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:تهيه و تنظيم
شركت انرژيهاي تجديدپذير مهر
:همكاران اين شماره
محمدصادق احدي
عادل پرتوي
مهتاب صادقي حريري
الهام شيردل
محمد ابراهيم رئيسي
آذين شهني دانش
11واحد - 4پالك - متري 24ابتداي بلوار - ميدان فرهنگ - سعادت آباد - تهران :آدرس
مخازن بزرگ گاز تمايل به تجمع . درصد انرژي مورد نياز جهان را تامين مي نمايد و تقاضاي آن در حال افزايش است 25گاز در حدود
.دهد، كه توليد را كاهش مي دهددرصد كاهش مي 80مايع دارند كه قابليت عبور دهي چاه را تا
از طرفي . باشندها گران مياما اين روش 1اند از جمله تزريق گاز و شكستمتخصصان چاه چندين روش را براي كاهش آن امتحان كرده
.قابل دسترس است متانول ارزان و به سهولت
گويند كه اين روش عبوردهي چاه را با پور پرفسور مهندسي شيمي دانشگاه شيراز ايران ميمحققين به سرپرستي محمد رضا رحيم
تيم تحقيقاتي با آزمايش بر روي توده هاي سنگ آهك و مدل سازي رياضي ايده خود را پشتيباني . بخشدبهبود مي 1,3 – 1,6ضريب
يك مخلوط گازي مصنوعي به درون توده با فشار زياد پمپ شده، درحاليكه فشار كلي در زير نقطه شبنم گاز تنظيم شده . نموده اند
.سانتي متر مكعب در دقيقه تزريق شده است 2-5سپس متانول با نرخ . بود
CPAمدلي را با استفاده از معادله آنها . گويند، افزودن متانول به افت مختصري در فشار و ميعان كمتر منتج شده استمحققان مي
)cubic-plus-association (گروه . باشدبراي تعيين اثر متانول بر مخازن سايز بزرگ بكار بردند و دريافتند كه نتيجه يكسان مي
."كمك كند تواند به مهندسان مخزن و متخصصان براي بازآوري توليد از دست رفته ميعانات گازينتايج مي"كند كه نتيجه گيري مي
ساخت پودر شستشو از پوست ميگو
باشد، و محققان هندي و امريكايي دريافتند كه ها ميهاي گوناگوني به منظور از بين بردن لكهپودر شستشو بيولوژيكي حاوي آنزيم
شكند مي است كه پروتئين را ميپروتز آنزي. شودتواند با استفاده از پوست دور ريختني ميگو و باكتري دريايي توليد چنين آنزيمي مي
محققان به سرپرستي تانگاول باالسوبرامانتين از دانشگاه آناماالي هند دريافتند كه . هاي خون و غذا مناسب استو براي حذف لكه
پسماند نرم توليد آنزيم به منبع غذايي احتياج دارد و محققين استفاده از. كندباكتري دريايي باسيلوس آلويونسيس توليد پروتز مي
ها استفاده شده درصد از كل وجود نرم تنان را شامل مي شود و قبال براي توليد ديگر آنزيم 50-60تنان را بررسي كردند كه حدود
.است
1 fracking
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گ و پودر هاي دريايي جدا كرده و در محلولي با پودر پوست ميگو، پودر پوست خرچنتيم باكتري باسيلوس آلويونسيس را از ته نشين
هاي منتج شده را قبل از امتحان فعاليت و پايداري سپس آنها آنزيم. درجه سانتيگراد پوشاند 55ساعت در دماي 60اسكوئيد براي
.آوري و خالص سازي كردندشان جمع
كند و هاي خون را حذف ميآنزيم بطور كامل لكه. باالسوبرامانتين و تيم اش دريافتند كه بيشترين آنزيم از پودر پوست ميگو توليد شد
دهند، پروتز تشكيل شده از ها كه بازدهي خود را در دماهاي باال از دست ميبرخالف ديگر آنزيم. درجه سانتيگراد موثرتر است 50در
ل فعا PHهمچنين در محدوده وسيعي از . كنددرجه سانتيگراد حفظ مي 80درصد فعاليت خود را در 80باسيلوس آلويونسيس حدود
.ها است، كه دوباره بيشتر از ساير آنزيم9-12است،
ها ارزان است و از يك ماده زايد مشكل ساز استفاده مي كند كه اين مزيتي زيست محيطي گويند كه فرآيند توليد آنزيممحققين مي
.سازداست كه بطور بالقوه اين روش را بسيار جذاب براي صنايع پاك كننده مي
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:اخبار شركت مهر
محمدصادق احدي – عادل پرتوي
در راستاي پروژه پتانسيل سنجي راهكارهاي كاهش انتشار در صنعت برق ايران با تمركز بر دو مورد بازيابي گاز هگزا فلوريد گوگرد، -1
SF6 و كاهش تلفات شبكه انتقال كه با حمايت مالي سازمان مديريت انرژي كره جنوبي)KEMCO ( همكاري شركت مهر و و با
كره جنوبي به منظور ايجاد همكاري مشترك بين توانير و شركت مديريت برق كره جنوبي ECONETWORKو KFQشركتهاي
)KEPCO ( تعريف شده است، اواسط مهر ماه امسال گروه پنج نفره متشكل از آقايان دكتر عليپور مديركل دفتر فني و نظارت انتقال
اي مهر مديرعامل شركت توزيع برق منطقهيان مديركل دفتر امور تحقيقات برق توانير، مهندس رخشانيتوانير، مهندس فرحناك
سيستان و بلوچستان به همراه آقاي مهندس پرتوي مديرعامل شركت مهر و آقاي مهندس نودل مدير پروژه شركت مهر بازديد يك
اي در و راههاي همكاري متقابل براي كاهش انتشار گازهاي گلخانه اي از بخشهاي مختلف صنعت برق كره جنوبي به عمل آوردههفته
با حضور خود در روزهاي KFQو KEPCO همچنين شركت. صنعت برق ايران را بررسي و در اين خصوص تبادل نظر نمودند
اميد . ان و پژوهشگاه نيرو بازديد نمودندپاياني مهر ماه در ايران، ضمن حضور در توانير و ارائه نتايج پروژه، از مركز توزيع برق نواحي تهر
است با گسترش همكاري دو مجموعه متولي صنعت برق ايران و كره جنوبي، تجارب و دانش مديريت كربن كه در كره جنوبي نهادينه
.شده است، در اختيار توانير قرار گيرد
طي بازديد مهر ماه . شودپتروشيمي شيراز فراهم مي مقدمات اجراي طرح كاهش كاتاليستي اكسيد نيترو در واحد اسيد نيتريك -2
گروه كارشناسان فني پتروشيمي شيراز از سازنده كاتاليست و تجهيزات واحد مزبور در كره جنوبي، ضمن بررسي پتانسيل اجرايي
پيشنهاد نهايي اقدام شركت مزبور، مسائل فني مربوطه بررسي گرديد و مقرر گرديد شركت سازنده با اصالح مواردي نسبت به ارسال
.رود تا پايان سال جاري قرارداد مزبور مبادله شده و عمليات اجرايي طرح شروع شودانتظار مي. نمايد
پس از اجالس اعضاي كنوانسيون تغيير آب وهوا در لهستان، كشورهاي مختلف ضميمه يك هريك به نحوي و بطور مستقل در پي -3
ميليون دالري 125عالوه بر اعالم آمادگي انگليس، سوئد و سوئيس براي تامين مالي . ه پاك هستندهاي مكانيسم توسعكمك به پروژه
10هاي كاهش انتشار، آژانس انرژي سوئد اعالم نموده است كه خواستار خريد يك نهاد وابسته به سازمان ملل براي خريد گواهي
ميليون گواهي كاهش انتشار مربوط به دوره دوم پروتكل كيوتو را 30ت كه ميليون گواهي كاهش انتشار است و نيز نروژ اعالم كرده اس
.هاستشركت مهر نيز در صدد معرفي چند پروژه خود به اين اعالنيه. پيش خريد خواهد نمود
ات الزم شركت مهر خدم. شودمگاوات غرب كارون مپنا از مزاياي مكانيسم توسعه پاك برخوردار مي 484نيروگاه سيكل تركيبي -4
شود اين پروژه كه توسط شركت توليد برق غرب كارون مپنا اجرا مي. براي ثبت پروژه فوق در سازمان ملل را ارائه خواهد نمود
اكسيد هزار تن كاهش انتشار دي 600شود ساليانه حدود بيني مينيروگاهي است كه با سوخت گاز طبيعي كار خواهد كرد و پيش
.كربن معادل داشته باشد
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به عنوان نهاد KFQابتداي آبان ماه امسال شركت : بازديد نهاد عملياتي منتخب از پروژه توليد همزمان آب و برق قشم مپنا -5
عملياتي منتخب ضمن بازديد از سايت پروژه توليد همزمان آب و برق قشم مپنا كه توسط شركت توليد برق و آب قشم مپنا در جزيره
باشد، ساليانه حدود مترمكعب آب شرب در روز مي 18000مگاوات برق و 50اين پروژه كه براي توليد . نمود شود، بازديدقشم اجرا مي
.رود تا پايان سال جاري در سازمان ملل به ثبت برسدتن كاهش انتشار خواهد داشت و انتظار مي 135000
اكسيدكربن براي توليد اوره در اين مجتمع كه بازيابي دي اين طرح. شوددر پتروشيمي كرمانشاه اجرا مي CO2طرح بازيابي گاز - 6
اين پروژه با همكاري پژوهشگاه صنعت نفت و شركت مهر در CDMطرح . را جذب نمايد CO2هزار تن 48تواند ساالنه باشد ميمي
.حال برنامه ريزي براي اجراست
اين پروژه اولين . برگزار شد) كيلومتري اروميه 60(اجراي طرح فعان نيروگاه برقابي سوله دوكل در محل جلسه نظر سنجي ذين - 7
نيروگاههاي برقابي كوچك مقياس ايران است كه در قالب ) CDM-POA(برنامه فعاليتهاي مكانيسم توسعه پاك ) CPA(زير برنامه
شركت توسعه منابع . اس ستودني بودهاي كوچك مقينفعان اين پروژه در مقايسه با ساير پروژهمشاركت ذي. فوق به ثبت خواهد رسيد
يازدهم آبان ماه اين گروه ضمن . باشندمي POAآب و نيروي ايران كارفرماي طرح و شركت مهاب قدس همكار اين مشاور در توسعه
زارش سنجي جهت ثبت و گارائه پروژه، و منافع زيست محيطي طرح به شركت كنندگان در جلسه، نظرات آنها را در قالب فرمهاي نظر
.عمده افراد شركت كننده در جلسه با اجراي پروژه موافقت كامل داشتند. در مستندات پروژه جويا شدند
برلين با سازمان حفاظت محيط زيست در خصوص حفظ و احياي تاالبهاي كشور Steinbeisبا هماهنگي شركت مهر، دانشگاه -8
محيط زيست و رياست موسسه مشاوره وطه با امضاي مديركل امور تاالبهاي سازمان حفاظتبا امضاي تفاهم نامه مرب. كنندهمكاري مي
.برلين، راه براي همكاريهاي بيشتر هموار خواهد شد Steinbeisو مديريت جهاني دانشگاه
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)افزايش قيمت انرژيهاي تجديدپذير(حمايت دولت از توسعه انرژيهاي تجديدپذير
برنامه پنجم توسعه كشور، وزارت 133ماده ) ب(عه انرژيهاي نو و كمك به حفظ محيط زيست بر اساس بند در راستاي حمايت از توس
اين مصوبه مي تواند كمك . ريال به ازاء هر كيلووات افزايش داد 4442نيرو قيمت خريد تضميني برق از نيروگاه هاي تجديدپذير را به
توسعه نيروگاه ها توسط بخش خصوصي به طور همزمان به خصوص . خصوصي گرددشاياني به توسعه نيروگاه هاي بادي توسط بخش
.دنيز ثبت گرد درآمدهاي كربناز تحت پروژه هاي مكانيسم توسعه پاك پروتكل كيوتو به منظور بهره گيري
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Summary Results of the CDM Meetings Methodologies Panel sixty-first meeting (MP WG60) Date of meeting: 7 to 11 2013 Bonn, Germany The Meth Panel provided input to the secretariat on possible future tasks to be considered for inclusion in the 2014 workplan of the Meth Panel. (a) The deadline for the submission of proposed new methodologies (PNMs) to be considered at the MP 62 meeting will be decided be decided at the seventy-sixth meeting of the Board and accordingly updated on the public web page: <http://cdm.unfccc.int/Projects/pac/howto/CDMProjectActivity/NewMethodology/index.html>; (b) The deadline for the submission of requests for revision to be considered at the MP 62 meeting will be decided be decided at the seventy-sixth meeting of the Board and accordingly updated on the public web page: <http://cdm.unfccc.int/Projects/pac/howto/CDMProjectActivity/NewMethodology/Revisions/index.html>; (c) The deadline for the submission of requests for clarification to be considered at the MP 62 meeting will be decided be decided at the seventy-sixth meeting of the Board and accordingly updated on the public web page: <http://cdm.unfccc.int/Projects/pac/howto/CDMProjectActivity/NewMethodology/Clarifications/index.html>. Information on proposed new large-scale methodologies, their status, case history and final recommendations to the Board by the Meth Panel are made available on the UNFCCC CDM website at: <http://cdm.unfccc.int/methodologies/PAmethodologies/pnm/pending>. If the Board accepts the recommendations, the final recommendations and responses are made available on the UNFCCC CDM website at: <http://cdm.unfccc.int/methodologies/PAmethodologies/pnm>.
Status of consideration of new methodological tools
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Status of consideration of proposed new large-scale methodological standards
Conclusion of the meeting The Meth Panel dealt with methodology and case-specific issues, including submissions of methodologies received by the deadlines specified in the last report, and made recommendations to the Board, in line with the 2013 workplan of the Meth Panel. The Meth Panel adopted the report and concluded its 61st meeting. The report and annexes will be available on the UNFCCC website.
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Small-Scale Working Group forty-second meeting (SSC WG42) Date of meeting: 14 to 17 October 2013 Bonn, Germany The SSC WG considered a status report on the implementation of the 2013 workplan of the SSC WG. The deadline for the submission of proposed new methodologies (PNMs) to be considered at the 43rd meeting of the SSC WG will be decided at the seventy-sixth meeting of the Board and accordingly updated on the public website: <http://cdm.unfccc.int/Projects/pac/howto/CDMProjectActivity/NewMethodology/index.html>; Information on proposed new small-scale methodologies, their status, case history and final recommendations proposed by the SSC WG for consideration by the Board are made available on the UNFCCC CDM website at: <http://cdm.unfccc.int/methodologies/SSCmethodologies/NewSSCMethodologies/index.html>. If the Board accepts the recommendations, the final recommendations and responses are made available on the UNFCCC CDM website at: http://cdm.unfccc.int/methodologies/SSCmethodologies/pnm. The relevant procedure “Development, revision and clarification of baseline and monitoring methodologies and methodological tools” (version 01.1) is available on the UNFCCC CDM website at: <http://cdm.unfccc.int/Reference/Procedures/index.html#meth>. The SSC WG considered the proposed new methodological standards listed in table 2 below, as well as desk reviews and public inputs received, where applicable.
Status of proposed new methodological standards/tools developed top-down
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Status of consideration of proposed new methodological standards/tools
The SSC WG adopted the external and the internal report and concluded its 42nd meeting. The report and its annexes will be available on the UNFCCC website.
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Other News COP19: a developing country perspective Warsaw, 13 November 2013 – Want to know what's happening at COP19 from a developing country perspective? Read news articles from 15 developing country journalists covering the COP. Stories added daily.
CDM EB Q&A session webcast now available on demand Warsaw, 13 November 2013 – At the UN Climate Change Conference in Warsaw, Poland, members of the CDM Executive Board gave a presentation on the activities of the EB and answered questions from the audience about the CDM. A webcast of the event is now available on demand.
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Efficient charcoal production focus of MoU Warsaw, 20 November 2013 – The UNFCCC secretariat has signed a memorandum of understanding with Germany's Future of the Carbon Market Foundation to develop a standardized baseline for efficient charcoal production in western Africa.
Winners announced: 2013 CDM photo and video contest Warsaw, 15 November 2013 – UNFCCC head Christiana Figueres announced the winners of the 2013 CDM International Photo and Video Contest today at a ceremony at COP19 in Warsaw, Poland. The winning pieces were selected from many entries for their ability to relay compelling stories about the mechanism.
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Report 1: Towards a low-carbon fossil fuels future FOR some time it has been recognised that urgent action is needed if we are to halt the ever-accelerating rise in atmospheric carbon levels. Successive IPCC reports have plotted the course of our inaction and identified countless scenarios of what should be done to halt and reverse the trend. Yet whilst back in the days of the Kyoto Protocol the ambition was to cap CO2 levels below 400 ppm and to return to pre-1990 levels of less than 350 ppm by 2020, we have now for the first time (in May 2013) exceeded 400 ppm. According to the latest IPCC 5th Assessment Report and the 2013 IEA World Energy Outlook Special Report, the aspiration even to keep levels below 450 ppm (which models suggest corresponds to a 50% chance of restricting mean global temperature rises of 2oC) is rapidly receding. These latest carbon-reduction scenarios suggest that even with a response far more rapid than anything the global community has achieved to date, the best we may probably now do is keep levels below 500 ppm, or even 550 ppm, equivalent to 5–6oC mean temperature rises. While we haven’t yet reached the point of no return in achieving the 450 ppm target, the latest reports indicate that we seem to be getting very close.
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450 – the magic number The solution is, of course, complex. To meet the 450 ppm scenario we need to reduce CO2 emissions in 2050 by about 50 Gt/y compared with what we would be pushing into the atmosphere if we did nothing. We currently emit 28 Gt/y and projections are that by 2050 global energy demand will double. All the projections suggest that whilst the amount of renewable generation (and probably nuclear) will increase in a major way over the next four decades the rate of technology development, supply at scale, and cost reduction will not occur quickly enough to address this low carbon energy challenge alone. Besides, developing countries with plentiful supplies of fossil fuels will wish to deploy these in the short term as a cheaper and more secure route to meeting their growing energy needs than the emerging alternatives. So we shall have a mixed energy economy for many decades with fossil fuels still contributing at least 50% to the portfolio in 2050 and probably beyond. Meeting the 450 or even 500 ppm CO2 capping targets is a tough ask. Yet I believe we can still achieve this if we can take rapid enough action in three areas. First we simply need to use less energy – energy efficiency measures are crucial to solving the climate dilemma and include some of the simple solutions that we all, as individuals, communities and organisations can implement relatively easily and at fairly low cost. This could account for up to 50% of the 50 Gt/y of CO2 emission savings we are looking for by 2050. Second, the investment in and deployment of very low carbon footprint energies (ie renewable and nuclear) must continue to take place at a level and rate that ensure that they can be moved through to efficiency improvement and large-scale commercialisation as quickly as possible. Projections suggest that about 30% of the 2050 carbon reduction target could be achieved by this route. Third, the inevitable continued use of fossil fuels until the second half of this century means that we must accompany this by preventing as much CO2 as possible from being released into the atmosphere. The short- to medium-term solution to this is readily available via carbon capture and storage (CCS). Here, CO2 generated in central facilities, such as power plants and large industrial complexes (eg cement manufacture and iron and steel production being the largest emitters) is captured using solvents or solid adsorbents and then transported and injected as a supercritical fluid into large underground storage sites, such as deep saline aquifers, depleted oil and gas reservoirs or uneconomic coal seams. Whilst there is much
development still to be done on CCS to bring the cost down, particularly of the capture stage, and to decrease the energy requirements (the so-called ‘energy penalty’), the current generation of CCS processes is perfectly capable of achieving all the technical goals, safely and securely. What is required is the political will to enforce its adoption and create the right fiscal environment (with carbon taxes or trading systems) to ensure their widespread adoption.
The aspiration even to keep levels below 450 ppm (which models suggest corresponds to a 50% chance of restricting mean global temperature rises of 2oC) is rapidly receding.
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the CCS challenge How then can the oil and gas industry respond to this enormous challenge of continuing to supply the hydrocarbons needed to meet global demand (which will require steadily increasing volumes in absolute terms, even as the proportion of oil and gas overall gradually declines), whilst at the same time contributing to ensuring that as much of the CO2 released from the use of those hydrocarbons is not released to the atmosphere? Some of the major oil and gas companies have been exploring opportunities in renewables, especially biofuels. But the most straightforward way they can contribute is to make available their technology and depleted reservoirs to develop, with the power sector, governments and all stakeholders, the commercial-scale CCS industry that is required to meet the 10 Gt/y 2050 CO2 storage target. To achieve this will require about 3,500 large-scale (>1 Mt/y CO2) CCS projects worldwide by 2050 (compared with over 30,000 fossil-fuelled power plants worldwide at present). With only a handful of large-scale demonstration projects currently in existence, this represents an enormous challenge; but it is also an enormous opportunity with the prospect of a new industry, building on the best of upstream and downstream oil and gas technology, which by the middle of this century could be of comparable size, with all the economic and social benefits that may bring.
pump up the (unconventional) gas Apart from CCS, the next most straightforward way we can continue using hydrocarbons whilst making major inroads on CO2 emissions is to use as much gas as possible. Methane produces 50% of the CO2 generated by the combustion of oil and coal so their widespread substitution by gas, especially for power generation and heating, can at a stroke make a major contribution to meeting lower carbon targets. Natural gas is increasingly talked of a destination fuel, rather than a transition to a largely renewables world, and its use coupled to CCS has the potential to compete with renewable and nuclear as a low emissions energy source. It has the capability of meeting most of the future expectations for fossil fuels. Capacity will not be a problem; proven conventional gas reserves of >200 x 1012 m3 are enough to meet demand for 65 years at current levels. New reserves will undoubtedly be found and there will be increased use of enhanced gas recovery techniques (EGR) where injection of CO2 can be particularly effective in ensuring that most of the in situ methane is recovered, whilst subsequently being stored in the depleted reservoir. This would provide double the benefits in the reduction of carbon emissions. It is becoming increasingly evident that our future gas supplies will not be constrained by conventional reserves. The shale gas revolution in the US, which in a few years has transformed the country from a net gas importer to a potential exporter and at the same time helped reduce its CO2 emissions by 11% (about 200 Mt/y, down to mid-1990s levels) by substituting gas for coal in power generation, is the most visible example of where unconventional gas supplies have enormous potential to meet energy needs through a gas-based economy. This has been made possible by the combination of drilling long horizontal wells through shale formations and using hydraulic fracturing to create a complex network of fractures that increase the exposed surface area and
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facilitate the release of the gas trapped in the highly impermeable shale rock. There are large resources of shale gas potentially available in many areas of the world. Shale is the source rock for hydrocarbons that have since migrated to surrounding sandstone and carbonate reservoirs, from which oil and gas is traditionally produced. The residues of gas (and sometimes oil) remaining in the neighbouring shales will thus be available wherever oil and gas has been found, and often
in enormous quantities. Current estimates of worldwide shale gas resources, which are likely to be conservative, are about 450 x 1012 m3 which is about 150 times current global gas consumption levels. In the UK, shale gas resources in the Bowland Shale in Lancashire have been recently estimated at 36 x 1012 m3 by the British Geological Survey. Together with further significant resources in the Weald region of South East England and elsewhere, this represents many decades of potential supply, even if only 10% of these resources turn out to be recoverable. The UK government is giving strong encouragement for these resources to be recovered, driven largely it seems by security of supply issues; currently the UK is a major gas importer as North Sea gas has dwindled, being highly dependent on LNG from Qatar and pipeline supplies from Norway. It is to be hoped, however, that if shale gas really does take off in the UK that the opportunity will be taken to replace coal-fired power stations with gas, preferably fitted with carbon capture, to make the same impact on our carbon emissions as it has in the US. Similar substitution of coal by gas will be required across the world over the next few decades to avoid simply driving emissions across borders by exporting cheap coal.
Even with a response far more rapid than anything the global community has achieved to date, the best we may probably now do is to keep levels below 500 ppm, or even 550 ppm, equivalent to 5–6oC mean temperature rises.
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accepting fracking There are of course major public concerns about producing shale gas, largely centred around the controversial hydraulic fracturing, or ‘fracking’, process. These cover safety and environment issues such as the chemicals in the fracturing fluids reaching aquifers which provide domestic water supplies; the process causing earth tremors and endangering existing buildings; and the large amounts of water used in the process. The large footprint of the equipment, particularly the many heavy horsepower trucks required on location (to create the wells and pump the pressurised fluids) also appears to cause concern. The reality is that all of these risks are small and by good process design and proper regulation can be avoided. Shale gas production should be no more risky than conventional onshore oil and gas production. However, the public perception is real and needs to be addressed by improved communication and engagement from companies, technical experts and government to allay the concerns and also address the ‘not-in-my-backyard’ issues that are understandable given some of the rural locations potentially involved. The excellent practice exhibited by BP in developing the Wytch Farm oilfield (pictured, right) in Dorset, UK, should be used as an example of how the industry already has much experience on how to exploit oil and gas with minimal footprint in sensitive areas.
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Reports Report 2: Saudi Arabia to spend US$7bn on water schemes
Plans to use renewables and nuclear for desalination SAUDI ARABIA will spend US$7bn on its water sector in 2013, according to a new report from the Kuwait Financial Centre, Markaz. In its report on the Saudi Arabian water industry, Markaz says that Saudi Arabia has set aside US$133bn to invest in its water and electricity sectors over the coming decade. The priorities in 2013 are desalination and wastewater treatment plants. The country is one of the most water-stressed in the world. Water consumption is relatively high at 950 m3/y per capita, compared to a global average of 500 m3. Groundwater sources are depleted and desalination is now the primary source of water. There are 27 desalination plants in Saudi Arabia producing 3m m3/d of water – the largest amount in the world. There are several more projects in the immediate pipeline or currently being built, including the US$2bn Yanbu phase 3
desalination project, and the US$1.5bn Ras Al-Khair project. Desalination is generally powered using Saudi Arabia’s abundant oil and gas resources, but the government is planning to invest heavily in renewable and nuclear energy over the coming years. Ultimately it plans that half its desalination plants should be nulcear or renewable-powered.
SABIC plans world’s largest CO2 purification plant GERMAN engineering group Linde has been contracted to build the world’s largest CO2 purification and liquefaction plant in Saudi Arabia. The contract was awarded by a subsidiary of state-owned chemicals giant SABIC, which says the plant will be based in the Jubail Industrial City. It will compress and purify about 1,500 t/d of raw carbon dioxide sourced from ethylene glycol plants elsewhere in the city. Once purified, the gas will be used to produce methanol and urea – vital to the chemicals and fertiliser industries. It will also produce 200 t/d of liquid CO2 for sale to the beverage and food industry. The company says that by building the plant, it will cut its CO2 emissions by an estimated 500,000 t/y. Yousef Al-Zamel, executive vice president of SABIC’s chemicals strategic business unit, says that the plan “will add to SABIC ‘s business portfolio of industrial gas
products. “This is the first of many similar projects to be executed next year.”
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Report 3: Methanol could decrease blockages in gas wells Would allow engineers to restore productivity in large gas reservoirs WHEN the pressure in a gas condensate well drops below a certain level – the dew point – the gas condenses and blocks the well. Now researchers in Iran have found that methanol can reduce the problem. Gas meets around a quarter of worldwide energy needs, and demand is growing. Large gas reservoirs tend to accumulate liquid, which can reduce well permeability by 80%, lowering productivity. Well engineers have tried several ways to reduce this, including gas injection and fracking, but these tend to be expensive. Methanol, however, is cheap and readily available. The researchers, led by Mohammed Reza Rahimpour, a chemical engineering professor at Shiraz University, Iran, say it improves well permeability by a factor of 1.3–1.6. The team experimented with limestone cores and mathematical modelling to back up its thinking. An artificial gas mixture was pumped into the cores at high pressure, while the overall pressure was set below the dew point of the gas. Methanol was then injected at a rate of 2–5 cm3/minute. Adding the methanol results in a smaller drop in pressure and less condensation, the researchers say. They applied modelling using the cubic-plus-association (CPA) equation to determine the effect of methanol on a full-size reservoir and found that the effect was the same. “These results may help reservoir engineers and specialists to restore the lost productivity of gas condensate,” the team concludes. Chemical Engineering Research and Design DOI: 10.1016/j.cherd.2013.08.015 Making washing powder with shrimp shells
BIOLOGICAL washing powder contains a variety of enzymes to aid stain removal, and researchers in India and the US have found that one such enzyme can be produced using a marine bacterium and waste shrimp shells. Proteases are enzymes which break down proteins and are useful for removing blood and food stains. The researchers, led by Thangavel Balasubramanian from Annamalai University, India found that the marine bacterium Bacillus alveayuensis produces protease. Enzyme production requires a nutrient source and the researchers investigated the use of shellfish waste, which comprises around 50–60% of the total catch of shellfish and has already been used to produce other enzymes. The team isolated B. alveayuensis from marine sediments and incubated them in solutions with shrimp shell powder, crab shell powder and squid pen powder, for 60 hours at 55°C. They then collected and purified the resulting enzymes before testing their activity and stability.
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Balasubramanian and his team found that the most enzymes were produced with shrimp shell powder. The enzyme removes blood stains completely and is most effective at 50°C. Unlike other enzymes, which lose their efficacy at high temperatures, the protease from B. alveayuensis retains around 80% of its activity at 80°C. It is active at a wide pH range – from 9–12 – again much wider than other proteases. It is also stable in the presence of commercial detergents. The researchers say that the process to produce the enzymes is inexpensive and uses a problem waste product, benefitting the environment, making the approach potentially very attractive for the detergent industry. Food and Bioproducts Processing DOI: 10.1016/j.fbp.2013.08.009
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Report 4: Statement by H.E. Dr. Massoumeh Ebtekar (Vice-President & Head of Department of Environment Islamic Republic of Iran) COP19/CMP9, UNFCCC 20-22 Nov. 2013 - Warsaw-Poland
In the Name of God, the Compassionate, the Merciful Mr. President, Honorable Ministers and Excellencies, Distinguished Delegates, Ladies and Gentlemen, At the outset, I wish to express my sincere gratitude to the government and people of Poland for hosting this august Conference and the hospitality extended to my delegation. First and foremost, I would like to associate myself with the statements made on behalf of G77 and China as well as the positions delivered by LMDCs , are a group of countries with more than half the world's population and the global share of GDP. I shall attempt to stand much focused on the issues of relevance to my country along with the principles desired to be adequately reflected in the structure of the new agreement in coherence with the ADP. I wish to emphasize the new vision on sustainable development promoted by the recently elected President, Dr. Rouhani.
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Mr. President, Climate change and its global warming phenomenon is in essence an all inclusive predicament that requires collective and harmonious political will and practical measures. A transformation of global development policy and directions from pure profit and selfish material gain to social and humanitarian gain is the cornerstone of all efforts. These measures-contemplated by the parties to UNFCCC- would have to be based on fair criteria, equity and CBDR with their respective capabilities. The historical responsibilities are to be met. Legal obligations and commitment are to be respected and responded to in a favourable fashion. In this regard the progresses and actions taken by the big economies would necessarily have to be MRV in nature. In our region escalation of violence and terrorism coupled with a long history of military intervention and armed conflict has increased the vulnerability of nations. We are in critical time and it is necessary that the developed country Parties take the lead in reducing their emissions by undertaking ambitious mitigation. The key to increase the level of ambitions to reduce emissions lies with the developed country Parties’ political will and the recognition of their historical responsibility. The principles of the Convention should guide the discussions of the Durban Platform, and they shall not be renegotiated. The negotiations should be based on comprehensive issues and address all the agreed outcomes in previous sessions. The outcome of the negotiations on the enhanced platform should be supplementary to the Kyoto Protocol as well as address all the five pillars of Bali Action Plan adequately and not limit discussion to mitigation. Ladies and Gentlemen The findings of the "IPCC's Fifth Assessment Report" are scientifically credible and are acknowledged. In this report it may clearly be seen that the Middle East region is currently experiencing harsher reduction of rain fall and well above global average temperature rise due to the adverse impacts of Climate Change. In the same report the temperate rise trend to the end of the current century is extremely alarming. To this effect, my region is faced with sever episodes of emerging environmental challenges such as continuous draught, dust and sand storms. Water resources availability in Iran has reached its critical limit. However illegal and unintelligent sanctions imposed upon the Islamic Republic of Iran have impeded our advances and have led to serious delays in energy efficiency plans and mitigation measures. Also 45 major wetlands are in critical condition. Wetlands such as Uromia or Hamoon are no longer offering their ecosystem services. Agricultural activities, food security and health concerns have become serious threats. Hence, in the new agreement significant weight should be dedicated to "Adaptation" and the means to ensure implementation of pertinent collective response measures. In this regard Islamic Republic of Iran offers to establish a "Regional Centre for Early Warning and Monitoring System" with the joint collaboration of the international institutions and the countries in the region to further strengthen its "Adaptation Activities" at regional scale to issues such as draught, Dust Storms and Dust Haze Phenomenon. Mr. President, Distinguished Delegates; Post-2020 as a negotiation process should be based on all aspects of the principles of convention particularly principles of equity and common but differentiated responsibilities. New agreement must address historical responsibility of developed countries and developed countries must stop any attempt the transfer the burden of addressing climate change to developing countries. It is essential that the developed country Parties make clarification on their quantified economy-wide emission
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reduction targets. In this regards, in new agreement, we need strong monitoring system on implementation of commitments. Reform of CDM mechanism in framework of new agreement, should keep and strengthen it policy in framework of investment by Annex-I countries in non-Annex I countries in small-scale and large-scale projects aiming to achieve emissions reductions. Mr. President, There are three links in the Mitigation chain: Energy, Technology and Finance. For energy all parties are to be encouraged to develop their national energy mix to diversify utilization of alternative sources of clean and low carbon intensity energy with emphasis on increased share of clean and environmentally friendly energy production and consumption patterns. Islamic Republic of Iran has taken a number of huge voluntary mitigation steps in reducing the cold and hot flares and is committed to continue its activities. On the issue of technology and capacity, there have been some gray areas since the inception of UNFCCC. The development and transfer of climate change technology, capacity building and IPR are ever becoming serious hurdles to be remove .The developed countries should deeply engage their administrations to meet their historical responsibilities and obligations. In this regard CTCN is expected to take a critical responsibility. The institutional arrangement between the NDEs and CTCN is to be defined and established. Islamic Republic of Iran attaches high importance to the CTCN and invites all parties to effectively support its role in practice. Distinguished Colleagues, The third link is "Finance". Whilst emphasizing on the materialization of article 4.8 of the convention by the developed countries, Islamic Republic of Iran wishes to see a "Green Climate Fund" fitting the size of the need to adapt and mitigate. The pledges, promises and potentials should turn in to practice. New and additional public funds are to be dedicated. Public-Private Partnerships are to be encouraged to augment the public funds and not to replace them. At the same time attractive "Market based Mechanisms" should be devised and the list of CDM qualified projects diversified to broaden its inclusion. Such positive mechanisms are to be strengthened and promoted in the new agreement. Iran supports a special GCF window on technology. Mr. President, In conclusion, I wish to highlight and make a very strong point. Despite paragraph 5 of Article 3 of UNFCCC as well as the paragraphs 58 and 281 in the outcome document of Rio+20 summit, (The Future We Want!) , which was later approved and endorsed by the 67th UN General Assembly in October 2012 , the devastating environmental effects of cruel sanctions on Iran are being ignored. The environmental consequences of such discriminatory actions by certain parties, have not only deteriorated the Climate Change vulnerable environment of Iran and the region, but also has given rise to the potential of global warming targeting the global environment. This is particularly true in offsetting the mitigation efforts contemplated in the energy sector (oil, gas and power) in Iran in compliance with UNFCCC's mandate. Islamic Republic of Iran is very much committed to the UN lead efforts to combat Climate Change driven impacts and is determined to ensure a holistic approach to the formulation of a new post 2020 agreement guided by the principles of the Convention to guarantee the basic God granted rights of the present and future generations. Thank you for your patience and attention.
http://www.iisd.ca/climate/cop19/enb/
Prepared by:
Mehr Renewable Energy Co
Colleagues:
Mohammad Sadegh Ahadi
Adel Partovi
Mahtab Sadeghi Hariri
Elham Shirdel
Mohammad Ebrahim Reisi
Azin Shahni Danesh
Address : Unit 11, No. 4, 24 Metri Blvd, Sa'adat Abad, Tehran, Iran.