Cells, Dna, Genomics

(eI qrdNac\€^rl[.rem

orn. sgnGc"r.

-truo. d.hnttrons

thcr. rrrtrrpro:c

((^pC6\)ph1u_

\n "ft" pnvr6\r (l]\drrrsun

I tncvtas[ rn s\"c* nq,,iii-riri -'-- tr tnttEa( {rrt aptgrrnaar 6q,goo

or app,rrp nr{r brqrrr$<r aditrrtr,r,r

hut. mtt.s,s

qdhn"\ dtdqmd rtntun\ cnd nparr

ce\\dN6\tn - n$c\h/ du.l$rn vS <ltro\asmrc drsrrnsqr(c{u5 n\drr DN\ {e,phUtgtoCteStnttrdl6q /ruos[ oi.d o.of^r,!t\.s

NrU, fr. poYor\sbs i rqrodNrtron

Vta brnt\ hsston

6ilpL Ph,{t tGz)* 6cp (or at\ drrrsrun

X sttrr{ af\ qrc,uttt cn{ A1P anp6dronstqt-S\tnt ( -tD(G\)

+ &rt($\s nD\l(6iL,mr\tsrrspirt\tt form

J E*'*h**as c,r sB, ^^_*:i*l{ff*qk,'- o*t'..do'n*

KJ ^[))-\{#ir,.gw|:"*'Am= 'o"oga\.HffiHu*\m$',H*. E)"'?13frt#&ff"**"

I W*.* ,a '/ltt\-..- J u,L+-nrrrm*tptr{w5._lr.*^-, _ . . . ^. r.{h^t. _ Stru aJ r.brde [u1

p\odg\tvc\ \cr$o1\

, :":1 "l tl*:::: po\pod, mrrL,rhar\N6e_*sd$otd , tro s*s ct chonqsrrtts I J

humcn so-a\c cag5 drp\ord , a3huo\oqorrs pt'trt , 4( (hcrosowrs , 14izr tnqot chorussrntr frffi$st P"\crt SF

qc^.^cos trrptord ,23 *rs*ssrms :*ffi:ff* :S,htfi"lnthuno\qoq ctrrurnosorru : rysrrt,l +pdrrv.l 6iyuct,rral\y r6rntlc{ , n61 qq.c\r (r{tl \dh\k6'\ "p0""*, *: 7 a, -

l[**S*'f\/t n ]_."t^*'^..,- -jYl$(( sr?r. lsrrqlx, '-ArttcrtdatUrrr*Glh q@\o(i _ sPtm\, hutt, ttrinngaWtult

ffiffiTJ j xl$'*"m"&*i,tersH"fl .-rtff'-.. rcffi;m-E;ffi,k\tso*-px,Qns

1th::$

a0\c\&. lntrulu& + cc\\ dtrsr$n csern\ 4:nrrs\tmrr$rbJts

* nsnd\ltn! o\ts sarct *o tt tn tht G" phau

S1n\trsu Phnlr CS)

* \hA{q. Dr.tlr frpli&tb.l' prtdw2rr5q1u5 66 png r)- U^ch chorrxopt rlr\n

2 sstrchrorwd,crr' syrftusr tt huqt gotrhl

,(

Non-drvrdrq tttlsDNA cxu\s Os tr.s.\6rd ,GdnMidr h,.' + chmv.\n 1 g\chnrqdl^ a{ hrnrrothorrr^tn

NuCVo'r cnvtlspe tn'tart ,

n$&sNs pn!&trtoncr rptronrr\ rrctr.r,

qru erpnsr\Yvppart

ErSrru rr&tr\ o[ qtrc\,. tnhnatrrn ur dcruht^r ol\- DtrtA nptir6.icA r^x\n hqh 6&urarr1, ur\tr cr$l c\tsaty!d,.1, (Pl(droft nq\\rrg- DNA npli(dtoo occ\tG brhn hWoc eswlq d,srypr^s ,

nd prtor

.0rvr&nq (t\lsgt\q q1,3rt bd hqnfj t,nArru.tr (trrm : Chnrrnsorxs) (Srre qru,(t dqG001'on .o\

!. o\ {st\ UNA tnt6 av.ltfrt!. trl\N$clu( e-rNctrpe dsrnt(rat<\ ) -

nucVs\s atlr,rttravscrrptunr.\l J lnac\r(

PGtl(o s)n\tstJ tmPo@tt3 crsPattu\

htltt\ coin,nr,c\ r $snrs rnt cra(srbl4 +o tGsoqPtro' m6$ nQ3

pa(nt6\ DNhto bc c. tr,rnpril{o Astrrh*trr gh qv,rtc rrv^tsnl

-po\ar sg extnl tourra E\fNtor

thrttOh(rtc

sfrorun(ott{t,*tr\ of Ctrnnswts of rnr'x

srstu chitrndntr ar\ c<,rtowrq cltrrlrrsrU\tt{t(rd{s p'\srtrolcJLai opp6\t pile!K\nt\uthoa SF atkh\ kmrtochc,r. * rmtc",zu tU,riW*.*,

T$pt p!chmrnsortrr ct(ondclrt on( un(o\\

""ii"r"i ^t ngrVrv ecvt\op< rc{nn

sP\tu\\r t\b(5 d.'sc&unl&

chtnc,* m(^! fQ\&{'(

dnrcmosow,

No parnrS

Po\o(st r\ot cflxilG\,Ytq,$h ct ou<,bqo,r aq.a^r.

hvoggprl. qq,r*r-g\ dqn sqty 5f mtapMs

Nu&orrvlw dutn&of spnA\t lrtns rotln

- t\wmr\n 6Mrsrs*t

CAgudr)4n ErrSunqur\dstrrbrfuu { f\[lror b{{AlF darqrfu al\s

Shared by Benjamin NgOn owlcove.sg

{oo..tu5 g1o1q*"6 | splrt\q c\at1lrtv .r[s qgrt , nt\ oqwul\o wrn\y drsrrrbsur\ r.* poVs , pr{ur 2 {oc\rca\t1 tt{tiLd tr\\s

A,lP-a'G<srtturou/ J. ---Y run\ocht!(o L o) H!,fi,*"\a_-z

onsirrtctton ol ontrt part cl pocnt a'l\

ln a prock5 .a\\rA c\6\6r1c

apPtornct 4 cloauqt fsrrt ^r

as rntcofrhrrro.s ro*o ; A;ra'aq fortruJ

dqpqls !nt\ Pcwrto\ PrncM tnto

-llilliil lilr

Plan'ts

du to prtla c & atl r,.alt ,nt &osr+ funsr

6srm (uSr&s tronEsqi qPpdl,s ,

&rrtoun\ co\ \r6ll-tui pc ncrnrqo\,$h ct

^ cr\P\rdl-

cCfi'olqr toud ds.rn br\rr^'ttuo tnmtf rUFfrt to\ptt&.to lorn tU\ wtr\t

-Sr{"@h*u't- tn&psrtt''t assottrm{ ) n.nor, Aq,,rrn1,_- mctdtl 4honrrbryrr toroaa56 por,:mL d na,,*.r ^adrg 6rt bn\rr\ s.6nAun CnA rnAtpadm.t I mr[""", (yvv.-sor.cs

4 il,ut & rr5 6thtr brrc.\r.n+ ) ," ?"a^ gq*,*"

Aqadn^sc \ 'rldr{unc\rn

- dnra$|(t^ dutscurt

Jfq\ryYrrt orvl Cltokrnrrrs \

chrtr^@$ n\mbrr trtrro\EaG Cf'nruur 66166;(s htrl ttltrrhrct *rtsrqltdsSF duafSvrrlirAmy^l 6t clwllcrotru5 ar opg. ps\r:lbkvrrS,s at(rla st*.&hrosg''

-' ftrt \o hqplotl dowthtu dts

- hT$Sryr stparud., p.ulltd ts opp. putrsl.a,nruor"t- nt.h\yd,- &jir/c[}in) rulArn lntad--s,*,rcrn^i6,6, "l,riiein,a P'ttlHmfl

Ert\c. otsa\ Aslnb$'on *Ctllrnotsrcr

fL . 6atcsrs oru q& of rhnr.so.r r$r.,.f*, $ttoucL 1o *r$0 stu(((ss r.t dw,$rrr: of hut\,r &srsrsr , kanj 4 kupf.rd dnqt tL c.tt.

Mq"rss I tah(ntrflaer) fhtrces \\

P^prot t-nbr\.d\S dts\rrtr{crts,NtV4/Nobr c bns.r dOurn

- sgmdl( l-rbn torrnalnh- ton0tnsc(hon of Ctrotrretn- horvrUcqw ChYsousowr pGr. sP + brvcdr;rt

+6ur'Avtrx.\us 1n q brvaVtt + *t*an\- OAv"n OroQ$ t SlmoslJ

'- ho,*iq* U,,dq,a t 9 sy rrc'gto sn!1 omgrx( gntn & enul

' brYvp q,,r,r \nto Prtcr9. 6\5nmnt- CmSS\r1q DVv \ qfrn f,tt to f,l-

-th,c.s'ov*^fo(rn brt'qlu^ntvls€t!'chomc\u(s I t*fr,nct*^ .f- CX0nArIr o[ qratntc.rn4]vtort . \ p"t a.iryx,tnrn^r*ssoi.phopyrctr bqckboru ba^U ,$tsptrdrrstr. I a\\rt,rrn (arh

brricts rt5,*41 ut\hbarlhru f&rottrrchnm.rtd I rhrrrmAtc\9ft(synbf\a..i cnq16r- | -

,).1,

Ilt{qohar. I-rcn($rr"\q.d"t b,rddt d

X tncrcatr q(d(cv(}-nrL\t(n

* A.s\r,b.rtr eq,6al5h4U+{. nurlry txth '

-Dhlt\ap\(41{ rrdy onrr ,tUtsrti 5t"^S\(rsr\r rrs(cqr dN$\on*o torrn hagrud ollr

Prtptost ttrnt\ro\no 6spcr,J1q!6r autltpcA,etrtlqratr. (r€t?ttrid)dWrmatrn Crrtkarr-ftttldrs nortto oaotsda PolrsNc.rSt 6r..a ,^L'+o *r ii"ra"itt 1' $oru tn

fY{-roS(S \

.Utr\.kP\o* \t f..s$n. equ^t dsfo,utotol

SprnA\t trbns atlc(htb4rtvDiN/t Cl^/qnoso[n&s

oLt\ rrtto oocdror ct trrtm4 Rll ---)[lorL ficplord , bd we

-

J ccris hr'eutg'o\S *tb at $dspha*Nai. p.r16p1166a pt(tr P<ptnAv'lc{

+o rn(ro1B\ Cfih't + x

U

Arrpho:t )(tatrDrn(/({ ,tqvattAt\mrr *'itt*tr* gqtqaile\t' $QP' Pdts

5F Sns*rolmnr,P art'

TTrlophast 6"6 fYokruss II&dr,t!6tr[r ul(!il ' dgtylctureSF AtlaC(inblLfq6lrotts tep\tatqnud.6, tlvdo{} rthflYl

+ fur tv6orA {rr\ tdtlnor rdrt(tca.\A,a*,1t*11 6911

Shared by Benjamin NgOn owlcove.sg

Cell and Nuclear Division Notes

Animal and Plant Cellsof Mitosis in

Centrioles Present Centrioles Absent

Astral Spindle Fibers Present Astral Spindle Fibers Absent

Cytokinesis occurs via formation of cleavage furrow Cytokinesis occurs via formation of a cell plate bycoalescence of vesicles

Mitosis occurs throughout the body Mitosis only occurs in meristematic tissue, localized

regions of active cell division in the shoot and rootmeristem

of Mitosis and Meiosis

Prophase Homologues unpairedNo chiasmata formationNo crossing over

Homologues pair up to form bivalentsChiasmata formationCrossing Over occurs

Metaphase Pairs of chromatids line up at metaphase plate Pairs of chromosomes line up at metaphase plate

Anaphase Centromeres divideSister chromatids separateSeparating chromatids genetically identitcal

Centromeres do not divideHomologous Chromosomes separateSeparating chromosomes not genetically identical

Telophase Same number of chromosomes in daughter cellsas parent cellsBoth homologous chromosomes present in eachdaughter cell

Half the number ofphromosomes prcsent indaughter cellsOne of each pair of homologues present in each

daughter cell

Occurrence May occur in haploid, diploid or polyploid cellsOccurs in the formation of somatic cells, somespores and during formation of gametes in plants

Only occurs in diploid or polyploid cellsOccurs in the formation of most spores and theformation of gametes

Similarhies Mechanisms by which chromosomes and cell organelles replicate and are maneuvered wrthin the cell

prior and during cell division is similarMechanisms of the processes of nuclear and cytoplasmic division is similar

Shared by Benjamin NgOn owlcove.sg

Cell and Nuclear Division Notes

Significance of Mitosis- Genetic Stability

- Daughter cells same no. of chromosomes a parent cells

- Same Hereditary lnformation- Daugl"rter cells genetically identical to parent cells, with no variation

- Gen&ic stabil{ within the populations of cells derived from parent cells, as all cells produced by mitosis are

clones ofeach other- Growth, Repair and Regeneration

Mitosis is the only way to increase no. of cells (increase no. of cells - hyperplasia)

- New cells identical to existing cells, thus c:rn carry out the same function

- Damaged cells in body must be replaced by exact copies

- Regeneration of body parts (eg. Starfish) is by Mhosis

- Asexual Reproduction- lnvolves mitotic division of cells to derive genetically identical oflspring

- Meiosis not involved- e.g.Vegetative ProPagation

- Restores Sur[ace Area toVolume Ratio in Cells

- When a cell enlarges, volume increases faster than surface area

- Upon hrtting critical ratio, cell divides- [ sukace are to volume ratio is too small, exchange of substances across membranes would be too

slow- Mitotic division would restore the ratio, maintaining optimum size forthe cell to survive

Significance of Meiosis- Sexual Reproduction (Production of gametes)

- Meiosis allows ior production-of cells with half the number of chromosomes, else chromosome number will

double for each generation- Stabilizes and maintains a constant chromosome number in every generation

- GeneticVariation- Provides opportunities for new combinations of alleles

- Genetic variation in genotype and phenotype in offspring prcduced by fusion of gametes

- Achieved by (details see handwritten notes)- Crossing Orer (ProPhase l)

Synapsis allow for crossing overFormation of new combinations of alleles

- Phosphoester linkages broken at interyenic regions

- This breakage of linked genes occurs simultaneously on patemal and matemal

homologues- Reattachment of segment of chromatid from the non-sister chromatid

- lndependentAssortment(Metaphasel)Orientation of bivalents is random50% chance dauglrter will get a patemal chromosome/matemal chromosomeOrientation of bivalents are independera of each other- Random assortment of patemal and matemal chromosomes between daughter cells

- Random FertilizationRandom fertilization of different combinations of gametes in nature also adds to genetic

variation of a rygote formed

Shared by Benjamin NgOn owlcove.sg

CrLLtuAt fuuc'rrous - Cqrbo\:)c\ratcs

lnt "1

6rbfiy6st,- Cohs\s-i of ctbon,hyc\roqoo"o\ ollolu

- Cx (t-tts;,

- Ccrbqq5\ Sro(p pRSe/-H ( )C . o)

- mu\irp\e \droryt qo.rpr

- c\o$s\f\codron by no. o[ monowre,6

- t tnorusqcchonc\ts (*)z drs0ech(r\c\{S ( *)

- 3-lO,di3sSocchorrdts

- >lo Po\sc^cchoctc\e S

+* Illovt6o.ahnrtdts

- SrnS\t stSt^r rrnlS

- Ftvrnuta Cn (Hr-o) n

- S"ffrx - osL

- Vsc5

- o.legs sc$rres/rrctobohc srrbstrrt(s-s5n\rss of o{ryur ogon,g rAa\ec\\ts

- 6r,n drlaechsnAry' po! sq(cha,totts

A\dos,s

* ?aaooqyt turbon Pa'a-[an a\c\6rrd.t-

1ruup

H -otcvi

- strov5 rckrng a1c-dr srntt

^\ckh\ile qpsp c^n be oxr\'lcd

tu larboyy\ $ro.rp

- fru( oJr^fNon

- (x^I\ p\.,- g\u$:c- $ot\actoX- r*^s(

Its Gr rtdrrosi s\qart- Bqaa6tus/ fuh\'nq r *tsl

- rrrc cilVh\lnc coPpg (1() Ss\pkrodc so\\-tton

- (or,,n. \nto\u.( copPcr (,t)s$phate rcc\ praoprtrr*(

nqd\$. -trs{ - (tn(,\vl \t{a

pesrttrr tr* - $* t S'tleN -+ boun + rtd

+ 2Cra + 5OH- -7 R-C-Oll0

beorsmrrr.l i.rc, oS3lR

-{ G2-o 4 3H2o

G\rrto:.

u t a'ron-1,-orr

oH -l- H

rr - L- or-rt

n - c- ttiI

H_c-otlIFI

cHzH

n I-O v/orr

,ffia,nFl 0ll

St" gYSCrnarn YS r\orgstncior.s

-ro<r$o G5 hhec/

- furnernX: \n o'qi{(4(t S$\\1tonl

Gct\crt{osa

n 'arroI

H-c-{JHI

o\-l - c -HI

Ot{ -c -Hq-J. -ouH-| -t'kt

I

F\

CHrsH

ou l-----0.H/qrU'i,,n u ).|nl\--f "lo'i.l oH

H

(-c-t^lIo

k"ton,l- Crr<\oovr3\ co.(bon P6,r1

4 6. t6ltont $rcuP

(f=o(-

- c-Xc!^put

- (r.ldo:c

ft"c{orc

tq-c-0H

I

c=o,l0n-c-11

I

H-c-o\eH - l. 'okt

I

H-c-0htl-t

Tr\+ {o. n51-ru\so15 Ss6o-

- Y\qo(r,a tcs-r -+ ad.c\ ac'd-to \c\a\19r s\5or + *rd 6q0'to

(c&scr"1 Ssgars

- ortscr.k dt f.te av.om<rtc caibo,.'L,

^ot. t fne a\Achrc\e q'orP<

Hr.,zuo ; u\'o*

- ES. 6\\ccr( r r a\to5L , \t^qtor ' qa\actcee

Non a&tctng -t S\Crot(

0rsocdnwtCrcs

- Qrsrncr'. 'hydrbg\ qroup o\ oYlt s'rqrr $nrt ar<\

0.\ hydru$\ qn\P on -1+! othr ssg^r ccact

- (onc\uGo{\.^ / da\6a6ten '(o'(tton

- loss 6t rg(o' rortecstt '

- f"Yo g\3tsrrrc\,c b'snt\

tt/B (x,\) g\gosrdrc bond

ol| u ctq(J\^J on (,\(tt\s $ t5 an o1 or p [6vm

X,\ -> cerbd\ d\$5 (ru') rnvdvuA rnlMu-

rcc(1ron

Nott'. ca.bsv5\ *'1oo,r $ror 0.lorrrrt tal\otn

orr/n grury f{1p5 [6, d\ ttL {h"il c&&on

c, Nl q.u\r, \rs qLo* hc plafl 6r itu 3rd tarLon

t(a\{o:e g\rco5l - o<1r,'+;- qSr'ore f'e\c'lco\rc g\b6't@tc

Lrtcr.ry $a\ac{ost - 6(r

'4) - 3\scose

tn"q3 sou*

s^\crov. $sco:c - <(\'2) - (nrtorc ttunstart td'/f6tks5ar

l} o{ vs P €orms

\< - atlomsrc hyclrcry\ qYu$\P \\?r bttc'rr: 'ttrt p\aae

of 'lhc nvti

E - qnomrtt hyAroxg\ qroop \res aborc {he plant

"l 'thr- n'3

Nsic . chr.a\ car\otn - ot\cchtl {" 4 d'({{r'A{ {(b'\'r

dnrYnstc (r^(hr'! - o*tnctcc\ .tt 2 o'vbt'rr

L+ on crtt"/\ned 's tYrt 4nornu'c

' tt)ckoxyt {o'tP

*o*"?o tCt\zoH

Nel ut Ir{ \{oH

0rr H

Shared by Benjamin NgOn owlcove.sg

Po\u sacchandts

macvotndrl t,r\ar P os(\€fi

'thousctn,{s of monomcrsIthkk\ \ g\ycrd.rc_ Lr:nis

| -L Arn5\ogrcttn

-\tnco., t borrdn<d, or'0\utost

- o(t4) bo^ds a^d "<(t-b) bovLd-r

- bca<rch Porn{s rauttf,srn

- Ahcttl o&5 t2'3o ordtcrdrs

- m4o3 bo^ch c^4! tlvr./r th^1

n AnS (,1?dw{J O"o &ct On tt r

Cos\ bn\<ta Asw$ CH,9H

\G\.'1-1

-S,tructtrC

F 3\scoscA(r-ir bonr\s -> c\tttr'rsd r(otcq 6on anyti,yctno

Q'/q$ o\tl,r r\onofit' \s rnwtlA.1,

(.r*. \on5 unbrandned' $reqYd ckrolnl

fiarq C\&rr", f'ln Pora\\c\ {F coch oth(

0\-{ qoq5s Prois\ orrtweds

L)hyAnq.a hm{5 togt\rr@r^ d6t^9

rgrA crocr'\'\n\<r"3 -[o*r, mrcm(rbrrrs

.L

0.r'rat6'\{o bm' lhOtnr (rbn\S

t"l Aq5[ssr

-Sfiaqtd ctnn.r/ hnear str(trrc- a(\-4) g\3cosrc\c bnds

,1,

Gu3\cc\

,)

Cassrs dtuun t cor\ kttcat\gt hrr,r c. ht\u' rrpa. om$ct 6ha0e

- 6 undr prr \rn tn ttu ht\ur

b\tc-b\qrE col'lNr u{+h todrnr

_ functtsrr5:

'51*q 6ofterrcx! rn anlr^^\s

Eq rn \rvLr Crn{ sks\ctd nnvsctc

g'tsptasrnr {Gnv\c5

\Irtt CflzJlr(s on\g Cfuanc spectfc bort\g

tus enzro,rs rtcl<\'to kryda\y't qty<racl

- cft 8rr o(Ct+) b!^4

- ox fu xtl-b\ b,u\

-. ftncttot5cr[ hx^\\ CSt'/" 4 nTr^tOuU)

tltdn6nr(tt\ strrc{rrn a"d stffn6*htrnsdrbl</ e'\ WrruaUehtE'ta,sr\t strqg{^

)qa,ItttA h ct[,,\qsc- - 6"c\ €lsrct 6r so(^a o(3o.'l lsr s

,6sed ln (t\tbn , r}.)oo , a^€\ PaP(r

s+o*1c -( il'irt 1t1lr*"* t ns osrnst\c r^(rrrncc' \'llo* **"\ ;;d coo/crhdr

+o s'S6/s

S'\rw\sra\SSPFt*

-S\ndsr<s( -q\\a!6e

".tiql qnj. 0((\-6) q\\o'std'r' bonds

rY\s( (xtotgvr5 ;dJ,,/il cqrnvAc\ *ran arv'5\spccltn

Nr\ Vto\c{ C6\q$r r\ \odrt

)

s(3Nc-\$(E ' sEE Arq\toPEC-TlN

Cttrol''

cH,on

Shared by Benjamin NgOn owlcove.sg

Shared by Benjamin NgOn owlcove.sg

€ "g

i E

-ec6E

E.

.EE

g-1 ;

e E

gEO

lu.g

!I o9>

:!g

P

i s.E

.E e{E

5 €5 'E

. t ;E-i;'* gE

g

E ;eratE

Eat E

E:E

? E E

{ -E

f g,.E E

.E E

Eg

EE

E+

g:EE

E"T

E gr -

E g E

s E +

E E

E gc E

T€

={;E

EE

SE

EgE

gt€

(t.,

.gC'ooo.xoc1)-C(U6I(!C.9E=UEUni

E

5Es e

E E

ti E

Es.g s E

E =

F I

EE

; t t : xt=d

g€E-E

E E

E F

Ef,B

itEE

EgE

rEagtr

€E U

;EE

€3 EY

} E*:

=gB

EE

;EE

gE$$E

E

- 6irri

+

>lE(EocDcGc(,l

(I,.cPc,l!C.Eo

Eoo

E g E

teieg =

E"$E

EE

B$gE

EE

=5 E

gEE

_iq rE

JI= E

->tr-o5

BaE

g EE

;Fr-;

=;f ;+

E€.E

!*, !xE

tFE

}gEgE

;E

EE

EE

EE

EE

Ea i

,I HO

at&ttE

.E

o' tJ

^i rvi+

ri

Z

EE

, f ea t ag E ex

E

EE

iEE

EE

-BE

-EE

SB

EIE

I

E...

r .

r t

I -o.

I

6ccoirE.

o'=E

UcPo=E

cE

h g'o

c6c!

!u6J69b9ucE

es=

ooE

u&

ilr'8€-8.!

orcE r

B,8E

efiE

'L(JTU

reE 3 a

I ns

-Y'E

:6-:C

EE

EE

EE

EE

E+

Ei

-Ea'iE

*-E-E

EiE

oocoo6od.tE_9U5z

E 3 #,-

g'.-

fl E sH

E tE

=et

g E E

EE

$ EE

gEE

'E*gE

itg,IEE

Eg,

oa)Eai'

C

>u

.hE.v

6<

E€93o >

+E

}P=

Eoo

e o:.=--va.;-0668,68+C

=>

71.E

EE

Eud<

o

trl

(ucoo.oG,

.9E-go-oxLJ

5 E S

r#.-e^o-p

.c :i ru.=U

=*5.s

€ .F

'= 1i

I h'69-*

E E

;€H q

ci: -=

-CE

EE

.fiE&

SE

riE6 E

€EE

! E

Bg

6 E'6

b_

oEE

OY

*;oEE

,EL;q(E

GE

- oo-

: -c,

0,;-U

Hoo-EoIcu

Shared by Benjamin NgOn owlcove.sg

dPl6use

. cgu eil&ilIgtHllr,lrot\ ta*{ I

r. ccr,trlremrrl q 0YtotqY (etudqof ott)

, C0tts nro +Iobnsr un*' *trfe;glraaueml qn*{ s+vwt*o{fwuuir

+ qlKao-tte ltahtra Nh$t {ho&eh \ul eurshkernts vs4ntaflio plrf*uo*c h(o ara cofrmndaieA au{utlw0tt

+ CoUC l/l,$&+0 loo -pr.tsol$1 ssrr6ie t$uts ehUrfih$rt, . Jm or&-to rr4gt!\ ,-Vol oxpotd0# exdnalvp rtdht\<, ***T l6nc Dtd,$wqxal€n- nUre +r'*o*i o, aunqts rn it( enu$ffi&r

CBLTTIEOBY

t. tA[olcffi-arn onrof u6t { str{rfuxo q f*ofrn*r tu*6+un5t

r.. AS dlc cdle+ff^ F{,-txtsltr"qark b'l dtrlt$ovr

ItrHffi,Wfr'J*a^nqr'*o*ns. At\ dI! M.ltro Salte i,a d|gAt$l ooldFthDt4

b At\ hln\^A+h\hd aW/ h^ado $q gil!

*. S^" "i*& orc' wud\dv :'i{hsrf aE rtrulri d\u ter

r. Aoh\rdy q ^ *y^,c'r^ ffi*i ti'{^^t o*q 4 Ndqeildo/^t utll

l.r.rrurccafl

trtmu 166\6+sl EYo^v\dtes r{o m$itarurnrfiou or rrrtwpventP'f<ha (tre^r

0e.\\uJov oomPtu'ts

Sre? l. ltor4lft9N\lATnhi

Puryorz - Brtal. *lsorou rrsMelt {otil€dg- 9etease drtahotleg

tl0th"I - Mor.fnonrcn\ rrrrytwOc{f vrmr,rLralte' +rroqLilurlr.i^rt pagrfe, ol,nSuornenOA +rrlttr$rrudr

iffiffi"'** 'ffi.ffimtrffWp*,- 0anrcrl\ 4rso\uo raenr't vano p\cproltydl ) uctu0unouldctotuat(

Bsewh{hs - tgotnr.p medruwr carrtntr\lrA $rct{e, tv\ar,nttol or gtlritol t frwgltrUPtUnr{(lo h rMidrl - B^ftov 6olutt0v\ fu wrotvrlo\vt fll : mamam or6andtotlxcho44ttl'1

.n {} -rer,,pvatulo t 4r + mhht ftte's' od-^h{

srvP r, urtBltrxAr- rFNl*\iuaEttot'i

Pwpgt, - sepav,n*r"t^ {a'qrnovr { arfru€\es ranrncedv(ryr6ou

itrvrupie - orryudles are,d$$eto ra*rctel+rto* luwo t^t\Wgd{,'tsws t$+e -

h[u{Aoa - {{w\of,s^oig s.rbFot fu Po{resNet{ vrorfi,lsu{ ryds{ruro*on { oel.tttfu46u

+0 soryrUo p*ri tre m aiizas^5 rrucrq stte { 'js{tsdtt . . .r -.. tr..

- fie ftskv +^eJ ft,tat0n' *u a,u.to,i+ne dwto +ncrram/ ^d {Vui su

'trtQ/ rhe,

po,rtrcrps wXd^ ot\l t* rtdiuottteA'

-

^tou,

** t*,, iha eqernofu* 6 drnwvt {totdreJa\tnt4d"- i* o

",l," 4 ?Ql\s( contn**{ RIf ot8^w)ti" { qvulura}dstM'lts{ s'?e

can beluvto\^oA'

e*€ ce'&84^.0' )gffi-

4 Mwadt++rc,ud s+ x-rat $\,* {o \}tsua\t?S w\o\ecvt?E or$*grrtw$ { tuo\tr*\6 {tut

h6,r"\,.P; maioacttw,tl Ut eitoA.

h,uoo(p - rdor*i{.t sttcs 4 $Nrress aMA ce't\uw dts*ttbutr0'^ { -tq'utto

r.i-* t a ** qqas26 motear\otou'la ra4totsotof0'r

q. u6€'BNfl+ruir,PolQ,{As; 4Pto +*a'ce rr..IA

- Wd t$r{" f'dr* "rdal*nw,\0Yogt'h{te

{Yace seo'do t t{Dfu'*ta$d

$otv th+tru0otla*t6 $u"rrlr^v qn*n'et< $\el' .!ltY'tti't^ o{ltulat/

oieFv*Iflr. +o r\erv {^tatu\tMl &f1rin'di1a$s

t*dl^f{ - elk {*ara ofrorc thcubdeA r.$t"*rAroq*$0 6ubsrorc{'

- iv\tr1^tileda^te{!0r5 <\tdo

- dr6/ ndo flrotqraflmo er*^[s64

- &ra{ (rod'roa*or tti*lPo ra$rt6 lvr 4 dorlr ?t arttLo Nh{(afl*sn{,,l,gwl.

s. Chanbdor\sitcg 4 ct'ttrs

- tlrta&& { v^ro rvotqMk' qqry*i-ex\tfi*'ut{fu\- ex\ifi(* urot d c'^r't'('I' a'^o\ slu

- 4YrI'f th aI\ aroalltuA naattn€ry'

orA\n*r^*t* * &rh hmt'uik/s

-''fJ;^l-i,.'It1*: ffit:,ffiil;f-; +L tltrl)*al ero,l'$^*n"t

5. Prokn\d8 1g' E^k0Y{otss

bnkawutP'6

-uh\cltu'IAv-n0tlue, w,\cltv.(

-nt vrqfi/tbvane-btwrn'\W5f\Y\Q'tIt'E

- ho oodts^Ytit u^tAltild1sl^

) rno* rnstahotrO{u\dtott6

o@^r tn odi{?\o*w\

irir.r{T mr(&$@E ellcgort utc&o&0?E

P0(s ucMolq!tr {hwul g?€qt'^s,t P0ss dei$trh t20l&i!tmu{h Sr^t*ot

1S I url,jsqr$y,s (a3$esttuirwcns, t.ftIfilt:ffi1rffiiffiufletuar luur.4cdeod 'r;[^il;l

Ab\ rrr rnarptfr*trwr ' ,o*t '{ e'H! l.*1y, t1il'{0 6 aotual srr (nt' { rucS larltr)

*.ptaouflrd$h.ffim ?fHTiffi^ #Hdur\*r1 rn veSdvtrorr i shovteli s\$teuCe t*'d.'*y* t\uhnvr rnroo:r.nys h'v"a ru&

lrr{, *.i\i ton ras drttiaSxstaed qf?.atw r€60\Irti t** **rx.Bt:\1 pvty'rhur"t {" {i\t\gt^'ilt" \qrt r.rwsoi*(o.Eru,r,vl. o2-o'trru)

t +ht i;.i'ntrn. Url'r4'tSed I

Abl\+lJ in to,tYni+ gnrvrrrq "rrthodoued

A1t'r to

+nr*,rtiv* t{ ,o\o^",i tmgvo@ oohlY0St

"'#J, i k**n*a iuira*' crturaareruua{'i '|- $1*rl:I1$-9l99ryY-

tlSC 4 heoNq Y,^eif,l 3^K 10

vegert an*iow'tral)mt sDccru U^ !$ih $rvr \fi19r

r{ "Ont

Ut,r,)

;;;il;;*^^,Su,uttrx vurotu,qttn rh0rr vrob\o t$61

$6ta*W vls$uu4Pt^xt'r

Prsh*rm: $shH ; r,u$t{Eil,\ JDot0x

Kcu\a{W,ttototg +o Pduo ar'

IuAGE of {cu$t{f\9 ntt \oohu5 ottoduN fP6rh 0r

'bt'*mwdd nhtr'lAqg

*,rfrOr toetv,r. efcfwf SI'CO Avd

vl$$tr^{ SWer\ \g r,*lVnh6h

vacu*u (stto sttd$l4$ nlo

Aeflectail u1 crv)

)aend syuwrtlt ou\

lnna-4a,.hvue{ Mlcd qnwul'ttt tc\cavll^s +ot $^t{, drfi. tov{tmt u{

(eicdov aftw pssrgit^iar^$ ryu'u^tt

se,vrei d a\ns\ugs{\Yq^$ llhtdl

rnls d vtstuu rqr^t oloftrud

t1e { dustxwr

te.u\oY lQrt{s / q?tsco

t0htot\o kBs

tSt{c\t\e,'t

+Coxr6!i,1"

1r-rX\t sorrtcg

Rrolu+rotr,, 0.x- 0"4/lh^ tlDsxy,r)

I4o4n$mor.:

obrecrruslo\g x OC!{AY lang

(d,ror,m*,ro') ttgx).

4ox, $r'4i,ox'1o0x[pto lSooK

iirapls 6i"Pluo)

i*q*hsrour *ttli.vr nuoroie) tffiE tt**it *'.*l''.rl@ltt

iiii-t*r,,*t$*t*,{ r1131,f*HSIai4arootsqmal\g

q4qlp(L

-lrdh rrlri arn{ nn \\rndtlu\ov

- hag &fi^e nuc\el^g wrlhrudiPa\al

- tntr^lbvt^l@ boN A ilCf,h?rlo(n

?*'{or*^t efofio t^xcr{$Ytl

rlrarrr rFAfiEr.Eivtru

- 5. l4AR 2009

..rch-....!

Shared by Benjamin NgOn owlcove.sg

Shared by Benjamin NgOn owlcove.sg

. CEU smugulEqflrlu1loN le x I

1. rho ogoflasn

+ tet?xs ir qtt oqme,l\gt 6nd ${hsolNtl^v\

*aq*u nnatnt r*^0, dl* *taan+ir,o, nuua+s

, oY.r0&oL

+ q4usoug Sohri{,-v\Lh t'hdfix

) aypnns1fitsq*s't dl elYul*'^rctes rltdoY

l$* wuoceoPz

icslli^fct{$n !

- qooh \^J'tor

- *e *d.*UU,,@not{ o9tnPs

(EutcYs t omvro oods)

- SqV\s Pgtous, vtOufu6enzrlnnec

- qtoekde*ovt

B. r^m^bY0[^oue wptt*tai ftr4d $41q trr er^Yav.1otlo al\s+ cmoa*UilrtattTgdt €P^r, trttth

qftohus*n, suvwh*td h{ h^qardaYe,

(61\i^du\.d,[,i i hodaotu,raillq o"ru\a"rr

{D {^t, tb$.:d. er\ uaer",rVniYo)

) lh$nbyoJ,\0s al\nnt r,1r'atr1gtrarcq, Bt n

ctaam&ens+to drffrf"hoe, t{hd. od,tltMl

(oaoh evgrurtetiu { a,oftusol

- lo(A,t a\^l lwhhli6N6'dbt'l mtorrirpahb\er..

1nAfC4 to 0614v 31v^s1i6a6ra5\ rndfi '

uv4}^[,t\et

- ot*rrtul *tnWarur 4[tu 0rer$€v'9^r{ar{'avPA+Y a^rl{ddlMrl el-et},,i$4 a}qg,**ire + *."40s"1 St&ro1e+ vm*tona

'j$W,leB.

+i4,€4iri^" - lcvwst cI\ ov6ructtO

" -1hnnq\/o'lo'I-$^o'ftd

- 5-lo,tl&tNuo\6v -AoulolgnUr,bvrrraAt*vo\o - [1**qnb.raqe oo/tthufltl v0t{^

wqh En

- (0fi'0 b0tt0' wtl{w { ur'ttUr ma^t'vaf

&ttU PtrnuAur iPro + oottitt'tuotu

\^dl^ tf,'\u$ 0i'1

-fr&fm*riwtlt'rndQarfoYos .,)a\\onr tamP wnacrcLrole'r,l\ee to atlill

eXrt, qln'rlnA, r$'lA

Nt(Imdfrfl^A - o4ugu^s n&lYrf cddattlut ywttttt9'' ,r'LV'tootttggr t0^s' chtot'udq

- ilrot*o*tn' ct^\S 4 DNA l,ln,Jrtd arowU

h\shv\eA Cfote'th)

+ loorrlu b{ail " attlrwmatt't+ffi r\ ot\cd" hdcrrof)^lqu^tn(T?Q,Lg o's doilk" P*d^es)

- rqyeavanro' $o$s r^a^t\ col'ouleA'

ttlocNo^t{tu\t'

f.3&i-te01.,(g -d€[A!o h40Jg ti^ cadrvO { nUdUr(

- osr^^tot€A 4 illA, ENA, pnemS

's1r*ita:e { rr\osorvraf P]".lA (YB}\A)

. ENpor&at?tENE56T3ln *or.?rlgeA 4 *"nxu{ w*{r-ydr*0A wlf,l^{bre,}4e

smcS !^:\lhlrn ofitgla&vr+ m0l44whvt?s tBf,r*a gtf,re" h{ d\Ye+

THs\o{Cotrthnu\ $ +/al^gFv 4 vestdos

)wret,l^bralte, b*s of a s1sla^^ $ shq&d

t'FvrAoFhnro Rotrerrt*un tsR)- eXtllgl\p tt4*1,0o& t d3tefyr6g (11^er^Lfi^r$t6

trrL,ulel aldsats)- tritM nl ryr€,(?Rknonvro3

c\$gr}tdefP'

6h tulllofl ; ffrtrlluru8 t^*h Fnludeotr vls- Rsrrry'Et- (rER)

+\to6asr'^io$.m { uno,rntralro *dded' wtlhhloiolu,i

q c(+u^sr^,o nqunkd 8heil-trkgsB tfxtrtSato Furnltal.to erd^ dtu,r)

+ $ro4P!tqv\ s{nft^es\g (armedg qortrrtor@d to \r^yrot s dlw 0t0attdlr{ )

-) 6tt?/ t p'.teM tdfut - ?d\pPxdp drrntr4

$tds $$ ts{mcttowl ostftli,t^rdtitl ostt 13

'thvead rhnuxh ?0fl3 tvtto €R luh er4

i seo{etwI gCIoras tvarrqo*ad,t0ttst(& {6o\6i annetu.s vr6 tYatisPoht vegut4

+ alrt[rdott wl cpttrg ochu0 M fyotc/h

geor?r$/l

- 8!uodt^ eP[stP)){ubtr\av gYttoturss (oumth alr{lre)+ {h.\he6\s 4 tyr& (1.et, flrcfr"tpils, Ctnus)

+ h.,tabs\tu td ortun\lilntuidcio6so*rovr 4 ",-4,

omdrprangq $a$q; { u\uurutorrsfrur'tn

tr^$gfo cg^tractlw\')olowrdar,tt rn el,\g athvgu h'u{'tl ote

Serxo-\rs| (stootcl WrusWC )

a. 4o\ai ADDr.rra'h/"9

- st(rk *-floW*dr*",.biaY.e L$\a^d

sars i uitevuar,+ eOc,Vr slld( a@s wr {r.r&rra*l cuprt'ou+ 4r.ff{rcIltf cleto44ao haNa drftE'ovtt

tmAr$o*tor,t a^iltho&+ aquir* rucaPn*oltYmcarr oau'r

siwhor^ooush(

- !l*\ttot ?tintl*tsts ' ^ ,

4. vao$kr,

-v6s{c1Qr [Aq,t,that,t0 o'l6rtiaito {i'nu ER.a}d. AA

*h\wwt C?ll

-sv!,'attrlv\ohto o@M\es

-Vro,rse {rursgo* aDE}f,r@, hVc hv4e,ve$de.t

PhAt ce,tt

-tovqoamtal uat^oto

mq4 toun0-t6roD\astso\nttolt -o.ttrn? (&frUc m 0ol^?0e\+ro1{rv

oltoptu^^) '

- 8tt!0q& * oPr}\to *pq*Ac { rurwgr,nro ron r-drspsal n+o {w.tocr? h&alodrtl t^{frdrd(-cotor p6ntent (q.f" p+d4- cetl6wt"m"A1e\anmn

) hrtqr afi,UtuutA*e{ $t v40Eole

r edlE l|r\wfte M sEo r0gt4 l^mrhral qt0?10r1^,t

6Y*tt^€8rs { "to *r$cuan sr+oVvr&u

, Pt!s!0w\83-elso Ftdttit4 ftd iNooboit€g

- coftAm Al?Ih,U( tha* +^,ls(tM t^td"v40rar' '.t'tlM

\,0ryrdil, g\Atsiratest0 eil,\4sn, td**{ Hr0,

A6 ^

L,I;f,odrrd

){he€f, YMdtoB sd^,o{molreW nr'rrnar'lo:

-d.etoxt& Ad4ta!.lce,

- wrr a*"Wf allJ,( fr w $ .w4tvrdw{l

) ovr4$,v.g cnialngr, re fwseu,t iri otohpr'+^a

&rnvuyoertwrn of tono qo,- alnrvrdatS tr 0{0,tns frc{.ao :v\. {ir*}ii\-.e**t.v.',,t.

.]qw8!Nu&a

- etq ryrt?A orEhen.&{, r0 - iere'l

- 9\+s t etltw ee[w\6f t?6}]lv(1fi4 , s'lthAt'$( ?'

AlP $e^^ y^€*flh\\o srBtr^to(

- ilg1^lU\s hn{.habltn tob$M*

owrEP.Mp1{BRINE

- suofflrrrNNgE v\a,\p*ANL-Ir4hln odilohed, wt\ln rn{o$uqe Vtfft"$06 0n'

(to lrorUO eA pv svulttr tS 1 FroH^ln34dad

th lnhey h^qi,\ldval\e,$ut{ vdda'Jtt $ tfou/

e{ w.rtodnor^d*tol wnt/rtovrs)

Pe$u$oq{oNpRIAL3tfttE- y111yr6N tgnr,r), flu1A-ttrd, CF{2 \dt r.'lhe

1dg h^frvu'\Ot4r4

M1TOG{9T]PP1A[. MAfEiY.

- col^^tsflt1\^ai t {lrloer'\ \ rnvtur urts/u!'rav

- hows€g €rrqlv'Q,r, ow,u.\au DNh, gNA' nb03s

i can' S\1v,,+lne6to lt( 0!$1 f1frtlv\S- Cd'ltfrtvr€ Ar'Jh{w\e{ tr tdvdot C.$e

- a$*d\qgts

arrcaiartruicAell surade* hrorn a( qp?k

+ i.otira.6 r.qre.\0Pmrr* 1

4fi0r0^t1 tt"s wols. W)\uI*, q \{sosovr^f, rr\^t€fttE

It{lo !$idocpll,

c,ts-|ixo t1wrl"{$!&) r *wus frua{uatrw5l*9}cns {aro (tywi\^{ $re) r' tral* ftceiuatuw4 6e' :

Itearva uiur. t,,nrt- > erst,"r.as !"A.(AH+y'at.e;a&,r,il;E seor.'tu^1+eatuoTt'Fi!"'4Uau1$rurd '

- r,rotu$caor,ern { fa*a4i% 4 Etyto**i!t c,lvcd\il4tuyl - adlw"a sqAr nto$+ +ti***6 - to**,,1' excis lurno vwrg

- ?mAuct f,voqvp},rvel4 ,,txl'{ted ('s dtuLr' h'.elr;o

-ii,*r.^{t^ stacXs E g\aryava*us- Ahindawr wr erraorXe,*{

Lrys€oh^€6

- Ameryar1e, _ 0.I_1.0,ruvrtI- -*ai+lott'o"hsiffpl€os\

e\ecwqn-aoreo ud,M El4

- ta ttl K - cowtawr hldvo\qho ant{l,te4 r r

- 6qdro; *rt^"*y"*tl::n) trirug+ vo fiu'l'vtte{ $/sq 4il11't^1

lvtlD cttoplall^

-*w$d' -,1 Su\t\ ^Yfl€.hld- tuvruf''vr^1 t'fiflil"$ffifth \ando{orrs

+ vau^lgst^Ao wr[" ttOswl'l " .r dr$s\ orita,vtkg'lo\'et^'{d a6-F04..

+ ae&r'rco updmrtrcw\ at ry\*Ua4ciltc'

-6,rrNP\^a{^,1 "t ^* o'L!. oq^t\d ?L

+unviavttd dY6^{etlo( s^dceA 1 w'ar^Wnae'

+dtil ge'

+ *rrnasnt\W1c v6cuo\o ufier4 vurf,(tY*\sorov,na

+a4 ovgaudtcCeshnrrld

Shared by Benjamin NgOn owlcove.sg

Shared by Benjamin NgOn owlcove.sg

@. cuinPpP,lfrs

- OlOo oi $m\t4- 8*0 4 lhol6s$^il^scrC- tons-shapaA, 5- (0,ilr/1

- e,vEtosed h,tAdlue, v,ntuab\rr'Me, h^Dtdn aE *ft&

ch\owplqet a4\drfc

gfRoi4n

- su4 i-flud, h^a*mat adaaAq \h$e^/ M^^louh?,

' cd^la\ng atu^lav DNAr$hvl^4, sUMnlu6r,6Ot rr--eo\U\\Bou{u^esturcahrnoptr, o.l^f'oiPus

ARANA

-+hrvA eet al ua^nuura 1awtu^$\ttsb {t se"."{

8o.cs a^tld{llt.ltakqds

-\\akfl ds emdmo \t&tA turnovr

- stac,ks elqtaknUs fuwn Xraua (str'nto,nua)

- stacl$ of ty0v'0,

ounoed \ *le,t-W{, {^$la!&ds

}<nwofr ar mtw6tOu*t tAr$d\of,

- p\et0a,${hstto mtun$ {f*"* ev.^b€dr,sA $*h$aYorA )uqilha!^o

q. lW\- ueh^tdmrn4g ow$te,.RIDOSOMES

- lour{o elbutt+ gr\^^ll sukur$t

) hth oonrer{ ywtovr+ rRtlA

) sx^4[ svdouvtth cdwl6t/E r^trlA l,^udwt SttO

) ta4p, c^14^n* vrudr:ed. wr'lwbrn*rp'^ * FFds t o^f

" tltYo.h{fio flbihr^^es 3urrrrn wr c[tru*t]gv,

fYt^Iit1r, rrlo,srlrld $rqhilu1 rrnanllur

- 4cc\\rh,Mtomiw^s'

-lrauhd ls fEQ. ) bq^hd\ -ffn ay?drt-{reo wr ${t0go\ , fot?lhs tortmuuirtu qtofalu,r- m vntodrqdy.alwra{nx- in c,lAuqla* *wraa

-srk, of rrtovv\

qhtfueqs

- s\+o of tia\€Ufim4

. e,1!!KtllTo|l- rvtlYrQft*O eUairal a{ \hJt€Yronnect€A +\eu^er$!

arrditrnades

- d!r0iter.9-1he gtyucluvsg { a*rurtfrf o{.oOtt

(q. cr\l nruema*, cei,\ &rurarovr)

- tluaS Meoh&i{\c^i s\q1,tonl-b w||

+}1tfir*eff el\&af"- rr\ nuh{r\- Y.\ovsMtr t * aYw)io$ wrtht'tt4tr

+ htsiuy nduu\el, o*arke{tt sihsY.o\thst4-(h^ sr,t+ h^tir.&Ato,t^$fu&,\, w !r&4AT

- o\rrr.rurc, cah b0 asson^uld, { Awe*ruld 4luoktl

+iC[Eg+ilorotl^bh].e6 ) gtndrna,t aUrrt + *crf^(?2/r Arn^{e}0Brffiffiffi"ffi*w

tEl$tttoLE6) oy'\ arftayy otto d,ts , ucua\ frAhJ anrui.al oelle)too*cA ltear nrrd€lrs, wr cdtlro&w

lcov(arrrg 4eo^llz€d ?rwtaus tM r,,rroro{ukrloI {.*.*a n ga'ys.. ea& conh$*{ + nvre wrple*t

(c* nXWat^6!eo)

t ritleo\rn cell d.ergtwl)yeplr6di?8, wt[^,ac +D g,?ost+? 4Md6 * c",t{

+act o.3 Mrb0trtuo{u^ af gnotlo$W's

r0.e4\ g{rtace

. CAl-l^eL fulat4icsllE)-nqrd, wrfler;rbts

- vnrdO {roror dttr.\o9e- s.ortt?d v^{fl6}tt o$t {onir i'ltt"ntit

tunctrnvrs

)sr^pDor+ 4 &&1e ail 3h^?e,

t y,.i.* "i, tt*l,

id"avuil lh$astw\/iutrrt{

+ id\a,$ alt \o b.ltthOarrA vqAv*U*rc,

) Trerourts ercgluc u{,lrk& e[ x*o{ tramuT

)s.e?f1 Fhae t^e, tn all bdvonl trW\^Nr*U4

.rN1*CBil,(t4n. &tic1tq\ts

-Anrwral Cd[9

I NtwwaJu,notlfis-)hg\A dls qpur/un $xd ?6t\tt'tl'),Yrrea\ rrr destuo8wto

a. -TtftYtt.Jr,urctrqn9

) ieats t'€,'o'.tt'oo cefls

, gt rano uov0xvt y"t gt \qu'u\s fhl4ritt^ o(*\a,-

o[ular smce

) a\u^J v{i'lurutuvt 4 lrouer'',"lt at si7f}\a$@* t

$u srUtUr,taf 1o Frt t\t't^&" elt nro,rlilp^o.

S.6ap rJwvrOnorc

) P{ }o{ 6eu^I^NUra*trvl

+ rats { $,ra[\ rr\ertrlr,' c4n ?ar6,av6{^t+rt"^ o^c

ofto$o^ntt arctt^ev

+toyrt \ prte$,\ oflrndevs o^q6[ cq^4eau s

- Ennt ttlki-?loArr^odeslumlrA

+$suud.tr1 g*1 lutlg+ otto$^st^ 4 o4pca* ceJ,ilc AtR- t'onhvuou4

fhrcu+" ftao flamoo\cwo*rt+a\\oi t6r*{^/lar,,rnltr run\crfuf +o lal6

{m,o St^drwol'tq

)orurbrv S tT,tnC*-"d m antr-cl ostl6'

cruA A$b+t a€,11+

iloora,roiruaayp dr.Xe4

G\ia ) s\Dltfi , wry0hlrr,tg$trsq

$msyu*o ft(prx^ ^?erPe^Au^laMAwcfnontorryrnng

+tag[t^ i\q^{o., o,'O 0r6"te0} fr er.[+ 6ottra*o $rce, n^+bc a{iua

o\rnokw\toalqgS{tl^cklrra

- l.lrno doMo(, e{ rv{alttil}r^Ia6- fuJo etuq\e wut Dttla^Ifd ut emlta

i4+Zawauf,r.,.e,a*

-Dq^ldot< oml\k*?A b{ ores lvhvrvt{

Frwl.Ajv0\n+t.t9?tn6t lP for'l*uAre^n, ot+ta

uJrry4 A1PShared by Benjamin NgOn owlcove.sg

Shared by Benjamin NgOn owlcove.sg

/ am. poo / wntc\rN$ .

"^\rNls . ll"7 / o rq / q IsEa /N!rr{t$"q'

TX* 2<E ttZ t rz3i9pi h2it Elz

e, d &n e

2br:e{.2'}a-

lll

T7

-ciEX"EEELZPE<a IE?J

,T:ti3"vt*sl

"'1G1.4b3" \.*

aY i^*'LE^'

',"lr

,bq.*

;ir z?e4o!^a !'1B o . ugff

.*7..-"er:r^1:r_P1 ng ?=ZE€u o.-

s?

fo-B

?

Ectr{u

/slv,l3t<t4tF

d9*9ala<79 P,t

='"+bt tet d-*al o

'i'. E

.o@e J

i'a ?g€ t

z'siti', zi,E {71*Z i2 fiL^" E

49d,

Stt-a'l&iia_tq?EEF +-.$

+aE

-gc.)tu

,n?tc

9^q-1

Lov'$*otE3)Iz61P \ *a i\ L8 E\ -sslv

\ 4J4't\ ZZS?

? ii€' .z ?estSb 3 €L:6LJ3.-Lo^ee e g " ?zv-'€iuh-2i-b*E*u*,

i; 3f.i-E' i 1{;;/\ O I

- --l I rt/\ir

\u-4'--lioi ' EEL,ZSlj o.o 3 ?

tcu),'

v7o9-fl

€'a-o-ek9Lnitc +gOJ72tt-7t2gHtr

zE31Y*{zi4

(2I2fro

tc2-sxq

4.Z

g{sfi*81,'r, aze-'l>

sE-3t)3i ?i21u1 +r E';',/t €

$

\ ( / ,/..*

?Z--"-5 ------------\

i--=z \( ;B E>x

:, e, ?i :yficE'i"a -^ ? e'

-?. azTu?) 'r'

+

U -E=

-G,rr-r =c)zLr, -r'El

2>EtaiEs?

tu..+Ezr*"1,-4e

?i zgoE

o,l

E*aI(,

iE,5Etax,t€

I

+ elEiae Y"r H: Zl-6 g j I8,a

ttI z.'!( "Hg\ t /^9+

\ lr*F", tgL y 'z3r

2i^ /, 9i gE

s

Sdas\,j)tirit[i.; t

L' Ei s=-E ; ?E

E E'9- E. 'p/E(*\ 7e -2 s{l *\€ E €gil Eg * g t -€

i I 'i,= ,;\+ ]jrir,,i I \€

UE-\i=- I; g {iE *E u*i*Shared by Benjamin NgOn owlcove.sg

Shared by Benjamin NgOn owlcove.sg

(u(l,

=(uNFcnz.cEd'ea)EI

Oror-{(i.)

I

o6EE

o.Fg

l!€(u

5PtJ5LPtt

ouShared by Benjamin NgOn owlcove.sg

Shared by Benjamin NgOn owlcove.sg

€ E? - Es

/rarq'r,wr1"orp"Ic9.)(\pn,+s.ira)/4\q/ql*0/Nrv,rvrNrq'

9L t ,3=,'. i- z 7

u{?b r,?e: ,*qWFrfllj e 1l i:?; ,L

ta,a i,.!? S {, l|fl* \u, EE_ *i.s 3-,E sa

1r,'1i 3'rr"sil

) *Elii .il; EEz L'i7 i i,F^\{,1::*l .5"r, i.,E,i

zTx, ?=tr ?rffifu# l,s7:g 1*2;{?1i<.

,2, \ s p?, r|Wfi'fy ftr J? r E€y;;bl

ze,lt 3 -t g; *n=- u}#+ \2,,8','11*3;?

Eu{" +ti. "a*rsruluAi, "B 'N€i

1s'r'zE E:

E} i,\"* \gy {l €, ,Z:,r*{,r \-,1 \,'

^{ trr;';E 7{ \ Ee ) 3*a1q ,,Err $

g* t^Fa ,--*' ! Z z i:A 'fiisu'f**

Eu"( / ,1,\E *iuz \ r.'Le \a-

a"F, !fl. {= 1 'rE+ ) 1-L- y*1,)r E.e?zlEz',rul1

(r,j A ?ug21 -b er'

d "\l/

TliT'ii ?\Ts; "-fil;il 1#rl1rr.+ ; ., a zs-aLrl o: EegShared by Benjamin Ng

On owlcove.sgShared by Benjamin Ng

On owlcove.sg

/$9'+r1rd/rx,rlf,rry. ?il\p(utS. Trlqlq /1 r5bu/ t{rwvlNlq'

q

E({-)c'1. e uC5oQ-LL !

$- t: v , *b -eY? i73vAX1*

3^4Y

tyAb&d

o{0".4&

4494€ILAh-e

sr

?s$6

1I,booc$

(x

.'e_xie3(.E

{x

-- 'esZ.<i

\B

s/

Eos.qc_

-r-Eo-Daii -s

t t-€ I

\e \ giEs E \ l * I i:r* \'z ir/1,3r;2"- ig !?r.E rS.5 ( g,^

e? [:tnl

L ,H:2 i *.? \,

'\ I r1o iE ie;+&:y:eZ i**Zii trr eF!

^ /\i lnnlu 18,lg

iz g 3r?'-* t?Iu ""1 *lf:1 gf\=,i lXlh

'-I<t---'\ S \

\': c*\< a " I I

7, -.u '* ", t:1" E Bfu_, .f S

A,T,/\-<\s/ g ! z ,

.ot t 5: z

iii'--; ,;z *'ib't {i l"zaE.Ei,z rduz^E'

|f= 5- dr gI=-g f u.U

t/\ *B% u -3-"

?,bY\\: l-; \ e ? tL2" gi &.

2'91 E 3i g

' 9*4 yI6!

-6

2Ph.N

q:,

I{,!nie4-6- Iai+9I -cCJctA LDr-v ol

-gH J*> \f-g'8EgG

rc66-

3'"=lQ5zE&!:Y P,Lfr l-pLA)*(

EI sa+29<Eoa? f s*

'i3=aO;;?

oj0;, a'I6?e1-^Es1 d,#.-ctga

I

aCrE Z itd i "i, >30

€,z0<Je. 1

e€u. 1'oAi Fs

-.p

lc E

=1i atsdqOaEI .s,d

2's"V)s.-\ \

24

c

2

',vlo+6

,(^

g2tl

-_=!,te+3

tE€toIo,of5

ELo

?s4

EI

1EI

iI

,fr,3o"E-o oAEf &Ez.gt45V-pl -yi vEa 3 s#

AqEE; E *eET E d

N ?;L'€;

g

E

-ot LEE 3

€ie c eo

;EE i $'-ets.UW

:rh 4'o- ;\i,5stY$f-Y z'f\:{ / / tE/ ,ue Z8il si iz

t \---l\\

\),-hz*!i Ur

*-4.uJ' sa G,

Ig-"9f^ '*-- L^ot, 2

cfrFIt_"lu, ?g# rr

& ---.--..-E/t?\ 3\

..\ \E \ \8,? \ ;igi \ 56

,t \6s \?i Bt \--8i-r,4.'i\nEV ic

I b

Az2

fl*;BtceP-.95"

Shared by Benjamin NgOn owlcove.sg

Shared by Benjamin NgOn owlcove.sg

STnrrcItKE ( Rtn-tcAnoS

l. Evrdtntc ,r\ ONA as herrdttcrg rndora\

Gn(hlh s Tnns tnrmotron Exptr,,n "t\

-) prov\( oF anurlknown hcn'tob\esstrstme

->no\ po\y sar:&ronc\t ,not protrn-) S-hD*otoCCuS Pn{ \ t^DnV\L

-> s- slra\n 'hrr cr.lh " vtrrrlar{ (upuski\ (

-' R- j,arn'r"ot't r";; nt'nvrrrrbn\ n"ntopg't"Vilr t\

SanrP\q

Z, S\nlc\rc of ONA

Eornriltsvr 4 nu(ku acrd

DN'A d\UtL\il\x

dlr$\t ht\rx -ir*tskrrds csr\aftNi\tr €adn 6tr( tbo$ omYru^alU to (un R ,h"\qcr\ DA

SiraJv a.t adpora\tcl

1 Ur"t"au'4tsu-l1aAt", L Jn,i.."*1,Y]Ill'[nonu.oorr*o*,$,ffiH,t;,;;i.

-+

ons(o "tt+rfi,shftnrq pn(,pt)

L s.t<^n wo.r tosoX. on'tttmttc

*HrH"tJ.r'ls{d hAYL

l\aht.r- Chaq Exrxnmurtffi DNh \s \U hurArto,swrt<'tal

+ v5( dh lxct<ir.pkgt T2, rnt<cts E. (6\i (L^bd\od)

-> ((\oocN( 32P + ptu4r DNA

-> radut<\t SS -z phcp pn:lil,rn

->PVr,qas a{lowtc\ {o tn(cd'e"($\i s($pteSshcnnq frrus o{ b\o(.r sc*xtt( bdu\^(dBcrt\ p\t'f trd)

-) or\r'$e -) frttt+ -* bat4uq\ ,.rrr ]t.t,d lor orc\toocturrl

-->\PvYtdcfit -t Pottrq tr,a\ J

bdcf-, f ($p) - radroadrv\ rn pr\lci (5,a6ud + or.rXUtv<\ e.oo\

bricfr z (5 -,aAr*ar.rrt5 rn.srgrndon{ Lp\t potrm)>pv\a(F fwrh ,tr\ rut enlr cttt

+ v\ra\ DNA ornaA qendtrrnfvnetun nlts h$A aI\ &tnrlttrt<iron

Awq Elw,rr(ts56"ifi[S trv'shrvnml p(rM.Pti tS DNA

r\ trdrrnrw\ElW$0ft\"' -r- hi i;d[i fi

-J)t',i, L' p'4, c,{Y^h gc\rat u tYcr<\

(ro.n'sstrrn dpd add"A to 'Rs\rqn^

+ ong oU *s q^\\t of cotswyenEltrmc\ton

ri)[onds<s ExPmw;tt-a Hrot hr\tdr s-St(^n expcerc\+o F\t(o5( ,\tr8 ,

(rdro4!t, ONhst,RN^5e

5 nUd.tt Rsom6r+otst tur tnns hrma\u'n

+ nftsn*pt, c*nrf'tn"'tonnotton q* frt

fu- oil- \Nth DNo*p- + DNF rt {trR{tAtv$tneAil

oXE!'dltl_'t (n n C\omsstwro\ (Poton { 0NN) An \)S$

+hqhw\r-\obo\tt sioloilrt) of DNA' r",i*a-"*t" " na'Jc^cr'cS tr'ucrt*t,':il:*;f#"il,i5"*

ratc o( drggptNana t: vtrs \su) '- - " '- - ' r'+Amo,lyd o[ ots A rs (snst.fit (\. o\\ ((\ts N*?'tn n sW (t( 5

.>QvraDl aamct$-> csnsirnirl of Dr'tA br^s. cs)pc6r\t0n u ft\tn ^ EtnL\+ m[bans'4\\(., 6n or(nrsmt Chr.ad{ts*(cs

{krt'srnhe^tl .inA *a\+rn or'tA

Srt\ntltCantt-ca,n{ed d,-bt\t\ lrrt{" \c<qt ntmb<r

4 hgoqcn bdnils

- yyl&rnt*rn ConstO* usrll^ of 2nrnj - .ssdrci \^I)NA RD\l(<h6n

-> tr,sr ga,,r,.n an'ont st<mA

Can Ac\um.r- laasr stq\l^tlof \k* o\tv s\orYd'

'r-------r*-l-_--j + b*rtr +.\.,b.:: oy rt* (oNA 6r RNA)

| ->.rbst[ 0H $INP ^1 2 (At\Gn

tI

csnq\rnaatgbot flurr'5L'q A-r/uPY'arrnltr<- ', tt,*t

+

- nulg:trdr momow{s 6rr Ai(rc\ as &sylrtrotudcsrilt tvrQhcDhd(s+SDtrl6ilc.ttt!(msDhrshdtastrbr { Nr\h doH c^d 6[srirul nucltr\ttt LtonkN6\to^rtadro'lilUfiAe v\omontrs oVL af,\t(\ cs dtSylttlor0\dc6\S( -tYt$ttaphd(S> Uptre6nc<tt tvms phrshdt€stg r!rn[ wr\tr s ott ent of crrrul n.) tt6l tu\ ptNohdr. af\rrs as p\ ooheoho\\ mo\qc.\L

)6r*iv*Ai."trqdq.r di1 rrnbmtsd sugorphq:hak baclb. . +o\+rrr.A"$ d.nxlrrburt ai Srsptatt+'aAdd froM :r (frrt,hq:pyleto t. 3, rnA ((v61"g,6ty1;

t \ri0aosornechrcrrc\tn {.tUn"Uak on ostt\

durndrr tsn-t4lb,p, Dl\tA gqnistsrrtc orb\^tr ]ftlpr

alt,i tr's\s.t prr\tus (octnrd ftUl,n4r13,y141*?hntsnt + *nr\\'q Yrcsrc' wt ARt - roni. i.tt.rt rt- - -v( phcsPhotrs

h-$"sit\otL\o.\^ \rn\<v oNA io nrrdtcssrvt

)Grm nrqg o( sx rM\rso,'^t.r I=)rrsssc,oti tst+v *. hvrn 30ntn 166mdtn

Gtrrcn * ,X',i.*n fovn o[ DNA \n h\n{rtdt{3

(r\s

hydroqrn bsnd,wrl=)furnbast pars -

C-tr AH\ru\5A-1 2H btntt5

Ckv\mos6((stooo..\ Asrra*r csr\ fst\tvz+'OrDad a\\ Chnrnr\n

rnt$ art'i of &s\rctlAunm d0$ru36t^.|

Lroobar tntt$ dtrsroo

ILsoga Ucnr6ms

3bnrn sA*nttds 6\As rrrto\uP5L\trna. Aqrrcvt) at\odneA ttnrti -hrsto.t sca(h\drnt l)r!t\rs

) 3s$n'^.r$bYr-

+so\r\ItrnrriaV

- ltllndnr\tc drttrrb(Gr arcl

fn.sptr.tr pr$..ta o'*uls-\c\rptnbrc brVs ] vOrrrtm.s ) --, ., .

th rvrtvror othtlv ( h$opr.ob'c t slotorlt\j

L . ' t'ntatr\rons)O&$ p(ra SlrrcktA 0.:A aPq-l

36oo\n r lo bp\,lo s"qorahsphate b6(kb\,u )\r\ cqi6\ sQa(cA) 6qjl6qptrt (udr,&rp)-) trrtns r qoo\tc L1rNrrN, st\etrtsli)

E>..

Shared by Benjamin NgOn owlcove.sg

Shared by Benjamin NgOn owlcove.sg

3. DM Rtp\otvsn - -It( Con(($

Sqni -cq'D?Ya\t\,8 mtch&nkmNrrN DNA mt\tts\rs hGrt ort pnnnt'\ stranA a'c\ohr rl(N\S sgnrrhsurd &rttt/ str,{ .

Xrn6c\s6n - Stah\ Fxpvrrwr\crk,'. Paftr\&\ oNA Lc$d\d \^rth'rN

E.6\i c\Nnd fu qanatrons tn q.".rA'rm t'rfln t'Nlncorpu,&.or bFSN rn\o \lt nsdr\ir(te5

tr^s : tronst<nnq t fxlk4 E.6\i +o o.mrirrrn r.11nh hNC$\\)ed istth trght ntVqrr

{lnt r Br\racion oF O*n 6oc,r E 6\i tw qatr aar<rdrun ')

*p6rrd DNq L* ehq ont qu(,tro/l 4 qorln ({6ft( t\o qu<,rdru 4 qowrCn .|

4. DttlA Rt$tutttm - Ttr prrc:

]0.r,<*.,4

Natson -Cr,t\<\ hr1 po\tu5 rs

-tr.rapanntd s\rardr se*ric bq bnakr"n H'loon/s- l1h:Jqlo$s t s.+thgdc ftr syrr\hrlL of rrtu,r pr\nrc\rshdcchc{o- enzJflt Lnk tc trsc\qr\rd,ts

) 2 r&n\rrJ rn5\1a\6 of ONA

t23(rstq, Att

oN Jrrntrwdt^tt->oNA ce\t.vl oe

'sNst.t,tf ,hdoflqN sta'd

d,s\nqrsrr Dt\A dos56 - dusv CNA sp" Au^n $< tubc

llft:\ltl* - \qht< bt'A ctosqr\trt{oP

Ctntn5n.L*

-*dffis,tp<rarlc rrM sirark a* lhc,onqtn d'r@\i coC[uro' ?npltra\on bnbb\t:--+ar-____J

0A\ lptcrhc huckc\rdr s6{(^rrA'l rvh (us nrph.,c\a^.robrukbs^a)

- cddn c^d of bubb\ forms np\rrtron 6rk ----------+- rc[\rto*ron x brdrrrrhuq\ tb6lh dr(ct$ns)

Pltkalsins Ertkcqct:S\nq\r OBI il\\\rolt 6R1s

" ffr6rynilttrd,q.ur*:/br$ttrs

\n'. seatron 4 nAsinnA-tus. orr urrrmdrr\tnt d,{pkx

[{1a51 brrd 66 moltc a\u/ulh$ra^dbrcok. H ktrvl.s rn Pn5+te ol'JA1P

'.pa(ztt pa(/It s'lrznd!

\'n *rs S\cior\r<c- S\nl\ts\rrrnd JS:raq\c sftrtn(tA. Brndtnl pruurns

Df t r'cak rt-Onnr rr\rnor -'P^td( %DNN 6\,i a"1..,tt*^ tnnr nuc\<ckt

{"s.tnrrr. n[g1st6gr>n frtrr uvrr,lnAqlnu\r<\ ahtaA { frt h"k+opEomr@sd $'z,Stg crtrfu -\rorirttt sv.1|e stro^il(( n(k0\\orro srqn(r{ 4uncril Asd.x bNtr +o sort/t\wxnA 1n{att straru\, hxfarl rt-s(a\t1gj

ihttt'. Drrmv.,uttA p$st .,",n-;;;rlffsuilrhts,5 dt nlvo- can on\ stact fum prt<xsh\ B6t1 <ac\

A Porhon o[ un'qo\^A partn{ DNA servr e.t trmD\atq6r pnrrr-r (trna\o ioAyr omuoo*ac^x b6t( 6.ou^(

- KNA pnnret Gru\ysts \qh1g'ot i o",Frrlr Prrnr.G( cv\rs(s JQh\l5ot J pfip..oun."\rtbonsdta'\t\r r -ts (04fi(v({ RNA pnrntr I "' 't*-' -'

- pn$de 5 fnr :'$lcnA {tv( fr$ pO\mq'a5r. con erctnc\- cvtt$€.\\ q$atd. B DNA I

{u.nr grdtvs,, d da.roiltv.r S\rrzt\bastd on t*rplrt"rrl^l@ tht s\rvtd, rss{,rULi nqdr$fu 5

DNA P\\T(lase t,\{&s vl 6. 5' ts 3' }rrc'rrour cn\I dN\P \s:rr pyophrsghdumc\rr"\r 1.*qI ftttn *rssoh. csttr btru{ *rn 3'ttl arA SbhosPYr<tt / 'II {(((I\ *\\sph..sttr btrut *rn 3'ttl arA S'ohsp}rctt /.

0^qn*"' Utli s ry6Vrs rzrA ln oPPos${ d\ct^'rrtr, Sm\ d.sbr(rn"qu

LeAprsG3tnnug

lA(rGvlGqq$D

{r6plUn r: exg66ad 3r +65;'. ctft\lo\oArstoucras np\t t n\rrn (urk

srvilt B$A prmrrrr<c{dsyndusrzd'al 1 po)*.,."\d.

f,sftrovrt ttzqthcrjovd Grsyiwrs

.a.

dtsrsrtrnort<xn\Wsr".d or chod t(}qr\ntsi' *o J ,crqavrst a,atton- 4 tork

-- fs*fOrdvl-'-z 6.^s (',s\ ofrz.ki kqrnur\-2 6rms Prrsu -

.L

- zfltt[* {sdwsvru'n}.,n1

al,

0tYxfl nmsvua lNNtgasr' v.a - fornr phsV\rt\rcJtq^ lEvt\r

6tmudra*,np\aa{ -----> Uot* &,q*v*Sb0 ct\N

- P + dqN)nsaqnitr{( crd ttrm nuDNA

-c+RtrlOftruvprrpnmqfDNhprym<alt h[ S"P

5. E.Jdnvb'rn^\n vs

- lour\u oad<d- \.s dn'd,nyA-Loopd doo.ans

- S\A \ansono\wY.\\s ac\sr.

- Ftdcanrtdcj r n O\ L{^bb\rctrtgar{ut cdts

+Cft{tvh 4etC rxpftls,rMl

HtltoQrrowrct\n- \t\\r bo<h{- h,qtr\-v 'tot &,"1lr\- rrcio\rl ci\txr pralons

->rrtrt 6rvad tb\hrq- 1n'rsctrphorv^lll trvit\rt- twrtuVrl^c\ rir adyonr(g

tr.d -\t\omrn"- dus r*f *ort- u,rdtrs,<d +hro.q\b.A \tte

lvd( 4 (dl

Shared by Benjamin NgOn owlcove.sg

Shared by Benjamin NgOn owlcove.sg

qENE E&tEssroN. T}lt\'(&\NoN t.I?.ANSLA1ITN (EU$R\0rEj) W ll

t. The C,r*r*." *a"i4au ft nrrues ( rue t9dst6 ad&

,"I^pte+ code

- ekh uRttA odr{r^*$tsea on srrnnt nu{ m0til\w\de dr.rwr ool(rslrtt 3 00lAE{^1\,s

N{cotda bfr$s-ftc\ q 43"M odons

- sttyt cod$,\: AUer (d\rt 6{15 gy bQ]|}l\oh$e)

- $N! odons: uqA, hAA,ulq

I.CoAStrc ou{e tS hl$,oSt Ur\\wrso,t

- Sfti0 t{do\ q,e(lfiel)fu +\t 80\ I\s O.[r.lrl0 o.dd

Ir\ ft^q u{qtr(te(

3. Gustro ailo ( de$lcYoqo

- onq I onwroqutt sYt 00deAfuV\q'st$+ct0d$\

!dlq-r\eih\ot\\1Aa UtU -tqptphavr

- h\0$ 0\III\A\1^,! ltq(s 0irs odd {r Ulrt,uvc tunurc radovt

- 0$ctrr codon 0q audes oropwtrcular ar*w ru{

4" CoQttr, o(e rs av*{v\\rol^S qMd !16$-6,AMttFx{

-etq* &lfon d$nu ttro veadwq{vurne {rmM-e[0\0dp{r^1 haot$ rp[d al o,t\tt r$ilr,

g*St4rwchsvr

- no eh?t\ t t rrutteohdcr

s. U{dd0\0 SIO $rtxowr{,novr oq,u0rg

- htgroilf{r\$ 0.rrds aros^rs{sd. 4dqell€vofeoAsv\s *foruq rvr {he, },{ psttrtrt {b[ro

- ll\ s0r^Ag ctrttg, 0t s\t\$e IQNA cqn rcuoqNrr

.I6Y twtc of $^ut 4q$^{Yd, ordMs

&alrt7to, pha'.q\aratrv!9 *.Nih h\!it avfi oJdt!4

U- Alr.:a.-E, i+r{al*i g_i Uorl/_r

d-u(0-, t s'_uur^-3

- \,b\q\$\^ ( USU't^lbnSe-porvrtnq vrrrle.s ut 3rdr

hwtrcltilg ut r ^uorr

tg cet\eA 'woloblcn

- fieuqo \vt ?rr4b0.A ( O,ootorrqur,rfUfwrrvol

St\\ prut enwe*Noytoffirrnot n $uuno{iir.$\o q$d r\ 0\ !$t$h

(q{cr{trrutffi0u)

1. -ltrwrgortlhtvt

+'liefro*:* \ \"rhd!\ [ co'tt$lx,t*,rari RNA m$er,ta\e rc

h^o.AS twJ| e ti4$t{c re4i,,u,1 q tue. DNn h,ri\e$*{.

+ RNA s,qtie$e$ rn$h{ UrA e.r tr&pia.io

# Ts,r,rfltts slvnvd (q DNA)

-lvunsrribd I wdr,vq stlut(- c{u,q\g$r0ht{hl1! RNA qB$^.6-

t'lm-tu,tltote sttmaa

- h\rn-ta.t{scv1b€{ I norrodir,g ein'^4* ek0.0t eau\4 scqra^@fls Rt{Ar exqt $qh{ue, rr1

h.t& q\SEd wltl,r uaul ir.. RNA

iiihrltffe t h q04s

+segruurft o( tr\lA v{t$A tlv\qte. hutleoade lkftro s{quu^.sthot c4es W a. \r^v.ibilo./ RNft hokur.\e I poqpHi6g d.altl

lx*iote,v CoJ,,,q y%rrv1 &vf,ipl6t.rt qt.

- SEr^o^.s ,{ t*.\A-tl44r E l'vhhErf1k* i\It\ E\A

- qu*tce ryoifl$ ard {rtorsrytrun

+'tsq!\fi0 $lrtlird + oo{rq rt4w* hrtrxya,

!^pti*, lg tf$$,!er'ot4

l.le'rtq}!q\&te S*-n!1d s prxrttv, -ft'IA

iq, st,

"{pTltft11u ard " rhwh*re*$rofire drdlq Yddloliti {ttf,,:lt +f *wr$*'eo1$et8/oq M t'ai E,clp tl*h{

h$t'lnttutrun

l- 5 Stova\ lbtrat *unqonvfron {aoors (p$otuns) to,rrd

t phurtei/ tqu\r. Rt{A ttt\iAarNr, rt o$nil^Uq qt yx!ilfiertl lwwl

{mnrsonpon $ll\dlil^ c/olt\isr

6. NA ttubtc-l*rx rrrrvu,tdt {uo tq rVO htdrhq,nan$rlpltru

h$nc ft sl0irtstte0rrtn'^$6a $t[hd

4. +1y$ I nlfi\rrilo0$de {n$$phtrt{3 l0lhtd ttlhu/ ilffwth

{ommtn "[ ptrolptocto Wa ddpr{ \ nA fl\rucnc I

xq J6r,*n qc+g

Rl\Asfl\uq- mtto\^s iltt0E$l(d bCt*t^{sx0t^(

- t€t$S^$ ( bilrA rad\t^.ttw$$pFaO,a r,ut

cd^tt{\rOtS

- Fc-lf,ll.lA Wd$r8@s c$rtr.to4tu cnrto ruatrrre,

lwrtttur,\ nRI.$

- rtrttmvts, cys ror.r0vod, rx0Not 91,[email protected]$lt^gy

bg sp\ensoruee

l, *to*nq r? ftNnnl srrb,ilrttr of srrlNps

1 latan\\ v\uct{0lr nvronr.\chnp,$eWl

l+ aadn ortNp corttrrns rnRtiA UAfoUras-q\eosome gUhur$s hhA 1u eltrqtlo sequ{ {caa,

oil.rhtq tnto^ h trnp otthJoyd t0 $y$ aPNA \qil$f

- $t!l! ors lowulv* qot& \iei{^ov, loolh*tre

B' amAC gflrp, gtot otcu^t, Qrov\e aileqival{t{r\ qfff,d,^oi

- tv\Aq\A rq RlC0r0il u,trdrUrO,maEd,eqvnao{

- \dm\rs of ftt?

4.TY0tlv\stq\$-\hjo r?lothkhf\ rV,fE r

l. Cowcct wrt\*r !:fiw *Rlt( 0r\d 0trr,T . : tu.ril

:. sYvort irt+srr,[r niurn]. tslA ort\ruodqn. (lt1i

*rRt{At-o{orn

+ po\rlyEtrdo 0{^0(,?1 cr",!l1hgtr( l,1!l!rt!,r.sRh 0,{

ts*?\c{e

Tn{\St{hr PNA

- c\wtlv\enf :D I ero$dqx{st\,.cture,

L-$^q$d, 3!l to{t{0.Y\,i s\rci^vs (t'{awrde)

- 0Nm(0v\ + brvdstD \ts q?s4rc covrltct^s^\oq

rrrRNA r.odwt vt^ rduqle,Mq^1il,r{ !a&-[nuru1

- 3, CCA s^d, + n{tud^ r,i\aat tr syu(rc ourro o{,r4

S,tnthtw,- W\roC AS mr a{nyw &nighlg ry\ 1vA}{s\3jrsr^r{

hrCNff n*diqsi{, YVt^Ntu iNr arrr,o Atr,i

*{*.arce 4 fo\tp€?n(? oteiq

- tt{tilS?ry1l frr,,ii\0 afid( rh tqi0lir.f'li $ rrhg*rgi

1,v grqlopt a* qntre,ors

?*heor,^es

- J Slbun\B, endn mrrtntvrruS rxM otrt/ryntuns

- st$q\\ $br,.r\t (+os) +budrnn srle SrvrtN[- lovqe subunrt 6oela t hsdrtqertotktRNA

r' hFdt\'$sl[ettc (Ps\rs)r +8$lA c^ynltqilc $10"rrr,6 I*h{WFde el^4rvr

1' {nnmoc$-iilriA srk, tA s1B)+tRM'mrluq h$ft o,rrrrr$ ouA*o rro ddel

a-txt+ stte (t j$e,)

)drsol^qv{d tFNA r \enus {Ug y\b&ytr0

Srv',rut[wtoW tvaraglo*roY1

- 3t&&v*l rihaioit\4J cdr,1 *{t4ilCttis $vwl eue i+'ltlq

4t- t\e Sfiir,rf fl$,\a, regirhllt\n Stq]q4 frir]r1

fr.{ f\$[s6ya04

- csd&r.!g flUr,scf,Iltl1sra'"i pr,96le tte O'rA

e,$6adg rel}o$l,i"iie1b.f.r{,'t*wq*.

- ]i{T tlTrnti,r,ire'*

- {6i6\r1( -,diA v]i]. its b?

uqs11€ab1.fo&tky sti

{rt' h"rd.'*q S" Ai{ue'*t- d:ial*tlrrner t!ir.o,rt4 {rl

i.s$*.1-.dr d !*qrt $rtri(;,r I'ti,lliiir* Srrn"i

* gustwe\ Xo,rec- oirado a,ntuto 6ctd s{4ut^ttc, t\tYt/\s ttR{A

- tto\S0riloa4 \ RNA Ft{r.troso ll

liorr-ttu5rr1ta1 8u,teS- trot 'rrult\sldlod, 0!ge tr Y+Nfi, tRN[, $A]dA

-1v4ns0Y\loQd \ RM go\usnso I

Stqe rr €\ou6ftiNv\

t.nNA poqi\sr06{, t{wes d0uq1e&{$&t0 ol,l A $YryS, w$v$3tg

o1tllta1g lrdi$, $,t(c' +\,trttlollrftv\\lrbblC'

:. Tun$6o srrrnd rlted us t{$^$otstrr mNi Pduq*,RNA fdh1rsereEo

[ 6dd-x +s, nbrtrt,icterttile5 rn nuft.oghlmt

1D fiR 3'q^A 4 t or,lrn{ BNi $otoq^te h{ c$lr1lstno{b$l

MP-?"",nt

3' Tr0t\cs^\5lth^la*huroyq^i,r1^)ard\\ E + d dl4*rsvt,

ptryuwned qortrtu. o{ RNI Yr,o\Qrilto dtStlt'/rdot tvtr4^

bNA- tr[o^rg t]v sttltlitlgtl\qsw tqr\(\,vrftt\04 d hq1+

slYo11d at ill}tA

4. St0r60^ DNh stuMs hh$^a tt0it\gt'r Phttriililetet\^Yh trJ {outdo-hel\x stn&t\^,tg

:

S\qqe t' '[wln^\h&ho^

I . TyonscnP(g\A ltwtes*s u.lltl ofrw lllAF\\'t^em.te dtolN)Alel

a tsw\MoJh0v t{trqM0&, c^dt' 5tv a ?\aAen$t$tonsr0v,Al tt\ ?tshrBNAlYonsllYt

(AAUAM)

1- RlrA 1itr$S0frF /prcrnnArC amued &ryo$c w{{hg $ybvr$^{

INA d^0t'1, 10'15 bP d0$n$Y00s\4

Yo\qdo\\(t1sn srq[d 41uq^(e, ]r\4 yloiu$ Nhld^

o\j10il0t0 h$n ?,knNalos\t0 oild tr{t {kQ, RNA lrav\scnpl

{to {wwr?tt{ P\urmsc

3. hgt- ltqnsonPh$na\ Mu{$cntbn / $lA hntesqr!\rt

5'eaYPtn{

- 0qws w!*\Q- frewr$lth3 s1\\ hrhttyor/rs0\nb00\, us$q,t\Nh0l tY0tr\Sort$ ts o!-lE nteleshdoa wt tq,qU"

- 1 - rnt\X\6rronm\ho l\/\o\eurlg

*,uicnuurg:

l. nouoqvttsA{ \uq-hndr'ir1 lrilutqrc Nhrei,r avevreedd

*o. -Fotsn extt { tr,t'}.}lA{wwttrur.\tng

- trrdtqt vrboguho trlrahstr{trtih

r. I\mtects lfl\RfiA$,tw\ Aeq$dr+'wr \ rrutlonse-r o.rd,

fosphfrtfiscs &tnuq ttrt $ulrn v\ud$,$ t0 n{to

1'ara

d po\odu$o*rrvr- td! (Al *ar\ odtad'urtanrrdd,lvl 3s^e 4try(a^c{, lo^f tg

ad.Ied q^a$^r\rM4w{ 4(r{^/ fre1'4RNA l( 1!0}1s0nb0il

- s1tu,q ( u{Mne nnotr.otr4% 0$ 6r &\d, t00-)t0

hrde$dla\n \e^,ql-

Sncu'o*g'

l. Prqi€d(.jr$$A $,"d.vt( dqvadattor' \ h'1&o\qY{'"lrv'v*ea

r. NtSld. ftv Ytt!0v CIxt sl $irNhtdi4 11rt\0t{S

s. 6t{Vir\r€S mPJ'iA {trryv,olslh ftv*kerts

ort

Shared by Benjamin NgOn owlcove.sg

qENg EnBt&\oN I rEANsrS\proN E Tali.\sLB'rroN tB^r4RyoTE() trrr U I

4.Tra'ngto*ttn ftou$il

3raqo t, ffrrri\wo fua fuu,rocrrn+ oq,i^Y8 oltttirwng\ rn {^g e^lNt\fftw\

t. Arttnonotl-t$lA-sgrthetare cil\a{tt,te lt$\s firr{ho nf,dst$ cowqt SNAtedn anrupao{f tlNA-*thfio*hce, on\ }fr a g}qrffc o$rhluqwr of ortlrno octo\

orrtt tRM Nfi a pffiulor oftHt^t4ovr)

t. C0\,e\qfito\todl/$v\qft lc6!d. qr^\\o turd-t omA t$\4 catt$gt hrlh*t^ohu&,t\ns { 41}

3. R[$\iu( omrnoncrtr\ ilNA \<rsleogs{

Stano r' lnrttoiflwl

i oo\.y€S ,,rn*oh uetwet,rv\ -bltih a*tttWdo{ qlvd h&NA codrvt

t. Swot\ nh(ovi.ril Bulourr$ tands ft bcnt^ UIRNA oud A glr€atD il$ofi\tr

i[NA cAwlu{ r',retl,rtvnrue

r. Shrq\\ gulount etqns do$n$veNu q\$Aq mRl\A ramtrl l+ Yeo0ka gtort 0odon

Arq, €qmthh{ glaw of vfivt$oil\lt^

3. 9ilrt (^)40v\ Q$filr\\rh$ tW t?0.d[u4 $ruu,tc ]rrtaernNtA

4. lnfio\tw$NA lrurs tt-bous oqlngqvlac4ov\

E. rrrhllA, lyllhctm tN{A, ot\A $tdl rrbtgouut gubuntt tc ntA$toil {qe'ttrov

$ h"rl0 hh0c0uil.4l sllbuNt ru {run a rmn$ortt0h t[ttofito4 o$aPls(

G.lnt\\ntr tRt{A nov! ln P stt { hboi$^e' vaca}t+ A $e

1. {i5dvdqns of 61P ttruolud\ (uwgt1)

gto.qo 3: S,ogofiun { tqvrStocnt ovl

+ ^l{[\Er

acdg aad.ei t" {-ta.!(,rrual ( trs€d$^{ 644^tt^n oted. uta {lo.?tde b.r{l

fuwro*rwr

srcF l' Codo\ rerc6nthot'l

-h^*tadrn t l\htt^lt^{o'rffiitrollt+NA lap?alvg $tk t ttq('tel^{Ar0n{

lrRNt odstt lYr tho A stts

-ll{o[wh{$g of ert? prU*anc,tqt!\.b\hfi}q 4tBltlt nstt

step r, ftrytdo hu{ fuilotrwr telr.rtolal,r$oaa4r^ctc axd e.lt}$dcct^fit1

- hpttdqtrmwft,mse )€h^rvo&P.qtthdl,t*l {RMN\P s$q (not^ra

&0.0tu14*0il tRNA) , tnrrSFr( tt 1o ths A$tno lud, htrh{ t0 rhO n}.i)

mfidI\ thNA rrr A s$c

- to*\ccs fwu4r$v1og Ffdsruordgtep 8: Tvam6(gg6gxy1

- Rrboeoug (llt/td\ br,RNAu 0!0 hl(l{,'Jg 1s eAil4 otl^$r h4 ot\o 'odilm thg

E'+ tt 4rwd\r / niroSss^e f$$l0uto b1 nrre o{ovt

- DQsaqterd till.tA thtts{ t{$^ P $P t0 E me {r wtme

- lqfidnt tN{A $t{t{* ta \ A u'10 t0 P'$te.

- NeYs hd0y\ o,\$\nNA a40U th v0$!t A $te th brtU$qh $o mr*

0rirurnql IINA.

Staqo 4'Ter.ruunrmonrSt!? a{0, t^,rrors I SnoO{ lthrr&r^,rg

UAq hAA UqA

t. Ra\tftsL to.$sv iY$tqqj brhrllt 9trlt,:*or. rrr A s\t{ rhftsc.d ')t

tlNA

J. Ad4tt1.sv\ q HL0 tuo\sir\0 $St*rr\ uf &vri\o 0${t i! l0$etue d^sM

a. +lqo\o\1ere 4*\r'e amp'.e*e{ Po\ttF-hrle{{\, ,\tltNAin p a*a

4. Fg\sftse 0t Dtrll{Pst{Ao +.rd,'ijll^ s-\(t fiqhg\ E lctv4o n'00(0!l{41 $rrd^!r*

S. Rgr*niwlg\. d 1Yq$rit$al fi.*&,a&+, etl|.ea aPrt auc{ r( vefir\erl.,

5.?ost-lvtvdqnoual pyseq$\,,{ { ?v0tsv\ SOt{r 0

hgt-t\,an(haoyal ms{rtro*rsvt

PotXgepae + q^h4rs nt gr<t?rl

t'?t\F?tuo ilnu $ldg tl? rhh rts uilFct r syecrfic BD c6^ff,1rrxd(oy1

- uuet { rts h{Srophfilc nyttrwo o,cdr ft|gldrr4d t{ t4r0 ir4wir c(4re

- l o'yte $,trtt hys 0t horr- svfllgnr rfttotqohoraj lwusd-r' h\$y,pt4e *rntvimo,ltao deaud lrrtu swfial

\2,!a.06

3. ruqw prtrvrrrotp\ppaow,,t reyer,{Dv"il [@". lY "

q$q swqlt-ruc€aAe FfrArvs rq*rre4tt fiNcrcrr

6. leSui^bi9l covrA{ wU^ ufiAwfottu4 eidrwdt

c. tlaq lao, alywgnme{vro*,rtd b{ ytvte^vl

hvrAC.€S of oilaw pa*er,vr rrtodrftruq arr}{UaOo.

IhrqU*es & su$ysw\q ta adda*,

hottru eouav,6

;FreeY{oo0li ps tlr 0tittDPtalM- sq$to3'to Vrt0$ rtaof Wrnrruravd Cywtha,r efl0d3 rvrt\g o$npnrrvr

btv.vrd nh(uun0,t tr vutaqh E(- Sqnt\e9$e, tratrbra[c-lror^ld\ qiad sohlble ptts{rrs t" &d1r! q^11}rr6.11e e{slq,a.r

lot\ltyt{dps ilrttu4$rertdohrsr4yms a$oun 0r rew?tu4 wg$e.f€4lY A srsrdl Polhds*

Io s.q"rt* ol ^t0 alurno actdg atnolt at{neav N-1a[Ftuo.l, ofI pullpe6uB

[. ,ec"q'rs*a uX n fotuul- RNA ceu,,pi€X] s(gnsf reuoQxrtoA

?avt0teI tsnfl 0.s \t 0n{to1e5 $owr il,rq nhdrme

rtre, Slp tunurons ns on odnDtrv, lonnqs nhtsruro .tb q vEe?nor f,atqn bw\ttrfi! thc ER.tl^0/r1ilfilu

r lo\tqhd{, qhtho$g crvfilrrr,rrr r{O/S, nhd\ tho $ot^r ltrl Ft'{tr?trdg Orar,a

SNW ELlh\',{r{ lt\{re sl$od\A[ q((, vta q Inotqh pprlr H.xirg{hm&r

I oftor hooy*l6te,- rnernbrffuo'syalnrnXyrotUns rltdatra flprflaseedtq ER.rvurabvane \hqdvopwobra

\hlQy9,61n*9 o!. Co\rA\0At A1tfi &$Agw+ i0 $or,tbtat4e [pdg. sshble arli u^rttseffst0yt\,,vutqu ave vzi{aaeA l}t1o E+tlw,,.Sn

) rrrqh E[ Betto.lt{s gtto tdy' adftt16 6 Iwtettt\

ct wholqpvar'c ?'r^1ct' (1t'lf,oPFt9tt^t

&r*,r t f\tE*,- b6u*t",r r vau.uualo{ uu$tad ?"luf.Pt4ra. ,{Stbtrtblr{ 4 h"Hlv*t"to

1rmtc{o4

I ortuo*d Pt*t ttnro.,d,3-C&*

Shared by Benjamin NgOn owlcove.sg

Dr$,,

42?LaF,Z-1. 69r5,<{ "6'{e< -i,zav&=o*Eg-tr

Tr4l..a,,'ru s ? Tr'NSr+q\oN

- lnr\ourrq\ tr\uq$cn \ummouw\

- hwtruottrr,slO\g.r krctsrr - uot"otn3t Asrlo156q, furq prVcaS Srltt\fr"tr*1CrlbrnatoUsnstut(&,,s1----' np\cr.irtvr bsub\c _ ttrvnmaturst\umu.\Inraeo*1 (AtnqFtrud\sdarhrvPlttt t**ffilff*q\o."

- bnArqo(re*ioq,wou.tt "frttnisaauts\tu sutt ' '+to,vlptu,****,*p* tS+X*m.Sm".n SHtrHl-X"tr-BFqPo\.t\.rAto\e6ft\ctl(n -0r^nbas|ll$$im('6\\lt(rEmhA sqn^\s4!$tlo[ prsprroctrrbond. blstx,rat rU*. ]1 rnrnnt.

+UnvrrrvkYr,\rX

Trrrerr*un

KNt\ prottss\

T,t^tt*tr,'

lssl -tnnstttyr^\rnsdrhoa\ul

k'un

pn-rnKrr[

rnKNlA

&nurrAq{ $o.rn

Arnrnoatd.attrottrn

4mu,rsaqA

+Rk f\ts[q"*rrt*u ^rFLoYalrrtbudl

k1!nttnu6$ pn089

lnfir.\wrSIYENt\h$hd(sJ^JN +soto(rc trrr\rdsr {lmrr Unab nrKtVr

Sarr{"frnA h\etnftrto,tRt\A(crm\{tu$!ltxi\n mRNAsfut(sAon

+ tassMnrt:tnr€ttrvrntttc&tq curflo|.$

61r\Arotnn

\lurlldnsL-Stto?tll{or'

ut\C \lqn ucltle$tsdb( bnltthefu"AdA H$\xYHo*rrsu"

nbaerrv,"krrla uyris(nrnt3qfldt' flq{rd.

7nu\1\qvnosrx*\"t ffir.. =;ffiimfiF" H ,^*..,-'*'- nslnu \ d{pbn,lnq t-6,I,ii"r\i* . ffi- "totr.t-rra tsr pua,nsyr6r"5s5- Rrymc\ftrext { n65q [nmvxrt t o*d,,S outrntrqa,rtooA-vWIrR.lA{obtd\trb,sow ftf'ortrrrlGrA/dqcAe4

5'caow.q RrqA so\cnq 3'Po\B(qrrrhtuvt-fr$e'dlvipr1yirb\Ar;.- -$ilnrs$.rET l6-6-Ni-U o&$,c(gdVh\ar\)\.fnto"*A(2o-zrrqgau\)'(sn6rrtpotrm=sr*tw7 otttllicrn^fr1irily;ail*.)

f}{-*tr t".n\oo.arr" q A1r\am\1*,n\durs.s

.attrha N\

\)ntrorsu\&uut&. r.r\h (g& ka/

9snM nrr a[\evqlntsns

gac.hrt +clr,,rtralfu.ku.t

"13t1orqdt,, H,tbnd3tttsos\ f.Arr-nhAn (rrPirtunsffilotu

eto.*ro.r ttvrnsttstrrnrqffi{o a'$Amnudl r"ie*f ua"r 1ns,t ;trP\.\\1u&Qrasa rtnur ouhn rtdttDn \S:rA(p)'t \r.hA(A),'hn\pa,tUtbwv\

f trXmt tnnilusrts$t (!f,vr drsrorr- &aai\NAtRN\+ Ssfi( zrrklSrd-tr$d\ltKtrh + Asr\ +Rrtt- Asrttv^cmA

SH sha\s,Jayt*(4os)-$f.Frfilrard\sdt

lr l p

i q\ \t<gshvrrr (uc) -3t*Fr$^d&tatr\nbsu,c)ff|*tr'""**

0{rrtrFunorrug- Pftfiqn fu[rrrt k'nsotl6c)_ mAf Eri,l{f.lc(

:D crrforr*'in I d,4r/o$ hr- chrrurqlttU k\rpurr1 ad t^ tbt(\- !4OrPan .rUsrrf ltq.uaukr)

- Flot Ut uxlx utvfrbunrtr- hrdsurt1516611nq*(rto(hr

- maa&l\ F"rnkh+*

ftsr56,'qt,.F

tnmt"m,g (p*rru n,lc\h tn qt,etcD,\)hnnAntrcsnrrs

- I$rurrnb(h qnel frwrtdt (nraqnsd )r,r SRp)-S(1hnq3 ftbnrt{o nookyrstin r.nd( '

+ cvn$<srA 0f artvf csknA ii?r,Gr

. -$\qblwqnornq pvtrr5rtrrwradt^rtd+E h(n n U**S(Rttn\ 0wtrrt'nttala lrriD EK tunntltrAqmts

ttrY*6en tetntrl-r'ruoq. 6,4 K1NA\ dOutb\d.f U.,t rn ( FRAD)

- dtqCda3t4 br Cytoair< f$tt rU'rS

\,rDbb\tbc(D\1trnr".lrr

oltr$sdvrmodillq

:t't tnasno{rnsnnArq(tgrc ,

m?sRrtqA.txhurxstr,tr{iilto\stskryphrt1 c$l

I\tu6l11igt

ll\stdsc(^(/t,&.(tdo qd,(furn:dxl o[dtodm-) ctrsqcwr?.4 lzre.

rno'ri\r,t (,rL tu6,^uLlA.

Shared by Benjamin NgOn owlcove.sg

IGGHDffiT0PIC " 01mrs&t$n of lh Eo\<^.gs\rcGm0rc

2. Gs4o{ta S\z! VS $r6\qtcor\ ttrneVxfr5 nottu qcorvts?c =:,tzr cF lra,po$tluurrt

l\aror c\asttr of Eo\<or\clsr0NAtn Hsnwr GrsnO, 3.8 b,q,"n basCpcrs ogpmx.

l. Dr{rhri\ons , Gmovt' cn\rrt omflrn.rd of qodtc rnhtrtutrcn v\\lhv'\ rA 010ngt1

;$:lH,ff:ff* *"61Wffiffi*tm*mtm'romtalt$fli''rrvturn\rnhertud'mrtrrhondna\ su{usvrftuu

+ Chlooplcst Giront : nt

5 Ndr : Errdssrrrnbru\rc'rtroq- '--;t*.;\\t \rk m*otvu\ria a't\ ch\ur$oou l'trdt oA( F Ycyxl

- a,iAsqa 6$A n{o hu{ clts ts tocq otlsgmhuts-n\i\'h\\ c$rdov\ oNA.

Cff,-. m0rt tirnD\tl Orrrttns tnul to kwt tcrqtr qvwt s135 .

\ro. b6ru/r h\4F, Lkyot6, nt grA q"q .*. F1"-* rytt s.!" mdrmrrprut'Xrcne.qfqrh3ttru. nu +Dot-i 00dvq qo11s rrst Unpo.hqul+o bu\rcor\tl"nykg r

) d.rt to ott" t"diri.s.rs+o qtr,<z{r, oyru\ul5. iir e4rrrs14 pr{rrc. e q. a\kwjrrrt sp\rcno1 ,wvtru!\r\ psl-tr.n6kirona\ mrdrhadton.

f.N. hqtrtr eouagots harc Ctn qqrrso u.dvr lu^v d,Va9"'*s; ' '

- touv qor dar\- \crryr gupo.*rrm at rnt rqurrc non odrln4,uu

-rN(L wrtrDns n 4n(J- gnod<r popsr\rcn of qorom u nudc cf npzt'tr* &{un1;r.

llIIEPlt*r, cgeqncs^rnE-@ u.rt*("'r.',ti"^.*r,t, puh-vr- Lchrrrqt) r.-G,-n"gh.l ,stena.rrr.1 crt\drrrurorr

r. hctfOChrurrt(,n (drnr) drrvrfosd,rtr, hs{om -w, Ur\ir-w V-,*^rr*: R{(y\ul,\dsstrchromotcrsar \.r\d\tqdht

-hqht$tOr..prr\to\ )rrp.rsroo, oNh {xpr(d )(. -''-' -- u

* hqtrrrf Ag6Cu,rtrt{urrrVr hr$vrs/pr*q6 /{}-lttsrrur1 , \ps O( cYo'trr",Or*'

;,rut,ln$,':' "' l*Y.$*Ht\ffi'ff*q*9*6fiac/{trcfl (tws

-,[*siqsr{rr)\Jt A=f onqf tttto^A''(4lw tobr<qL

z. cr&romdrn-ns\ oi tompacl

-\hgcrrut\ooa\\l ad\c- 'tbtor\s oa

^ ralnl altgttmu-"

Tyor$c(1l\ur.I \$/r\ ! S\njch r\ Di.lN tt(d \:trasc<rtrl cd.

*.t}**hA".tr c.or nm cdrnl DNts

tamuv&,*r,14\l/t(f

l torrrqt p<rrr

(nnlkr,{o+1/1qats1 q"*I -ncrrcsd\rtrJ - nXstctt {crt

rtrorscrglu,o

EtVoN6\L-GqIc)

".\* i.il';t\ <4'ror- ttrt tt **t,

lu, ttrqrtn,.< o\ a todtnn\qw-ptutst

Csb$.tc. !s NhN CtO\NG

-ns\ rtp(lseAl4i m lA's(quotrs \tG{ sPt:'t9ilninlr.qu*'"1, ' s{q$G{ 4Pot(\Artr, poUnn

- r.5,1. o! +dla\q<ou-.-,

I

So\torrr rnu\hqre farn\ruon iti'p]inopro,,\ posorr+lro'nmu'eril'ttbffFJot\h

sjt'l"dnontls'l*.t .^nwGS* *o,t chm\rrn(o. AsPtrad rt 0'$' ctnmsssatts

ANI

--

IPRblErN

-.

E.x6a161 q.,t'-? ciArqnqts{r

erch5

s6$. rs h wrtrnrptrA /.sdrt.rntrruptdvl rll_ctls+9

trittt"., + nmov"I to,n FnA d,wt tggp, ephtwl

J

StmMr stoqrqm erotB

rL ocoar f.ii:twri,ttqttWA guWtsr0ru*\trr c\x ts du"rrt.lrid fnu{o$on,

rdrntrrr,J

ffiffi ;*{l ^8 ffi'l^'ffi,^"llt n run.""

- tU.t tor rBN\ , hs\nts d.nt ru{h) prbd\FK llt Y'r^l) d{Yric\

Shared by Benjamin NgOn owlcove.sg

2.o &part*s &qrrr,trSn\rl.qqltc rvqt&\ ooiA.{qo(.l&s

CEN,IROMERC.-trhrt'trro srfircho{Yg\(t o( iarvi- snt 4 asscn L\ oi Snet"ddr '

0vtlu,r arrdrx ta{ atlorhcs' Rsrtl ts llt mrqsttlnlrso[ *t m*ctrc sprrd\t

,( 5S- tstoo rrgsis 4 t lf l-bp {-Sdtlrt S'rqtolr=7A1 nch

Ultrtrnurc Ao&rt bslnd \ ontoruct6ru/*of Mt*1 Rl g*un.cssrrrt"r.,l, (\r Cuh*rd\rl'^.

*fiffi,xflil:*y"*'

YombUnrnsu ** npats (vurR)- hvt/wqro s<sr\t63 ' + vq1 rn irht no. ( tordqn

tl >.. , ni@*r b.\ilcel1 tndrrdwls

!+-rlte . !,)t-1, ._ al adnsrr.{qrnoe2s' t+(Pct) <l56aP(o<(s ^r t (nr + B{l'po\fncrphr5yn

+rrr(st 6r Dfth fin$pryrtg

2.1 Erno't&^\ea-rng (s%)ako d.au.\trtr Px6

-rrlcNc\s ehoil DNA sGq$(14

- "gloitc( "*5

l-$i(! m*rndr,rr

2.1\niosP,rst \ SqrolI (zS-so{')

-npuuAtg drspt*A thraStnst enltd- qv\0r€

- m$h\s /trrnspo5o.lr[ qt<tct(( ehm(rdr

-(,fl coPy 4d. rnrut 'rrtqnsrl\tr rnAt(l'(oodto'roFSt q<norvt-

- no sFrrhc ttx\d(ch

- c!|.ess,tzl b9 t-og\h (nd$r ltAtvaoq:wrs ,Actofungpt6ur5;

TEloNFREsocrro\ra{ sruc\r\ at cnl of c\crnostrrtd"G'"p*; ol lrriru{t*ui4gsd s'- rrncaG-3' (rnnrdts)

So.rvhrq + <\ \lt qtild{Itn<rrc u\h,3'"1Adt C fr.Vrg'vrA" tytrr& by".4 ih. otrrs\ra,r.d

-hsr\.vt-ontd fusrcn d[ ctttwcorts- frtm T-laop tAti tr\ov\n sP'(rhc pntrro tornpux< s

+Pcrt<t trCs {tOm attodr \ cronvttoSer

-prtuai ltt \otr 4lrr\rt 4ne s{qvca \^$hh tfitr ar ch

dnnmoso* dtc ts aAngtrr-atu,n pobtrzrr.

-curJcrtt tu\@dwL cqt sn e5(l/\tLlf^^f^ tf t lrrnri no. 4 irmG (tll r.l d\!ti\4

- ;I ;.-\ ctrrrtdrt r.*{d T *o*trs b ofitr( \ \tlr$h (tro$ t\w\rrt\t)+ oF$sor\ olropt\sts

b orodrn <rrfl 1r,ak d,nAt rn&ftnq19 vtr. *(ttsrrqaqt

3.O erUrssrct PsordoqCrts

DtrtrA copus ct mgNhs 1t\ar h(.. bonrnurnac,l br,rhfito 1t< qooY {-

- r\ufiq'tn/rc6bdl- Gntam m$tFr fl\st $w\,

4.ouhc\6ttr6t sftorr orq (*I5{'\<s bttolq.n'trqnscn 0* ttn \n\'ts

lYurnr , $orrt ontrq{ trr,nrpsr^bk drm(A{r' urr\n sornarv nwtAur.l 6 btcnc

Nt ru.{}n\aul

AffEnuxENo AEPL\c$ort PsotirYn

- D1h nlfrlar (qrrrcsftrt l0tt ad .

- t^irn RNlPrrotr ot'rqrrtrq\ Okowki Frtp\t\ottC5 :isd rtrrs.rcd r no trt 3'6H Q^d

- dar6\rcr ONA:s\Frd Shart^rd

+ oNh kqrr $crunft At{trr (a.h (tPu!qtt(^.

TEL0YneRASE (Pltrotn -RNA Gf\flrx)

-=o.^^1,r-i -ior",

dk c*r" tcnsc(r*& t{ilkto\!$ \rrttM\ f{hll\'tJtr9tcd'

fturs,. -Trlornras rt.{qncs a.a b.,^q I lilT*sn 3'ovt'hs1's tsiffnU*Xl'*fl'o -tt'' 3'owYu^5

- v\(rrt{tl5{'\larttoflttbsC' Tcbxasc qddt

ffi;iif.,'{J $" 3'^iI lY \stthosd RNA

&i.tcrut+- ii*ill- t""s"6$tn te h( ot erd'dd o\duq I

p(rJG$ r!f(,(t5(lo\puns\q s1'6fi syrrlrcszoct b oil| Pbrn6t''

6[

Shared by Benjamin NgOn owlcove.sg

btsl66r,r o4sr g,

ctriru\ o\ qvtcxpro\bn \n L$Yatts\t qtrtw-

lntodrrc\snr&\san . o\\uo ftrd.ttrrvr\0.\ qtlt qp(tst$

sl n\tvst oud. accwnrl.dnm of d(t prstun.s -J A.ttrrtnts rn ulls rortn Sop qo$${-.

1 lray-"ri'rsrv.1 tOrfirs\

t.1 \ 6eA{r0\ficr$apnlrr\w,d rhlr\\pt tsgurotq(^lr

.U

tuatmpe_ hrtomhq6wrl,

lwft\tt \n q(r{- Pts(\tt{ a\c,..: tar va?rA rtsF,r.t"

Otrnqrq hr n m<nt \ toc\r\r:n

Eg. rrsX \n Y(/'atrKl**g (ooq6.)- scobnq 6t s.ts ,6s . Es

)2nrr\\atO$Sn {hod : frrm mrnidloynqgns

h. P^t"onr"qa Ony\(((t(n v\ c6l(( d\rnsrrna\ qlu (,trt qrurtn atp*ofrf<ottr)

.t/nr's6on /Nvrua( ex ro$sro,r

.t/an$'\v.t -? Cr\ntsr

mcc\rrn,cw:r . bnoVcqt - ftrsr\n -br dqt c1&- onl drnnddolotqYva- (s,o1 dsnnq s-ptrrr- untqrra\bnolarlcdrvrnq 0nc{h6st- otv.Aouqtrtu ahhi,Nara +n rt

ftoS d*p{tt<6L"o1 rb'rt tag$*\s nur-2. unq{o\ Orxsrnqow A,.r\norn<t pon\3 . S\pp,q d\r\rq'qNA Ap\u&A frttu"x.d trt

tnrsportrq udr\{. h\Aq botC- som ph( (sp\ctttc\furte.

I .2. G<rt ktts,bq , drrurahn st6cgls en^iv obs\oalchtascrrgA\qn as * atkr+s orus\ of q,ns t"'trnsnffisn todmr a{ Pqtffat(

- I\stsrt mod(toerors

- 6 htstur-wtrrm,ri orrfirvJrOr.t\,tcfu fnr.r fr'.fGSrA

fh\s\c tu\sl- tthrn llsrn- pJtu\rs B{r\ &oqr(\]- n\tlird r^rt\rr mqotrvt\ dvrald

ftns6W4o.tir.t wn '

- h.h nt\tN\dilon- adAnrtiryr 4rt'.t6to Erct(rc

nrd,o\ari (ristricr.( ti Crn _\L,_ CGj 3' stqv(n&s)

- t}.in m$ttnruhrxe- tJS{0,\ gunnotu t4tonl

I 3 \ n ta\ur +\nn scr,phon qg*mmr$, .U 5[l.U:ft-,Ntn lt ffi.S:**,pho n ft x$r3

-Cofitmd thnmts'.cort- prufl\oril : rnc\s(t lNA bcr ,upttarn t*twrsnphon \nrttrtrln s\6t sttc t to fotn trasc(ehon\nftattn cytrflr,(

stcnq\h of pruv'strrdrtvnws\"\cDo (tn A qNAtq$OGrs'rmrcnlzL

prutiufn -fmirrn6\ Ss\u& : trJ\-2sobp 'l6ltrroln ,bmdlqs:fiu fu E*t.t*..ufrwr{&tr,rd'sh\orrtnt.(unot, (nd'ldt mtrng.scr(s{Aan) c111 rn adutnct,y*rof$ ,u{rhrncnvtron ,st&V\dt}IEtctcvn

hUrrl srt s hr bttr-bra&rq pniuns.

tN\hnArvq Pntuns

. ActrvakYf- brrdtcrMmr- rmpn,nAtqsrnmnt O\ GIf dvl

RNfi pG\. \ tumtmgn6m rrrttok/ltorqrkx

- P^plpcstornq ott!\s((1dtt(,1rnrtotrra ornpr[?tncrwt raftc

Att\Vinornqt\och arttt qro.p to6rnrno ocds

5 HAf (hr$orc-a$\traq(tra.tt)otdrn orly\otronc,f \srt ngu\u1,

"ntr^r\ra.\7Gorq\' (tAuxd 4trnttv i'dmomdre (s tu\pa<\&.e\\qttsl dr oUo str,n- as b,nd*qsrtc5 fu\nnstrrptron fuctvr&acqtYlrtt lAttDAtTrsh"t dt'ocE\r6L) &occ\\ctt \prr ns drn-1

hr$tr,twtlhvtrilrn

add n\tt1iqrrropi, vrr'.\rstou mfi1A turttn^tc

tnnscr rrrtrono'\ silrn tm a-::-:-::_------iT,r .I rm(dtc,rrsm, ffwrd hdAuq of \rtucrp\tru.\protqns

harrnftrons,rinrb f.,( rfttNl -clG-brn&nq p- airu*s drt{r gsturs \tkr'H0ALt*rtth-ttuAtk

Ftflllsn- brrrr\ tu s(otvl- b\ocKontr,$- peutritssunHl of 'trc

Nttlhs$(Dts ch r\ rvrr,{nn Stnrlttn.

A drrttsr orstws b rrrd.\ru6r\sc'hndrqs$ts,fotn,rg ar enhryrctErrr-

Dh,lA \top'q c{\us am.ctu, I+"hbrN\rhtq6nor _-)sfit 6cttvM, G'^nat rrtrract drn&t,Ithos rr-rttqct v trr &r -oc\rq*o r pfiuliS

adagturrrtrrrttsHATcutr@rie'l' rY1dtdor

Shared by Benjamin NgOn owlcove.sg

z. Pcst -tofu $ro^c'\mdrhotun

Prscslw\ ti go- t KtrA'.

5'ndh$$rno$Nqc{3'Po\ tn)t^r\(.N A Sphcrq Ctaw+ of 5 'Sp\tt strs au\ lsrrrrrq 4 rntron .16 !rm&r pOrrrt (o.hq. s A) , \a(ki

dro\&+ dt ,,SptrC Srtt , \qahvr * ercrs+ ns(rid\ niton\s Stit ur(n G{ onA<nd.vrnn AG

t.q. msrt\n

S(qqtqpt$on n$Ul

6\l0in6NgKNNPvs((lS$3 'crtd di(t. hRNtrs fiom orr-so${'*r6!&\$

- dr[tq1,t so\rr sr\s ( cr\trn<hwsp\c\0q)- " - :,,q,idJ h, i.,At,6.\ Ortc."ot (c q' sp\trr1 rtrhrVr\<r d'd Adwdi(t)

- ust& pdlG)sNs- p.l-rnrctA harwurt{trcn atPelh)sr\r

- KtrtNedtuq- t*.i or' 3q$(/lc (tPlc'(td ot Yrn&tu\eq, npotrpopotrrr{3 + tn ktr

'nst\thrq (apotpqruttn 6-\tlo)

$n tnttstru , cAf\ + \lAA , trrrrudrA nqsrn (aps\pqrrlevr I - 4f)

3. Trru\otrurret G,r*ro\

st&r\\1 ot*t tn${Atra\Lc,Ic r r!.{r,rnws dsntron kx rrUOrt{/do{i4 &( ctcvr (vu.1 tr, drnl(s|v)P\tn)t^,tS*funt q ercn'l$res.shtr\ puyh)t!u\ + s'd(coffhq = arqra4ehnfiunbctn md'

\hgn6d dr^\c.4r + lr.*,nl t dsrr..rdrosc c\lostrnfuno\tJ rcrov gttltf)'tr^r\\t0rt1S-h-P + dqn"Ac{trn

* vt t Wr\ occ\Ysar $qA : cYttpk&r\,c p\ [A) adAtun

miBr{A dtctr L*trsp tntRl$ prrcvsor ts for,n rnr$tN(&nb[stn^A)011s1iljrA'c)tq@&t b1 RSc , o+t( Sru,{t ,.\s {6 urnpttntr&n{ S'wotqr rn(n'h

+ tnilqr,.{ts dqat*rc.r /rnhtb*u

tn\tuttn * \es\6ttnqbmgtu of odac\rr&; o{ t.rVa.lehrnttsttn fqctrl a(tu+ qttn*1^a drtrrutdtc\ ot{rvtt

1

trcni.rtcndrt?russ.s , brn(to vo.lwr nq,*, ,q. 9'/]\Tx,b\ock tormotun olrrbsornrr o1 d\tvkadon.

awhd\(.taNt(qhon tnrh(tt,r s\tJ i

!5( dt 51(or( or<ikq,rod A\,6: "tqtJ Sc,nrV(,skryys A\{a ,VoasrrrOnrnotrrnyv.\q{wu(

litk{nrn rr^ rr\uk\kct Ktr{A ' lfit(nrl nbasrt €Nt^lsl{- (\RF) , hFrs&sl[ nrc\ (v n 9'taq st'n$r(

4 - Prsl -tn,{dtrd tnod,$ad'<,nrq\L<\r\.tr c\churt\l cl pUyppkar ckun

o*\aArWt(\ hodvy\6d 1 otrtrhrvtt"sqrtAs,4utr.,rrt" *afrarhrrqto ubnurhn u$uht\rrc\Ure.\01$'(rr drrtrl p,c5t -tf6d^t\nq\ rnarf s i p.oU--hr

-'l[ilt",,**r*"* tursprt protok/r\s\^' prutr*oot

.o t ik/s.r/ty. !yK\Yu((J or P\qn1Gfu$J

{nvUvqSr,*uabn[+strkt krn\ A'rrnehdt prd4s

t RunsvtlltnrpAc,&

Shared by Benjamin NgOn owlcove.sg