Centre for Local & Regional Government Research www.cardiff.ac.uk/carbs/research/groups/clrgr Small country governance and public service delivery: Central-local relations in Wales Steve Martin, Valeria Guarneros-Meza, Tom Entwistle and James Downe CONFERENCE ON SMALL COUNTRIES AND THE GLOBAL CRISIS 1 ST JULY 2009
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Centre for Local & Regional Government Researchwww.cardiff.ac.uk/carbs/research/groups/clrgr
Small country governance andpublic service delivery:Central-local relations in Wales
Steve Martin, Valeria Guarneros-Meza, Tom Entwistle and James Downe
CONFERENCE ON SMALL COUNTRIES AND THE GLOBAL CRISIS 1ST JULY 2009
Centre for Local & Regional Government Researchwww.cardiff.ac.uk/carbs/research/groups/clrgr
Small country governanceWelsh style
‘Collaboration and efficiency’
‘Citizen at the centre’
‘Central-local partnership’
Joined up Government
Centre for Local & Regional Government Researchwww.cardiff.ac.uk/carbs/research/groups/clrgr
Voice not choice
Consumer model (England)Multiple providers compete for users to secure future viabilityConsumers choose between providers thereby driving up quality
Citizen model (Wales)Monopoly suppliers collaborate across boundariesCitizens informed and engaged to ensure services meet needs
Centre for Local & Regional Government Researchwww.cardiff.ac.uk/carbs/research/groups/clrgr
The Welsh way
Close knit policy community
Localism – recognition of local democratic mandate
Strong informal links between local government leaders and ministers
Partnership council
Lack of policy capacity in fledgling devolved administration
Cohesive local government lobby
Non hypothecated funding
Lack of ‘hard edged’ performance management – WPI
(Laffin 2004; Greer 2004; Jeffrey 2006)
Centre for Local & Regional Government Researchwww.cardiff.ac.uk/carbs/research/groups/clrgr
Evidence
Sent to all 22 authorities308 heads of 15 services323 executive members and scrutiny committee chairs
Response rates46% officers (all except Newport)22% members (all except Denbighshire)
Seven point Lickert scales 1=‘strongly disagree’ to 7=‘strongly agree’
Centre for Local & Regional Government Researchwww.cardiff.ac.uk/carbs/research/groups/clrgr
Partnership rationales
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Joined up servicedelivery
Engagestakeholders
Driven by WAGrequirements
Access governmentfunding
Reduce costs
Centre for Local & Regional Government Researchwww.cardiff.ac.uk/carbs/research/groups/clrgr
Main partners
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Other authorities
Other public
Voluntary/community
Business
Community/towncouncils
Centre for Local & Regional Government Researchwww.cardiff.ac.uk/carbs/research/groups/clrgr
Engagement rationales
0 20 40 60 80 100
WAG encourages us to
Always done it
Enhance council's legitimacy
Strengthen social cohesion
Residents/users demand it
To improve services
Centre for Local & Regional Government Researchwww.cardiff.ac.uk/carbs/research/groups/clrgr
Engagement with?
0 20 40 60 80 100
Ethnic minority groups
Community groups
Voluntary sector
User representatives
Users
Centre for Local & Regional Government Researchwww.cardiff.ac.uk/carbs/research/groups/clrgr
Engagement methods
0 20 40 60 80 100
Deliberative approaches
Public meetings
Neighbourhood forums
Consultation
Complaint procedures
Providing information
Centre for Local & Regional Government Researchwww.cardiff.ac.uk/carbs/research/groups/clrgr
Central-local relations
Centre for Local & Regional Government Researchwww.cardiff.ac.uk/carbs/research/groups/clrgr
Important to my service
0 20 40 60 80 100
WAG policies
UK Government
EU policies
Centre for Local & Regional Government Researchwww.cardiff.ac.uk/carbs/research/groups/clrgr
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Corporate
Dem Serv
Education
Finance
Housing
HR
Libraries
Planning
Public Protection
Regeneration
Social care adults
Social care children
Sport & recreation
Transport
Waste
Good relationship with WAG
66% officers47% members
Centre for Local & Regional Government Researchwww.cardiff.ac.uk/carbs/research/groups/clrgr
Different parts of WAG seem to have conflicting policies
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Corporate
Dem Serv
Education
Finance
Housing
HR
Libraries
Planning
Public Protection
Regeneration
Social care adults
Social care children
Sport & recreation
Transport
Waste
Joined up government
Centre for Local & Regional Government Researchwww.cardiff.ac.uk/carbs/research/groups/clrgr
Advantages Drawbacks
Constitutional autonomy
Local contextsMore ‘democratic’Low costs of
regulation
Capacity problemsReinvent wheelInequalities
Command and control
EquityAccountabilityExternal challenge
Insensitive to local variation
Costs of enforcementPolicy silos
Collaboration and negotiation
Clear division of rolesPlays to strengthsAvoids conflict
CosinessTransactions costsLack of transparency
Competition and contracting
Incentives to performInnovationTransparency
Style over substanceBidding costsUncertainty
Centre for Local & Regional Government Researchwww.cardiff.ac.uk/carbs/research/groups/clrgr
Policymaking
Practice Performance Funding
Autonomy LAs free to make policy in clearly defined jurisdictions
LAs free to determine practice
Targets set locally, local performance monitoring
LAs control income and spending
Command CG makes policy with little meaningful consultation
CG attempts to control practice through guidelines and regulation
CG determines priorities and standards and monitors performance
CG controls income and expenditure (capping, ring-fencing, specific grants)
Collaboration
LAs have significant influence on policy objectives and/or instruments
CG helps councils to tackle practical problems
Negotiated national plus local targets. Joint monitoring of performance
Income and expenditure negotiated
Competition
LAs compete to influence the policy making process
LAs compete for recognition for best practice/innovation
Explicit comparisons with rewards and sanctions
LAs bid for challenge funding and other specific grants
Centre for Local & Regional Government Researchwww.cardiff.ac.uk/carbs/research/groups/clrgr
0 20 40 60 80 100
Allows us to work outhow to deliver
Develops policy inpartnership
Willing to collaborate
Compete to be heard
Focus on nationalpriorities
Lots of restrictions
Strong pressure toachieve national targets
Centre for Local & Regional Government Researchwww.cardiff.ac.uk/carbs/research/groups/clrgr
Policy Practice Performance
Funding
Mean
Autonomy 3.42 3.73 2.89 2.58 3.15
Command 3.95 4.47 4.06 4.66 4.29
Collaboration
3.84 3.15 4.68 2.44 3.53
Competition
4.77 4.47 4.09 3.77 4.28
Centre for Local & Regional Government Researchwww.cardiff.ac.uk/carbs/research/groups/clrgr
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Autonomy Collaboration Competition Command
Centre for Local & Regional Government Researchwww.cardiff.ac.uk/carbs/research/groups/clrgr