§OrÀ`m {H$ëë`mVyZ Amnë`mcm gmoS>dyZ AmUë`m~Ôc "hþHw$_V nÝhm' hr nXdr {XcrhmoVr. amOmam_mZ§Va amOg~mB©À`m nmoQ>r OÝ_mg Amcocm Ë`mMm nwÌ g§^mOr hm H$mhr H$miamÁ`mda hmoVm. Ë`mcm CÔoeyZ {c{hcoco ho AmkmnÌ Amho.

AmkmnÌmÀ`m n{hë`m àH$aUmV "VrW©ê$n lr_Ý__hmamO eH$H$V} H¡$cmgdmgr ñdm_r`m§Ur ho amÁ` H$moUo gmhg| d H$moUo àVmn| {Z_m©U Ho$co.... Ho$di ZyVZ g¥îQ>rM {Z_m©U Ho$cr.Am¡a§JPo~mgmaIm _hmZ eÌy n[aVmngmJar {Z_¾ H$ê$Z {XJ§V {d»`mV {H$Vu g§nm{Xcr Vo hoamîQ´>' Aem eãXm§V N>ÌnVtMm namH«$_ dU©Z Ho$cm Amho. Ë`mM~amo~a {edmOr_hmamOm§À`m{ZYZmZ§Va Am¡a§JOo~mÀ`m ñdmar_wio CX²ÜdñV Pmcoë`m _hmamîQ´>mMo {MÌhr A_mËàoImQ>VmV. amÁ` amImdo d dmT>dmdo `m YmoaUmZo H$ma^ma H$gm H$amdm, `mMo _mJ©Xe©ZH$aUmè`m gyMZm `mV AmhoV. `mMr ^mfm àemgH$s` Amho. ñdamÁàjUmMr H$iH$i hmAmkmnÌmÀ`m coIZm_mJrc hoVy Amho. `mVrc Eo{Vhm{gH$ Vnerc {edH$mc d {edmoÎmaH$mc`m§_Yrc KQ>Zm§er, ì`ŠVter d dmVmdaUmer g§~§{YV Amho. AZw^d{ZîR> d g§Ho$V{ZîR>gmdY{JarÀ`m gyMZm A_mË` XoVmV. CXm. "g{ÞYdmgr eÌy åhUOo Ho$di CXam§Vrc ì`m{Y'

"_hgyc Ý`yZ hmoUo, hrM amO`mMr OrU©Vm, VmoM amÁ`cú_rMm nam^d'

{^S>|Zo ^rS> dmT>Vo, Ho$cr _`m©Xm Vo ^§JVoM V|M amÁ`ZmemMo H$maU'

A_mË`m§Zr AmR>ì`m àH$aUmV {H$ëë`m§Mo _hÎd amoMH$ ^mfoV dU©Z Ho$co Amho. "g§nyU©amÁ`mMo gma Vo XwJ©, XwJ© ZgVm naMH«$ òVmM {Zaml` àOm ^¾ hmoD$Z g¡Ý`mMo ~c.JS>oH$moQ> åhUOo I{OZm. JS>oH$moQ> åhUOo g¡Ý`mMo ~c, JS>oH$moQ> åhUOo amÁ`cú_r. qH$~hþZmJS>oH$moQ> åhUOo Amnco àmUajU' am_M§Ðn§V A_mË` hmoÊ`mnydu qgYwXwJm©da g~{ZgmMo H$m_H$aV AgV. Ë`m_wio Ama_mamMm Ë`m§Mm Img AZw^d hmoVm. "Ama_ma åhUOo ñdV§Ì EH$

~IadmL>²_` (d¡{eîQ>ço)>/ 307

8) ~IatMm {dH$mg ....................... H$mimV Pmcm.

1) {ed 2) {ednyd© 3) noedo

9) lrg_WmªMr ~Ia hr ....................... àH$maMr ~Ia Amho.

1) gm§àXm{`H$ 2) {ednyd© 3) {edH$mcrZ

amÁ`m§JM Amho. Á`mOdi Ama_ma Ë`mMm g_wÐ-Ama_maH$ar `mUr h_oem X`m©V {\$ê$ZJcr_ amImdm' Aem eãXm§V Ama_mamMo _hÎd Vo gm§JVmV. amOmMr H$V©ìò gm§JVmZm,godH$m§àVr Ë`mMo AmMaU, Ë`mMr d¡`{º$H$ {ZË`H$_}, H$cmd§Vmer AgUmao g§~§Y,~w{Õd§Vm§er hmoUmar g„m_gcV, godH$m§Mr doVZo, _Zwî` g§J«h, amOmMr g{hîUwVm Aem~è`mM JmoîQ>tMm D$hmnmoh H$ê$Z Ë`mg§~§Yr gyMZm Ho$ë`m AmhoV. {edmOrÀ`m amOH$maUmV_wacoë`m EH$m _waã~r Aem A_mË`mMo ho ~moc AmhoV. Vo gS>oVmoS> d à^mdr AmhoV.

n{hë`m XmoZ àH$aUm§V {edmOr_hmamOm§Zr Ho$cocr ñdamÁ`mMr C^maUr, Ë`mZ§VaamÁ`mda Amcocr g§H$Q>o, `m H$mimV N>ÌnVr g§^mOr d amOmam_ `m§Zr XmI{dcoco H$V¥©Ëd`m{df`rMm Jm¡ad Ho$cm Amho. amOH$V©ìò, àYmZ, gmhÿH$ma, dVZXma, d¥{Îm, XwJ©, Ama_maAem gmV àH$aUm§Ûmao A{Ve` H$îQ>mZo C^macoco ho amÁ` gm§^miÊ`mgmR>r d d¥qÕJVH$aÊ`mgmR>r H$moUË`m amOZrVrMm Adc§~ H$amdm, ho ñnîQ> Ho$co Amho. Ë`mgmR>r amOm, àYmZ`m§Mr H$V©ìò H$moUVr, gmdH$ma, dVZXmam§Zr H$go dmJmdo, amOmZo Ë`m§À`mer H$go dmJmdo,dVZ, XwJ©, Ama_ma `m~m~VrVcm amOmMm ÑpîQ>H$moZ H$gm Agmdm, `mMo g{dñVañnîQ>rH$aU {Xco Amho. H$mhr dmŠ`m§À`m CXmhaUm§dê$Z ho ghO cjmV òVo.

"I{OZm åhUOo amÁ`mMo OrdZ'

"JS>mdar PmS>o Or AgVrc Vr amImdr'

"g§nyU© amÁ`mMo gma Vo XwJ©'

"gdm©Wu _moh Z nmdVm `dmoXaà_mU ^y{_ Vrhr BZm_ XoD$ Zò'

"Ama_ma åhUOo ñdV§Ì EH$ amÁ`m§JM Amho.'

ZyVZ d¥{Îm H$ê$Z XoD$ Zò.

18.4.1 dmL>²_`rZ _hÎd

AmkmnÌ dmMë`mZ§Va ñdamÁ` ho Üò`{ZîR>m, namH«$_, gmdYnUm, ì`dhmaH$m¡eë`,àOm{hVXjVm, ~w{Õd¡^d, Ë`mJ, B©œaeaUd¥Îmr `m JwUm§_wio Cô hmoVo, ho cjmVAmë`m{edm` amhV Zmhr.

gyÌ~Õ, ZoQ>Š`m e¡cr_wio "AmkmnÌ' R>merd ~Zco Amho. Á`mÀ`mOdi Ama_ma Ë`mMmg_wÐ Aem N>moQ>çm dmŠ`m§VyZ AW©ì`º$sMo H$m¡eë`, g_n©H$Vm {XgyZ òVo. ñnîQ>Vm,Zo_Ho$nUm hr AmkmnÌmMr coIZd¡{eîQ>ço AmhoV. Ë`mdê$Z H$Ë`m©Mm amÁèmgZmMm AZw^d,gyú_X¥îQ>r, OmJê$H$Vm Am{U ñdamÁàjUmMr Vi_i {XgyZ òVo.

AmkmnÌ VËH$mcrZ amOZrVrMm Xe©H$ Amho. ñdamÁ`mMr C^maUr H$aVmZm{edN>ÌnVtZr Or YmoaUo Adc§{~cr, Oo _mJ© AZwgaco, Or V§Ìo {dH${gV Ho$cr Ë`m gmè`m§Moà{Vq~~ "AmkmnÌm'V nS>co Amho. Ë`m_wio "AmkmnÌ' hm EH$ _hÎdmMm XñVEodO Amho.


dmL>²_`rZÑîQ>çm _amR>r JÚmcm g_¥Õ H$aUmao Ago ho coIZ Amho. coIZmV na§nam{XgVo. `m coIZmV nmëhmimcm ñWmZ Zmhr, Va H$R>moa Am{U aoIrd, gyÌ~ÕnÕVrZo PmcococoIZ dmMH$mcm àoaUm XoUmao d H¥$VràdU H$aUmao Amho ho coIZ AW©dmhr, gmdY,gm_Ï`©emcr, gÎdg§nÞ åhUOo {edH$mcrZ ^md{dídmMo à{V{Z{YËd H$aUmao Amho.

AmkmnÌmVrc _yi àoaUm {e{jV H$aÊ`mMr, amOH$V©ì`mMr OmUrd H$ê$Z XoÊ`mMrAmho. {edmOrgma»`m ì`{º$_ÎdmZo Ë`m H$mimdaM Ho$coco g§ñH$ma OnÊ`mMr AmoT> `mcoIZmVyZ nwaonya OmUdVo. `mdê$Z A_mË`m§Zm Agcocr amOZrVrMr OmU Am{U{edmOr~ÔcMm AmXa d ñdamÁ`{ZîR>m ghOr cjmV òVo.

AmkmnÌmMr ^mfm, àemgH$s` åhUOoM g§jonerc, gyÌ~Õ, AmXoemË_H$/{Z`_XeuH$m` H$amdo, H$m` H$ê$ Zò ho gm§JUmar, gwñnîQ>, amoIR>moH$ Amho. Ë`mV Üd{ZV AWm©da âZmhr.> H¥$VrgyMH$Vm Amho. Ho$di amO{ZVrM Zìho Va dmMH$mcm ì`mnH$ OrdZXe©Zhr KS>Vo.

àm¡T> J§^ra ^mfo~amo~aM Šd{MV Cnamo{YH$ ^mfmhr `mV òVo. amÁ` H$aUmamgñWicmo^ Zmhr Ago H$m` KS>mo nmhVo? `WmemñÌ, `Wm{YH$ma, `Wmo{MV `m§gma»`meãXm§Zr AW© H$mQ>oH$moanUo gy{MV hmoVmo. B©ída{ZîR>oer OmoS> XoD$Z OZH$ë`mUmH$S>o,AmË_gm_Ï`m©H$S>o OmÊ`mMm _mJ© AYmoao{IV H$aUmao gÎdg§nÞ JÚ åhUyZ AmkmnÌmMo_hÎd cjmV ¿`mdo cmJVo.

~IadmL>²_` (d¡{eîQ>ço)>/ 309


1) AmkmnÌ ....................... Zr {c{hco.

1)am_M§Ð A_mË` 2) _mYd noedo> 3) amOmam_

2) AmkmnÌmMr ^mfm ....................... Amho.

1) àemgH$s` 2) Amc§H$m[aH$ 3) ì`§OH$

3) "AmkmnÌ' hm J«§W EHy$U ....................... àH$aUmV {d^mJcocm Amho.

1) Xhm 2) ZD$ 3) Mma

4) AmkmnÌmV ....................... Mr H$V©ìò gm§{JVcr AmhoV.

1) {ejH$ Am{U {dÚmWu 2) amOm Am{U àYmZ 3) ñÌr Am{U _wco

5) AmkmnÌmV .......................ajUmMr Vi_i {XgyZ òVo.

1) g§nÎmr 2) gÎmm 3) ñdamÁ`

amOH$maUmcm dm{hcocm _amR>rVrc à_wI J«§W åhUOo am_M§Ð ZrcH§$R> A_mË``m§Zr {c{hcoco AmkmnÌ.

18.5 g_mamon

{_Ìm§Zmo, àmMrZ _amR>r dmL>²_ò{VhmVrc `m eodQ>À`m àH$aUmV AmnU "~Ia' `m JÚàH$mamMm AmT>mdm KoVcm. Eo{Vhm{gH$ XñVEodO åhUyZ _hÎdmÀ`m R>aUmè`m `m ~IatMo{d{dY àH$ma Aä`mgco. g_H$mcrZ, CÎmaH$mcrZ, gm§àXm{`H$ B. ~IatÀ`m àH$mam§Mo ñdê$nnm{hco. B{VhmgmMo gmYZ åhUyZ ~IatMo _hÎd OmUyZ KoVco. {ZdoXZmMr d¡{eîQ>ço nm{hcr."AmkmnÌ'Mr ñdê$n d¡{eîQ>ço OmUyZ KoVcr. AemàH$mao `mZ§Va 1818 _Üò noedmB©MmAñV Pmcm. B§J«Or amÁ` Amë`mZ§Va amOH$s`, gm§ñH¥${VH$, gm_m{OH$ pñWË`§Vao hmoD$ZAdm©MrZ dmL>²_`mcm gwédmV Pmcr. Ë`m_wio àmMrZ _amR>r dmL>²_`mMm eodQ>Mm ^mJ åhUOo~Ia dmL>²_`. BWo AmnU hm Aä`mgH«$_mMm g_mamon H$aV AmhmoV.

>18.6 gmam§e

àmMrZ _amR>r dmL>²_`mÀ`m B{VhmgmV "~Ia'>`m JÚcoIZmcm Eo{Vhm{gH$ XñVEodOåhUyZ {deof _hÎd Amho. KSy>Z Jocoë`m Eo{Vhm{gH$ KQ>Zm§Mm d¥Îmm§V Amnë`mcm ~Iat_Üònmhm`cm {_iVmo. àm¡T> Am{U agmi ^mfo_Üò Wmoa amOo d ZoË`m§Mr M[aÌo, `wÕdU©Zo,g§àXm`mMm B{Vhmg B. JmoîQ>r gm§{JVcoë`m AgVmV. AmQ>moneranUm, ^mdZmË_H$Vm,n[aUm_H$maH$Vm B. JwU ~Iat_Üò AgVmV. "AmkmnÌ' hm amOH$maUmcm dm{hcocm EH$JÚJ«§W Amho. {edmOrMr amOZrVr `mdê$Z ñnîQ> hmoVo. AemàH$mao ~Iar Am{UAmkmnÌmgma»`m JÚJ«§Wm§Zr _amR>r dmL>²_`mV _mocmMr â KmVcr Amho.>


18.2

1) ~amo~a 2) ~amo~a 3) ~amo~a

4) MyH$ 5) MyH$ 6) ~amo~a

7) MyH$


~IadmL>²_` (d¡{eîQ>ço)>/ 311

18.3

1) _mhr_ 2) amjgVmJS>r 3) {ed

4) V§Omda 5) {ed 6) nmZnV

7) noedo 8) noedo 9) gm§àXm{`H$

18.4

1) am_M§Ð A_mË` 2) àemgH$s` 3) ZD$

4) amOm Am{U àYmZ 5) ñdamÁ`

***


A{YH$ {Q>nUmgmR>r

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àýnoT>r

1) _amR>r ^mfoÀ`m CËnÎmrH$mcm{df`r MMm© H$am.

2) AmÚH$dr _wHw§$XamOm§Mo _Ü``wJrZ gm{hË`mVrc `moJXmZ {chm.

3) _hmZw^mdm§À`m JÚ H$m_{JarMm n[aM` H$ê$Z Úm.

4) _hmZw^md n§WmÀ`m àoaUm gm§JyZ ñdê$n ñnîQ> H$am.

5) _hmZw^mdm§Mo VÎdkmZ {deX H$ê$Z, AmMmaY_m©Mo dU©Z H$am.

6) "kmZXodo a{Mcm nm`m' `m CŠVrMr `WmW©Vm {deX H$am.

7) ^mJdV Y_m©Mo àgmaH$ åhUyZ Zm_Xodm§À`m H$m`m©Mm AmT>mdm ¿`m.

8) ^mJdV Y_m©À`m C^maUrVrc g§V_oiçmMo `moJXmZ ñnîQ> H$am.

9) dmaH$ar g§àXm`mVrc ñÌr-g§Vm§Mr H$m_{Jar ñnîQ> H$am.

10) g_Ýd`H$ma åhUyZ EH$ZmWm§Mr dmL>²_`rZ H$m_{Jar {deX H$am.

11) _wŠVoídamÀ`m dmL>²_`rZ H$m`m©Mo dU©Z H$am.

12) "VwH$m Pmcmgo H$ig' hr CŠVr ñnîQ> H$am.

13) g_W© am_Xmgm§À`m H$m`m©Mm AmT>mdm ¿`m.

14) n§{S>Vr H$mì`mÀ`m àoaUm d ñdê$n gm§Jm.

15) n§{S>V H$dtMo _amR>r H${dVoVrc `moJXmZ CXmhaUmg{hV ñnîQ> H$am.

16) cmdUr d nmodmS>m `m H$mì`àH$mam§Mo gm¢X`© {deX H$am.

17) _amR>r dmL>²_`mÀ`m B{VhmgmVrc ~Ia dmL>²_`mMo _hÎd ñnîQ> H$am.

18) em{har dmL>²_`mMm AmT>mdm ¿`m.

19) _moamon§Vm§Mr dmL>²_`rZ H$m_{Jar dU©Z H$am.

{Q>nm {chm.

1) {ddoH$qgYy

2) h[anmR>mMo A^§J>>>>>>

3) _hmZw^mdm§Mm AmMmaY_©

4) _hmZw^mdr` VÎdkmZ

n«ýnoT>r / 313

5) gmVr J«§W

6) Zm_Xodm§À`m H$mì`mMr ^mfm

7) XÎmg§àXm` Am{U JwéM{aÌ

8) JrVmU©d

9) ZmWm§Mr ^mê$S>o

10) EH$ZmWr gm{hË`mMo ^mfm{deof

11) VwH$mam_m§Mo A^§J

12) dm_Zn§{S>V d gm_amO

13) _hX§~m

14) AmkmnÌ

15) M§nyH$mì`

16) H¥$îUX`mU©d d lrYa

17) _Üd_wZrída d A_¥Vam`

18) {Za§OZ_mYd

19) cmdUr

20) nmodmS>m

21) à^mH$a d AZ§V\§$Xr

22) hmoZmOr~mim d am_Omoer

***


Ch-1 - Tilak Maharashtra VidyapeethMarathi)/PrachinMarathiVa... · l "_hmamï´>' `m eãXmMr nyd©nr{R>H$m H$moUVr ? `m eãXmMm doJdoJiçm Aä`mgH$m§Zr H$gm AW© bmdbm Amho?

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