Causes of the Civil War When the nation gained new territory in the mid 1800s (Mexican American War), the slavery controversy intensified over whether.

Causes of the Civil War• When the nation gained new territory in the mid 1800s (Mexican American War),

the slavery controversy intensified over whether or not new states would be slave or free. California became a state due to the gold rush, and to get to CA, the US needed a transcontinental railroad. In order to build the RR, the new territory needed to be organized, Slave or Free?

• Should each state decide to be free or slave, or should the federal government decide for them? The idea of“state’s rights” sparked much controversy. Compromise: Popular Sovereignty = citizens decide for themselves.

• Slave states worried that more free states could upset the political balance in the Senate (12 slave states vs. 12 free states) & then pass a federal law to abolish slavery nationally.

• The Kansas-Nebraska Act was passed to address the issue of imbalance in the Senate, due to the creation of 2 new states. However, popular sovereignty in the area led to the first battles of the Civil war, in 1856 (Bleeding Kansas).

Resentment over the Compromise of 1850 led to a further increase in sectional tensions.

Causes of the Civil War• Political compromise broke down by 1860, & when Lincoln (a free

state supporter) was elected, many Southern states decided to secede, or withdraw from the Union (the US) newly seceded states formed “The Confederate States of America” (the Confederacy).

• After secession of Southern states, & after the Civil War began, Lincoln’s immediate goal became to preserve (keep together) the Union.

• Immediate cause of war: Fort Sumter fired upon/taken by the Confederacy

Causes of the Civil War

• Fundamental causes: Slavery (Dred Scott Decision), sectionalism (Missouri Compromise/Compromise of 1853), states’ rights, mutual distrust (John Brown’s raids didn't help); Uncle Tom’s Cabin and the Fugitive Slave Act make tensions between abolitionists and slave owners worse because they angered previously neutral Northerners.

• Immediate causes: Lincoln is elected president, South Carolina secedes and confederate states adopt their constitution, confederates take fort Sumter

• Effects: Lincoln calls for volunteers, first Battle of Bull Run.

CIVIL WAR NORTH v. SOUTH

Anaconda Plan: North’s plan to blockade the South and then divide it by taking control of the Mississippi to cause the South to run out of resources faster.

Important Civil War battles and people

People:•Abraham Lincoln- duh•Jefferson Davis- President of the Confederacy (AKA the anti-Lincoln)•Robert E. Lee- Head General of the Confederate Army, because he was from Virginia, not because he supported slavery.•William T. Sherman- Union General•Ulysses S. Grant- Union General, future president of the US•Harriet Tubman- Conductor on the Underground Railroad, helping slaves escape to the North and Canada

Important Civil War battles and peopleBattles•Gettysburg- An extremely bloody battle in which Lee lost 1/3 of his entire force. The victory strengthened the Republican party, further lessened the likelihood of British interference, and for the rest of the war, Lee was on the defensive. (July 1863)•Gettysburg address- Lincoln honored the fallen soldiers•Vicksburg- (May- July 1863) If the Union could capture the city of Vicksburg, Mississippi, then the Union will have cut the South in two. Grant sent Grierson on a raid as a distraction. Grant realized it was too heavily fortified for an all out assault, so they put the city under siege. The Union successfully starved the city until the Confederates surrendered. The Union had successfully cut the South in 2. •Emancipation Proclamation-This declared all slaves in revolutionary territory to be free. The CW went from being a war over preserving the Union and state’s rights to a war of Liberation. This did not free the slaves. That was the 13th Amendment!!!!

Consequences of the Civil War• After the Civil War, the South was left in ruins & its economy, which in large part was

dependent on agriculture & slavery, was devastated. Cities, towns, railroads and lives were destroyed and many were left homeless, orphaned, widowed & destitute.

• Over 600,000 thousand Northern and Southern soldiers were killed in the war.

• The Freedman’s Bureau was set up in the south to provide education for African Americans & set up over 4000 schools, as well as provide food/clothes/jobs/etc… for newly freed slaves.

• The president & Congress had to deal with Reconstruction, or rebuilding the South after the Civil War & decide under what terms & conditions the former Confederate states would rejoin the Union; should Southern requirements to enter the Union again be harsh or lenient? Lincoln wanted to be lenient. Radical Republican goals: prevent Confederates from returning to power after the war, making Republican Party powerful in the South & guaranteeing African Americans’ right to vote in the South.

• During this era 3 Amendments were passed, known as the Civil War/Reconstruction amendments: the 13th Amendment freed slaves, the 14th Amendment granted them citizenship and equal protection for citizens under the law, & the 15th Amendment granted African American men the right to vote (sufferage).

• In response to the amendments, many angry Southerners responded with violence/malice toward Af Am; they created the Black Codes, which stripped Af Am in the South of their freedoms & essentially put them into a condition similar to the days before the war.

• The KKK (Ku Klux Klan) was a terrorist organization set up by white southerners to terrorize African Americans and any white Radical Republicans that supported their rights.

• Jim Crow laws were established in the South which segregated public space and separated whites and blacks. Other laws disenfranchised African Americans, or took away their right to vote. (E.g. Poll Taxes charged African Americans a fee (they generally could not afford) to vote. Literacy tests were required to vote and many African Americans were illiterate. The Grandfather Clause would only allow an individual to vote if they had a close relative who could vote before 1868, which meant that very few African-Americans qualified. Af. Am. faced political inequality across the nation due to Plessy v. Ferguson (separate but equal).

• Under the Military Reconstruction Act, federal troops were put in the South to ensure that Reconstruction met little resistance. Reconstruction came to an end when federal troops were pulled out of the South after the election of 1876, when Democrats and Republicans struck a deal called the Compromise of 1877, which made Rutherford B. Hayes, a Republican, president of the US, so long as he agreed to remove federal troops from the South. The removal of federal troops now meant the South was more free to return to the old South.

Important figures in Reconstruction• Andrew Johnson- president from 1865-1896, Lincoln’s VP. His plan for

Reconstruction closely resembled Lincoln’s plan (Lenient). During his presidency, he was NOT getting along with the Radical Republicans and was impeached, but not removed from office. During his term, and due to his lenient plan, Black Codes were passed in the south and the Radical Republicans took control.

• Radical Republicans- A group of Republicans during the era of Reconstruction (1865-1877) that wanted a radical, military occupation and reconstruction of the south

• Ulysses S. Grant- President following Johnson, a Union General. He didn’t do very well as president, his political inexperience ended up dividing the Republican party

• Rutherford b. Hayes- President following Grant. Republican. Was elected by democrats because he agreed to end military reconstruction in the south

• Frederick Douglass- (though he could be considered an important pre-war person, too) a famous anti-slavery orator. Favored non-violent means to end slavery.

• Buffalo Soldiers- First all black military regiment. Formed in 1866 from black union soldiers from the civil war. Mainly stayed in the West

• Carpet baggers- People who moved south to help with Reconstruction

• Scalawags- Southerners who supported Republican Reconstruction

Farmer Life & Settling the West• After the Civil War many Af. Ams. in the South became sharecroppers.

Sharecropping was essentially a form of slavery. Having nowhere else to do, freed African Americans would end up having to rent land from a land owner (often, their former master), borrow money for tools and housing, and end up in an endless cycle of debt. Sharecropping, in a way, reduced the “freedman,” or former slave, to a condition of bondage again, just like during slavery.

• The Homestead Act of 1862- the US government gave away land out in the West for little to no cost to anyone daring enough to settle Western lands; this was mean to promote Westward expansion. People could gain title to land by living there for five years. But farmers, including homesteaders, faced many problems after the Civil War.

• The Dawes Act attempted to assimilate Natives by breaking up reservation land into single plot allotments to force Natives to become farmers/ranchers. Rest of land was sold to American settlers & the proceeds went into a trust for Natives. FAILED. Received little training, too small plots, & didn’t want to be assimilated.

Manifest Destiny

Consequences of Western Expansion• Western Expansion- (3 reasons for moving west: mining, ranching, and farming)

Due to the idea of Manifest Destiny, Americans believed that God wanted them to continue expanding to the west. The problem was, the area of the Great Plains was already occupied by the Plains Indians. So, to get the Indians to leave, the Government sponsored Buffalo hunts, because the Indians lived off of the buffalo. As miles of railroad increased, the number of buffalo, and Indians, decreased.

• Assimilation- Whites wanted Indians to act like whites, so they encouraged Native Americans to go to American schools, learn to farm and ranch, and dress in white clothes. The Dawes Act (1887) eliminated communal ownership and set aside money from the sale of land to help Indians assimilate.

• Sand Creek Massacre (1864) – an unprovoked attack on the Cheyanne while they waited to have negotiations. At Sand Creek in Colorado

• Battle of Little Big Horn (1876)- American prospectors violated the Lakota Sioux territory in search of gold, so the Lakota left the rez to hunt buffalo. The government sent and expedition led by Col. Custer, he attacked the Lakota and got his entire regiment killed. The battle was portrayed as an unprovoked attack on Custer by the Lakota, forcing them to run from the military.

• Wounded Knee Massacre (1890)- the final stand for Native Americans against the federal government. Chief Sitting Bull and the Lakota were massacred for resisting arrest and performing the Ghost Dance.

Farmer Life in the mid-1800s through the early 1900s• During the Civil War, farmers did relatively well as there was a large demand for food to feed

the soldiers. After the Civil War, there was a drastic decline in the price of farm goods, as well as farmer clashes with railroad companies/land speculators over land; as a reaction, farmers began to organize. Farmers did not believe they had the support of the Democrats or Republicans to make the necessary political changes to boost farmer profits and/or represent them. The Farmers’ Alliance formed, but failed since they were too small to dramatically impact prices, loaned too much $ that wasn’t repaid, & discriminated against by railroads/banks/businesses. Out of this plight, a third party emerged known as the Populist Party, or Farmers Party.

• One of the key issues for the Populist Party was the demand for government issued silver coins, rather than paper money. In the 1896 presidential campaign, the Populist Party candidate, William Jennings Bryan, made his famous “Cross of Gold Speech,” in which he protested the gold standard and called for the coinage of silver. He did not win, but the party did receive a significant amount of votes given their third-party status.

• To control inflation after the Civil War, the fed. gov. stopped making silver coins, stopped printing greenbacks, & started paying off its bond. In the late 1800s, many Americans disagreed over what monetary system the US should be on. Those supporting the coinage of silver were called silverites. Those supporting the gold standard were called goldbugs, those supporting a combination of gold & silver supported bimetallism, & those supporting the printing of paper money were called greenbacks.

• Farmers were also affected by the new technology of the industrial era, such as the mechanical reaper, which made farming more efficient. Also, new farming methods allowed for farmers to settle areas that were once very difficult (too dry) to farm on. But, new technology helped farmers produce more, which tended to lead to lower prices. Farmers were helped, however, by Granger laws that limited railroad rates.

• Morrill Land Grant – free land given by the federal government to the states, so long as the states built agricultural & mechanical colleges on that land. This was meant to improve the field of farmer efficiency & innovation.

Industrial Revolution (Late 19th Century)• BRIEF OVERVIEW: By the early 1900s, the United States had become the world’s leading

industrial nation.

• The two main catalysts for American industrialization was the ability to produce steel (in large numbers) and the expansion of the railroad system.

• With the end of the Civil War, American industry expanded and millions of people left their farms to work in mines and factories. Many found work in cities which led to urbanization as cities rapidly expanded, and families got smaller.

• Political machines provided new city dwellers with necessities (jobs/housing/police) in exchange for votes. Boss Tweed and Tammany Hall- party boss. Thomas Nast, the political cartoonist combated this corruption with his cartoons.

Immigration at the turn of the century• At first, the US was importing Chinese workers (new immigrants) in

order to build the railroads, but they didn’t assimilate well, and due to nativism and job competition, the government passed the Chinese Exclusion Act, which was passed in 1882, renewed in 1892, and made permanent in 1902.

• In 1907, an agreement between the US government and imperial Japan not to allow any more immigration.

• Immigration Act of 1924- set up a quota system to allow 3% of the number of any ethnic group to enter the country each year. This favored the groups that were largest and easiest to assimilate- North and Western Europe, and made it difficult for Eastern and Southern Europeans. It did NOT put limits on immigrants from the Western Hemisphere.

• Immigrants came in through Ellis Island from Europe and Angel Island if they came from Asia.

• Why were immigrants coming to the US? Push factors- religious persecution, forced military service, need a job. Pull factors: jobs, religious freedom, the American Dream

Industrial Era: Late 1800s• Immigrants before 1870 – Northern and Western Europe, assimilate easily.

Immigrants after 1870 (during peak of industrial era) – Southern and Eastern Europe, not easily assimilated.

• The rise of the United States as an industrial power began after the Civil War. Many factors promoted industry, including cheap labor (increased immigration), new inventions and technology, and plentiful raw materials. Railroads rapidly expanded.

• Laissez-faire (government stays out of economy) government policies encouraged growth & large corporations became important by providing jobs and spurring economic growth. Laissez-faire required the gov. be hands off & let market forces of supply/demand regulate prices & wages.

• As industry expanded, workers tried to form unions to fight for better wages and working conditions. In the late 1800s, workers’ buying power generally increased because prices fell faster than wages.

• During early industrialization, many believed tariffs (tax on imports) were necessary to help new American industries compete with large established European factories.

Big Business• After the Civil War, big business

assumed a more prominent role in people’s lives-Vertical integration- a company controls all of its processes from the very beginning (growing cotton or mining steel) to the end (the actual sales of the garment or of the train).

-Horizontal integration is when many companies which did the same thing came together to work as one corporation causing a Monopoly, which was when one company controls the entire market for a good. There is debate on how “good” or “bad” monopolies.

Andrew Carnegie & the Bessemer Process

• Andrew Carnegie, a poor Scottish immigrant, worked his way up from a bobbin boy in a textile factory to the president of the Pennsylvania Railroad.

• He invested much of his money in railroad-related businesses and later owned his own business.

• He opened a steel company in 1875 and quickly adapted his steel mills to use the Bessemer process, which allowed for the mass production of steal for the first time in history.

• This dramatically changed the landscape of the US economy & led to such marvels as skyscrapers.

Industrialization Terms to Know

• Monopoly- the total control of a type of industry by one person or one company

• Entrepreneur- one who organizes, manages, and assumes the risks of a business or enterprise

• Holding Company- a company whose primary business is owning a controlling share of stock in other companies

• Trust- a combination of firms or corporations formed by a legal agreement, especially to reduce competition.

• Corporation- an organization that is authorized by law to carry on an activity but threated as though it were a single person (Corporations often spread out financial risk)

Railroad SystemBEFORE: In the early 1800s, most railways served only local needs, resulting in many unconnected rail lines.

•A great catalyst for industrialization was the expansion of the Railroad system.

•In 1862 President Abraham Lincoln signed the Pacific Railway Act, which provided for the construction of a transcontinental railroad by the Union Pacific and Central Pacific railroad companies, in which free land grants were given to those two railroad companies for constructing the railroad tracks.

•Because of a shortage of workers in California, the Central Pacific Railroad hired workers from China.

•The railroad system linked the nation & expanded the size of markets.

•The railroad industry stimulated the economy by spending large amounts of money on steel, coal, and timber.

Technology• In 1876 Scottish-American inventor Alexander Graham Bell invented

the telephone. • In 1877 Bell and his associates organized the Bell Telephone

Company, which later became the American Telephone and Telegraph Company (AT&T).

• In the late 1800s, Thomas Alva Edison invented or perfected the phonograph, the light bulb, the electric generator, the Dictaphone, and the motion picture.

Technology (Continued)• George Pullman-  (March 3, 1831 – October 19, 1897) was

an American engineer and industrialist. He designed and manufactured the Pullman sleeping car and founded a company town, Pullman, for the workers who manufactured it. His Pullman Company also hired African-American men to staff the Pullman cars, who became known and widely respected as Pullman porters, providing elite service. Eugene Debs organized a strike in the company town when Pullman wouldn’t raise wages.

• Henry Ford- Used the Assembly line to quickly, cheaply, and efficiently produce automobiles. This process for mass production became the standard.

• Madame C.J. Walker- a black woman who invented the curling iron and the straightening iron, as well as a line of beauty products. She owned her own company.

Big Business (Corporations)• By 1900, big business dominated the economy of the United States. • A corporation is an organization (a business) owned by many people; the

ownership of the company is divided up by shareholders (or stockholders).• Corporations could continue operating during poor economic times because

their operating costs were so small compared to their fixed costs. • Stockholders, the people who own the corporation, own shares of

ownership called stock. Issuing stock allows a corporation to raise large sums of money and allows them to spread out the financial risk.

• A monopoly occurs when one company gains control of an entire market; e.g. Rockefeller attempted to monopolize the oil industry.

• The Sherman Anti-Trust Act was created by the government to make monopolies illegal.

• In 1882, John D. Rockefeller’s company, Standard Oil, formed the first trust, which merged businesses by allowing a person (from company A) to manage another person’s property (from company B); this was not illegal.

Industrialization: The Labor Force• Workers in industrial America faced monotonous (boring, unfulfilling, and

repetitive) work, dangerous working conditions, and an uneven division of income between the wealthy and the working class.

• This distinction of social classes could be seen in cities throughout the US that had very wealthy sectors and very poor sectors. Many of the impoverished lived in deplorable conditions: in dirty one room apartments called tenement apartments.

• Settlement houses- houses where the poor could have their basic needs provided for; food, clothes, shelter. Jane Addams was a leading advocate and creator of settlement houses.

• Terrible working conditions and low pay eventually led to the development of Unions, which workers formed to fight for better working conditions and better pay.

• Unions declined during the 1920s because many corporations instituted welfare capitalism = companies allowed workers to buy stock, participate in profit sharing, & receive benefits such as medical care & pensions.

Industrialization: The Labor Force

• American Federation of Labor- one of the first labor unions in the US. Founded by Samuel Gompers in 1886

• Socialist Party- wanted government ownership of the means of production

• Haymarket Riot (1886)• Pullman Strike (1894)- a strike led by Eugene debs against

the Pullman Railway Car company- demanded higher wages. The president had to step in

• Sherman Antitrust Act (1890)- It prohibits certain business activities that federal government regulators deem to be anticompetitive, and requires the federal government to investigate and pursue trusts. It has since, more broadly, been used to oppose the combination of entities that could potentially harm competition, such as monopolies or cartels.

Industrialization: UNIONS• Many union workers would organize strikes and refuse to work and protest

until their employer met their demands for better work condition and better pay.

• Businesses used tactics like blacklisting, strikebreakers, & lockouts to fight back against union organization.

• Employers would often hire strikebreakers to work in the place of striking workers. Often, strike breakers were immigrants.

• Employers would use lockouts where they refuse to allow workers on the property & refuse to pay them.

• Many labor unions opposed immigration, arguing that most immigrants would work for low wages.

• Chinese immigrants in the California/West & South/Eastern Europeans in the Northeast faced the strongest nativist feelings.

• Nativism is a strong dislike for immigrants & wanted to limit immigration. Many nativists were afraid that the Catholic religion would gain too much power due to immigrants.

ECONOMIC SYSTEMS• Market Economy- like laissez-faire, supply and demand controls

prices in this system• Mixed economy- supply and demand plays a role, but so does

the government• Planned economy- the government controls what is produced,

how much, and the costs