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kf/ ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . hglgjf{rg dfkm{t ;+ljwfg;efsf]

u7g ePsf] 5 . /fhtGqsf] ljlwjt\ pGd"ng ul/Psf]

5 . hgtfdf gf}nf] cfzf knfPsf] 5 . hgtf zflGt

rfxG5g\ / g]kfnL ;dfh tyf /fhgLltdf cfd"n kl/jt{g

cfPsf] x]g{ rfxG5g\ . t/ s:tf] vfnsf] kl/jt{g /

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;d"xx? df´ / ;~rf/ hut\df g]kfnsf] efjL

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caf]nf hgtfsf] 7"nf] lx:;fsf] rfxgf s] 5 eGg]

rflx+ cg'dfgs} ljifo 5 . lsgeg] nueu cfwf

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5}gg\ . To;dfly ;fj{hlgs 5nkmnsf oL ljifox?

/fhgLltzf:q / bz{gzf:ql;t hf]l8Psf 5g\ . o:tf]

cj:yfdf oL ljifox?df pgLx?sf] 1fg / a'´fO slt

xf]nf Tof] ljrf/0fLo 5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu, ;+3Lotf,

nf]stGq, dfgjclwsf/, ;dfj]zLs/0f, /fHo k'g;+{/rgf

h:tf ljifonfO{ hg;fw/0fn] s;/L a'´]sf xf]nfg\ <

t;y{ ;d;fdlos 5nkmnsf o:tf ljifoaf/] hgtfnfO{

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ljrf/ a'‰g' cfjZos 5 .

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;fOG; axfMn] o; ljifodf …casf] g]kfnÚ zLif{sdf g]kfn

Pkm=Pd= /]l8of] / g]kfnel/ 5l/Psf To;sf ;~hfn

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Tel: +977-1-4472807 • [email protected] • www.soscbaha.org

ljifo;"rL

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@= ax'njfb 4 — alGbtf l;hfktL

#= ;+3Lo /fHo÷;+3jfb 7 — s[i0f vgfn

$= ;}Gojfb 12 — w|'j s'df/

%= k|hftGq÷nf]stGq 15 — xl/ zdf{

^= /fhtGq 17 — ;'wLGb| zdf{

&= dfgjclwsf/ 20 — uf]kfn l;jfsf]6L …lrGtgÚ

*= ;dfj]zLs/0f / c;dfj]zLs/0f 23 — /fh]Gb| k|wfg

(= ax';+:s[ltjfb 26 — alGbtf l;hfktL

!)= ;j{;Qfjfb 29 — w|'j s'df/

!!= kmf;Ljfb 31 — w|'j s'df/

!@= clwgfosjfb 34 — w|'j s'df/

1

k[i7e"ld;dfhsf] ax'njfbL / ax';f+:s[lts :j¿k tyf wd{ clg efiffsf cfwf/df dflg;sf] juL{s/0f / ;fd"lxs klxrfg sfod ug{] rng / ljleGg ;d'bfosf] ;femf Oltxf; Pjd\ ;femf e"efu ztfAbLof}Fb]lv /x] tfklg ;g\ !*%) sf] bzs, cem vf; u/]/ ;g\ !(*) sf] bzs otfb]lv dfq hftLotf ;+;f/e/ ;a}eGbf a9L pNn]vgLo ;fdflhs ljz]iftfx¿ dWo]sf] Ps aGg k'Uof] . hftLotf ljleGg ¿kdf b]vf k/]sf] 5– lglZrt hfltsf] cfd;+xf/, hftLo snx, hftLo–/fli6«otf, hftLo–/fhgLlt, hftLo klxrfg, hftLo ;d"xsf] dfGotf / ;|f]t;fwgdfly Gofof]lrt lx:;]bf/L tyf /fHosf x/]s cª\udf k|ltlglwTj kfpg'kg{] dfu cflb . pk]lgj]zjfbsf] cGTo, -Psn ;+:s[ltdf cfwfl/t_ /fi6«–lgdf{0f, cfw'lgsLs/0f, ljZjJofkLs/0f, k|hftflGqs/0fsf ljleGg nx/sf] k|ltlqmof:j¿k b]lvPsf] hghftLo pb\jf]wg / cGt/f{li6«o dfgjclwsf/df cfwfl/t zf:qfy{n] blIf0fkGyL -pbf/_ / jfdkGyL -dfS;{jfbL_ /fhgLltsf ljleGg ljrf/wf/fnfO{ unt ;fljt ul/lbPsf 5g\ h;n] …cflbo'uLg ;DaGwÚ h:t} gftfuf]tf, wd{, efiff cyjf e"efunfO{ d"n cfwf/ dfg]/ ;fdflhs klxrfg / ;DaGw sfod /xG5 eGg] wf/0ffsf] ktg x'g] eljiojf0fL u/]sf lyP . gful/ssf ¿kdf JolQmsf] k|fylds lrgf/L cyjf s'g} /fi6«sf] /fli6«otf -h:t}— g]kfnL, hd{g, ef/tLo_ k|fKt ugf{n] sfnfGt/df cflbo'uLg ;DaGwsf cfwf/df lgwf{l/t lrgf/L la:tf/} x/fpFb} hfG5 eGg] s'/f unt ;fljt ePsf] 5 .

hftLotfsf] c+u|]hL ¿k …PlYgl;6LÚ u|Ls zAb PlYgsf];af6 cfPsf] xf] -hf] cfkm}Fdf PYgf];\sf] ljz]if0f xf]_, h;sf] cy{ x'G5 hgtf cyjf hflt . k|frLg u|L;df of] zAb u|L;sf /}yfg] afl;Gbfb]lv afx]ssf …c¿ dflg;Ú cyjf aflxl/ofnfO{ a'emfpg k|of]u ul/GYof] . Tolta]nf u}/u|Ls dflg;nfO{ km/s / sd ;Eo 7flgGYof] . klZrdL ;dfhdf emG8} o:t} cfzo ePsf]

…hfltÚ zAb ztfAbLof}Fb]lv cNk;+Vos ;d"x, vf;u/L a;fOF ;/]/ cfPsf ;d'bfo a'emfpgnfO{ k|of]u ul/GYof], h:t}— o'/f]kdf ox'bL cyjf cNh]l/ofnL / t's{ clg cd]l/sfdf O6flnog, cfOl/;, lrlgof / c¿ a;fO{F ;/]/ cfPsf ;d'bfo -pbfx/0fsf nflu, O6flnog ;d'bfo, lrlgofF vfgf ._ t/, cfd cy{ a'emfpg] u/L …OlYgl;6LÚ zAbn] ;a}eGbf klxn] ;g\ !(%# df cS;kmf]8{ Oª\ln; l8S;g/Ldf k|ljli6 kfPsf] lyof] .

o; ljifodf w]/} ljåfg\x¿n] sfd u/]sf eP klg hftLotf / hftLo ;d"xsf] kl/efiffaf/] Ps dt kfOFb}g . cyjf o;nfO{ s'g cy{df a'e\mg a9L ;l6s x'G5 eGg] af/]df ;xdlt 5}g . o;nfO{ x]g{] d'Vo tLgj6f b[li6sf]0f 5g\ . O;]lG;ofln:6 dt /fVg]x¿ s] eG5g\ eg] hftLo klxrfg :jtM / ;xh ¿kdf cfpg] klxrfg xf] . pgLx¿sf] ljrf/df hftLo klxrfg klxn]b]lv g} Ps} vfnsf] h}ljs cyjf ;f+:s[lts d"n ePsf dflg;x¿sf] ;fdflhs klxrfgsf] c+u aGb} cfPsf] 5 . hftLo ;Ldf lglZrt x'G5 / hflt ;d"x nfdf] ;do;Dd cl:tTjjfg\ /x]sf] x'G5 h;n] ubf{ pgLx¿aLrdf ulx/f] efjgfTds nufj /x]sf] x'G5 . cflbo'lug ;DaGwn] hftLotfnfO{ a9fpF5 / o;nfO{ l6sfO/fV5 . OG:6«'d]G6fln:6x¿n] hftLotfnfO{ ;|f]t;fwg k|fKt ug{] /0fgLlts xltof/ xf] eg]sf 5g\ . pgLx¿sf ljrf/df hftLo g]tfx¿n] hftLo ljlzi6tfnfO{ p5fNg] sf/0f To; ;d"xsf] ;+:s[lt, efiff / klxrfgk|lt pgLx¿sf] ulx/f] nufj eP/ geO{ cfly{s jf /fhgLlts kmfObf lngsf nflu pgLx¿ o;f] ug]{ u5{g\ . hftLotf pkof]uL /x];Dd dfq l6Sb5 . sG:6«S;lgi6x¿sf] ts{df rflxF hftLotfsf] ;Ldf nlrnf] 5 . ;fdflhs cj:yfsf sf/0f of] pTkGg ePsf] x'G5 . cyf{t\ cfly{s / /fhgLlts kmfObf lngsf nflu of] ljrf/ NofOPsf] xf]Og . hftLotf cfly{s / /fhgLlts s'/feGbf klg ;f+:s[lts s'/f a9L xf] .

hftLotfsf kl/efiff klg d"n ¿kdf log} tLg b[li6sf]0f;Fu ldNbfh'Nbf 5g\ . hf]g :6f]gn] hftLotfnfO{ o;/L kl/eflift

hftLotf÷hftLo ;d"x

/fh]Gb| k|wfg

2

u/]sf 5g\, æPp6} k'Vof}{nL / ;femf P]ltxfl;s pTklQ ePsf dflg; ;b:o x'g] ;fdflhs ;+u7gsf] Pp6f cfwf/e"t juL{s/0f xf] . o;df ;dfh, ;+:s[lt, wd{ cyjf efiff klg x'g;S5 .Æ1 xn n]legn] eg]sf 5g\, æhftLotf cfkm}Fn] jf c¿n] ug{] dflg;sf] juL{s/0fsf] Tof] tl/sf xf] h;n] pTklt cyjf k'Vof}{nL -;fdflhs ¿kn] ;[lht_ nfO{ d"n cfwf/ dfGb5 .Æ2 csf{lt/ Oln; Sofdf]/n] hftLotfnfO{ o;/L kl/eflift u/]sf 5g\, æcfkm"nfO{ c¿ eGbf w]/} lsl;dn] km/s 7fGg] s'g} ;d"xsf] vf; ljz]iftf .Æ pgsf cg';f/ o:tf] ;d"xsf] ;femf cg'ej x'G5 . ;fdfGotof ;f+:s[lts, ef}lts cyjf /fhgLlts b[li6n] jl~rt jf pk]lIft x'gfsf] cg'ej pgLx¿df x'G5 . pk]lIft jf jl~rt ePsf] efjgfsf] k|ltlqmof :j¿k o:tf] ;dx"n] ;femf Oltxf; / ;+:s[ltsf] ljsf; u5{ tyf afFsL ;dfh eGbf cfkm" ;f+:s[lts ¿kn] leGg ePsf] s'/fdf hf]8 lbG5 cyjf cfkm" / c¿ aLrdf leGgtf ;Ldf sf]5{ .3

oL ;a} kl/efiffx¿nfO{ Ps} 7fpFdf /fv]/ x]bf{ hftLotf -/ hftLo ;d"x_ sf rf/j6f d'Vo ljz]iftfdf hf]8 lbOPsf] kfOG5 M !_ of] ;fdflhs ;+u7gsf] Pp6f juL{s/0f xf], @_ / dflg;nfO{ juL{s/0f ug{] Pp6f tl/sf xf], #_ o:tf] ;d"x h;n] cfkm"x¿ ;dfg P]ltxfl;s pTklQ / -jf:tljs jf ;[lht_ ;dfg :jfy{ ePsf] bfaL u5{, / $_ cfkm"nfO{ c¿eGbf km/s / -k|fo;M pk]lIft, jl~rt_ 7fGg] ;d"xsf] ljz]iftf . t/ s;}s;}n] hftLotf / hftLo ;d"x eGgfn] pk]lIft jf cNk;+Vos ;d"x dfq} a'emfpFb}g eGg] ts{ u/]sf 5g\ . Go'lhNofG8sf k|e'TjzfnL uf]/f ;d"xn] cfkm"nfO{ 5'§} hflt ePsf] bfjL ug{ ;S5 .

hftLotf / hftLo ;d"xnfO{ o;l;t ;DalGwt cGo s]xL zAbx¿sf ;Gbe{df x]l/g'k5{, tL x'g\— gZnjfb, /fi6«jfb, ax'njfb, ax';+:s[ltjfb / cflbjf;Ljfb clg cfˆg} klxrfgsf] -;f+:s[lts_ /fhgLlt . pbfx/0fsf nflu, cNk;+Vos hfltleq klg cflbjf;Lsf] ljlzi6 rl/q /x]sf] x'G5 .

1 The Social Science Encyclopedia, ed. Adam and Jessica Kuper, pp 260-262.

2 Reconstructing Ethnicity; The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute, 5 (2): pp. 165-180.

3 Dictionary of Race and Ethnic Relations, ed. Ellis Cashmore, pp 119-124).

g]kfndf hftLotfg]kfndf hghftLo ;DaGwdf ePsf jf}l4s 5nkmnx¿ OG:6«'d]G6fln:6 jf sG:6«;lg:6 b[li6sf]0faf6 x'g] u/]sf 5g\ . o:tf 5nkmn cS;/ ysfnL klxrfgsf] t/ntf / lgdf{0fsf] jl/kl/ s]lGb|t x'G5 / s] cf/f]k nufOG5 eg] hftLo g]tfx¿n] hftLotfsf] d'2fnfO{ kmfObf lngsf nflu k|of]u ug{] u/]sf 5g\ . csf{lt/ hftLo g]tf / ljåfgx¿n] hftLotfnfO{ k|fOdf]l8{on cyjf O;]lG;ofln:6 b[li6sf]0faf6 x]g{] u/]sf 5g\ . pgLx¿n] hghflt ;d"x / klxrfgnfO{ l:y/, :yfoL / ;w}Fel/ ;femf ;+:s[lt tyf ;femf k'Vof}{nLdf cfwfl/t ePsf] egL JofVof ug]{ u/]sf 5g\ .

g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df Pp6f d'Vo ;d:of s] 5 eg] oxfF s'g ;d"x jf ;d'bfonfO{ hflt dfGg] / s'g cfGbf]ngnfO{ hftLo cfGbf]ng dfGg] < g]kfndf ePsf cflwsfl/s / cfd k|rngdf /x]sf ljj/0fx¿df k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxsf] lbJof]kb]zdf ;a}eGbf klxn] hft jf hflt eGg] zAb hflt / …hftLo ;d"xÚ b'j}nfO{ a'emfpg rnfOPsf] lyof] . ;g\ !*%$ sf] d'n'sL P]gdf hft jf hfltn] d';ndfg / o"/f]k]nLnfO{ ;d]t hgfpFYof] . To; d'n'sL P]gdf clwsf+z u}/hft ;d"xnfO{ …dtjfnLÚ egL juL{s/0f ul/Psf] lyof], …cflbjf;LÚ elgPsf] lyPg . t/ …cflbjf;LÚ zAbn] ef/tdf …slanf ;d"xÚ -h+unjf;L_ eGg] hgfpF5 . oBlk o; zAbsf] zflAbs cy{ ;a}eGbf klxnf] afl;Gbf eGg] x'G5 . kl5 hftnfO{ hft ;d"x / hfltnfO{ u}/hflt ;d"x a'emfpg k|of]u ug{ yflnof] . w]/} cj:yfdf oL zAb Pscsf{sf kof{osf ¿kdf k|of]u eO/x] . ;g\ !(() df k|hftGqsf] k'g:yf{kgf ePkl5 hftLo cfGbf]ng b|'t ultdf lj:tf/ ePkl5 …hghfltÚ zAb k|rngdf cfof] / o;n] klxn] dtjfnL elgg] ;d"xnfO{ cltl/Qm cy{sf ;fy a'emfpg yfNof] . o;n] c¿eGbf km/s ;+:s[lt ePsf, k/Dk/fut ynf] ePsf, hft;d"x eGbf km/s, kj{t] -slxn]sfxLF v;_ eg]/ lrlgg] k|e'TjzfnL / ljh]tf hft tyf eflifs ;d"xåf/f bafOPsf hftLo ;d"x eGg] a'emfpg yfNof] . t/ cflbaf;Lsf] clwsf/n] ljZjJofkL dfGotf kfPkl5 -ljz]ifu/L /fi6«;+3n] cflbaf;L b;ssf] 3f]if0ff u/]kl5_ cfk"mnfO{ hghflt eGg yfn]sf ;d"xx¿n] klg cfkm"nfO{ …cflbjf;LÚ eGg yfn] . o;af6 Pp6f cg'Ql/t k|Zg p7]sf] 5 M u}/cflbjf;L klg …hghfltÚ x'g;S5 ls ;Sb}g < cyjf …hghfltÚ eGg gldNg] ;d"x cflbjf;L x'g;S5 ls ;Sb}g <

g]kfnsf ;'?sf af}l4s n]v/rgfx¿df u}/hft ;d"xnfO{

3

g]jf/ / d';ndfgnfO{ 5f8]/ …slanfÚ eGg] ul/Psf] lyof] . ;g\ !(*) sf] bzssf] ;'?jftb]lv …slanfÚ sf] 7fpFdf …hghflt ;d"xÚ n]Vg yflnof] . To;sf] Pp6f sf/0f s] lyof] eg] …slanf zAbn] lkl5l8Psf, h+unjf;L eGg] ckdfgaf]ws cy{ lbGYof] . clg …dtjfnLÚ eg]/ lrlgPsf ;d"xnfO{ a'emfpgsf nflu …slanfÚ pko'Qm zAb xf] xf]Og eGg] låljwf klg lyof] . bf];|f], hftLo cfGbf]ng cl3 a9]sf] tyf hftLotfaf/]sf n]vf]6 clg ;flxTo klg cfO/x]sf a]nf To; zAbsf] pkof]u slt;Dd pko'Qm xf] eGg] 5nkmn klg rn]sf] lyof] .

o;k|sf/ …hghfltÚ zAbsf] ljsf; / ljlzi6 P]ltxfl;s ;Gbe{n] ubf{ g]kfndf af}l4s n]v/rgf, ;/sf/L sfuhft tyf cfd 5nkmndf …hghflt ;d"xÚ eGgfn] cflbjf;L hghfltnfO{ dfq a'emfpg] u/]sf] 5 . o;n] ubf{ d';ndfg h:tf …cNk;+VosÚ wfld{s cyjf eflifs ;d"x / ;fd"lxs ¿kdf dw];L eg]/ lrlgg] t/fO{sf w]/} eflifs / ;f+:s[lts ;d"xnfO{ hghflt ;d"x eGg ;lsG5 ls ;lsb}g eGg] dxTjk"0f{ k|ZgnfO{ a]jf:tf ul/Psf] 5 . o;sf cjwf/0ffut / /fhgLlts k|efj 5g\ .

cjwf/0ffut ¿kdf, cflbjf;L ;d"x eg]sf] …hghflt ;d"xÚ cyjf cNk;+Vos hfltsf] a[xQ/ juL{s/0f leqsf] ljz]if ;d"x xf] . ;}4flGts ¿kdf d';ndfg / dw];LnfO{ dfly

plNnlvt kl/efiffcg';f/ …hghflt ;d"xÚ eGg g;lsPdf klg slDtdf …hghfltÚsf] juL{s/0fleq /fVg ;lsG5 . cjwf/0ffut ¿kdf …hghfltÚ / dw];LaLr w]/} cGt/ 5}g\ . k|e'TjzfnL kj{t] -v;_ ;d"x;Fusf] ;DaGwsf cfwf/df oL b'j}nfO{ cNk;+Vos hflt dfGg ;lsG5 . o;nfO{ :jLsf/ ug{] xf] eg] dfGotf, clwsf/, Gofof]lrt k|ltlglwTj / :jfoQtfsf nflu ePsf] dw];L cfGbf]ngnfO{ hftLo–/fhgLlt, hftLo–/fli6«otf cyjf hftLotf eGg'sf ;§f clxn] elgP h:tf] …If]qLotfÚ sf] ;+1f lbg'sf] cf}lrTo 5}g . o:tf] ljrf/nfO{ :jLsf/ gubf{ s:tf] /fhgLlts kl/0ffd cfpF5 eGg] s'/f dw];sf] ;d:ofn] k|i6 kfl/;s]sf] 5 .

hftLo ;d"x / hftLotf h:tf cjwf/0ffsf] kl/efiffdf jfbljjfb x'g;S5 t/ oL zAb …hghflt ;d"xÚ / cfGbf]ngnfO{ a'emfpg dfq lsg k|of]u ul/Psf] xf] / oL zAbn] kxf8 tyf t/fO{sf d';ndfg / dw];LnfO{ lsg a'emfpFb}g eGg] s'/fsf] cf}lrTo k|:6Øfpg' h?/L x'G5 . cyjf eljiodf aGg] hftLo k|e'Tj /x]sf] :jfoQ k|b]zdf a:g] s'g} a]nfsf k|e'TjzfnL ;d"x -kxf8] afx'g÷IfqL_ n] jf dw]; :jfoQ k|b]zdf a:g] kxf8]n] o:t} cfGbf]ng u/] eg] To;nfO{ s;/L x]g{] eGg] k|Zg klg dxTjk"0f{ 5 . •

4

ax'njfb

alGbtf l;hfktL

;fdfGy cy{df ax'njfb eg]sf] ljljwtfnfO{ dfGotf lbg' xf] / o;n] ;fwf/0ftof ;fdflhs ;DaGwsf] o:tf] 9fFrfnfO{ a'emfpF5 hxfF cg]s y/Lsf ;d"xx¿sf] ;femf ;+:s[lt / lglZrt ;+:yfx¿pk/ ;fem]bf/L x'g] ub{5 . ;dfh lj1fgsf] ;Gbe{df ax'njfbsf ;fwf/0ftof tLgj6f e]b 5g\ M ;f+:s[lts ax'njfb, ;+/rgfut ax'njfb / /fhgLlts ax'njfb . ;f+:s[lts ax'njfb eGgfn] ljljw hftLo, gZnut, wfld{s, /fli6«o, sljnf cyjf÷/ eflifs ;d"xnfO{ a'emfpF5 . cf–cfˆgf 5'§f5'§} ;f+:s[lts klxrfg / ;fdflhs ;~hfn x'Fbfx'Fb} klg To:tf ;d"xx¿ ;femf /fhgLlts / cfly{s k|0ffnLdf afFlwPsf x'G5g\ . ;+/rgfut ax'njfb Tolt a]nf x'G5 hlt a]nf cfˆg} ;fdflhs ;+/rgf / ;+:yf ePsf ;d"xx¿n] c¿sf ljz]iftf klg cFufn]sf x'G5g\ . pbfx/0fsf nflu, pgLx¿n] ;femf ;/sf/ / ;femf sfg'gnfO{ :jLsf/ u/]sf x'G5g\ t/ pgLx¿sf] cfˆg} wfld{s ;+:yfx¿ x'g ;S5g\, pgLx¿ cfˆg} efiff af]Ng ;S5g\ cyjf pgLx¿n] cfˆg} vfnsf] z}lIfs k|0ffnL ckgfPsf x'g ;S5g\ . /fhgLlts ax'njfb To:tf] cj:yfdf x'G5 hlt a]nf ;dfhdf ljleGg p2]Zo / :jfy{ af]s]sf ;d"xx¿ x'G5g\ t/ s'g} Pp6f ;d"xn] c¿ ;d"xdfly k"0f{¿kdf k|e'Tj hdfPsf] x'Fb}g . /fhgLlts ax'njfbLx¿rflxF s] s'/fdf ljZjf; u5{g\ eg] 7"nf] ;dfhdf /fhgLlts zlQm Pscsf{sf] k|lt:kwf{df /x]sf cfly{s, /fhgLlts :jfy{ tyf ljrf/ ePsf ljleGg ;d"xsf aLrdf afFl8Psf] x'G5 . o:tf] ;dfh k|hftflGqs x'gfsf nflu /fhgLlts bnafx]s cGo ;+3;+:yfx¿sf] cl:tTj x'g'k5{ h;n] ubf{ km/s–km/s vfnsf ;+3;+:yfx¿sf aLrdf zlQmsf nflu k|lt:kwf{ x'G5 / tL ;+3;+:yfx¿dfk{mt pgLx¿ cfˆgf rfxgf cleJoQm ug{ kfpF5g\ .

sfl/onn] ax'njfbsf] /fhgLlts l;4fGtsf cleGg cËsf ¿kdf /x]sf ^ j6f ljz]iftfx¿sf] pNn]v u/]sf 5g\M -!_ JolQmsf] rfxgf k"/f ugf{sf nflu ;/sf/sf ;fgf;fgf

PsfOx¿ x'g' cfjZos 5, lsgeg] To:tf PsfOx¿ a9L …k|ltlglwd"nsÚ x'g ;S5g\, -@_ ;]jfk|bfos ;fj{hlgs lgsfox¿ 5/k:6 ePsf ef}uf]lns ¿kn] 7"nf] ;dfhdf ;/sf/L zlQm ck|ltlglwd"ns x'G5 . -#_ ;dfhdf y/Ly/Lsf :jtGq wfld{s, ;f+:s[lts, z}lIfs, k]zfut / cfly{s ;ª\3 / ;+:yfx¿ /x]sf x'G5g\ . -$_ oL lghL ;+:yfx¿ s'g cy{df :j]lR5s x'G5g\ eg] dflg;x¿ s'g} Pp6f ;+:yfdf dfq} k"0f{ ¿kdf cfa4 geP/ Ps} ;dodf w]/} ;+:yfsf ;b:o ePsf x'G5g\ . -%_ oL ;a} ;ª\3;+:yf Psfk;df :jtGq ¿kn] cGt/lqmof u5{g\ lsgeg] pgLx¿n] ;/sf/L÷;fj{hlgs gLltx¿nfO{ :jLsf/ u/]sf x'G5g\ / -^_ s]xL ;femf ljifox¿k|lt oL ;ª\3;+:yfsf] ;xdlt lnP/ dfq ;/sf/ sfo{ ;~rfng ug{ ;dy{ x'G5 . o; cy{df ljljw ;d"x, b[li6sf]0f / cf:yfsf] dxŒjsf] kIfdf jsfnt ub{} ax'njfbLx¿n] s] eg]sf 5g\ eg] cg]stf ePsf] ;dfhdf ;/sf/sf] zlQmsf] s]Gb|Ls/0f / ;fdflhs ;DaGwnfO{ 6'qm\ofpFb} n}hfg] k|j[lQnfO{ lgoGq0f ug{] Pp6f pkfo eg]sf] ljleGg ;d"xdf zlQm ljt/0f ug{' xf] . pgLx¿sf] egfOdf zlQmnfO{ ljt/0f ugf{n] a]Unfa]Un} p2]Zo / :jfy{ af]s]sf ;d"xaLr k|lt:kwf{ x'g] / pgLx¿n] /fhg}lts ;f}bfafhL ug{ ;Sg] cj:yf l;h{gf x'G5 h;n] ubf{ s'g} Pp6f ;d"xsf] ;fF3'/f] :jfy{n] ;/sf/L÷;fj{hlgs gLltnfO{ k|efljt kfg{ ;Sb}g .

cd]l/sfsf] cg'ejsf cfwf/df /a6{ 8fXn h:tf ax'njfbLx¿n] /fHonfO{ …lgikIf lg0ff{osÚsf ¿kdf lnPsf 5g\ h;n] k/:k/lj/f]wL bfaLdf s'g ;xL xf] eGg] d"NofÍg u/]/ s]xL bfaL k"/f u/fpg / s]xL bfaL 5f]8fpg dWo:ytf u5{ . oxfF s] s'/f pNn]v ug{' h?/L 5 eg] /fhgLlts ax'njfbLx¿n] ax'njfb eGgfn] hftLo cyjf gZnsf cfwf/df ePsf k[ystfnfO{ hgfpFb}g . pgLx¿sf] b[li6df ax'njfb eGgfn] d"ntM /fhgLlts If]qdf ;|f]t;fwg / zlQmsf nflu cfk;df k|lt:kwf{ ul//x]sf /fhgLlts ljrf/ / ljlzi6 :jfy{ af]s]sf ;d"xsf] ljrf/nfO{

5

hgfpF5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu ;fj{hlgs gLltnfO{ cfˆgf] kIfdf agfpg xfgfyfk ul//x]sf jftfj/0fjfbL ;d"x / pBdLnfO{ lng ;lsG5 . jftfjf0fjfbL ;d"x jftfj/0f;DaGwL sfg'gnfO{ cem a9L s8f agfpg bafa lbG5g\ eg] pBdL ;d"xx¿ To;nfO{ v's'nf] kfg{lt/ nfu]sf x'G5g\ .

ax'njfbL lrGtgsf u'bL ljifonfO{ w]/}n] cfnf]rgf u/]sf 5g\ . k|mofª\s, jfn]l:6{g h:tf dfS;{jfbLx¿n] s] s'/fdf hf]8 lbPsf 5g\ eg] cfGtl/s ju{ ljefhg / k'FhLjfbL k|0ffnLsf] …s]Gb|Ú / …df]km;nÚsf aLrdf /x]sf] c;dfg ljlgdo olt alnof] cj:yfdf /x]sf] x'G5 h;sf sf/0f 5'§f5'§} ;d"xx¿n] ;dfhdf vf;} k|efj kfg{ ;Sb}gg\ . o;}u/L, gjdfS;{jfbL / l;= /fO6 ldN; h:tf ;De|fGtjfbL ljrf/sx¿n] s] ts{ u/]sf 5g\ eg] k'FhLjfbL pRrju{n] cfˆgf] :jfy{ k"/f u/fpg s]xL ug}{ kb}{g, pbf/jfbL ;dfhsf ;+3;+:yfx¿af6} pgLx¿sf] :jfy{ k"/f eO/fv]sf] x'G5, To;sf ;fy} c;Gtf]if / lj/f]wsf :j¿kx¿nfO{ pgLx¿n] klg lg:t]h kfl//fv]sf x'G5g\ . ax'njfbsf cGo cfnf]rsx¿sf] s] ts{ 5 eg] /fHon] s]xL ax'njfbLn] ;f]r]h:tf] u/L ;dfhsf ljljw ;d"xsf dfuadf]lhd sbd rfNb}g, /fHo t :jfoQ ¿kdf ;fdflhs ;d"xsf rfxgfnfO{ Vofn gu/Lsg cfˆg} lsl;dn] rNg] ub{5 .

oL cfnf]rgfx¿nfO{ Vofn /fVb} s]xL /fhgLlts ax'njfbLx¿n] s] ljZjf; u/]sf 5g\ eg] k|lt:kwL{ cy{tGq ePsf 7"nf ;dfhdf /fhgLlts ljrf/sf] leGgtfnfO{ kG5fpg ;lsFb}g . t/ oL dxŒjk"0f{ /fhgLlts leGgtf ju{;Fu hf]l8Psf x'G5g\ eGg] dfS;{jfbLx¿sf ts{nfO{ pgLx¿ dfGb}gg\ . pTkfbgsf ;fwgnfO{ ;fj{hlgs :jfldTjdf /fv]/ /fhgLlts åGånfO{ 36fpg ;lsG5 eGg] s'/fdf klg pgLx¿ ljZjf; ub{}gg\ . o:t} u/L, /fhgLlts ;|f]t;fwgsf] ljt/0fdf ePsf] c;dfgtfn] ubf{ s]xL ;fdflhs ;d"x c¿ ;d"xeGbf a9L zlQmzfnL / k|efjzfnL x'g] x'gfn] To; s'/fnfO{ :jLsf/ ub{} c¿ ax'njfbLx¿n] /fhgLlts c;dfgtf 36fpg k'gMljt/0fsf] gLlt cfjZos 7fg]sf 5g\ -8fXn !((*_ . To;}n] /fhgLlts ax'njfbLx¿n] s] s'/fdf hf]8 lbPsf 5g\ eg] 7"nf] ;dfhsf] zf;g k|0ffnL k|hftflGqs x'gfsf nflu o:tf ;+:yfx¿ x'g}k5{ h;dfkm{t ljljw :jfy{ af]s]sf ;d"xn] cfˆgf ljrf/ JoQm ug{ / zlQmsf nflu k|lt:kwf{ ug{ ;S5g\ .

cd]l/sfdf ax'njfbsf af/]df ;g\ !(^) sf] bzsdf w]/} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP klg clwsf+z cj:yfdf ax'njfbL k|:tfjgfx¿ k"jL{ o'/f]k]nL b]z / ;f]leot ;+3df sDo'lgi6 zf;gsf] ktg

ePkl5 dfq nf]slk|o eP . zlQmnfO{ ljleGg ;d"xsf aLrdf Gofof]lrt tl/sfn] ljt/0f ul/Psf] v08df ljleGg k[i7e"ld / :jfy{ ePsf ljleGg ;d"x ;dfhdf emu8f gu/Lsg a:g s;/L ;Dej 5 eGg] JofVof ax'njfbn] ug{ vf]h]sf] 5 . t/ c;dfgtfnfO{ hlt;'s} 36fP klg ax';+Vos ;d"xeGbf leGg ljrf/ /fVg] ;d"xnfO{ slt;Dd :jfoQtf lbg] eGg] s'/fsf] låljwf oyfjt\ 5 . ljleGg ;fdflhs / /fhgLlts ljZn]if0fn] b'O{ vfnsf ;dfwfg k|:tfj u/]sf 5g\ M -s_ s'g} lglZrt ef}uf]lns If]qdf a:g] dfG5] csf{] ef}uf]lns If]qdf a:g] dfG5]eGbf pNn]vgLo ¿kdf leGg 5g\ eg] ;+3Lo :j¿k ckgfpg ;lsG5, -v_ lnhkmt{n] csf{] cjwf/0ff ;'emfPsf 5g\ . of] cjwf/0ff a]lNhod, g]b/NofG8\;, :jL6\h/NofG8 / cl:6«ofsf] h:tf] ;xdltdf cfwfl/t jf ;dfg'kflts k|hftGqsf] cjwf/0ff xf] hxfF b]zsf k|d'v ;f+:s[lts cyjf j}rfl/s ;d"xsf ljlzi6 ju{sf] ;xdltsf cfwf/df /fli6«o gLlt agfOG5 .

g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{g]kfnnfO{ k|fozM …cNk;+Vosx¿sf] b]zÚ eGg] ul/G5 hxfFsf] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] hftLo ;d"x dflgPsf] 5]qLsf] ;+Vof klg s'n hg;+Vofsf] !^ k|ltzt dfq} 5 . t/ g]kfnsf] ;f+:s[lts ax'ntfnfO{ …cGt/;fd'bflos ;b\efjÚsf] ldyssf] ;[hgf u/]/ b'O{ lsl;dn] c+s'z nufOof] . klxnf], ;+jt\ !(!) df nfu" ul/Psf] g]kfnsf] klxnf] d'n'sL P]g lyof] h;n] g]kfnsf cg]sg\ hfthfltnfO{ lxGb" j0f{Joj:yfsf] l;4fGtcg';f/ juL{s/0f u¥of] . bf];|f], k~rfotsfn -@)!&–@)$^_ df ul/Psf] /fi6« lgdf{0fsf] k|oTg lyof] hlt a]nf /fHon] g]kfnnfO{ cg]stfo'Qm b]z eg] klg lxGb" wd{, lxGb" /fhf / g]kfnL efiffnfO{ g]kfnL /fi6«jfbsf] …k|tLsÚ 3f]if0ff u/]/ ;a} hfthfltnfO{ ;lDdng u/fpg] / Ps ¿kdf 9fNg] /0fgLlt ckgfOof] .

Psflt/, /fi6« lgdf{0fsf] To; cleofgn] g]kfnsf] ;f+:s[lts ljljwtfnfO{ xf]Rofpg] sfd u¥of] . csf{lt/, b]zdf ljBdfg ;+:yfut / ;Ë7gfTds ax'ntfdfly klg /f]s nufof] . lnDa"x¿n] ckgfpFb} cfPsf …lsk6Ú h:tf hftLo e"ld Joj:yfnfO{ df;]/ b]ze/ Ps} lsl;dsf] e"ld Joj:yf …/}s/Ú k|0ffnL ckgfOof] . o;}u/L, /fhgLlts If]qdf k~rfotL Joj:yfn] /fhgLlts bnx¿dfly k|ltaGw nufP/ ;Ël7t /fhgLlts ultljlw / /fhgLlts ljkIfnfO{ lgld6\ofGg kf/L /fhgLlts ax'njfbdfly /f]s nufOof] .

6

g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df rfvnfUbf] s'/f s] 5 eg] ax'njfbL ;+:yf / ;Ë7gx¿df /f]s nufpg] sfdsf ;fydf cflbjf;L hghflt, blnt / dw];Lnufot d'nssf b'O{ltxfO gful/sx¿nfO{ /fi6« lgdf{0fsf] cleofgaf6 kfvf nufOof] . kl/0ffd:j¿k, b]zsf] hg;+Vofdf #! k|ltzt :yfg dfq cf]u6\g] kxf8] lxGb" pRrhftsf ;De|fGtx¿n] ljwflosf, Gofokflnsf / ;+;b tyf pRr k|zf;lgs cf]xf]bfsf] &) k|ltzt :yfg cf]u6\g] l:ylt cfof] . o;}u/L, k|hftGqsf] :yfkgfkl5 @)$& ;fndf lgdf{0f ul/Psf] ;+ljwfgn] g]kfnnfO{ …ax'hftLo, ax'eflifsÚ b]z eg]/ dfg] klg ;LdfGtLs[t ;d"xnfO{ e]befj ug{] qmd /fHon] hf/L /fVof] . g]kfnnfO{ lxGb" clw/fHo 3f]if0ff ul/of], g]kfnLnfO{ …/fi6«efiffÚ / ;/sf/L sfdsfhsf] efiff dflgof] eg] cflbjf;Lsf efiff / cflbjf;L ;d"x tyf dw];Lsf] ;+:s[ltk|lt /fHoaf6 ;dfg Jojxf/ ePg . o;}u/L, hftLo bnx¿dfly k|ltaGw nufOof] / cNk;+Vossf clwsf/nfO{ jf:tf ul/Pg / ltgnfO{ ;+/If0f ug]{ sfd klg ePg .

g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df l8NnL/fd bfxfnn] ts{ u/]em}F, æefiff, wd{, If]qLotf, cy{tGq / ;+:s[ltsf ljifodf ePsf åGåsf ;Gbe{df ;f+:s[lts klxrfgn] /fhgLlts klxrfgsf] :j¿k lnPsf] 5 .Æ k~rfotL Joj:yfsf] cGTo / @)$^ ;fnsf] hgcfGbf]ngn] g]kfnsf b'O{j6f cfwf/e"t cGof}nnfO{ phfu/ u¥of]— b]zsf ;a} gful/snfO{ ;dfg clwsf/ / ;dfg cj;/ ;'lglZrt ug{'sf ;fy} ;fj{hlgs hLjgsf ;a} kIfdf cfˆgf] ;f+:s[lts ;Dkbf sfod /fVg] cNk;+Vosx¿sf]

clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f ug{'kg{] cfjZostf . t/ g]kfnsf] /fhgLlts / ;fdflhs k|0ffnLdf ljljw ;d"xnfO{ ;+nUg u/fP/ /fhgLlts ax'njfbnfO{ k|j4{g ug{] sfddf k|hftflGqs sfndf yf]/} dfq pknlAw xfl;n eof] . kl/0ffd:j¿k, clxn] g]kfnn] a[xQ/ ;dfj]zLs/0f ;'lglZrt ug{ ;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts / /fhgLlts clwsf/sf] dfu ub{} blnt, dw];L / cflbjf;L hghfltn] rnfPsf cfGbf]ngsf] df/ v]lk/x]sf] 5 .

;dfhsf] ljljwtfnfO{ :jLsf/ ug{'sf ;fy} klxn] ;LdfGtLs[t ;d"xnfO{ /fHo k|0ffnLdf Jojl:yt 9Ën] ;fd]n u/fP/ ax'ntfsf] k|j4{g ugf{sf nflu ;/sf/n] dlxnf / ;LdfGtLs[t ;d'bfosf nflu lghfdtL ;]jfdf cf/If0f, ;+ljwfg;efsf] r'gfjdf sf]6f h:tf ljleGg pkfo cjnDag ug{] sfdsf] yfngL u/]sf] 5 . o;afx]s, ;+ljwfg;efaf6 g]kfnnfO{ ;+3Lo u0ftGq 3f]if0ff ul/Paf6 / ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTj x'g] lgjf{rg k|0ffnL ckgfPaf6 g]kfnnfO{ a9L ;dfj]zL /fHo agfpg] ;/sf/sf] dg;fo /x]sf] b]lvPsf] 5 . t/, s] s'/f klg :ki6 5 eg] @)^$ df hghflt / dw];L ;d"xx¿;Fu ;Demf}tf eP klg oL pkfox¿ g]kfnsf ljljw ;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts, eflifs / wfld{s ;d"xsf dfu / u'gf;f ;Daf]wg ug{ v'nf lbnaf6 ul/Psf] k|of; geO{ pgLx¿nfO{ yfdy'd kfg{ rflnPsf tfTsflns sbd dfq lyP . t/fO{df km}lnPsf] lx+;f 7"nf] ;fDk|bflos lx+;fdf kl/0ft x'g] vt/f 5 . g]kfnsf] ljljwtfk|lt ;/sf/ pbf;Lg /xgfsf] kl/0ffd xf] of] . •

7

;+3Lo /fHo eg]sf] s] xf] < ;fdfGo cy{{df ;+3 eg]sf] ;dfg :jfy{ / lgolt af]s]sf ljleGg PsfO{x¿sf] 5ftf ;+u7g eg]/ a'lemG5 . of] w]/} lsl;dsf x'g ;S5g\ . dh\b"/, pBf]uklt, Jofkf/L, lzIfs, ljBfyL{, hflt÷hghfltnufot ;a} lsl;dsf k];f, Joj;fo, dt÷dtfjnDaLx¿sf] cf–cfkm\gf ;+3 jf dxf;+3 5g\ . t/ oxfF rrf{ ug{ vf]lhPsf] To:tf] vfnsf] ;+3 xf]Og, /fHosf] xf] . oBlk ;+3Lo dfGotf / l;4fGt ToxfF klg x'G5 . /fhgLltzf:qdf ;+3Lotf jf ;+3jfb (Federalism) eGg] zJbfjnL w]/} k'/fgf] xf] . ;+3Lo /fHo cyf{t\ /fHox¿sf] ;+3 (Federation of States) eGgfn] xfdL To:tf] b]znfO{ a'e\mb5f}+ hxfF Pp6} cGt/f{li6«o ;LdfIf]qleq /fhgLlts zlQmnfO{ b'O{ cnu t/ :jfoQ txdf afFl8Psf] x'G5 / b'j}n] ToxfFsf hgtfdfly k|ToIf ¿kdf zf;gflwsf/ /fVb5g\ . o;sf afjh"b To;n] cfkm"nfO{ Pp6f l;Ëf] /fHosf ¿kdf bfjL u/]sf] x'G5 / ;f] cg';f/ cGt/f{li6«o ;d'bfodf dfGotf klg kfPsf] x'G5 .

k/Dk/fut cy{df ;+3Lo /fHo eg]sf] lglZrt ef}uf]lns ;Ldf / If]qleqsf hg;d'bfodf zf;g ;+rfngsf nflu s/Lj s/Lj :jtGq / ;dfgfGt/ x}l;otsf å}w ;+/rgfdf zlQm / sfo{If]qsf] ljefhg ug'{ xf] . of] ljefhg d'VotM s]Gb| / PsfO{u/L b'O{ txdf x'G5 . s]Gb|nfO{ ;+3 / PsfOnfO{ /fHo, k|fGt, k|b]z jf cGo pko'Qm gfdn] ;+af]wg ul/G5 . s]Gb|sf] sfo{If]q b]zJofkL ¿kdf x'G5 . s]Gb|n] ;du|?kdf To; b]znfO{ cGt/f{li6«o txdf k|ltlglwTj ub{5 . t/ k|b]zx¿sf] sfo{If]q cf–cfkm\gf] k|b]zsf e"–efudf dfq ;Lldt x'G5 . pgLx¿sf] :ki6 ef}uf]lns ;Ldfgf x'G5, :jzf;g x'G5, h;nfO{ ;+3 jf k|b]z s;}n] klg PskIfLo?kdf kl/jt{g ug{ kfpFb}g . o;}u/L pgLx¿sf] zlQm, sfdst{Ao / clwsf/nfO{ klg ;+ljwfgn] g} 5'6\ofOlbPsf] x'G5 . To;nfO{ klg PskIfLo ¿kdf km]/abn ug{ ;lsGg . tyflk ;+3Lo/fHo eg]sf] PsfO{ut :jzf;g dfq xf]Og s]Gb| / k|b]zaLr ;fem]bf/Lsf] zf;g k4lt klg xf] .

;+3Lo /fHo÷;+3jfb

s[i0f vgfn

k|frLg u|L;df klg af]Ol6Pg nLu, cflrPg nLu, lnl;og nLu h:tf gu//fHox¿sf] ;+3 cl:tTjdf /x]sf pbfx/0fx¿ e]l6G5g\ . t/ of] k4lt / cEof;n] kl5;Dd :yL/tf / lg/Gt/tf kfpg ;s]g . t;y{ cfw'lgs cy{df ;+3Lo /fHosf] l;4fGt / k4ltsf] ljsf; ;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sfsf] lgdf{0f;+u} ePsf] xf] . ;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sf / :jLh/Nof08 ;+3Lo /fHo k4lt ckgfpg] ;a}eGbf k'/fgf d'n'sx¿ x'g\ .

;+3Lo /fHo;+/rgfn] ef}uf]lns?kdf lj:tfl/t, eflifs÷;fF:s[lt Pj+ hfltut?kdf leGg t/ sltko P]ltxfl;s / j:t'ut sf/0fn] ubf{ ;dfg lgolt ePsf hg;d'bfonfO{ ;femf /fli6«o /fhgLlts klxrfg;lxtsf] zf;gJoj:yfdf a:g pTk]|l/t u5{ / ;xh agfpF5 . o;af6 ljljwtfsf afjh"b ;a} ;d'bfo / ;d"xx¿df /fli6«o Pstfsf] efjgf clej[l4 x'G5 . cfGtl/s?kdf ax'txsf] cTolws ljljwtf ePsf b]zx¿ h:t} ef/t, :jL6\h/Nof08, blIf0f clk|msf, cflb b]zx¿df ;+3Lo k4ltn] /fli6«o PstfnfO{ km/flsnf] t/ ;'b[9 agfPsf] 5 eGg ;lsG5 . Sofgf8f h:tf] b]z hxfF c+u|]hL / k|m]~ru/L b'O{ efiff / ;+:s[ltsf] ulx/f] ljefhg 5, ToxfF klg ;+3Lo zf;g k4lt g} o:tf] dfWod xf] h;n] Sofgf8]nL /fli6«o PstfnfO{ hf]ufP/ /fVg ;kmn ePsf] 5 .

;+3Lo /fHosf] l;4fGt / cEof; ljZjdf ;+3Lo /fHox¿ ;+Vofsf lx;fan] sd 5g\ . ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf] jt{dfg !(@ ;b:o /fi6«x¿dWo] hDdfhDdL @& b]zsf] zf;g ;+/rgfnfO{ ;+3Lo eg]/ auL{s/0f ug{ ;lsG5 . tyflk cGo sltko b]zx¿df ljsl;t x'g nfu]sf] zf;g ;+/rgfnfO{ x]bf{ ;+3Lo Joj:yf ePsf b]zx¿sf] ;+Vof s]xL a9L klg x'g ;S5 . o; afx]s ljZjsf clwsf+z b]zx¿df PsfTds /fHok|0ffnL g} 5 . t/ b]zsf lx;fan] ;+Vofdf sd eP ;+3Lo /fHok|0ffnLn] ljZj hg;+Vofsf] $) k|ltzt eGbf

8

a9L efu k|ltlglwTj ub{5 . o;sf] d'Vo sf/0f xf] 9"nf b]zx¿ h:t} ef/t, cd]l/sf, ci6«]lnof, ?;, blIf0f clk|msf, hd{gL, cflbdf ;+3Lo k|0ffnL 5 .

;+3Lo/fHosf] ;+/rgf klg ;a} b]zx¿df ;dfg vfnsf] 5}g . slx+ cfGtl/s :jtGqtfsf] dfqf cTolws 5 eg] slx+ Ps bd} sd 5 . ;fy} sltko ;Gbe{df s]Gb|n] x:tIf]k klg ug{ ;S5 . To:tf] d'n'snfO{ cw{;+3fTds eGg] klg ul/G5 . ef/t, kfls:tfg, dn]l;of, cflb b]zx¿ oxL sf]6Ldf kb{5g\ . ;+3Lo /fHox¿df ;dfGotof ;+3 / ;+3Lo k|b]zsf] cnu cnu ;+ljwfg x'g] u5{ . ;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sf, :jLh/Nof08, Sofgf8f, cl:6«of, c:6]«lnof, ?;, blIf0f clk|msf, cflb b]zx¿df ;+3 / ;+3Lo k|b]zx¿sf nflu a]Unfa]Un} ;+ljwfg 5g\ . t/ ef/t, kfls:tfg, dn]l;of, :k]g, a]lNhod, nufotsf sltko b]zx¿df PsLs[t ;+ljwfgdf g} ;+3 / ;+3Lo k|b]zx¿sf] ;+/rgf ul/Psf] 5 .

;+3Lo /fHok|0ffnL ePsf b]zx¿ e"–cfsf/, hg;+Vof, cfly{s ljsf;nufot s'g} klg dfkb08sf lx;fan] ;dfg 5}gg\ . ;dfGotof 7"nf] e"–efu ePsf clwsfFz b]zx¿ ?; c:6]«lnof, cd]l/sf, ef/t, a|flhnn] ;+3Lo k|0ffnL ckgfPsf 5g\ eg] csf{tkm{ ljZjs} ;jf{lws ;fgf d'n'sx¿ ;]G6 ls6; P08 g]le;, dfOqmf]g]l;of, sf]df]/; h:tf ;;fgf b]zx¿n] klg ;+3Lo /fHok|0ffnL ckgfPsf 5g\ . ;]G6 ls6; P08 g]le; ;+3Lo /fHok|0ffnL ckgfPsf] To:tf] b]z xf] h;sf] s"n If]qkmn hDdf @^! ju{ lsnf]ld6/ dfq 5 / hg;+Vof d'l:snn] $# xhf/ k'U5 . o;sf] ljkl/t ljZjd} ;aeGbf a9L hg;+Vof ePsf] e"–cfsf/df klg rf}yf] 7"nf] b]z dflgg] rLgdf PsfTds /fHok|0ffnL 5 . PsfTds k|0ffnL eP tfklg rLg / a]nfotdf If]qLo / ax'txdf /fHo;+/rgfsf] lj:tf/ ePsf] 5 . o:t} u/L ljZjsf ;a}eGbf sd ljsl;t b]z h:t} Oyf]lkofnufot / ;jf{lws ljsl;t :jLh/Nof08, ;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sf h:tf wgL / ul/j b'a} y/L b]zx¿df ;+3Lo k|0ffnLsf] cEof; ePsf] kfOG5 . To;sf/0f ;+3Lo /fHo eg]sf] ;DalGwt b]zsf] cfjZostfsf] pkh xf], To;sf] cfsf/ k|sf/ jf cfly{s cj:yfsf] kl/0ffd xf]Og .

ljZjdf ;+3Lo /fHox¿sf] lgdf{0f b'O{ lsl;daf6 ePsf] kfOG5 . klxnf], dfly elgP em}+ :jtGq /fHox¿n] cfk;df ;dembf/L, ;+emf}tf jf ;lGw u/]/ ;+3sf] lgdf{0f ub{5g\ . o;nfO{ /fHox¿ ;Fu} cfpg] ljlw klg elgG5 . ;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sf, :jL6\h/Nof08, c:6«]lnof nufot k'/fgf ;+3Lo /fHox¿sf]

lgdf{0f o;}u/L ePsf] kfOG5 . ?;L ;+3 klg ;+u} cfpg] ljlw cGtu{t lgdf{0f ePsf] dfGg ;lsG5 . vf;u/]/ hf/zfxLsf] ;dflKtkl5 ?;sf ax'hftLo, ax'eflifs Pj+ ax';fF:s[lts ;d'bfox¿nfO{ ;f]leot k4ltdf ;dflxt ug{ n]lggn] cfTdlg0f{osf] clwsf/;lxt /fli6«o d'lQmsf] l;4fGt k|ltkfbg u/]sf lyP . n]lggsf] g]t[Tjdf ?;df sDo'lg:6 zf;g nfu" ePkl5 o;} l;4fGtsf cfwf/df !$ j6f ;+3Lo u0f/fHo;lxt clxn]sf ?;L /fHox¿sf] ;f]leot ;+3 u7g ePsf] xf] . ha ;f]leot sDo'lg:6 kf6L{sf] bjbjf / lgoGq0f sdhf]/ eof] ta ;g\ !((! df ;f]leot ;+3 tf;sf] 3/ h:t} 9Nof] / o;sf lgdf{t[ !$ u0f/fHox¿ cnu ynu eP . tyflk To;kl5sf] ;+lawfgn] klg jt{dfg ?;L ;+3nfO{ o;sf lgdf{t[ u0f/fHo / k|b]zx¿n]] cfTdlg0f{osf] clwsf/ cEof; u/]/ lgdf{0f u/]sf] bfaL u/]sf] 5 .

;+3Lo /fHo lgdf0f{sf] csf]{ ljlw eg]sf] klxn] Pp6} PsfO{sf?kdf zfl;t x'Fb} cfPsf] /fHonfO{ ljleGg pk–OsfO{x¿df ljefhg u/L clwsf/sf] ljt/0f ul/G5 / zf;gsf] gofF ;+/rgf v8f ul/G5 . ef/t, a]lNhod, :k]g, cli6«of, cflb b]zx¿sf] ;+3Lo ;+/rgf o; ljlw cGtu{t ePsf] xf] . vf;u/]/ hghftLo, eflifs, ;f+:s[lt Pj+ ef}uflns If]qLo ljljwtf Jofks ePsf b]zx¿df o; k|sf/ ;+3Lo ;+/rgf lgdf{0f x'g] qmd clxn] klg hf/L 5 . ljljwtf w]/} ePsf] /fHonfO{ ;Fu} /fVg] jf y]Ug] pko'Qm ljlwsf?kdf o;nfO{ lng] ul/G5 . ljlw h'g;"s} eP klg ;+3Lo /fHodf hfg' kg]{ d'Vo cfwf/ eg]sf] hfltut, eflifs Pj+ ef}uf]lns ljljwtfaLr /fHonfO{ ljv08g x'gaf6 hf]ufpg] Pp6f dxTjk"0f{ nf]stflGqs pkfosf?kdf ;+3Lo /fHo ;+/rgfnfO{ lng ;lsG5 . tyflk ljljw zf;lso PsfO{sf] P]ltxfl;s ;Gbe{ / pkl:ylt eg] ;+3Lo /fHodf k|j]z ug{ ;lhnf] Pj+ 68\sf/f] cfwf/ xf] . PsfTds /fHonfO{ ;+3Lo/fHodf abNg] eg]sf] ;a}eGbf klxn] ToxfFsf] e"–If]qnfO{ /fhgLlts v08Ls/0f u/]/ :jzf;gsf nflu ;+3Lo k|b]zx¿sf] lgdf{0f ug]{ xf] . ;+3Lo k|b]zsf] e"–If]q lgwf{/0f ubf{ hg;d'bfosf] hfltut, eflifs Pj+ ;fF:s[lts ;3gtfn] ;jf{lws k|fyldstf kfPsf] x'G5 . oLg} k|b]zx¿sf] pkNnf] /fhgLlts ;+/rgfsf] ?kdf ;+3 aGb5 . ;+ljwfgnfO{ To; ;+3 cGtu{tsf k|b]z / hgtfsf] cfk;L ;+emf}tfsf] b:tfj]hsf?kdf lnOG5 .

;+3Lo ;+/rgfdf k|j]z ul/;s]kl5 o;sf lgdf{t[ PsfO{x¿sf] ljZj ;d'bfodf cnu cl:tTj /xFb}g . gofF ag]sf] s]Gb|Lo

9

PsfOsf] gfdaf6} pgLx¿ klg lrlgG5 / ljZj ;d'bfodf ToxL klxrfgn] dfGotf kfpF5 . h:tf] ;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sf jf :jL6\h/Nof08 leqsf cGo /fHo jf SofG6f]gsf], s]xL ckjfb afx]s -h:tf] k"j{ ;f]leot ;+3df cfj4 eP/ klg a]nf?; / o'qm]g ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf] ;b:o lyP . To:t} sltko cd]l/sL /fHo / Sofgf8]nL k|fGtx¿n] clxn] klg ljZjsf cGo b]z÷k|b]z, ;x/x¿;Fu Jofkfl/s Pj+ ;fF:s[lts ;DaGw /fVb} cfPsf 5g\_ pgLx¿sf] ljZj ;d'bfo;Fu :jtGq / k|ToIf ;Dks{ x'Fb}g . o;/L ;+3 lgdf{0f ubf{ o;sf lgdf{t[ PsfO cyf{t\ /fHox¿n] cfk\mgf] :jtGqtfnfO{ k'/} ;dk{0f u/]sf x'Ggg\ . vf;u/]/ aflx/L klxrfg ;fd'lxs x'G5 eg] cfGtl/s?kdf k'/fgf klxrfgnfO{ ;'/lIft /flvPsf] x'G5 . ;fdfGotof, ;femf d'b|f, k|lt/Iff / k//fi6« gLlt s]Gb| cGtu{t kb{5g\ . afFsL s'/fx¿df ;+ljwfgdf Joj:yf eP cg';f/ cfk\mgf] zf;g Joj:yf cfkm}+ ;~rfng ug{ ;+3Lo k|b]zx¿ :jtGq /xG5g\ .

g]kfnL ;dfh / /fi6«sf] lgdf{t[ tTj ljljwtfk"0f{ 5 . cyf{t\ oxfFsf dflg;x¿ hft÷hflt, efiff, wd{, ;+:s[lt, cflbsf lx;fan] km/s km/s ;d'bfosf 5g\ . ljljw hflt, efiff, If]q / ;d'bfodf lj:tfl/t g]kfnL hgtfsf] /fHo;+/rgfdf klxrfg / k'xFrsf] cfsfFIff clxn] cTolws?kdf k|s6 ePsf] 5 . nf]stGqn] o; rfxgfnfO{ hfoh dfGb5 / To;sf nflu pko'Qm /fHo;+/rgfsf] dfu ub{5 . g]kfnsf ;Gbe{df of] rfxgf slxn] eflifs :jtGqtf, slxn] hftLo cfwf/df dflyNnf] ;bgsf] u7g, slxn] ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTj / cf/If0f, cflb ljleGg?kdf @))& ;fnb]lv g} k|s6 x'Fb} cfPsf] 5 . g]kfnL hgtfsf] hftLo, eflifs Pj+ ;fF:s[lts lgs6tf / klxrfgnfO{ ;d]6\g] u/L k|b]zx¿sf] lgdf{0f / tbg'?k :jfoQ /fhgLlts ;+/rgfsf] u7g casf] cfjZostf xf] .

;+3Lotfdf hfg' kg]{ bf];|f] sf/0f nf]stGqsf] hg:t/df lj:tf/ / cEof;sf nflu xf] . ;+3Lo /fHo k4ltdf nf]stGqsf] clwstd cEof;sf] ;+efjgf x'G5 . s]Gb|Ls[t /fHo;+/rgf nf]stflGqs aGg ;Qm}g . s]Gb|n] ug]{ cnf]stflGqs lgoGq0f, lg0f{o / x:tIf]kaf6 d'lQmsf nflu ax'txsf /fhgLlts ;+/rgfx¿ cfjZos k5{g\ . ax'txdf /fHosf] nf]stflGqs ;+/rgf pknAw x'g] k4lt ;+3Lo k|0ffnL g} xf] . @)%( h]7df tTsfnLg k|wfgdGqL z]/ axfb'/ b]pjfn] k|ltlglw;ef lj36g u/]sf] nuQ}kl5 g]kfnsf] /fHo;+/rgf Ps}k6s tnb]lv dfly;Dd k|ltlglwljxLg aGg k'u]sf] lyof] . o;}sf] k[i7e"lddf zfxL lg/~s"ztfsf] k'g?Tyfg eof] . olb

k|fb]l;s txdfklg nf]stflGqs ;+/rgf ePsf] eP zfob\ o:tf] cj:yfnfO{ /f]Sg ;lsGYof] . ;+;b lj36g u/]/ r'gfjdf hfg] k|fjwfg t ef]nL klg /xnf . t/ ;+3Lo ;+/rgf ckgfpg] xf] eg] s]Gb|Lo ;+;b lj36g x'Fb}df l;Ëf] d''n's g} lgjf{lrt k|lrlglwljxLg x'g] cj:yf cfpFb}g .

t];|f], ;a} s'/f sf7df8f}Fdf g} s]Gb|Lt x‘'Fbf xfd|f] ljsf;k|s[of dfq c;Gt'lnt ePsf] xf]Og, To;n] ;du| /fhgLlt / zf;gJoj:yfnfO{ klg e|i6frf/d'vL x'g ;lhnf] agfPsf] 5 . @))& ;fnb]lv clxn];Dd g]kfnL /fhgLlt / k|zf;gsf] s]Gb|Lo txdf k'u]sf dflg;x¿ Psfw ckjfbnfO{ 5f8]/ ;a}sf] klxnf] k|yldstf g} sf7df8f}Fdf 3/hd ug]{tkm{ s]lGb|t x'g] u/]sf] 5 . o;f] x'g''df jt{dfg /fHo;Qfsf] :j?kn] l;h{gf u/]sf] pgLx¿sf] afWotf klg xf] . JolQmTj ljsf; / hLjgsf] cj;/ Pj+ ;'ljwfx¿ h:t} /fd|f] lzIff, :jf:Yo ;'ljwf, /f]huf/L / Joj;fosf cj;/, cflb ;a} sf7df8f}+df g} s]Gb|Lt 5g\ . ;+3Lo zf;g k|0ffnLn] To:tf] ;'ljwf / cj;/nfO{ k|fb]l;s ;x/ / /fhwfgLx¿df lj:tfl/t ug]{ ck]Iff ul/G5 . o;n] ;a}nfO{ sf7df8f}+ cfpg' kg]{ aWotf / rfknfO{ 36fp+5 .

;+3Lo /fHo;+/rgfdf ljsf;sf nflu cfGtl/s k|lt:kwf{sf] jftfj/0f aGg] ck]Iff ug{ ;lsG5 . o;n] cfGtl/s ;|f]t ;fwgsf] vf]hLsf ;fy} To;sf] clwstd pkof]usf] ;+efjgfnfO{ a9fpg ;S5 . jf:tjdf xfd|f] ul/jL / cljsf;sf] h8 s]Gb| cfl>t k|a[lQ xf] . ljb]zL k/dz{df sf7df8f}+df aGg] of]hgfn] g ljsf; k|lqmofnfO{ lta|tf lbg ;s]sf] 5, g hgtfnfO{ Gofok"0f{ k|ltkmn g} . cfly{s b[li6sf]0fn] ;+3Lo k|0ffnL a9L vlr{nf] dflgG5 . b'O{ txsf] /fHok|0ffnL ;+rfng ubf{ /fhgLlts / k|zf;lgs vr{ s]xL a9L x'g' :jefljs} xf] . t/ o;af6 d'n'sdf cfly{s ljsf;sf] cj;/ a9\g] ;+efjgf 5 eg] /fhgLlts / k|zf;lgs txdf s]xL vr{ a9fpg' nufgLsf lx;fan] klg kmfobfhgs g} s'/f xf] . ;+3Lo k|b]zdf hfFb}df ljsf;n] ult klS8xfNg] s'/f klg xf]Og . ;+3Lotfsf] cf}lrTo :jfoQtf / :jtGqtfdf x'G5 . ljsf;sf nflu oL b'j} s'/f cTofjZos 5g\ . o;sf nflu ef]ln xfdLn] lgdf{0f ug]{ ;+3Lo k4lt / /fhgLlts ;+:sf/ klg plQs} lhDd]jf/ kIf x'g] 5g\ .

;+3Lo /fHosf] ;Defljt :j¿kof] k|Zg g]kfnsf] efjL ;+3Lo :j?ksf ;Gbe{df ;a}eGbf r'gf}tLk"0f{ / ;+j]bgzLn 5 . g]kfnnfO{ ;+3Lo /fHok|0ffnLdf abNg] eg]sf] oxL e"–efu / hg;d'bfoaf6 ;+3Lo k|b]z lgdf{0f

10

ug]{ / To;sf] s]Gb|Lo :j?k ;+3Lo agfpg] eg]sf] xf] . cd]l/sf, :jL6\h/Nof08 jf c:6«]lnof h:tf] oxfF klxn]b]lv g} ljBdfg :jzfl;t k|b]z jf PsfO{x¿ sfod /x]sf] cj:yf 5}g . To;}n] xfd|f] ;Gbe{df ;+3Lo /fHo eg]sf] k[ys cl:tTjdf /x]sf /fHox¿ ldn]/ ;+3sf] lgdf0f{ ug]{ xf]Og . @#* jif{eGbf nfdf] ;dob]lv sfod /x]sf] PsfTds ;+/rgfnfO{ ljleGg :jzfl;t /fhgLlts÷k|zf;lgs PsfO{df ljefhg u/L To;sf] s]Gb|Lo ;+3 agfpg] xf] . t/ of] agfpg] s;/L < of] ;jf{lws cxd\ ;jfnsf ¿kdf pkl:yt 5 .

g]kfndf ;+3Lo k|b]z lgdf{0fsf] k|f/lDes cfwf/x¿ lgDg x'g ;S5g\ .

!= /fli6«o Pstf@= ;dfg gful/stf# hg;+Vofsf] hftLo, eflifs Pj+ ;fF:s[lts ;3gtf$= e"–If]qsf] lg/Gt/tf / ;'udtf%= k|fs[lts ;|f]t ;fwg / cfly{s ;+efJotf^= kf/:kfl/s cGtlg{e/tf&= /fhgLlts Pj+ k|zf;lgs ;+efJotf

hftLo cfwf/df dfq g]kfndf ;+3Lo k|b]zsf] /rgf Jofjxfl/s b]lvGg . %( hghflt / s/Lj Toltg} ;+Vofdf j0f{Joj:yfleqsf hftx¿ k|To]ssf nflu cnu cnu :jzfl;t k|b]z ;+ej 5}g . s]xL k|d'v 7"nf hftLo ;d'bfo jf Go"gtd ;dfgtf ePsf hfltx¿sf] ;d"x (Cluster) sf cfwf/df k|b]z lgdf{0f ug]{ Pp6f ljsNk x'g ;S5 . tyflk c¿ w]/} ;d'bfox¿ o;af6 aflxl/g] ;+efjgf /lx g} /xG5 . To;sf/0f ;+3Lo k|b]zdf klg ax'hflt, ax'efiff / ax';+:s[ltsf] pkl:ylt sfod g} /xg] b]lvG5 . olb :jfoQtf / ;+3Lotfsf af/]df xfd|f] a'emfO{ hftLo dfq xf] eg] /fHosf] cf}lrTo /xGg . o;sf] lj36g u/L hft÷hfltsf] ;+3 dxf;+3df cfwfl/t zf;g ;+/rgfdf k|j]z ug'{ k¥of] . csf]{ s'/f clxn] g} g]kfn ;a} s'/fsf] k"0f{ tof/Lsf] ;+3Lo /fHo aG5 eGg] klg h?/L 5}g . ;+3Lotfdf k|j]z u/]/ cfpg] lbgx¿df o;sf] ljsf; ug'{ h?/L 5 . clxn] agfOg] k|b]zx¿sf] k'gu{7g / k'g;{+/rgfnfO{ v'nf /fVg' k5{ h;af6 ef]ln kl/jt{g ug{ vf]Hbf ;xh xf];\ .

g]kfndf ;+3Lo k|b]z agfpFbf efiff, ;+:s[lt / hftLotfsf] lx;fan] s]xL ldl>tkgnfO{ gsfg{ ;lsGg . ldl>tkgn] ;+3Lo k|b]zsf] /fhgLltnufotsf ljifox¿df km]l/ klg s]xL hft÷hflt, vf;u/]/ afx'g If]qL s} k|e"Tj xfjL x'g]

xf] ls eGg] cf;+sf /xg ;S5 . To:t} dw];df kxf8]s} ar{:j sfod /xg] cf;+sf dw];L ;d'bfodf x'g ;S5 . t/ o;sf] ;dfwfg dfcf]jfbL jf cGo s]xL ;+3÷;+u7gx¿n] eg]h:tf] /fhgLltdf hftLo cu|flwsf/sf] Joj:yf u/]/ klg x'Fb}g . o;n] nf]snflGqs d"NonfO{ vl08t ub{5 . o;sf] ;dfwfg k|ltlglwTj / ;Qf;fem]bf/Lsf cGo nf]stflGqs ljlwaf6 vf]Hg' k5{ . o;sf nflu …lhTg]n] ;a} lng]Ú sf] ;§f ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTj / ;Qf;fem]bf/Lsf] zf;g ;+/rgf agfpg ;lsG5 .

s]Gb| / k|b]zsf] clwsf/ Pj+ sfo{If]qnfO{ klg ;+ljwfgn] k|i6;+u 5'6\ofOlbg' k5{ . ;fdfGotof s]Gb|df /Iff, k//fi6« ;DaGw / d'b|f /xg] eP klg 7'nf hn;|f]t, hn ljB't, phf{, /fhdfu{ nufot sltko s'/fx¿ g]kfnsf ;Gbe{df s]Gb|df /xg' plrt x'G5 . k|fs[lts ;|f]t, eG;f/, /fh:j, cfos/sf] juL{s/0f u/L s]Gb| / k|b]zsf aLr s;/L af8kmfF8 ug]{ s'/f klg k|i6 x'g' h?/L 5 . ;+3lo ;+/rgfdf k|a]z u/]kl5 g]kfnsf] åGå a9L k|fs[lts ;|f]tsf] af8kmfF8df s]Gb|Lt x'g] :jefljs 5 . t;y{ ;+3Lo ;+/rgfsf] lgdf{0f ubf{ o; s'/fnfO{ klg /d|/L Wofg lbg' cfjZos x'G5 .

;+3Lo /fHo;+/rgfdf k|j]z ug]{ s;/L <;+3Lo/fHo;+/rgfdf k|j]z ug{sf nflu xfdLn] lglZrt?kdf s]xL r/0fx¿ kf/ ug'{ h?/L 5 . ;a}eGbf klxnf t, cGtl/d ;+ljwfgdf pNn]v ul/Psf] /fHo k'g;{+/rgf cfof]u aGg' k¥of] . of] cfof]u ;fFRr} lj1x¿sf] x'g' k5{ . kf6L{ut k|ltlglwTj o;df cfjZos 5}g . o;n] gofF ;j]{If0f;lxt g]kfnsf] hg;+Vof, e"uf]n, hflt, efiff, ;+:s[lt, cy{, k|fs[lts ;|f]t;fwg, P]ltxfl;s k/+k/f / /fhgLlts cfsfFIffx¿ ;d]tsf] k[i7e"ld / ;+3Lotfsf] ljZj cEof; / cg'ej;d]tnfO{ b[li6utu/L g]kfnsf nflu pko'Qm vfsf, sfo{If]q / clwsf/;lxt ;+3Lo k|b]zsf] ;'emfj lbg ;S5 .

bf];|f] r/0f eg]sf] ;+ljwfg;efsf] r'gfj xf] . ;+ljwfg;efsf] r'gfjaf6 /fhgLlts bnx¿n] ;+3fTds /fHo;+/rgfsf kIfdf hgtfaf6 k|i6 hgfb]z lng' h?/L 5 . ;+3Lo /fHo ca s'g} Ps jf b'O{ kf6L{sf] dfu jf k|fyldstfsf] ljifo dfq xf]Og . bL3{sfnLg /fli6«o uGtJosf?kdf of] cfPsf] 5 . To;sf/0f o;sf af/]df :ki6 /fli6«o ;xdlt aGg' h?/L 5 . ;+ljwfg lgdf{0fsf] k|lqmof / ;+3Lo ?kfGt/0f k/:k/ hf]l8Psf] s'/f xf] . t];|f] r/0f eg]sf] ;+ljwfgaf6} k|b]z / s]Gb|sf] sfo{If]q,

11

clwsf/ / lhDd]jf/Lsf] lg?k0f Pj+ x:tfGt/0f ug]{ xf] . rf}yf] r/0f eg]sf] ;+3Lo ;+/rgfsf] sfof{Gjogsf nflu sltko gofF sfg"gsf] lgdf{0f / e}/x]sfdf ;+zf]wg cfjZos x'G5 . kfrf}+ r/0fsf ¿kdf /fhgLlts k|zf;lgs ;+qmd0fsfn cfpg ;S5 . lsgls, ;+3Lo /fHodf hfg]ljQs} /ftf/ft ;+3Lo k|b]z /fhgLlts tyf k|zf;lgs?kdf k"0f{ PsfO{ aGg ;Qm}g . ;+ljwfgsf] lgdf{0f / 3f]if0ffkl5 klg ;+ljwfg;efn] ;+3Lo k|b]zx¿df lgjf{rg geP;Dd s]Gb|Lo Joj:yflksfsf] ¿kdf sfd ug'{ h?/L x'G5 . To; kl5 dfq s]Gb|Lo Joj:yflksfsf] r'gfj ug'{ plrt x'G5 .

;+3Lotfsf s]xL ;DefJo kl/0fltx¿;+3Lo ;+/rgfdf k|j]z u/]kl5 g]kfnL /fhgLlt / Jojxf/df ;sf/fTds / gsf/fTds b'j} lsl;dsf kl/0ffdx¿ cfpg] lglZrt 5 . tL kl/0ffdx¿ ;fdfGotof lgDg k|s[ltsf] x'g ;S5 .

!= g]kfnL /fJo;Qfsf] cfwf/zLnf If]qLotxdf lj:tfl/t x'g]5 h;af6 k|d'v hflt÷hghflt ;d"xx¿sf] rfxgf / cfsfFIff ;Daf]lwt x'g;S5 .

@= g]kfnL /fi6« / /fHosfk|lt :jfdLTj af]wsf] efjgf a9\g ;S5 .

#= ljsf; k|lqmofn] lta|tf kfpg ;S5 .$= /fli6«o :t/sf /fhgLlts bnx¿sf] e"ldsf 36\g ;S5 /

If]qLo bnx¿sf] e"ldsf a9\g ;S5 .%= ;+3Lo ;+/rgfdf s]Gb| sdhf]/ g} /xG5 eGg] h?/L 5}g .

/fHosf] s]Gb|Lo e"ldsf s]Gb|n] g} v]N5 .^= /fhgLltdf hfltjfb / If]qjfb xfjL x'g ;S5 / ;dfhsf]

tGt' Pj+ ;f}xfb{|tfdfly k|lts"n c;/ kg{ ;S5 .&= gful/ssf] cGt/k|fb]l;s utLzLntf k|efljt x'g ;S5 .cGTodf, g]kfndf ;+3Lo u0f/fHosf] cfwf/ / ;+efjgfx¿

df}h"b 5g\ . o;sf w]/} ;sf/fTds kIfx¿ klg 5g\ . hgtfdf nf]stGqsfk|lt bx|f] cf:yf / ljZjf; klg 5 . t/ ;+3Lo /fHo g} ;a} s'/fsf] cf}iflw rfxLF xf]Og . ;+3Lotfsf] sfof{Gjogsf nflu /fhgLlts g]t[Tj txdf nf]stflGqs d"No k4ltk|lt uxL/f] cf:yf cfjZos k5{ . tbg'?k /fhgLlts ;+:sf/ klg o;n] vf]Hb5 . g]kfndf nf]stGqsf af/]df kf6L{x¿ s} aLrdf ;}4flGts dte]b 5 . ;fDojfbL bf;{lgs cfu|x / cled"v cTolws 5 . ;+3Lotfdf k|j]z ug{sf nflu ;a}eGbf 7"nf] e/ / ljZjf; /fhgLlts g]t[Tjk|lt x'G5 . ;+3Lotfdf k|j]z;Fu} /fhgLlts g]t[Tjdf klg kl/jt{g ck]lIft 5 . ;+3Lotfn] ax'txsf] /fhgLlts g]t[Tj ;+/rgf klg tof/ ub{5 . of] Pp6f e/nfUbf] ;+efjgf klg xf] . •

;Gbe{;fdu|Lg]kfnLcfrfo{, g/xl/ / s[i0f vgfn . lj=;+= @)^# . /fHosf] k'g;{+/rgf . sf7df8f}+M nf]stflGqs u0f/fHo g]kfnsf nflu sfª\u|]; cleofg . sF8]n, k'ik/fh . lj=;+= @)^# . /fHosf] k'gM;+/rgf — cy{/fhgLlts ;Gbe{ / ;+3Lotfsf] k|Zg . sf7df8f}+, Pl;of klAns];G;\ .vgfn, s[i0f . lj=;+= @)^! . /fHosf] k'g;{+/rgf – Ps k|:tfj . nlntk'/M g]kfn ;d;dlos cWoog s]Gb| .Gof}kfg], ufljGb . ;g\ @))) . g]kfnsf] hftLo k|Zg – ;fdflhs agf]6 / ;fem]bf/Lsf] k|Zg . sf7df8f}+M ;]G6/ km/ 8]enf]kd]G6 . kf]v/]n, z+s/ . lj=;+= @)^# . ;+ljwfg;ef, /fHosf] k'g;{+/rgf / ;dfj]zL nf]stGq . sf7df8f}FM g]kfn 6«]8 o'lgog dxf;+3 . tfdfª, ;Ltf/fd . lj=;+= @)^# . g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df /fHosf] k'g;+{/rgf . sf7df8f}+M ;dfgtf k|sfzg .

c+u|]hLBachler, Gunther. 1997. Federalisn Against Ethnicity. Zurich: Verlag Ruegger. Dikshit, Ramesh Dutta. 1975. The Political Geography of Federalism – An inquiry into Origin and Stability. New Delhi: The

Macmillan Co. India. Duchacek, Ivo D. 1970. Comparative Federalism - The Territorial Dimension of Politics. New York: Holt, Rinehart and

Winston, Inc. Khanal, Krishna P. 2003. “Ethnicity and Autonomy – Federal agenda for remaking the constitution”, A paper presented at a

seminar on the ‘Agenda of Transformation Inclusion in Nepali Democracy’ organized by Social Science Baha. Kathmandu April 24-26.

Lawoti, Mahendra, Towards a Democratic Nepal, Kathmandu: Madala Book Point. Linder, Wolf. 1998. Swiss Democracy Possible Solutions to Conflict in Multicultural Societies, second edition. New York:

Palgrave Macmillan.

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;}Gojfb eg]sf] zf;sn] /fHo;Fu /fVg] ;DaGwsf] j}rfl/s kIf xf] hxfF gful/s zf;geGbf ;}lgssf] ;+:yfut ;jf{]Rrtf sfod /x]sf] x'G5 . ;fdfGotM o;nfO{ ;]gf / o'4 ;+rfng ;DaGwL sfd, k/Dk/f / ljrf/x¿sf] ;fd"lxs :j?k eGg] a'lemG5 . ;}Gojfb P]ltxfl;s ?kdf /fHodf ;]gfsf] e"ldsf / sfd, /fHo lj:tf/, /fHosf] l;df ;'/Iff / /fHosf] e"efusf] ;'/Iff;Fu hf]l8Psf] x'G5 .

;}GojfbnfO{ w]/} lsl;dn] JofVof ul/Psf] 5 . dfS;{jfbL ljåfgx¿n] ;}GojfbnfO{ ljz]if?kdf k'FhLjfbsf] ljsf;;Fu hf]8]/ x]g]{ u/]sf 5g\ . /f];f nSh]dju{sf] b[li6df ;}Gojfb zlQmsf nflu ;fwg hDdf ug{] k'FhLjfb;Fu hf]l8Psf] cfwf/e't s'/f xf] / ;}Gojfbsf] andf ;fd|fHojfb dfkm{t k'FhLjfbsf] lj:tf/ x'G5 . k'FhLjfbsf] pRrtd r/0fdf ;}Gojfbn] zf;s ju{sf] lj:tf/jfbL :jfy{sf] /Iff ug]{ x'gfn] n]lggsf] l;4fGtadf]lhd ;}lgs andf k'FhLsf] ;+u|x / zlQm k|fKt ug'{ ;fd|fHojfbsf] ceLi6 xf] . t/ /f]hf nSh]dju{n] ;}Gojfb sfof{Tds kIf k'FhLJffbsf] cfly{s cfwf/l;t 3lgi7 ¿kdf hf]l8Psf] x'G5 eg]sL 5g\ . clwg:y b]zx¿af6 k'FhL / >d ;+u|x ug{sf nflu lj:tf/jfbL gLltsf] Ps cËsf ?kdf ;}Gojfbsf] k|of]u ul/G5 .

;}Gojfbsf ;Gbe{df k'FhLsf af/]df nSh]dju{sf] dfGotf lglj{jfb 5}g tfklg ;dsfnLg ;fd|fHojfbl;t hf]l8Psf] cfly{s :jfy{ eg] ljjfb/lxt ljifo xf] . csf{lt/ PG6f]lgof] u|fD;Ln] j}rfl/s k|e'TjnfO{ zlQmsf] lgwf{/s tTj / ;}GojfbnfO{ Ps ljrf/wf/fsf ?kdf k|:t't u/]sf 5g\ . k'FhLJffbsf] k|fb'ef{j x'g'cl3 g} ;}Gojfbsf] hGd ePsf] tYo la;]{/ dffS;{jfbL ljåfgx¿ k'FhLjfbL ;}Gojfbsf] vf]O/f] vGg] u5{g\ . ;}Gojfb dWosfn / ;fdGtL sfnsf zf;s ju{sf] zlQm / clwsf/sf] k|d'v cfwf/zLnfsf ?kdf /x]sf] lyof] . ;f]leot ;+3sf] :yfkgf ePkl5 k'FhLjfbsf] ljsNksf] ?kdf b]lvPsf] ;fDojfbn] ;d]t ;}GojfbnfO{ TofUg ;s]g . To;sf]

;}Gojfb

w|'js'df/

;6\6f ;fDojfbL ;}lgs /0fgLltn] k'FhLjfbL ;}Gojfb;Fusf] cfwf/e"t zlQm ;Gt'ngsf nflu ;}Go zlQm cfjZos ePsf] wf/0ffsf] ljsf; u¥of] . ;f]leot g]tfx¿n] zlQm ;Gt'ngsf] o; gLltnfO{ k'FhLJffbL k|ltåGbLnfO{ x/fpgsf nflu w]/} b]zx¿nfO{ ;}Go ;fdu|L cfk"lt{;d]t u/] . pgLx¿ ;f]leot ;+3sf] gofF ;fdl/s zlQm -cf0fljs xltof/;d]tsf]_ sf sf/0f jf:tljs ;}lgs zlQmsf] k|of]ulagf g} cfˆgf] k|efj lj:tf/ ug]{] cj;/ ldn]sf] 5 eGg]df ljZj:t lyP .

k'FhLjfb eGbf klxn] g} ;}Gojfb cfpF5 eGg] s'/fsf] pbfx/0fsf ?kdf g]kfn /x]sf] 5 . g]kfnsf] ;}Gojfb Plss[t g]kfn agfpgsf nflu uf]/vfnLx¿n] u/]sf] 6'qm] /fHox¿ lhTg] cleofgsf] ;f+:s[lts cjz]if xf] . …/fli6«o Plss/0fÚsf nflu ;}lgs zlQmsf] of]ubfg cTofjZos /x]sfn] Tolta]nf jftf{ / ;+emfOa'emfO eGbf cfs|d0f / ljhonfO{ a9L dxTj lbOPsf] lyof] . g]kfn /fHosf] lgdf{0fdf ;}Go zlQmsf] xft /x]sf] eP klg g]kfndf ;]gf / ;}GojfbnfO{ q"m/ zlQm, ;fj{hlgs dfGotfx¿sf] alv{nfk ug]{ pNnª\3gstf{ / gful/s k|zf;gdf u}/sfg'gL x:tIf]k ug]{ x:tIf]ksf/Lsf ?kdf x]g]{ ul/G5 . ;}lgs ;]jf, vf;u/L clws[[t txsf] ;]jfdf nfdf] ;dob]lv clehft ju{sf] Psflwsf/ /lxcfPsf] 5 . ;g\ !(%! ;Dd g]kfndf zf;g ug{] pRr zf;s ju{n] ;}lgs k]zfnfO{ pgLx¿sf] hGdl;4 clwsf/ dfGb} cfPsf lyP . Ps ;o rf/ aif{] /f0ff zf;gsfndf ;}lgs k]zf /fhg}lts ;kmntf k|fKt ug{] 5f]6f] af6f] lyof] . Toltj]nf rf/hgf /f0ff sdflG8ª hg{]nx¿dWo] Pshgf k|wfgdGqL x'g] uy{] . ;g\ !(%! ;Dd of]Uo JolQm ;Qfdf k'Ug] ePsf]n] zf;sx¿n] ;}GojfbnfO{ zlQm, ;DklQ / zf;g;Qf k|fKt ug{] ;'/lIft ;fwg 7fGg' :jfefljs lyof] . /f0ff zf;g …/fhgLltdf x:tIf]k ug{] lgof]lht p2]ZoÚ /fv]/ …lgof]lht ;}GojfbÚ sf] cfwf/df :yfkgf ePsfn] /f0ff kl/jf/sf dflg;n] dfq} ;]gfsf hg{]n kb kfpg ;Sy] .

13

;g\ !(%) kl5 g]kfndf ;]gf /fhtGqsf] lghL cËsf ?kdf /Xof] . ;]gfsf] k/dflwklt / /fHosf] sfo{sf/L k|d'v ePsf]n] /fhfn] ;}lgs ansf] kl/rfng ug{] wDsL lbg] / ;]gf kl/rfng ug{] clwsf/ k|fKt u/]sf lyP . o;n] ;}GojfbnfO{ ;+:yfut hu k|bfg u/]sf] lyof] . ;]gf k|of]usf] wDsL jf ;}lgs zlQmsf] k|of]u :j]R5frf/L ;fy} bdgsf/L x'g] ePsfn] k|hftflGqs d"No ljk/Lt /x]sf] 5 . g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df zflGt ;'Joj:yf / l:y/tfsf] gfddf k|hftflGqs d"Nox¿nfO{ bdg ug'{ ;}Gojfbsf] ;a}eGbf ulDe/ kl/0ffd xf] .

;}Gojfb eg]sf] o:tf] cj:yf xf] hxfF …/fhg}lts d'2fsf] ;dfwfgsf nflu ;]gfsf] k|of]u jf ;]gf k|of]u x'g] vt/f /x]sf] x'G5 . n/]G; /f8j]sf cg';f/ ;}Gojfbn] lx+;fsf] pkof]u ug{] sfdsf] k|;+zf u5{ / ;}lgs ;+:yfkgfsf] u'0fufg u5{ . o;n] Ps gLltut kl/jt{g / zlQmsf] ;DaGwnfO{ k|efljt u5{ . t/ :6flg:nfe cfGb|]:sLn] ;dfhzf:qLo zAbfjnLsf ?kdf ;}Gojfbsf] k|of]u ljljw cy{df x'g] ePsf]n] o;nfO{ ;xL 9+un] a'emg' / cWoog ug{'k5{ eg]sf 5g\ . ;}Gojfb ;DaGwdf tLgj6f dxTjk"0f{ JofVof /x]sf 5g\ . klxnf], ;}GojfbnfO{ ;fdfGotof n8fs"kg jf o'4 ug{ tTk/ cfqmfds efjgf xf] . bf];|f], ;}Gojfbsf] cy{ /fHodf ;]gfsf] cu|:yfg /xg' xf] . t];|f], ;}Gojfb eg]sf] ;fdflhs hLjgdf ;]gfsf] Jofks lgoGq0f x'g] / l;ª\uf] ;dfh ;]gfsf] OR5f / cfjZostfcg'?k gtd:ts /xg'kg]{ cj:yf xf] .

csf{lt/ df/]s lyn] ;}Gojfb /xg] ljleGg cj:yfsf] klxrfg u/]sf 5g\ . o;df clwgfosjfbL zf;gb]lv lnP/ k|ToIf ;}lgs zf;g clg x/]s s'/fdf ;}lgssf] k|efj ePsf] gful/s zf;g;Dd kb{5g\ . lyn] ;}Gojfbsf] xb / If]q lgwf{/0f ug{] tLgj6f cfwf/e"t cj:yfsf] klxrfg u/]sf 5g\ . klxnf], …;+/rgf / k|0ffnLut ljz]iftfÚ xf], of] /fHodf ;]gfsf] x}l;otl;t ;DalGwt 5 . bf];|f], …ljrf/ tTjÚ xf] . o;n] /fli6otf / cGw/fi6«jfb h:tf ljrf/df ;}lgs ;f]rfOnfO{ kl/eflift u5{ . o;n] /fHo lgdf{0fdf ;]gfsf] ;f+u7lgs of]ubfgnfO{ a9fOFr9fOF u5{ clg ;]gfnfO{ /fHo arfpg] ;+:yfsf ?kdf dfG5 . t];|f] ;"rs, ;z:q an;DaGwL /fHosf] gLlt;Fu ;DalGwt 5 . o;df ;z:q annfO{ ljz]if Jojxf/ ug{], ;}Go vr{ a9fpg] / cfGtl/s tyf afXo dfldnfdf gLltut cf}hf/sf ?kdf ;}Go zlQmnfO{ pkof]u ug{] rfxgf kb{5g\ .

;]gfn] lyrf]ldrf] ug{ ;Sg] /fHosf] r/d zlQmsf] k|ltlaDa k|:t't ub{5 . csf{lt/, ;}Gojfb o:tf] ;f]rfO xf] h;n] cfkmgf]

ceLi6 k"/f ug{sf nflu ;}Go zlQmsf] pkof]u u5{ . s'g} s'g} cj:yfdf ;}Gojfb cfjZos x'G5 / lau|]sf] cj:yfnfO{ k"j{jt cj:yfdf kmsf{pg of] pkof]uL x'G5 . /f8j]n] tLgj6f cj:yfdf ;}lgs x:tIf]k a9\g] s'/f atfPsf 5g\ M -s_ ;dfhdf czflGt km}lnP/ c/fhstfsf] cj:yf l;h{gf ePsf cj:yfdf, -v_ ;fdflhs ljefhg a9]/ ljb|f]x, qmflGt jf cft+sjfb kmlnPsf] cj:yfdf / -u_ ;Qf?9 pRr ju{df ;xdlt 6'6\g uO{ pgLx¿sf] emu8f a9]/ Pp6f ;d"xn] ;}lgssf] ;xfotf lng] cj:yf cfPdf . k/Dk/fut zlQmsf] j}wflgstfk|lt r'gf}tL cfPsf] / gofF gful/s zf;gsf] ks8 eOg;s]sf] cj:yfdf klg ;]gfsf] k|fwfGo a9\g ;S5 .

;}Gojfbsf] cjwf/0ff ;}lgs g]t[Tj jf To;sf clws[tx¿df dfq ;Lldt 5}g . blIf0f Pl;ofsf] ;Gbe{df oxfFsf s]xL /fhgLlt1, /fhgLlts bn jf ;d"xsf] ;f]rfOdf ;}Gojfbn] h/f] uf8]sf] 5 . ef/tdf /fli6o :jo+;]js ;+3, lzj ;]gf, ah/+u bn, dfcf]jfbL, gS;njfbL / aa/ vfN;f h:tf ;Ë7gx¿ ;}GojfbL ;f]rfO / agfj6 ePsf s]xL pbfx/0f x'g\ . >Ln+sfsf] tldn d'lQm df]rf{ ln6\6], afª\nfb]zsf] hdfot P O:nfdL / g]kfnsf] g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_ n] ;}GojfbnfO{ cfˆgf] ljrf/wf/fsf ?kdf jsfnt ug]{ u/]sf 5g\ . pgLx¿n] ;}Go ;+/rgfsf] ;+u7g agfPsf 5g\ / cfˆgf sfo{stf{nfO{ ;}lgs tflnd lbPsf 5g\ .

cGtl/d ;+ljwfg @))& n] ;/sf/nfO{ zlQmzfnL agfPsf] eP klg u7aGwg ;/sf/df ;fd]n /fhgLlts bnx¿ rfs/L–rfKn';Lsf] /f]uaf6 kLl8t 5g\ . pgLx¿ /fd|f] zf;g;Qf rnfpgdf eGbf k|hftGqsf] kmn rfVgdf a9L ?lr /fV5g\ . sdhf]/ / hfFu/xLg ag]sf] ;/sf/nfO{ cfkm"n] eg]sf s'/f nfb\g ;lsG5 / cfˆgf] :jfy{ k"/f ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] nfu]sf] 5 . o:tf] cj:yfn] g]kfndf ;}GojfbnfO{ a9fjf lbPsf] 5 .

:ofDo"n kmfOg/n] eg] h:t} ;/sf/n] ;]gfsf dfu k"/f gu/]df p;n] ;a} eGbf klxn] ;/sf/nfO{ c;xof]u ug{] wDsL lbG5 . ;z:q andfly ;/sf/sf] lge{/tf a9\b} hfFbf ;]gfn] Xofs'nfn] ldRg] tl/sf xf] of] . ;]gf dfcf]jfbLsf] /fhgLlts / ;'/Iff cj1sf ;fy} t/fO{df ePsf] lx+;fTds ljb|f]xsf lj?4 sf+u|];n] g]t[Tj u/]sf] cGtl/d ;/sf/n] pkof]u ug{ ;Sg] c:qsf ?kdf /x]sf] lyof] . kmfOg/n] eg]sf lyP, æjf:tjdf ;z:q ann] ;/sf/dfly cfˆgf] s'/f nfb]/ jf ;/sf/df /x]sf JolQm km]/]/ kbf{ k5fl8af6 /fh ug{ yfN5 .Æ g]kfnsf tTsfnLg k|wfgdGqL / ;]gfsf pRr kbflwsf/L aLr ePsf] tnsf]

14

jftf{nfkn] ;}Gojfbsf af/]df a'e\mg d2t ub{5 . of] jftf{nfk g]kfnL 5fkfx¿df k|sflzt ePsf] lyof] . of] jftf{nfkn] g]kfndf clxn] klg ;]gf slt ;j{JofkL 5 eGg] s'/f b]vfpF5 .

k|wfgdGqLsf] ;/sf/L lgjf;, afn'jf6f/ /fodfemL cfof]un] ;'/Iff lgsfosf k|d'vx¿nfO{ lgnDag ug{ l;kmfl/; u/]sf] ef]lnkN6 !# tfM d] @))^ sf lbg k|wfg;]gfklt Kof/h+u yfkfn] ;]gfsf cGo ;ft pRrkb:y clwsf/Lsf ;fydf k|wfgdGqLnfO{ e]6]/ g]kfn k|x/L, ;z:q k|x/L an / u'Ktr/ ljefusf k|d'vnfO{ lgnDag u/]sf]df c;Gt'li6 AoQm u/] . pgn] k|wfgdGqLnfO{ eg], ætkfO{F /fhgLlt1 x'g'x'G5 . To;}n] ;'/Iff annfO{ /fhgLlts cfFvfn] x]g{'x'G5 . t/ ;'/Iff ann] /fhgLlt ub{}g === xfdL ;'/Iff lgsfosf clws[t / l;kfxLnfO{ sf/afxL ug{] tkfO{Fsf] gLlt;Fu ;xdt 5}gf}F . dlGqkl/ifbn] ;'/Iff lgsfonfO{ ljZjf;df gu/] To;sf] kl/0ffd g/fd|f] x'g;S5 . o;sf af/]df tkfO{Fn] uDeL/tfk"j{s ljrf/ ug{'k5{ .Æ

k|wfg;]gfkltsf ;fydf uPsf n]lkm6g]G6 hg/n ?Sdf+ub s6'jfn -xfnsf k|wfg;]gfklt_ To; a]nf eg], ætkfO{Fn] tLghgf ;'/Iff k|d'vnfO{ lgnDag ug{'eof] . t/ k|wfg;]gfklt yfkfnfO{ lsg lgnDag ug{'ePg < d o;sf] hjfkm gvf]hf}Fnf t/ hgtfn] cjZo klg ;f]Wg]5g\=== tkfO{nfO{ yfxf ePs} xf] xfdLsxfF ;]gf, ;z:q an, g]kfn k|x/L / cg';Gwfg ljefu;d]t /x]sf] ;+o'Qm ;'/Iff sdf08 lyof] .

k|wfg ;]gfklt yfkfn] yk], æxfdL /fhgLltd'Qm ;+:yfnfO{ /fhgLltdf d'l5Fb}5 . k|wfg;]gfkltsf x}l;otdf d eG5', …zfxL

g]kfnL ;]gf b]zsf] ;a} eGbf k'/fgf] ;+:yf xf] . o;sf] r]g ckm sdfG8 abNg] clxn]sf] sbd Psbd} unt 5 .Æ

To;kl5 h]g/n s6'jfnn] yk], æ;'/Iff kmf}h r]g ckm sdfG8sf cfwf/df rN5 . o:tf] r]g ckm sdf08 clxn];Dd alnof] 5 / eljiodf klg /xg]5 . s]xL dflg;x¿ o;nfO{ tf]8\g rfx] h:tf] b]lvG5 . pgLx¿n] zfxL g]kfnL ;]gfsf] rl/q a'em]sf 5}gg\ .Æ

;]gfsf pRrkb:y clwsf/Ln] o:tf zAb / efjgf lbPsf] o:tf] k|ToIf r]tfjgLsf] hjfkmdfbf];|f] hgcfGbf]ngsf] tfutaf6 :yflkt ;a} eGbf zlQmzfnL k|wfgdGqL sf]O/fnfn] Ao+uk"0f{ pQ/ lbFb} eg]sf lyP, æd}n] k|wfg;]gfkltn] eg]sf] s'/f a'em]+ . o:tf] x'g]5}g\ eGg] s'/fdf tkfO{F 9'Ss x'g'eP x'G5 . ;+qmd0fsfndf o:tf ;d:of b]vf k5{g\ . o:tf ;d:ofnfO{ ;dfwfg ug{'k5{ . o; dfdnfdf xfdL tkfO{FnfO{ d2t u5f{}F .Æ k|wfg;]gfkltn] o:tf] ;Nnfx lbPkl5 a}7s ;dfKt eof], æhgtfn] zflGt Nofpgsf nflu cfGbf]ng u/]sf x'g\ . ;+ljwfg;efn] gofF ;+ljwfg agfpg'eGbf cl3 g} b]znfO{ ljefhg ug{] s'/f ug{' x'Fb}g . hgtfn] cfkm"n] rfx] h:tf] ;+ljwfg agfpg] 5g\ . o:tf] ug{] clwsf/ pgLx¿nfO{ dfq 5 . cfGbf]ngn] tkfO{FnfO{ zflGt :yfkgf ug{] clwsf/ dfq lbPsf] 5 . tkfO{F ToxL cg';f/ sfd ug{'k5{ .Æ

1 •

1 n'sLl5kL aflx/ cfPsf] ;f] jftf{sf] k"0f{ ljj/0fsf nflu @( d] @))^ sf] ;fF3' ;fKtflxs / To;sf] c+u|]hL cg'jfbsf nflu @ b]lv * h'g @))^ sf] g]kfnL 6fOD;, ‘PM Meets COAS’ x]g{'xf]nf .

15

k|hftGq eGg] cjwf/0ff dfq xf]Og zAb;d]t ljjflbt 5 . k|hftGq jf nf]stGq eg]/ cfhef]ln k|rngdf /x]sf] ljifo jf cjwf/0ff cª\u|]hL zAb …8]df]qm];LÚ n] kl/eflift u/]cg';f/ a'‰g] ul/G5 . ljut kfFr ;o jif{sf] k"FhLjfbL ljsf; tyf pklgj]zjfbsf] cg'ejsf sf/0f klZrdL ;dfhaf6 pAh]sf x/]s h;f] cjwf/0ff / ljifox¿n] xfdLx¿nfO{ k|efj kf/]sf 5g\ .

…8]df]qm];LÚ zAb u|Ls pTklQsf] zAb xf] . o;sf] cy{ …8]ef];Ú cyf{t\ gful/s jf hgtf / …qm];LÚ cyf{t\ zf;g x'G5 . 8]df]qm];Lsf] g]kfnLdf cg'jfb ubf{ k|hftGq eGg] ul/of] . klZrdL k|of]u / cg'ejsf] sf/0fn] k|hftGq zAb / cjwf/0ffn] s]xL lglZrt d"No / dfGotf af]s]sf] 5 .

g]kfnL ;Gbe{df klg k|hftGqnfO{ klZrdL kl/j]zdf h;/L a'‰g vf]lhPsf] To;/L g} a'‰g] k|of; ePsf] 5 . tyflk o;n] cfˆgf] :yflgo a'´fO / ;Gbe{nfO{ klg af]s]sf] 5 . ;do / kl/l:ylt cg';f/ k|hftGqsf] a'´fOdf abnfj cfPsf] b]lvG5 . lj=;+= !((& b]lv ;'? ePsf] k|hftflGqs cfGbf]ng / xfnsf lbgdf cfP/ nf]stflGqs cfGbf]ngdf kl/jt{g ePsf] 5 . o;sf] a'´fO / cy{df kl/jt{g ug{ vf]lhPsf] 5, ljz]if ul/ @)^@–^# sf] hgcfGbf]ng kZrft .

klZrdL d'n'sx¿sf] ;Gbe{df klg k|hftGqsf] :ki6 a'´fOsf af/]df dtP]Sotf 5}g . ljleGg /fhg}lts bz{g, ;dfh lj1fgsf ljleGg ljwfx¿, x/]s d"n's / ;dfhsf] cfcfˆgf] cg'ej cflb ;a}n] k|hftGqnfO{ cfˆg} lsl;dn] a'‰g] / k|of]u ug{ vf]h]sf] kfOG5 .

k|hftGqsf] ljjflbt ljutk|hftGqsf] cfhsf] a'´fO ;a}nfO{ ;d]6\g] Joj:yfsf] ?k a'l´G5 . ha k|hftGqsf] rrf{ / cEof; u|Ls gu/ /fHox¿df O{;fk"j{ sl/a $%) jif{cl3 eof], o;n] lgs} ;fF3'/f] bfo/f af]s]sf] lyof] . Knf6f], Pl/:6f]6nn] k|hftGqnfO{ a'l4 / ;DklQ

k|hftGq÷nf]stGq

xl/ zdf{

gePsf cfd gu/af;Lx¿sf] zf;g Joj:yf eGb} …eL8tGqÚ sf] gfdfs/0f ;d]t u/] . !( cf}F ztflAt;Dddf klg k|hftGqnfO{ cfheGbf leGg tl/sfaf6 a'‰g] ul/GYof] – …eL8tGqÚ s} cy{df To;nfO{ x]l/GYof] . t/ cfh kl/l:ylt ablnPsf] 5 . ;a}n] cfk"mnfO{ k|hftGqjfbL eGg ?rfpF5g\ . pbf/jfbL, k"/ftgjfbL, ;dfhjfbL, ;fDojfbL, c/fhstfjfbL cflb leGg leGg /fhg}lts ljrf/ af]Sg]x¿ oxfF;Ddls kmf;LjfbLx¿ ;d]t cfk"mnfO{ k|hftGqjfbL eGg ?rfpF5g\ / cfˆgf cg]s blnnx¿ k|:t't ub{5g\ . ;g\ !((! Df jln{g kvf{nsf] 9n]kl5 / lzto'4sf] cGTo ePkl5 t k|hftGqn] ´g} alnof] dfGotf / cfwf/ k|fKt u¥of] .

k|hftGqsf] kl/efiff / ljleGg a'´fOk|hftGq jf 8]df]qm];L zAbsf] ;'?sf] k|of]uaf/] dfly g} rrf{ ul/of] . ;'?sf] k|of]uaf6 cfh;Dd cfOk'Ubf o; zAbnfO{ w]/}n] w]/} lsl;dn] k|of]u u/]sf / a'́ ]sf 5g\ . o;sf] jx'rlr{t kl/efiff !^ cf}F cd]l/sL /fi6«klt ca|fxd ln+sgsf] egfO{af6 lng ;lsG5, …k|hftGq hgtfsf nflu hgtfåf/f, hgtfsf] Joj:yf xf] .Ú k|hftGqsf] of] kl/efiffaf6 / cGo kl/efiffx¿af6 hgtf g} k|hftGqsf] d"n cfwf/ xf] eGg] a'l´G5 .

k|hftGqsf ljleGg cy{ / a'´fO /x]sf 5, tL o;k|sf/ 5g\ M• Pp6f o:tf] zf;gJoj:yf hxfF u/La, lgd'vf / jl~rt

hg;d"xn] zf;g ub{5 .• k|hftGq o:tf] zf;gk|0ffnL xf] hxfF hgtfn] cfk"mnfO{

k|ToIf / lg/Gt/ ?kdf Jojl:yt ub{5 .• ;fdflhs c;dfgtfsf] cGTosf nflu >f]t / ;fwgsf]

;xL ljt/0f tyf sNof0fsf/L cfwf/ ePsf] Joj:yf xf] .• ax'dtsf cfwf/df zf;g ul/g] k|0ffnL xf] .• cNk;+Vossf] clwsf/ / :jfy{sf] /Iffsf nflu jx'dt jf

ax';+Vosdfly lgu/fgL / lgoGq0f ug{ ;Sg] Joj:yf xf] .

16

• ;fj{hlgs kbx¿ lglDt, k|lt:kwf{Tds k|lqmofaf6 ;fj{hlgs jf hgdtsf] (Popular vote) sf] dfWodaf6 lgSof}{n ug]{ k4lt xf] .

pNn]lvt a'Fbfx¿nfO{ ljrf/ ug]{ xf] eg] k|hftGqsf] x/]s rrf{, 5nkmn / cWoogsf] s]Gb|df …hgtfÚ g} /x]sf] kfOG5 . k|hftGqsf] rl/qaf/]sf jx;x¿ klg …hgtfÚ s} jl/kl/ 3'ld/x]sf 5g\ . o; jx;sf] s]Gb|df # d'Vo d'2f jf k|Zgx¿ 5g\ . klxnf], hgtf eg]sf] sf] xf] < hgtfsf] :j?k s] xf] < t;y{ hgtfsf] gfdaf6 lg:t[t x'g] /fhg}lts zlQmsf] k|of]u / jfF8kmfF8 s;/L x'G5 < bf];|f], hgtfn] cfk"mnfO{ s;/L zf;g ub{5 < s] zlQm k|of]u ;/sf/sf gfddf /fhgLlts bndfk{mt x'G5 < cyf{t\ s;n] hgtfnfO{ k|ltlglwTj ub{5 of hgtf :jo+ zf;gdf s;/L ;xefuL x'G5 < t];|f], k|hftGqsf] ;Ldf s] xf] < hgzf;gsf] gfddf s] ;Dej 5 s] ;Dej 5}g <

pk/f]Qm tLg k|d'v d'2fx¿sf] ;]/f]km]/f]df g} k|hftGqsf ljleGg df]8nx¿sf] rrf{ ul/Psf] 5 . x/]s df]8]nn] cf–cfˆgf ts{x¿ k|:t't ub{5g\ . k|hftGqsf ljleGg df]8]nx¿dWo] s]xLsf] ts{ o;k|sf/ 5 M

k/Dk/fut df]8n (Classical Democracy) of] dfGotf / cfwf/ eg]sf] ;a} a/fa/ x'g] cfd :jzf;gsf] Joj:yf xf] . hgtfsf] k|ToIf zf;gsf] Joj:yf ePsf] k|hftGqnfO{ k/Dk/fut k|hftGq elgG5 . u|Ls gu/ /fHox¿sf] k|hftGq o; df]8nleq kb{5 .

;+/lIft k|hftGq (Protective Democracy);qf}F / c7f/f}F ztflAbdf cfOk'Ubf u|L;df ;'? ePsf] k|ToIf k|hftGq jf k/Dk/fut 9fFrfsf] k|hftGqdf w]/} kl/jt{g cfO;s]sf] lyof] . ;/sf/ / zf;sx¿af6 s;/L cfd hgtfsf] :jtGqtfnfO{ hf]ufpg ;lsG5 eGg] lrGtf a9L lyof] . ;fj{hlgs /fhgLlts hLjgdf cfd hgtf s;/L ;xeflu x'g] / ;/sf/sf] ljleGg zf;sLo aGwgaf6 hgtf s;/L pDsg] eGg] ljifo k|hftGqsf] d"n rrf{ lyof] . t;y{ To;a]nf zf;g k4ltdf hgtfsf] :jfoQtf s;/L hf]ufpg] eg]/ JolQmut :jtGqtf / Ifdtfsf] rrf{ a9L x'g] uYof]{ . ;+/lIft k|hftGqsf] cfwf/ eg]sf] JolQmjfb / pbf/jfb xf] . cfhsf] pbf/jfbL lrGtgsf] cfwf/ klg oxL g} xf] .

;fd"lxs jf ;fdflhs ;DaGwsf] df]8ndf cfwfl/t k|hftGq (Social Contract Model)cl3Nnf k|hftflGqs l;4fGtx¿ JolQmut :jtGqtf / ;/f]sf/nfO{ /Iff ug'{ kb{5 eGg] dfGotfdf cfwfl/t lyP eg] bfz{lgs ?;f]sf] lrGtgdf cfwfl/t gofF df]8nsf] k|hftGqn] JolQmsf] ljsf;sf ;fy;fy} JolQm / ;d'bfosf] cGt/;DaGwnfO{ a9L hf]8 lbPsf] lyof] . o:tf] k|hftGqsf] dfGotfdf JolQmut :jfy{eGbf ;fd'lxs :jfy{ alnof] x'G5 . To;} cg'?k ;fd'lxs tyf ;fd'bflos lxtdf g} ;a}sf] sNof0f x'G5 eGg] cfwf/df cfd zf;gsf ;+/rgfx¿ v8f ul/P . ;fd'lxs OR5f (General Will) sf cfwf/df zf;g ;Dej 5 eGg] dfGotf :yflkt eof] . o; df]8nn] ;dfgtfsf] l;4fGtnfO{ :yflkt u¥of] . lsgeg], ;fd'lxs OR5f ta ;Dej 5 ha JolQmut / :jfyL{ OR5f lgZt]h x'G5 . ;fd'lxs OR5fsf] pb\ejsf] cfwf/ g} ;dfgtf xf] . ;fd'lxs OR5fdf cfwfl/t k|hftGqn] cfdhgtfsf] ;xeflutf a9fof] .

hgtfsf] k|hftGq jf hgtGq (People’s Democracy)hgtfsf] k|hftGq eGgfn] ljz]iftM dfS;{jfbL lrGtgn] hGdfPsf ljleGg df]8nx¿ a'l´G5 . /fhg}lts zf;gsf] rl/q juL{o x'G5 eGg] dfGotfsf] cfwf/df of] df]8n tof/ ul/Psf] x'G5 . jx';+Vos hgtf >lds / ;j{xf/f ePsfn] k|hftGqsf] cfwf/ eg]sf] g} >lds / ljkGg ju{ xf] . t;y{ o:tf] k|hftGqdf /fhg}lts cfwf/df hgtfn] cfˆgf] zf;g rnfpF5g\ eGg] ul/G5 . ju{ ;+3if{sf] cfwf/df hgtfsf] k|hftGq c8]sf] x'G5, cfly{s zf]if0fsf] d'lQmaf6 g} ;Rrf k|hftGq ;Dej x'G5 eGg] dfGotf g} o; df]8]nsf] d"Vo cfwf/ xf] .

Jojxf/df k|hftGqdfly rrf{ ul/Psf] s]xL df]8]nx¿sf] P]ltxfl;stf / cg'ejsf cfwf/df jt{dfg cj:yfdf k|hftGq eGgfn] ;fdfGo cy{df a'l´g] pbf/ k|hftGqnfO{ a'‰g] ul/Psf] 5 . o;sf] d'Vo rl/q eg]sf] ck|ToIf jf k|ltlglwd"ns 9fFrf xf] hf] lgoldt lgjf{rg jf r'gfjdf c8]sf] x'G5 . of] blno k|lt:kwf{ / dtbftfsf] rogsf] sl;df pq]sf] x'G5 . pbf/ k|hftGqn] /fHo / gful/s ;dfhsf] km/snfO{ klg l:jsf/]sf] x'G5 . /fHo / gful/s ;dfhsf] aLrsf] km/ssf] cfwf/df g} ljleGg ;d'bfo, ;d"xx¿sf] :jfoQtf lgdf{0f ePsf] x'G5 / To;} u/L JolQmut jf lghL ;DklQ klg . •;Gbe{;fdu|Lx¿

1. Dahl, R. 1989. Democracy and it Critics. Yale University Press. 2. Held, D. 1996. Models of Democracy (2nd ed). Oxford Polity Press.

17

/fhtGq o:tf] lsl;dsf] zf;g Joj:yf xf] h;df ;fj{ef}d;Qf Ps hgf JolQmdf lglxt x'G5 . To:tf] JolQmn] cfkm"df b}jLzlQm ePsf] bfaL u/]/ jf j+zk/Dk/fsf cfwf/df ;fdfGotof cfhGd zf;g u5{ . t/ /fhtGq zAbn] cfˆgf] df}lns cy{ u'dfO;s]sf] 5 . cfhef]ln j+zfg'ut /fhfn] zf;g u/]sf] /fHonfO{ a'emfpgsf nflu o; zAbsf] pkof]u ul/G5 . o;n] lgjf{lrt /fi6«kltn] zf;g ug{] u0ftGqfTds k4ltsf] 7Ls pN6f] zf;g k|0ffnLnfO{ hgfpF5 . oL b'O{j6f k|0ffnLaLrsf] cGt/ s] xf] eg] Pp6fdf /fHok|d'v hGdsf cfwf/df tf]lsG5 eg] csf{]df lgjf{rgsf cfwf/df .

/fhtGqsf] k|f/De / ljsf; ePsf 7fpFdWo]sf OlhK6 / rLgdf k|frLgsfndf zf;snfO{ b}jL cjtf/ dflgGYof] . tL b]zdf zf;s /fhf / d'Vo k'/f]lxt b'j} x'g] uy]{ . o;n] /fhfdf b}jLzlQm x'G5 eGg] dfGotfnfO{ cem a9fPsf] lyof] . /fhf–k'/f]lxtsf] zf;g 7"nf] e"efudf km}nFb} hfFbf sd{rf/LtGqsf] ljsf; eof] . s'g} ;dodf o:tf] vfnsf] zf;g Joj:yf ;a} vfn] ;+:s[lt ePsf ;d'bfox¿df ;d]t k}mlnPsf] lyof] .

k|frLg u|L;df, …b}jLÚ j+zhsf k|d'vn] ;}Go g]tf, d'Vo k'/f]lxt / GofofwLz;d]tsf] d'Vo e"ldsf lgjf{x ug{] uy{] . Py]G;df k|hftGqnfO{ x'sf{pg vf]lhPsf] lyof] . t/ Dof;]8f]lgofsf zf;s cn]sh]G8/sf] xs8sn] To;f] x'g kfPg . pgn] 7"nf] ;fd|fHo :yflkt u/] h'g rfF8} g} ljleGg j+zdf 6'lqmof] . x]n]lgl:6s o'udf /f]dsf] cfqmd0f x'g'cl3 u|L;, klZrd Pl;of log} j+zsf cwLgdf lyP .

k|frLg /f]ddf /fhtGq lj/f]wL efjgf JofKt lyof] . cfd dflg;sf] ef/bf/L ;efsf ¿kdf /x]sf] l;g]6dfkm{t k|frLg /f]ddf u0ftGqjfbnfO{ ;'b[9 agfpg vf]lhof] . t/ dxŒjfsf+IfL l;h/n] l;g]6nfO{ af/Daf/ bafP .

o'/f]kdf O;fO{x¿sf] ks8 dha't x'Fb} hfFbf /fhfn] ub}{ cfPsf] k'/f]lxt sfo{ Sofyf]lns rr{n] ug{ yfNof] . /fhtGq

/fhtGq

;'wLGb| zdf{

O{Zj/sf] cfw'lgs xft aGg k'Uof] . k[YjLdf O{Zj/sf d'Vo k|ltlglwsf] :yfg rr{sf k|d'v cyf{t\ kf]kn] cf]u6] .

;g\ *)) df /fhf ;fn{d]gnfO{ kf]kn] >Lk]r nufOlbPsf] 36gf o'/f]k]nL /fhtGqsf] Oltxf;df Pp6f dxŒjk"0f{ 36gf dflgG5 . o;n] kljq /f]dg ;fd|fHo / hd{lgs /fhtGqsf] nf]sdfGotfsf b'O{j6f k/Dk/f Psfsf/ ePsf] ;Í]t ub{5 . dWoo'uLg o'/f]ksf] /fhtGqsf] :j¿k lgwf{/0fdf o; sfo{n] lg0ff{os e"ldsf v]Nof] . /fhfn] ;fj{ef}d clwsf/ lngsf nflu rr{af6 cleif]s k|fKt ug'{ clgjfo{ x'g uof] .

dWoo'usf] clwsf+z cjlwdf / cfw'lgs o'usf] ;'?;Dd klg o'/f]kdf cfˆg} vfnsf] :jfoQtf ePsf tLgj6f lgsfox¿ cl:tTjdf lyP— tL lyP ef/bf/L ;ef, kfb/L ;ef / /fhtGq . :s]G8]g]leof / a]nfot h:tf ef/bf/L ;ef alnof] ePsf b]zdf o;n] kfb/L ;ef / /fhf b'j}sf clwsf/df c+s'z nufof] . ;f]x«f}+ ztfAbLdf k|mfG;df ef/bf/L ;ef sdhf]/ eof], wfld{s zlQm /fhfsf] zf;g;Fu glhlsof] / /fhtGq lg/+s'z aGof] . /fhf n'O{ ;f]x«f}Fsf] …d g} /fHo x'FÚ eGg] egfOn] /fhtGqsf] lg/s+'ztfnfO{ emNsfpF5 . /fhfdf cl;ldt zlQm lglxt x'G5 eGg] ljrf/nfO{ o; egfOn] bzf{pF5 .

;qf}F / c7f/f}F ztfAbLdf klZrdL o'/f]kdf qmlds ¿kdf /fhtGqsf] ktg x'g yfNof] . a]nfotdf ePsf] ;g\ !^** sf] qmflGtn] ;+;bsf] ;jf{]Rrtf sfod u¥of] eg] ;g\ !&*( sf] k|mfG;]nL qmflGtn] /fhtGqsf] cGTo u/L u0ftGq :yfkgf u¥of] . pGgfO;f}F / aL;f}F ztfAbLdf ;+;b zlQmzfnL aGb} hfFbf /fhfsf] zlQm 36\b} uof] .

clt w]/} zlQmsf] pkef]u ul//x]sf /fhfx¿n] klxnf] ljZjo'4kl5 7"nf] ljgfz ef]Ug'k¥of] . o'4df xf/ vfg'k/]sf] bf]if pgLx¿dfly nfUof] / pgLx¿sf] ktg eof] . o;/L klxnf] ljZjo'4sf] lzsf/ x'g]x¿df /l;of, hd{gL / cl:6«of–xª\u]/Lsf /fhtGq kb{5g\ .

18

ca Pl;ofsf] s'/f . pklgj]zjfbL cltqmd0fn] ubf{ rLg ljleGg 6'qmfdf afFl8Psf] lyof] / lrlgofF ;fd|fHo sdhf]/ ePsf] lyof] . pGgfO;f}F ztfAbLb]lv g} lrlgofF ;d|f6sf] zlQm 36\b} uPsf] lyof] . ;g\ !(!@ df d~r' /fhj+zsf] ktgkl5 rLgdf /fhtGq cf}krfl/s ¿kdf ;dfKt eof] .

hfkfgsf] xsdf, bf];|f] ljZjo'4df hfkfg xf/]kl5 ;d|f6nfO{ b}jLzlQm dfGg] l;4fGt Tofluof] / ;g\ !($& sf] ;+ljwfgcg';f/ ;d|f6nfO{ …/fHo / hgtfsf] Pstfsf] k|tLsÚ dfGg yflnof] .

yfONofG8, dn]l;of, sDaf]l8of / a|'gfO{ h:tf blIf0fk"jL{ Pl;ofsf b]zdf /fhtGq sfod 5g\ . afFsL b]z u0ftGqfTds 5g\ . pGgfO;f}F ztfAbLdf o'/f]k]nL pklgj]zjfbL zlQmn] OG8f]g]l;ofsf] hfef clw/fHo, kufgsf] ad{]nL /fhtGq / leotgfdL /fhtGq ;dfKt kf¥of] . hgcfGbf]ngsf] dfusf cufl8 e'ms]/ n'jfª k|afªsf] nfcf]nL /fhtGq h:tf s]xL /fhtGqsf] cGTo eof] . yfONofG8 h:tf clxn];Dd klg /fhtGq hLljt /x]sf b]zx¿df rflxF ToxfF ePsf hgcfGbf]ngn] ubf{ lg/s+'z /fhtGq ;+j}wflgs /fhtGqdf kl/0ft eof] . xfn;Dd klg afFr]sf blIf0fk"jL{ Pl;ofsf s]xL clw/fHox¿ klxn] o'/f]knL pklgj]zjfbL zlQm / kl5 :jb]zL zlQmsf ;fd' ;Demf}tf u/]/ l6s]sf 5g\ .

blIf0f Pl;ofsf] xsdf rflxF dWoo'udf w]/} ljz]ifu/L uª\uf d}bfgsf lxGb" clw/fHox¿ d';ndfgL cfqmd0faf6 k/flht eP . kl5 O:6 OlG8of sDkgLsf] k|e'Tj hd]kl5 w]/} lxGb" /fHox¿ of t la|l6; ef/tdf ufleof] of t pgLx¿nfO{ ;Lldt clwsf/ lbP/ la|l6; zf;gcGtu{t /flvof] . …l/of;tÚ dflgg] oL /fHox¿ ;g\ !($& df ef/t :jfwLg ePkl5 ef/tLo ;+3df ljnLg eP .

s]nfO{ lxGb" /fhtGq eGg] ljifodf dtleGgtf 5 . lxGb" /fhtGqsf ;DaGwdf g}lts dfu{ jf wd{sf cfwf/df wfld{s u|Gyx¿df pNn]v ePsf ljleGg b[li6sf]0faf6 s] b]lvG5 eg] hgtfsf] ;'/Iff ug{sf nflu /fhf cfjZos x'G5 . k/Dk/fut lxGb" ;dfhdf wd{sf] k|j4{g ug{', d7dlGb/ agfpg', k'/f]lxtx¿sf] hLjgofkgsf nflu bfg lbg', l;4fGt / ;fdflhs rfnrng sfod /fVg] ljifodf wfld{s lgod kfngf u/fpg' /fhfsf] st{Jo dflgGYof] . dWoo'uLg lxGb" /fHox¿ ;ÍL0f{ dtsf lyPgg\ . ljleGg dt / ljleGg wd{ klg /fHoaf6 ;+/lIft lyP .

ef/tsf] /fhtGq / OlhK6 tyf rLgsf /fhtGqsf aLrdf

7"nf] leGgtf 5 . k/fk"j{sfnb]lv g} a|fXd0fn] wfld{s cyjf k'/f]lxTofOFsf] sfd cfˆgf] xftdf lnPsfn] Ps} ;dodf Ps JolQm d"n k'/f]lxt / zf;s b'j} x'g kfpg] cj:yf ePg . pm zf;s dfq eof] . lxGb"zf:qdf …kf/nf}lss zlQm / …nf}lss zlQmÚsf aLrdf cGt/ 5 . hft ljefhg kf/nf}lss zlQmsf] kl/0ffd dflgG5 . h;/L o'/f]kdf /fhfn] ;fj{ef}d clwsf/ u|x0f ug{sf nflu rr{sf] b}jLzlQmaf6 cleif]s lng}kYof{] To;}u/L lxGb" ;dfhsf] IfqLo /fhfn] klg ;fj{ef}d clwsf/ lngsf nflu a|fXd0faf6 cleif]s lng'kYof{] .

/fhf;Fu hf]l8Psf] ;a}eGbf dxŒjk"0f{ ljlwljwfg /fHofleif]s xf] . o; ljlwljwfgn] ;fdfGo IfqLonfO{ /fhfdf ¿kfGt/0f u5{ . /fHoleif]sn] u2Lcf/f]x0f ug]{ JolQmnfO{ ;fj{ef}d clwsf/;DkGg u/fpF5 . o; ljlwljwfgn] lxGb" /fhfsf] k/Dk/fut ;fy} /fhgLlts ;fj{ef}d;Qfdf hf]8 lbG5 .

d'un ;fd|fHosf] ljv08g kl5 / Oi6 OlG8of sDkgLn] zlQm xftdf lng'cl3 ef/tdf tLg lsl;dsf /fHo lyP M k|frLg /fHo -/fhk'tfgfsf /fhk"t h:tf_, d'unsf pQ/flwsf/L -cjw, aª\ufn / x}b/fjfbsf lghfd h:tf_ / n8fs" /fHo . s]Gb|Lo ;Qf sdhf]/ x'Fb} hfFbf n8fs" ;d"xx¿n] hgtfnfO{ ;}lgs ;'/Iff k|bfg ub}{ /fhgLlts ;Qf :yflkt u/]/ o:tf n8fs" /fHo :yfkgf u/]sf lyP . o:tf /fHosf lgdf{tfx¿ ;}Go pBdL lyP h;n] n8]afkt kbjL, dfg / ;fj{ef}d;Qfsf cGo k|tLs kfpFy] . n8fOF lht]kl5 pgLx¿ lxGb" d7dlGb/, c¿ ;Dk|bfo / a|fXd0fx¿nfO{ hUuf bfg lbP/ cfk"mn] zf;g ug{] j}wflgstf k|fKt uy]{ .

cfw'lgs g]kfnsf] pTklQsf] Oltxf; uf]/vfsf /fhf k[YjLgf/fo0f zfx;Dd k'U5 h;n] ;g\ !&^( df sf7df8f}Fsf dNn /fhfx¿nfO{ k/flht u/L cfˆgf] k|e'Tj lj:tf/ u/] . c7f/f}F ztfAbLsf] cGTo;Dddf uf]/vfsf zfxj+z /fhfx¿n] cfqmd0f, ljjfx / s"6gLltsf dfWodaf6 ljleGg e'/]6fs'/] /fHo ljno u/L cfh g]kfn eg]/ lrlgg] b]zsf] :yfkgf u/] . p; a]nfsf] ef/tsf] s]Gb|Lo zlQm sdhf]/ ePsfn] of] cleofg ;kmn ePsf] lyof] . k|f/lDes sfnsf] g]kfn jf:tjdf uf]/vfnL ;fd|fHo lyof] / Tof] Ps vfnsf] n8fs" /fHo xf] . n8fs" /fHosf c¿ pbfx/0fdf d/f7f / lzv ;fd|fHo kb{5g\ .

cfhsf] cfw'lgs ljZjdf gj{], :jL8]g, 8]gdfs{, a]lNhod / a]nfot h:tf b]zdf ;+j}wflgs /fhtGq cl:tTjdf 5 . ;+j}wflgs /fhf/fgLn] s'g} klg lsl;dsf] /fhgLlts zlQm pkof]u ub{}gg\ . pgLx¿sf] sfd k|tLsfTds / ljlw k'¥ofpg]

19

vfnsf] dfq x'G5 . pgLx¿n] k/Dk/f, ;+:sf/ / /fi6«sf] PstfnfO{ k|ltlalDat u5{g\ . ;/sf/k|d'vsf ¿kdf k|wfgdGqLn] jf:tljs /fhgLlts clwsf/ pkof]u ub{5g\ .

cfhef]ln ljZjsf yf]/} b]zsf /fhfn] dfq /fHok|d'v / ;/sf/k|d'v b'j}sf] e"ldsf v]N5g\ . o:tf b]zx¿ d"ntM klZrd Pl;ofdf cjl:yt 5g\ . e'6fg / a|'gfO{ klg o:tf b]zdf kb{5g\ .

g]kfndf ;+jt\ @)%* h]7sf] b/af/ xTofsf08kl5 /fh;+:yfsf] k|lti7fdf 7"nf] wSsf k'Uof] . /fhf 1fg]Gb|n] @)^! df3df sfo{sf/L clwsf/ lnPkl5 t ;+;bLo bnx¿;d]t

/fhfaf6 6fl9P / dfcf]jfbLsf] u0ftflGqs wf/nfO{ ;dy{g ug{ k'u] . lgjf{lrt ;+ljwfg;efn] @)^% h]7df g]kfnaf6 /fhtGqsf] cf}krfl/s ¿kdf cGTo u¥of] / g]kfnnfO{ ;+3Lo nf]stflGqs u0ftGq 3f]if0ff u¥of] .

;fdfGotof, /fhtGqsf] cGTo x'Fbf of t /fhf / /fhkl/jf/sf] xTof ePsf] 5 jf pgLx¿ lgjf{l;t ePsf 5g\ . o; dfldnfdf g]kfnsf] pbfx/0f cgf}7f] 5, lsgeg] oxfFsf clGtd /fhf :jb]zd} ;fdfGo gful/ssf ¿kdf hLjgofkg ul//x]sf 5g\ . •

20

…dfgjclwsf/Ú eGgfn] ;a} dflg;nfO{ dfgjf]lrt ;Ddfg / ;dfgtfsf ;fy afFRg kfpg] clwsf/nfO{ hgfpF5 . o; zAbfjnLnfO{ k|rngdf Nofpg] / cGt/f{li6«o sfg'gdf ;+:yfut ug]{ sfo{ ;g\ !($% df ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf] a8fkq / To;sf] nuQ} !) l8;]Da/ !($* sf] dfgjclwsf/;DaGwL k|yd 3f]if0ffkqdfkm{t /fi6«;+3n] u/] klg o;;DaGwL cjwf/0ff eg] ljleGg ?k / cy{df k/Dk/fut, ;fd'bflos / /fli6«o sfg'gdf ljZjsf y'k|} b]zx¿df k|of]u x'Fb} cfPsf lyP . tyflk dfgjclwsf/sf] ljZjJofkL k|of]u / ;a} d'n'sx¿df ;dfg ?kn] nfu" x'g] sfg'gL lnvtsf ?kdf / To;sf] cEof;;DaGwL ;':ki6 cfw'lgs ljrf/ k|bfg ug]{ >]orflxF c7f/f}F ztfAbLsf] cGTolt/ ePsf] k|mfG;]nL j|mflGtnfO{ hfG5 . k|mfG;]nL j|mflGtn] :jtGqtf, ;dfgtf / e|ft[Tjsf] l;4fGtsf c;nL pGgfos gful/s g} xf] eGg] bz{gnfO{ o'/f]ksf ljleGg efux¿xdf km}nfof] . xfn k|rngdf /x]sf] dfgjclwsf/sf] cEof; l;4fGttM :jtGqtf / sfg'gsf b[li6df ;a} ;dfg x'g] l;4fGtdf cfwfl/t 5 .

dfgjclwsf/;DaGwL lrGtgsf] cfwf/e"t dfGotf s] xf] eg] ;a} dflg; hGd}b]lv :jtGq x'G5g\ / sfg'gsf b[li6df ;dfg x'G5g\ . t;y{ s'g} klg JolQmnfO{ lnË, hflt, j0f{, wd{, efiff, pTklQ, /fli6«otf cyjf /fhg}lts, ;fdflhs jf cfly{s x}l;ot cflbsf sf/0f s'g} klg k|sf/sf] lje]b ug{ kfOFb}g . o; kl/efiffnfO{ ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf] a8fkq / dfgjclwsf/sf] ljZjJofkL 3f]if0ffkqsf] k|:tfjgfdf :ki6;Fu kl/eflift / pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . dfgjclwsf/sf] ljZjJofkL 3f]if0ffkq o:tf] klxnf] cGt/f{li6«o sfg'gL b:tfj]h xf] h;n] d'VotM cfly{s, ;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts / gful/s tyf /fhg}lts clwsf/ cflb ;d]6\g] dfgjclwsf/sf] If]qnfO{ c´ kl/:s[t / kl/dflh{t u/]sf] 5 . oL clwsf/x¿nfO{ ;g\ !(^^ sf] cfly{s, ;fdflhs tyf ;f+:s[lts clwsf/;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o dxf;lGw / gful/s

tyf /fhg}lts clwsf/;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o dxf;lGw / To;kl5 ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3 cGtu{tsf y'k|} yk P]lR5s dxf;lGwkq, k|:tfj / sfo{j|mdx¿n] sfg'gL dfGotf k|bfg u/]sf 5g\ .

dfgjclwsf/nfO{ yk sfg'gL an k|bfg ug]{ cGo b:tfj]hx¿df bf;Tj, hflte]b, dlxnf, afnaflnsf / oftgf;Fu ;DalGwt dxf;lGwx¿ x'g\, h'g ljut ^ bzsleq tof/ ePsf x'g\ . tyflk oL b:tfj]hx¿n] d"ntM dfgjclwsf/sf] If]q / kl/efiffnfO{ ;d"x jf ;d'bfosf] clwsf/k|lt eGbf klg JolQmsf] clwsf/k|lt s]lGb|t u/]sf 5g\ . ;g\ !(*^ df ljsf;;DaGwL 3f]if0ffkq h:tf sfg'gL b:tfj]hx¿sf] lgd{f0f eP tfklg hgtfsf ;fd"lxs jf ;d"xsf clwsf/x¿nfO{ afWosf/L cGt/f{li6«o sfg'g agfpg] k|of;nfO{ zlQmzfnL klZrdL d'n'ssf ;/sf/x¿n] t'xfpg] sfd u/] . of] sfd vf;u/L cd]l/sf, ci6«]lnof, Oh/fon / cGo y'k|} Nofl6g cd]l/sL /fi6«x¿n] u/] hf] hftLo g/;+xf/ jf bf;Tjdf l6s]sf lyP jf Pp6f ;d"xnfO{ k"0f{?kdf bafP/ :yflkt ePsf lyP . o:tf /fi6«x¿n] P]ltxfl;s ¿kdf ul/Psf uNtLafkt x'g ;Sg] b08nfO{ 5Ngsf nflu o:tf] sfd u/]sf lyP . ljZjsf y'k|} zlQmzfnL / ljsl;t b]zx¿df hftLo ;d"xx¿nfO{ ;'lgof]lht 9Ën] e]befj ug]{ / kfvf nufpg] sfd ePsf 5g\ . log} Jofjxfl/s sf/0fx¿n] ubf{ klg ;d"xsf clwsf/nfO{ dfgjclwsf/;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o sfg'gdf ;dfj]z ug{ afFsL g} 5 .

;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sf, a]nfot, hfkfg h:tf klZrdL k'FhLjfbL d"No k|0ffnLsf cu'jf b]zx¿n] cfly{s, ;fdflhs tyf ;f+:s[lts clwsf/ Pj+ zflGt / ljsf;;DaGwL clwsf/nfO{ dfGotf lbg] / ltgsf] kl/kfngf ug{ c:jLsf/ ub}{ cfPsf 5g\ . lsgeg] o;af6 ljZjahf/nfO{ lj:tf/ u/]/ To;dfly k"0f{ cflwkTo hufpg] pgLx¿sf] ceLi6 s'l07t x'g hfG5 .

dfgjclwsf/

uf]kfn l;jfsf]6L …lrGtgÚ

21

cGt/f{li6«o dfgjclwsf/;DaGwL ax; /fhgLlts bz{g / cf:yf;Fu hf]l8Psf] 5 eGg] s'/f So'af / e]g]h'Pnf h:tf cfkm"nfO{ cfd"n kl/jt{gsf/L ;dfhjfbL ljrf/åf/f k|]l/t atfpg] ;/sf/x¿sf b[li6sf]0fsf sf/0f klg c¿ Hofbf :ki6 ePsf] 5 . oL b]zx¿n] cfly{s, ;fdflhs tyf ;f+:s[lts clwsf/ / ljsf;sf clwsf/xnfO{ k|fyldstf lbPsf 5g\ . klZrdL b]zx¿sf] pklgj]zaf6 d'Qm ePsf jf gofF /fhg}lts nf]stGqsf ?kdf pbfpFb} u/]sf b]zx¿ h:t} ef/t, blIf0f clk|msf tyf g]kfnn] eg] cfly{s, ;fdflhs tyf ;f+:s[lts clwsf/ / gful/s tyf /fhg}lts clwsf/nfO{ ;dfg dfGotf / cfb/k|bfg ub}{ dWoddfuL{ af6f] cjnDag u/]sf 5g\ . tyflk xfnsf lbgx¿df dfgjclwsf/sf] j}rfl/s kl/efiffsf cfwf/df / sfof{Gjg kIfsf cfwf/df b]zx¿sf] juL{s/0f ug{ Psbd} sl7g 5 lsgeg] ;a} b]zx¿ cfly{s e"d08nLs/0f tyf ahf/d'vL ;f+:s[lts Ps?kLs/0fsf d"No / dfGotfsf cfwf/df /xg / lhpg afWo kfl/Psf] 5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf dfgjclwsf/sf :yflkt d"No / dfGotfx¿nfO{ :jtGq Jofkf/sf kIfw/x¿sf ;fd' ;dk{0f ug]{ j|md a9\bf] /x]sf] 5 .

zf;g z}nLdf cfPsf] kl/jt{gsf ;fy;fy} sfg'gL ?kdf df}lns clwsf/sf] g]kfnL cjwf/0ffdf klg kl/jt{g cfPsf] 5 . dfgjclwsf/;DaGwL cjwf/0ff klxnf] k6s g]kfnsf] klxnf] ;+ljwfg -h;nfO{ j}wflgs sfg'g @))$ elgG5_ df ;dfj]z ul/Pkl5 ;'? ePsf] xf] . oBlk ;+jt\ @))&, @)!%, @)!& / @)$& sf g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgdf g]kfnL gful/sx¿sf dfgjclwsf/x¿ j|mdzM ylk+b} uPsf] kfOG5 t/ ltgsf] kl/efiff ;+s'lrt tl/sfn] ul/Psf] lyof] / tL JolQmsf clwsf/l;t ;DalGwt /x]sf lyP . g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg @)^$df cfP/ dfq s]xL cfly{s,;fdflhs tyf ;f+:s[lts clwsf/x¿nfO{ :jLsf/]/ df}lns clwsf/sf ?kdf ltgnfO{ ;fd]n ul/Psf] 5 . ltgLx¿df lzIff, :jf:Yo ;]jf / /f]huf/ tyf vfB;DaGwL xsx¿ /x]sf 5g\ .

o;sf cnfjf ;g\ !(() kl5 dfgjclwsf/;DaGwL y'k|} cGt/f{li6«o sfg'gx¿df g]kfn kIf eP/ x:tfIf/ ul/;s]sf]n] dfgjclwsf/sf] kl/efiff / o;sf] If]qsf af/]df gofF cfofd ylkPsf] 5 . /fhg}lts tyf gful/s clwsf/;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o cle;lGw -h;df @ P]lR5s ;lGwkq JolQmut ph'/Lsf] k|fjwfg / d[To'b08 pGd"ngsf s'/f;Fu ;DalGwt_ / cfly{s, ;fdflhs tyf ;f+:s[lts clwsf/;DaGwL cle;lGwsf ;fy} dlxnf, afnaflnsf / oftgf pGd"ng;DaGwL

;lGwx¿n] ;g\ !(() kl5sf] g]kfn dfgjclwsf/;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o sfg'gx¿nfO{ cfˆgf] d'n'ssf] ;jf]{Rr sfg'gsf] ?kdf :jLsf/ ug]{ b]zx¿sf] ;"rLdf g]kfn Pl;ofd} dflyNnf] :yfgdf cfpF5 . cfˆgf] b]zsf] sfg'gdf oL cGt/f{li6«o dfgjclwsf/;DaGwL sfg'gL k|fjwfgx¿nfO{ ;fd]n ug]{ / sfof{Gjog ug]{ dfldnfdf eg] g]kfnsf] ult ;':t b]lvG5 . y'k|} ;fj{hlgs rf;f]sf ljifodf / JolQmn] ;jf]{Rr cbfntdf bfo/ ePsf d'2fdf dfgjclwsf/jfbLx¿ tyf kLl8t kIfn] oL sfg'gsf cfwf/df ;kmntf xfl;n ul/;s]sf 5g\ . tyflk g]kfn oL cGt/f{li6«o dfgjclwsf/;DaGwL sfg'gnfO{ k"0f{?kdf kfng u/L P]gsfg'gdf /x]sf lje]bsf/L a'Fbfx¿nfO{ ;+zf]wg u5{ jf ub}{g eGg] s'/fdf eg] cfh klg k|Zg pl7/x]s} 5 .

dfgjclwsf/nfO{ kl/eflift ug]{, o;sf] If]qnfO{ ;+s'rg ug]{ jf lj:t[t ug]{ s'/fdf j}rfl/s leGgtf /x]sf 5g\ . klZrdL 9fFrfsf] gjpbf/jfbL ljrf/wf/fn] df}lns clwsf/df cfly{s, ;fdflhs tyf ;f+:s[lts clwsf/x¿nfO{ ;fd]n ug]{ s'/fdf lj/f]w ub{5 . o;sf] ljk/Lt dfs;{jfbL tyf jfdkGyL dt /fVg]x¿n] ;Dej eP;Dd cfly{s, ;fdflhs tyf ;f+:s[lts clwsf/x¿nfO{ ;fd]n u/fpg'k5{ eGb5g\ .

clxn] xfdLn] ;fdfgf ul//x]sf] d'Vo sdhf]/L dfgjclwsf/sf] j}rfl/s, /fhg}lts tyf cfly{s ;Gbe{sf] af/]df xfd|f] a'´fO g} xf] . xfdLn] ljutdf cg'ej u/]sf] s'/f xf] ls zf;sju{ jf zlQmdf /x]sfx¿sf nflu dfgjclwsf/ zf;g pbf/ 5 eGg] b]vfpg k|of]u ul/g] zflAbs lj1fkgsf] j:t' dfq aGof] t/ jf:tjdf pgLx¿sf] rl/q ;fdflhs tyf cfly{s ¿kdf zf]if0fd"ns /Xof] .

g]kfndf dfgjclwsf/ klg x/]s JolQmn] /6 nufpg] zAb dfq ePsf] 5 h;/L krf;f}F jif{b]lv k|hftGqsf] af/]df ;a}n] /6 nufO/x]sf 5g\ t/ k|hftGqsf] s'g} ;Í]t;Dd klg b]vf k/]sf] 5}g . 5 bzscl3af6} cfwf/e"t dfgjclwsf/sf s'/fx¿nfO{ ;d]6]/ :yfoL ;+ljwfg n]Vg] sf]l;; eP tfklg clxn];Dd Tof] k"0f{ ¿kdf ;kmn x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . dfgjclwsf/nfO{ kl/eflift ug]{ sfo{df /fhgLlts bnx¿ / af}l4s hdftdf ;d]t :ki6tf / b[li6sf]0fsf] cefj 5 .

c¿ klg y'k|} unt wf/0ffx¿ 5g\ h;nfO{ lgd"{n ug{' cfjZos 5 . s]xL o:tf dflg;x¿ klg 5g\ hf] dfgjclwsf/ ljsl;t b]zx¿df dfq k|fKt x'g ;S5 t;y{ g]kfnh:tf] ul/a b]zdf eg] o;sf] pNn+3g plrt g} 5 eGg] u5{g\ . jf:tljstf s] xf] eg] ul/a b]zx¿h:t} ljsl;t

22

b]zx¿df klg dfgjclwsf/ pNn+3gsf 36gfx¿ x'G5g\ t;y{ cljsl;t b]z ePsf sf/0f dfgjclwsf/sf] Go"g kl/kfngnfO{ ;xL ;flat ug{ ;lsb}g . …cft+slj?4 o'4sf]Ú g]t[Tj ul//x]sf cd]l/sf / / a]nfot h:tf b]zx¿n] cfˆgf] cg's"n /fhg}lts ljrf/ gaf]Sg] JolQmx¿dfly cft+s, oftgf / xTof h:tf sfo{ ug{ 5'6 lbO/x]sf 5g\ . P]ltxfl;s ?kdf pgLx¿sf] /]s8{ k|z+;f ug{nfos 5}g . cd]l/sfn] cfˆg} cflbjf;L ;d'bfox¿ tyf clk|msL d"nsf cd]l/sL gful/sx¿dfly v'n]cfd e]befj ul//x]sf] 5 . To:t} u/L a]nfotn] klg clk|msL d"nsf / Pl;ofnL d"nsf a]nfotL gful/sx¿dfly e]befj ul//x]sf] 5 .

ljleGg b]zx¿sf ;Gbe{ddf dfgjclwsf/sf] If]qnfO{ kl/eflift ug]{ j|mddf ;d]t unt wf/0ff ljBdfg 5g\ . pbfx/0fsf nflu cfTdlg0f{osf] clwsf/nfO{ lng ;lsG5 . g]kfndf o; clwsf/sf] cjwf/0ff / k|s[ltsf af/]sf] a'emfO unt 5 jf unt cy{ nufOPsf] 5 . of] clwsf/ JolQm jf hg;d'bfon] /fhg}lts, cfly{s, ;fdflhs / ;f+:s[lts clwsf/x¿sf] If]qdf lg0f{o ug{ kfpg] clwsf/ xf] . b]znfO{ ljefhg ug]{ jf gofF /fHo :yfkgf ug]{ jf g]kfnaf6 cnu e"efu v8f ug]{ clwsf/ eg] xf]Og . ljBdfg cGt/f{li6«o sfg'g

/ cGt/f{li6«o dfgjclwsf/ sfg'gn] cnlug' jf ljv08gnfO{ xf]Og a? lagfe]befj ;a}sf nflu ;dfg cj;/ / ;dfg clwsf/sf] k|flKtnfO{ cfTdlg0f{osf] clwsf/sf ¿kdf lnPsf] 5 . pklgj]zx¿n] dfq 5'l§g] jf ldl:;g] clwsf/ kfpF5g\ . cyjf hftLo ;+xf/, ljb]zL df:g] cleofg tyf cfddflg;x¿sf] knfogsf sf/0f dfgjclwsf/sf] uDeL/ pNn+3gsf] cj:yf ePdf dfq 5'l§g / ljv08gsf] cg'dlt k|fKt x'G5 .

dfgjclwsf/ j}rfl/s ?kdf c;DalGwt wf/0ff xf]Og . jt{dfg cGt/f{li6«o sfg'gn] bf];|f] ljZjo'4sf] ;dflKtkl5sf] zlQm;Gt'ngsf] ;D´f}tfnfO{ k|ltlalDat ub{5 . ;f]leot ;+3 / k"jL{o u'6sf] cj;fgkl5sf] clxn]sf] cGt/f{li6«o cEof; eg]sf] ljZjsf] PskIfLo zlQm ;Gt'ngsf] cj:yfnfO{ OlËt u5{ . o;y{ of] eGg ;lsG5 ls dfgjclwsf/ of t JolQmut k'FhLjfbL k|sf/sf] jf ;fd"lxs ;dfhjfbL k|sf/sf] x'G5 . b'j}n] k|fyldstfsf cfwf/df km/s–km/s clwsf/x¿nfO{ dxTj lbPsf 5g\ . xfdLsxfF s:tf] vfnsf] dfgjclwsf/sf] cefj 5, s:tf] dfgjclwsf/sf] hu]g{f ug{'k5{ eGg] s'/fsf] lg0f{o ug]{ sfd g]kfnL hgtf / ;+ljwfg;efdf r'lgP/ uPsf k|ltlglwx¿n] lg0f{o ug{'kg]{ a]nf cfPsf] 5 . •

23

o'/f]kdf ;g\ !(*) sf] bzsdf pTkGg ;fdflhs / cfly{s ;Í6 tyf sNof0fsf/L /fHosf] c;kmntfn] ;fdflhs ljv08g Nofpg] 8/ ePkl5 …;fdflhs c;dfj]zLs/0fÚ / …;fdflhs ;dfj]zLs/0fÚ h:tf zAbfjnLsf] k|of]u yflnPsf] xf] . ;'?df /f]huf/Ldf cfwfl/t ;fdflhs ;'/Iff k|0ffnLn] ;d]6\g g;s]sf dfgl;s / zf/Ll/s ¿kdf ckfª\u, j[4j[4f, Psn cfdf / c;fdflhs JolQmx¿nfO{ hgfpg k|mfG;df …;fdflhs c;dfj]zLs/0fÚ eGg] zAbfjnLsf] pkof]u ul/Psf] lyof] . kl5 uP/ o;n] c¿ sf]l6sf dflg;nfO{ klg ;d]6\g yfNof] / ;fdflhs ;xeflutf tyf gful/s clwsf/h:tf ljifox¿ klg o;l;t ;DalGwt aGg k'u] .

xfn cfP/, ul/aL / ;'ljwfaf6 jl~rt ug{'nfO{ dfq xf]Og ;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts / /fhgLlts e]befjsf leGg–leGg :j¿k / k|lqmof a'emfpgsf nflu ;fdflhs c;dfj]zLs/0f / ;dfj]zLs/0f h:tf zAbfjnL k|of]u ul/G5 . of] pk]lIft dflg;sf] 7"nf] ;d"x;Fu ;DalGwt 5 . t/ klg oL zAbfjnLsf] cy{sf af/]df dt}So 5}g, lsgeg] ;dfhzf:qLo b[li6sf]0f, ;}4flGts / ljwfut b[li6sf]0f -;Gbe{_, /fhgLlts ljrf/wf/f / /fli6«o 5nkmndf oL zAbfjnLnfO{ leGgf–leGg} ¿kdf lng] ul/Psf] 5 . oL zAbfjnLaf6 ul/aL, e]befj, ;LdfGtLs/0f h:tf cjwf/0ffnfO{ cem :ki6 kfg{ ;3fp k'U5 ls k'Ub}g, oL zAbfjnL g]kfn, ef/t, k]? cflb h:tf leGg cfly{s, /fhgLlts / ;fdflhs cj:yf /x]sf blIf0fL uf]nf4{sf b]zx¿sf nflu ;fGble{s 5g\ 5}gg\ / oL cjwf/0ffnfO{ s;/L a'e\mg] / pkof]u ug{] eGg] ljifodf jfbljjfb 5 .

;fdflhs c;dfj]zLs/0fnfO{ JofVof ug{] tLg ;dfhzf:qLo b[li6sf]0f 5g\ M != ;f]ln8fl/6L b[li6sf]0f, @= :k];nfOh];g b[li6sf]0f / #= df]gf]kf]nL b[li6sf]0f . Oldn b'lv{daf6 k|efljt / k|mfG;df a9L rNtLdf /x]sf] ;f]ln8fl/6L b[li6sf]0fcg';f/ JolQm jf ;d"x / ;dfhsf

;dfj]zLs/0f / c;dfj]zLs/0f

/fh]Gb| k|wfg

;fdflhs ;DaGwsf aLrdf cfPsf] kmf6f] g} c;dfj]zLs/0f xf] . of] cfly{seGbf klg a9L ;f+:s[lts / g}lts s'/f xf] . c;dfj]zLs/0fsf] ljk/Lt cj:yf ;lDdng xf] h'g k|e'TjzfnL ;+:s[ltdf ldl;P/ k|fKt ug{ ;lsG5 . :k];nfOh];g b[li6sf]0f a]nfotL–cd]l/sL pbf/jfbL k/Dk/fdf cfwfl/t 5 . o; b[li6sf]0fn] s] dfGotf /fv]sf] 5 eg] Pp6f ;fdflhs If]q jf v08df /x]sf] clg Pp6f k]zf ug{] dflg; csf{] ;fdflhs If]q jf k]zfdf hfg ;S5 / hfg ;Sg'k5{ . c;dfj]zLs/0f ug'{ eg]sf] s;}nfO{ s'g} s'/f;Dd k"0f{ ¿kdf kx'Fr glbg jf csf{] ;d"x;Fusf] cGt/lqmofdf efu lng glbgsf nflu ul/g] ljefhg xf] . DofS; j]e/af6 k|efljt df]gf]kf]nL b[li6sf]0fsf cg';f/ ;fdflhs juL{s/0f hah{:tL nflbPsf] x'G5, o:tf] juL{s/0f txut zlQm ;DaGwx¿dfkm{t nfb\g] ul/G5 . Pp6f ;d"xn] Psflwsf/ hdfPsf] kl/0ffd:j¿k c;dfj]zLs/0fsf] cj:yf l;h{gf x'G5 h;n] cfk"meGbf aflx/sfnfO{ d"Nojfg\ ;+;fwgsf] pkof]u ug{ lbFb}g . ;fdflhs k|hftflGqs gful/stfdfkm{t o:tf] cj:yfdf ;'wf/ Nofpg ;lsG5 .

;fdflhs c;dfj]zLs/0fsf ljz]iftf;fdflhs c;dfj]zLs/0fsf tLgj6f ljz]iftf 5g\ M klxnf], ;fdflhs c;dfj]zLs/0f eg]sf] ;fdflhs ;lDdngsf] pN6f] cj:yf xf] cyf{t\ ;dfhdf k"0f{ ¿kdf efu lng c;dy{ x'g' xf] . bf];|f], of] ax'cfoflds k|s[ltsf] 5 lsgeg] o;n] cfly{s, ;fdflhs / /fhgLlts If]qdf ePsf c;dfj]zLs/0fnfO{ a'emfpF5 / o;n] ;f+:s[lts / ;fdflhs klxrfg ;d]tnfO{ ;d]6\5 . t];|f], o:tf] cj:yf hxfF dflg;nfO{ vf; k|lqmof / ;+oGqåf/f ;dfj]z x'g lbOFb}g . o;df ;+:yfut jf k|0ffnLut s'/fdf hf]8 lbOPsf] x'G5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu hfltk|yfnfO{ lng ;lsG5 .

24

;fdflhs c;dfj]zLs/0fsf] kl/efiff;fdflhs c;dfj]zLs/0fsf w]/}h;f] kl/efiffn] ;fdflhs hLjgdf ;xeflutf cyjf gful/s clwsf/df hf]8 lbPsf 5g\ . o'/f]k]nL kmfpG8];gn] ;fdflhs c;dfj]zLs/0fnfO{ o;/L kl/eflift u/]sf] 5— æo:tf] k|lqmof h;dfkm{t JolQm jf ;d'bfo cfk"m a;]sf] ;dfhsf ;a} If]qdf ;xefuL x'gaf6 k"0f{ jf cf+lzs ¿kdf jl~rt ul/Psf x'G5g\ .Æ o; kl/efiffn] ;xeflutfdf hf]8 lbPsf] 5 . uf]/ / lkmu'O/]8f]n] gful/s clwsf/df hf]8 lbFb} ;fdflhs c;dfj]zLs/0f eg]sf] …JolQm / ;d'bfonfO{ s'g} j:t', ;]jf, ultljlw / ;|f]t;fwg;Dd kx'Fr -h'g pgLx¿sf df}lns clwsf/ x'g\_ glbg] :yfoL k|s[ltsf] ;fdflhs ;DaGwÚ xf] eg]sf 5g\ .

cfol/; oª h:tf /fhgLltzf:qLx¿n] /fhgLlts c;dfj]zLs/0f cyf{t\ 5nkmn / lg0f{o k|lqmofdf efu lng] cj;/af6 jl~rt x'g' clg ;fd|fHojfbL z}nLsf] ljjfbdf efu lng'kg{] cj:yfnfO{ c;dfj]zLs/0fsf] ;a}eGbf d'Vo lsl;d dfg]sf 5g\ . oªsf] s] ts{ 5 eg] c;dfj]zLs/0fsf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ o'/f]kdf h:t} zf]if0f, hflte]b, a]/f]huf/L h:tf ;a} lsl;dsf ;fdflhs åGå / cGofo a'emfpgsf nflu pkof]u ug{] xf] eg] o; zAbn] jf:tljs cy{ u'dfpF5 . pgsf] ts{ 5— o:tf vfnsf cGofo / c;dfgtfn] /fhgLlts c;dfj]zLs/0f a9fpF5g\ t/ logLx¿ ;xL cy{df c;dfj]zLs/0f xf]Ogg\ .

w]/} ax';+:s[ltjfbLx¿ ljz]ifu/L cd]l/sfsf ax';+:s[ltjfbLx¿ cfly{s jf /fhg}lts c;dfj]zLs/0feGbf 1fg, ljåtj[lQ / snfsf If]qdf ePsf ;f+:s[lts c;dfj]zLs/0fdf a9L hf]8 lbG5g\ . pgLx¿sf ts{cg';f/ 1fg, d"No–dfGotf / ;+:s[lt eg]sf] s] xf] eGg] s'/f k|e'TjzfnL ;d"x -pbfx/0fsf nflu, cd]l/sfsf] k|;Ëdf uf]/fx¿_ n] kl/eflift u5{ / 1fg jf ;To -:s"n / sn]hdf k9fOg] lstfa_ dfly lgoGq0f u5{ . b]zsf] Oltxf; / ;+:s[ltdf c¿ ;d'bfo -h:t}— sfnf / lx:kflgs_ sf] of]ubfgnfO{ c:jLsf/ ul/G5 jf cf]em]ndf kfl/G5 .

GofG;L k|m]h/sf] ts{df lje]bsf cfly{s / ;f+:s[lts :j¿ksf aLrdf k|ydtM km/s 5'6\ofpg'k5{ . ;f+:s[lts lje]bdf k|e'TjzfnL ;d'bfon] sdhf]/ ;d'bfosf] klxrfg d]6fOlbG5, cfˆgf d"No–dfGotf nfb\g vf]H5 cyjf s]xL ;d'bfosf dflg;nfO{ ;w}Fel/ ckdfg u5{ / p;sf] lvNnL p8fpF5 h;n] ubf{ klxrfgsf] /fhgLlt hGdG5 / cfkm" c¿eGbf km/s xf}F eGg] efjgf hfU5 -g]jf/ / ysfnL ;d'bfodf ePh:tf]_ . csf{lt/

cfly{s c;dfj]zLs/0fsf sf/0f ;|f]t;fwgsf] k'glj{t/0fsf] ljifo /fhgLlts d'2f aGg hfG5 -pbfx/0fsf nflu, ul/a afx'g5]qL_ . ;f+:s[lts / cfly{s b'j} vfn] lje]b ldl;gfn] pTkGg cGofosf] cj:yf klg x'G5 . g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df blnt, hghflt / d'l:nd o:tf] ldl>t lje]bsf] cj:yf ef]lu/x]sf 5g\ . To;}n] pgLx¿ klxrfgsf ;fyf;y} ;|f]tsf] k'glj{t/0fsf nflu nl8/x]5g\ .

c;dfj]zLs/0f / ;dfj]zLs/0fsf k|sf/;fdflhs c;dfj]zLs/0f / ;dfj]zLs/0fsf ljleGg k|sf/ x'G5g\ . cdTo{ ;]gn] c;dfj]zLs/0fnfO{ ;lqmo / lgliqmo egL b'O{ efudf afF8]sf 5g\ . ;lqmo c;dfj]zLs/0f of]hgfa4 gLlt cyjf sfg'gsf] kl/0ffd xf] . h:t}— a;fOF ;/]/ cfPsf jf aflx/af6 nv]l6P/ cfPsf z/0ffyL{nfO{ /fhgLlts dfGotf jf gful/stf glbg' h;n] ubf{ pgLx¿ gful/sn] kfpg] w]/} ;'ljwfaf6 jl~rt x'G5g\ . lgliqmo c;dfj]zLs/0f ;fdflhs k|lqmofsf] pkh xf] hxfF s;}nfO{ hfgLhfgL c;dfj]zLs/0f ug{] k|of; ul/Psf] x'Fb}g . pbfx¿0fsf nflu dGb Joj:yfn] l;h{gf u/]sf] ul/aL . of] of]hgfa4 9Ën] agfOPsf] gLlt cyjf sfg'gsf] kl/0ffd xf]Og .

cfOl/; oªn] k|ToIf / ck|ToIf /fhgLlts c;dfj]zLs/0faLrsf] km/s 5'6\ofPsf] kfOG5 . k|ToIf c;dfj]zLs/0fdf cfly{s / ;fdflhs ¿kn] zlQmzfnL ;d'bfon] ;fj{hlgs 5nkmn / lg0f{o ug{] lgsfo;Ddsf] kx'Frdf lgoGq0f u/]/ -lgd'vf_ JolQm tyf ;d'bfonfO{ 5nkmn / lg0f{o k|lqmofaf6 jl~rt u/fpF5 . ck|ToIf c;dfj]zLs/0fdf 5nkmn / lg0f{o k|lqmofdf pgLx¿sf] …kx'FrÚ t x'G5 t/ pgLx¿sf] …cfjfhÚ lemgf] x'G5 jf lg0f{o k|lqmofnfO{ k|efljt kfg{] pgLx¿sf] Ifdtf sd x'G5 lsgeg] zlQmzfnL ;d'bfon] pgLx¿sf] ljrf/nfO{ dfGotf lbFb}gg\ jf TolQs} p8fOlbG5g\ .

HofS;gn] s] ts{ u/]sf 5g\ eg] JolQm jf ;d'bfo s'g} Ps If]qdf pk]lIft ePsf a]nf csf{] If]qdf ;dflji6 ePsf] x'g klg ;S5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu, g]kfndf kxf8] blnt /fhgLlts / cfly{s If]qdf alxis[t 5g\, t/ efiff -g]kfnL_ sf If]qdf pgLx¿ ;dflji6 5g\ .

;a} lsl;dsf ;dfj]zLs/0f kmfObfhgs gx'g ;S5g\ . ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] To:tf] 9fFrf klg 5 hf] c;dfj]zLs/0feGbf v/fa x'G5 eGg] s'/f klg Vofn /fVg'k5{ . ljsf; / n}lËs ljifodf ;'?sf 5nkmndf dlxnfx¿ ljsf; / /f]huf/Ldf

25

pk]lIft 5g\ elgPsf] lyPg . t/ pgLx¿nfO{ h'g tl/sfn] ;dfj]z ul/Psf] lyof] Tof] tl/sf unt lyof] . Pp6} vfnsf] sfdsf nflu pgLx¿nfO{ k'?ifnfO{ eGbf sd tna lbOg' cyjf pgLx¿nfO{ gl;{ª / ;]qm]6/L h:tf …dlxnfn] ug{]Ú egL 5'6\ofOPsf sfd dfq lbg' To;sf pbfx/0f x'g\ . g]kfnL ;dfhdf hghflt ;d'bfonfO{ hftLo juL{s/0fdf afx'g / 5]qLeGbf tn /fVg' klg o:t} vfnsf] c;dfj]zL sfo{ xf] .

/fhgLlts ;dfj]zLs/0f eGgfn] c;dfgtfd"ns ;+/rgf gkm]l/sg} c;dfj]zLs/0fsf] l;sf/ ePsf ;d"xnfO{ ;dfj]z ug{' eGg] cy{ klg nfUg ;S5 . o'/f]kdf ;dfj]zLs/0fnfO{ a9fjf lbg'sf] p2]Zo ;fdflhs ;b\efj a9fpg' lyof] . of] eg]sf] ;dfhdf …gldNg]Ú ;d"xnfO{ ldNg] agfpg' lyof], d"No–dfGotf / ;+:yfx¿nfO{ abNg' lyPg . o:tf] cj:yfdf s]xL ;d'bfon] cfkm"n] :jLsf/ gu/]sf] cfbz{÷dfGotf ePsf] ;dfh jf zf;gdf ;dflji6 x'g'sf ;§fdf pk]lIft x'g rfxg' cgf}7f] s'/f xf]Og . pgLx¿ a? aflxl/ofsf] x}l;ot /fVg ?rfpF5g\ . lsgeg] o;f] ubf{ pgLx¿n] cfˆgf] cfbz{÷dfGotf / k|fyldstf lgwf{/0f ug{ kfpF5g\ . o;/L pk]lIft ePsfx¿ s]Gb|sf] k|e'TjjfbL ;f]rfOnfO{ r'gf}tL lbg] sfddf c¿eGbf a9L ;Ifd x'g ;S5g\ .

;dfj]zLs/0fn] c;dfj]zLs/0flt/ n}hfg ;S5 eGg] s'/f klg xfdLn] ;f]Rg'k5{ . pbfx/0fsf nflu, cfk}Fm ;fdflhs ¿kn] c;dfj]zLs/0fsf] df/df k/]sf ;d'bfon] cfk"meGbf sdhf]/ ;d'bfonfO{ 5'6\ofP/ jf cnu kf/]/ cfk"mn] rflxF ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] cj:yf xfl;n u/]sf] 7fGg ;S5 . of] s'/f

g]kfnsf hghflt elgg] ;d"xn] blntk|lt e]befj / dflyNnf] hftsf dlxnfn] tNnf] hftsf dlxnfnfO{ e]befj ub}{ cfPsf] k/Dk/fdf b]Vg ;lsG5 .

;fdflhs c;dfj]zLs/0f / ;dfj]zLs/0f;DaGwL lrGtgn] c;dfj]zLs/0f / ;dfj]zLs/0fsf k|lqmof / ;+oGqsf af/]df Wofg lbPsf 5}gg\ . P]g, sfg'g / ;+:yfn] c;dfj]zLs/0fsf] ;Gbe{, 9fFrf tyf cf}lrTo k|bfg u/]sf x'G5g\ t/ tL cfkm}Fdf c;dfj]zLs/0f gx'g ;S5g\ . c;dfj]zLs/0fsf] df/df k/]sf ;d'bfon] klg To:tf] cj:yfnfO{ lgliqmo eP/ :jLsf/]sf x'Fb}gg\ . pgLx¿n] ljleGg tl/sfn] o;sf] lj/f]w u/]sf x'g ;S5g\— csf]{ 7fpFdf a;fOF ;g]{ cyjf lx+;fTds ;+3if{ ug]{ sfd To:tf vfnsf lj/f]wdf kg{ ;S5g\ .

g]kfndf …;dfj]zLs/0fÚ / …c;dfj]zLs/0fÚ h:tf zAbfjnLnfO{ dfly 5nkmn ul/Ph:tf] cjwf/0ffut cy{df geO{ ;fdfGo cy{df rnfpg] ul/G5 . g]kfndf xfn k|rlnt …;dfj]zLs/0fÚ / …;dfj]zL nf]stGqÚ h:tf zAbfjnLx¿ ljut s]xL jif{b]lv rNtLdf cfPsf x'g\ . oL zAbfjnLx¿ d"n ¿kdf /fhgLlts / /fHosf cËx¿

-;+;b, lghfdtL ;]jf / Gofokflnsf_ df ePsf c;dfj]zLs/0f a'emfpg pkof]u ul/G5 . lzIff, ;fIf/tf b/, :jf:Yo / cfosf If]qdf ePsf c;dfj]zLs/0f a'emfpg logsf] k|of]u cln sd dfqfdf ul/G5 . ;f+:s[lts c;dfj]zLs/0f -efiff, …;+:s[ltÚ / wd{_ clg hghflt / dw];Lsf] klxrfg / dfGotfsf] /fhgLltsf ;Gbe{df klg 5nkmn x'g] u/]sf] 5 . •

26

;g\ !(&) / !(*) sf] bzsdf ;LdfGts[t ;d"xx¿sf] Oltxf;, pgLx¿sf pknlAw / sfo{nfO{ :s"n] lzIffsf] kf7\oqmddf /fVg] jf g/fVg] eGg] ljifodf ePsf 5nkmnsf sf/0f clg …/fhgLlts ?kn] pko'QmÚ jf ;Ddfghgs efiffsf] k|of]unfO{ ;+:yfut ug]{ sn]h cfGbf]ngdfkm{t …ax';+:s[ltjfbÚ zAbfjnL k|rlnt eof] . cGt/f{li6«o a;fOF;/fO, hg;f+lVos kl/jt{g, cfly{s PsLs/0f cyjf cfTdlg0f{osf] clwsf/ -ljz]if u/L cflbjf;Lx¿sf clwsf/_ h:tf ljifon] NofPsf] kl/jt{gn] ubf{ o; cjwf/0ffn] cfk|jf;L / cflbjf;L hflt tyf k|e'TjzfnL ;+:s[ltaLrsf] ;DaGw h:tf ljifonfO{ 6'ª\uf] nufpg sf]l;; ul//x]sf c:6«]lnof tyf Sofgf8f h:tf d'n'sx¿df ax';+:s[ltjfbsf] cjwf/0ffn] sfg'gL ;+/rgfdf ;+:yfut dfGotf kfof] .

df]6fdf]6L tj/df ax';+:s[ltjfb eGgfn] s'g} ;dfh, ;d'bfo jf /fHodf /x]sf ljleGg ;f+:s[lts jf hfltut ;d"xx¿aLr …;f}xfb|k"0f{ ;xcl:tTjÚ sfod /xg' eGg] hgfpF5 . ax';+:s[ltjfb / ax'njfbnfO{ Pscsf{sf] k"/ssf ¿kdf k|of]u ug]{ rng eP klg …ax'njfbÚ jf …ax'njfbL ;dfhÚ sf] cjwf/0ffeGbf …ax';+:s[ltjfbÚ sf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ clns ljlzi6 ¿kdf k|of]u ug]{ ul/G5 . lsgeg] ax';+:s[ltjfbn] a[xt\ s'/f ;d]6\5 . oBlk ax'njfbL zf;sLo cjwf/0ffsf] ljsf; ug{] k|of;nfO{ ax';f+:s[lts eg]/ lrlgPsf] ;dfhdf ljz]if dxŒj lbOPsf] kfOG5 . vf;u/L, …ax';+:s[ltjfbÚ sf] cjwf/0ff;Fu ;DalGwt 5nkmndf ;f+:s[lts leGgtf / k|e'TjzfnL ;+:s[ltnfO{ k|d'v ;d:ofsf ¿kdf lng] ul/G5 . o;sf] 7Ls pN6f], ax'njfbaf/]sf] 5nkmn Psn /fhgLlts Joj:yfdf ljleGg ;f+:s[lts ;d"xx¿aLr zlStsf] afF8kmfF8 s;/L ug{ ;lsG5, pgLx¿sf] ;fdflhs ;lDdng s;/L ug{ ;lsG5 / pgLx¿nfO{ zf;sLo kl/lwleq s;/L Nofpg ;lsG5 eGg] ljifodf s]lGb|t /x]sf] x'G5 .

ax';+:s[ltjfb

alGbtf l;hfktL

Sof;df]/n] eg]h:t} …ax';+:s[ltjfbÚ zAbfjnLsf] vf; cy{ j}rfl/s txdf, 5nkmnsf] txdf / gLlt jf Jojxf/sf] tLg txdf a'em\g h?/L 5 . j}rfl/s txdf ax';+:s[ltjfb eGgfn] ;dfhdf /x]sf] hftLo, wfld{s, ;f+:s[lts / eflifs ljljwtfnfO{ :jLsfg'{ eGg] a'lemG5 . 5nkmnsf] txdf ax';+:s[ltjfb eGgfn] Sofgf8]nLx¿n] eGg] u/]h:tf] ljljw /ª ldn]/ ag]sf] lrqem}F a]Unfa]Un} ;d"xx¿ ldn]/ aGg] Ps l9sf] a'lemG5 . cd]l/sLx¿n] eg] o;nfO{ …;nfbsf] efF8f]Ú eGg yfn]sf 5g\ hxfF ;a} rLhsf] :jtGq cl:tTj x'G5 . of] cjwf/0ff klxn] eGg] u/]h:tf] …d]lN6ª k6Ú -;a} rLh 3'nldn eP/ cfˆgf] cl:tTj u'dfPsf] cj:yf_ sf] cjwf/0ffeGbf km/s 5 . d]lN6ª k6sf] cjwf/0ffcg'¿k cNk;+Vos hfltx¿ k|e'TjzfnL ;+:s[ltdf ldl;P/ cfˆgf] cl:tTj u'dfpF5g\ . gLltut txdf, ax';+:s[ltjfbn] ljleGg ;d"xaLr of t ;fd~h:onfO{ a9fjf lbG5 of /fHo / hftLo cNk;+VosaLrsf] ;DaGwnfO{ kl/eflift u5{ . pbfx/0fsf nflu, lzIff If]qdf ax';f+:s[lts lzIffnfO{ k|f]T;fxg lbg'sf] cy{ ljleGg ;f+:s[lts tyf wfld{s ;d"xx¿;Fu ;DalGwt ;fdu|Lx¿nfO{ kf7\oqmddf ;dfj]z u/]/ ljleGg ;+:s[ltsf af/]df r]tgf j[l4 ug{' / leGgfleGg} k[i7e"ld ePsf ljBfyL{x¿aLr ;sf/fTds ;DaGw :yflkt ug{' xf] .

ax';+:s[ltjfbsf ;dy{sx¿ ;fwf/0ftof o;nfO{ dfgjclwsf/ jf ;d"xsf clwsf/sf] ljifo 7fG5g\ . pgLx¿ ljleGgtfk|lt ;lxi0f' eP/ dfq k'Ub}g, leGgtfnfO{ ;sf/fTds s'/f 7fg]/ To;nfO{ pRr dxŒj lbg'k5{ eG5g\ . pbfx/0fsf nflu, b'O{j6f sf/0fn] ubf{ ;fdflhs ljleGgtf /fhgLlts ;Dkbf x'g\ eGg] ts{ cfOl/; oªsf] 5 . klxnf], o;n] /fhgLlts 5nkmnsf ;xefuLx¿nfO{ cfTd;Ddfg h:tf s'/f ug'{sf] ;§f Gofosf nflu cfjfh p7fpg k|]l/t u5{ . bf];|f], o;n] cfˆgf] ;dfhaf/]sf] 1fgnfO{ clwstd kfg{ k|hftflGqs

27

;dfhnfO{ ;3fpF5 h;n] pgLx¿nfO{ …Gofok"0f{ / a'l4dtfk"0f{Ú lg0f{o lng ;xof]u u5{ .

csf{lt/ o;sf cfnf]rsx¿sf] s] ljrf/ 5 eg] ax';+:s[ltjfbsf] cjwf/0ffn] ;fdflhs ljefhg NofpF5 / o;n] /fHosf] Pstf Pj+ ;fdflhs tyf /fhgLlts ;lxi0f'tfnfO{ vt/fdf kfg{ ;S5 . ;dfhnfO{ ljleGg hftLo u'6x¿df ljefhg ug{ ;S5 h;nfO{ afNsgLs/0f -afNsfg h:tf] agfpg]_ elgG5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu, PN:y6]gn] s] ts{ u/]sf 5g\ eg] hftLo j}leGo k|hftGqnfO{ sdhf]/ agfpg] sf/0fdWo] Ps xf] lsgeg] o:tf hGdl;4 hftLo rl/qn] dflg;nfO{ k|hftflGqs ;+jfb jf 5nkmnsf] s'g} u'~hfo; g/fvLsg pgLx¿nfO{ …cfˆgf] klxrfgsf] bnbndfÚ km;fO/fV5 . cGtdf o; …;f+:s[lts n8fOFÚ jf /fhgLlts ;ª\3if{df Pp6f ;d"xn] xf5{ / csf]{ ;d"xn] lhT5 .

c¿x¿sf] ts{ 5 ax';+:s[ltjfb;DaGwL 5nkmnn] ;LdfGts[t ;d"xx¿nfO{ cj;/ pknAw u/fpg'sf] ;§f pgLx¿nfO{ …;f+:s[lts jf ;fdflhs cnufjÚ sf] l:yltdf hflslbG5 . o;n] ubf{ ;LdfGts[t ;d"xnfO{ ;fdflhs d"nwf/df ;dflxt u/fpg'kg]{ cfjZostf g} cf]e]mndf k5{ . cd]l/sL gLlt lgdf{0f txdf b|'tultdf a9\bf] ax';+:s[ltjfbsf] 5nkmnnfO{ cfy{/ :n]l;ª\u/n] cfˆgf] k':ts b l8;o'gfOl6ª ckm cd]l/sfM l/ˆn]S;G;\ cg c dlN6sNr/n ;f];fO6L gfds k':tsdf s] ts{ u/]sf 5g\ eg] ax';+:s[ltjfbsf] cEof;n] ljleGgtfsf] k|z+;f u5{ / ;lDdngnfO{ kl/Tofu u5{ h;n] ;dfhsf] PstfnfO{ -o; dfldnfdf cd]l/sL ;dfhsf] Pstf_ ;Í6df kf5{ lsgeg] ax';+:s[ltjfbsf ;dy{sx¿df …hflts]lGb|t cnufjjfbLÚ k|j[lQ /x]sf] x'G5 .

s;}s;}n] s] cf/f]k nufPsf 5g\ eg] ax';+:s[ltjfbnfO{ k|f]T;flxt ubf{ / ;a} ;+:s[ltnfO{ ;dfg dxŒj k|bfg ubf{ pgLx¿sf sltko cg'lrt /Lltl/jfhnfO{ ;d]t jf:tf ul/+b}g . h:tf] sltko ;d"xsf] ;+:s[ltdf n}lËs lje]b cGt/lglxt x'G5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu, dlxnfjfbL /fhgLlts l;4fGtsf/ ;'hg cf]lsgsf] ts{ 5— …ax';+:s[ltjfbÚ / ;f+:s[lts ax'ntfsf] ;+/If0f ug{] rfxgfn] y'k|} k/Dk/fut cNk;+Vos ;+:s[ltdf /x]sf n}lËs lje]bsf] k/Dk/fnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbG5 / of] …;+:s[ltÚ ;+;f/e/ ePsf dlxnf clwsf/ cfGbf]ngn] k|fKt u/]sf] pknlAwnfO{ sdhf]/ kfg]{ axfgf aGg ;S5 . of]u{]g xfj/df; h:tf :jtGqtfjfbLx¿sf] ts{ 5— cNk;+Vos hfltsf] ;+:s[ltsf] ;'/Iff / ;+/If0f ug]{ gLlt tyf p2]Zox¿

/ pgLx¿sf k/Dk/f, d"No–dfGotfx¿nfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg] sfd pbf/jfbL / ;+j}wflgs k|hftGqsf p2]Zo ljk/Lt 5g\ lsgeg] o;af6 cfˆgf] k/Dk/fut ;f+:s[lts klxrfgnfO{ ;dofg's"n ;'wf/ ug]{ jf kl/Tofu ug]{ JolQmsf] clwsf/ s'l07t x'G5 .

ax';+:s[ltjfb;DaGwL ljifo, vf;u/L ;+j}wflgs k|hftGq / ljljw ;f+:s[lts klxrfgnfO{ lbOg] dfGotf cfhef]ln ;+;f/el/sf ax'hftLo b]zx¿df ax;sf] s]Gb| ag]sf] 5 . PdL u'6dgsf] ts{ 5— pbf/jfbL k|hftGqdf …;a} gful/s ;dfg 5g\Ú eGg] dfGotfn] b'O{ k|sf/sf] ;Ddfg vf]H5 M -!_ JolQm h'g;'s} hflt, j0f{ jf lnËsf eP klg p;sf] cnu klxrfgsf] ;Ddfg / -@_ k5fl8 k/]sf ;d"xsf dflg;x¿sf lqmofsnfk, rfnrng, d"No–dfGotf, cEof; / b[li6sf]0fsf] ;Ddfg . ;+j}wflgs k|hftGqdf oL s'/f :jLsf/ ul/Pkl5 ax';+:s[ltjfbsf] d'Vo r'gf}tL eg]sf] cNk;+Vossf] clwsf/ dfgjclwsf/sf] l;4fGt;Fu gaflemof];\ / JolQmut :jtGqtf, k|hftGq tyf ;fdflhs Gofosf l;4fGtn] cNk;+Vossf] clwsf/sf] ;LdfnfO{ ;ª\s'lrt gul/lbcf];\ egL ;'lglZrt ug'{ xf] . ljn lslDnsfn] cNk;+Vos hftLo clwsf/x¿nfO{ tLg lsl;dn] dfGotf lbg ;lsg] s'/f JoSt u/]sf 5g\ h;af6 cfˆgf] hfltnfO{ g} ;j{>]i7 7fGg], hflte]b, /Ëe]b / wfld{s tyf /fli6«o s§/tf h:tf b'u'{0faf6 aRg ;lsG5 .

s_ :jzf;gsf] clwsf/ . :jzf;gsf] clwsf/ eGgfn] /fli6«o cNk;+VosnfO{ pgLx¿sf] ;+:s[lt / /LltnfO{ k"0f{ tyf :jtGq ¿kdf ljsf; ug{ kfpg] u/L k|Tofof]hg u/]sf] /fhgLlts :jzf;g jf k|fb]lzs lgoGq0fsf] clwsf/nfO{ a'emfpF5 . :jzf;gsf] o:tf] clwsf/df Ps lsl;dsf]

;+3Lotf -k|foMh;f] hftLo ;+3Lotf_ jf slxn]sfxLF ckjfbsf ¿kdf cnu x'g kfpg] clwsf/;d]t kb{5g\ . ax';f+:s[lts k|0ffnLdf cNk;+Vossf clwsf/x¿nfO{ ;'/lIft ug{sf nflu ;+3Lo k|0ffnL s]Gb|Lo ;/sf/ / If]qLo k|zf;lgs PsfOx¿aLr clwsf/sf] afF8kmfF8 ul/Psf] hfltut cfwf/df lgdf{0f ug{ ;lsG5 . Sofgf8fsf] So'j]s k|fGt o;sf] Pp6f pbfx/0f xf] hxfF *) k|ltzt k|m]GrefifLx¿ 5g\ / ToxfFsf] lzIff, efiff, ;+:s[lt cflb ljifodf k|]mGrefifLx¿sf] lgoGq0f /x]sf] 5 .

v_ ax'hftLo clwsf/ . ax'hftLo clwsf/x¿df Pp6f lglZrt hflt jf wfld{s ;d"x;Fu ;DalGwt s'g} /Llt tyf k/Dk/fnfO{ cfly{s ;xof]u / sfg'gL ;+/If0f k|bfg ul/G5 . hftLo tyf wfld{s cNk;+VosnfO{ o:tf] clwsf/ k|bfg ul/

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g'sf] clek|fo pgLx¿sf] k[ys\ ;f+:s[lts k/Dk/fk|lt pgLx¿n] uj{ dx;'; ug{ ;Sg] jftfj/0f tof/ kfg'{ / pgLx¿sf] ;+:s[lt tyf wd{nfO{ k|e'TjzfnL ;d'bfosf] /fhgLlts tyf cfly{s k|rngsf] cf]em]ndf kg{af6 arfpg' xf] . ax'hftLo clwsf/sf] nIo cGtTjf]uTjf cNk;+Vos ;d"xx¿nfO{ a[xt\ ;dfhdf ;lDdng x'g k|f]T;flxt ug'{ xf], cNk;+Vossf] :jzf;gnfO{ a9fjf lbg' xf]Og . :jzf;g;DaGwL clwsf/ tyf ax'hftLo clwsf/aLrsf] d'Vo km/s oxL xf] .

u_ ljz]if k|ltlglwTjsf] clwsf/ . /fhgLlts k|lqmofn] hg;+Vofsf] ljljwtfnfO{ k|ltlglwTj / k|ltlalDat ug{ g;s]sf] cj:yfdf ljz]if k|ltlglwTjsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] x'G5 . ljz]if k|ltlglwTjsf] clwsf/cGtu{t /fi6«sf dxŒjk"0f{ lgsfox¿df ;sf/fTds lje]bsf] gLlt cjnDag ul/Psf] x'G5 cyjf vf; hflt jf /fli6«o ;d"x¿sf nflu sf]6f jf cf/If0f nfu" ul/Psf] x'G5 . ;LdfGts[t jf k5fl8 k/]sf ;d"xx¿nfO{ Joj:yflksfdf lglZrt l;6sf] cf/If0f u/]/ ljz]if k|ltlglwTjsf] clwsf/ k|bfg ug{ ;lsG5 .

g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df ax';+:s[ltjfbPs ;oeGbf a9L ;fdflhs ;d"xsf] af;:yfg /x]sf] g]kfnnfO{ ljleGg hfthfltsf] …;f+:s[lts k"mnaf/LÚ sf ¿kdf j0f{g ul/G5 . tyflk /fh]Gb| k|wfg / cfef >]i7n] pNn]v u/]h:t} b]zsf] ;f+:s[lts tyf eflifs ljljwtfnfO{ /fHon] /fi6« lgdf{0f nufot /fi6«sf] ljsf; / cfw'lgsL/0fssf nflu cj/f]wsf ¿kdf lnof] . kl/0ffd:j¿k, k~rfotL sfnsf] cGTo;Dd g]kfnL /fHo tyf g]kfnsf zf;s ju{n] g]kfnsf] hg;f+lVos ljljwtfnfO{ a]jf:tf u/]/ kj{t] ;+:s[lt tyf kj{t] efiffsf] Psn cflwkTonfO{ lgof]lht ¿kdf nfb\g sf]l;; u/] .

@)$^ ;fndf k|hftGqsf] cfudg;Fu} PsfTds /fHo

k|0ffnL / gful/sx¿aLrsf] ;DaGwdf dxŒjk"0f{ kl/jt{g cfof] . To;dWo] Pp6f kl/jt{g xf]— g]kfnnfO{ ax'hftLo tyf ax'eflifs lxGb" /fi6«sf ¿kdf ;/sf/L :t/df dfGotf k|bfg ug'{ . t/ g]kfnnfO{ lxGb" /fi6«sf ¿kdf /flv/fv]af6 g]kfnsf] ljljwtfnfO{ sd dxŒj lbOPsf] k|:6 lyof] . @)^@÷^# sf] bf];|f] hgcfGbf]ngeGbf cl3 ax';+:s[lt / cNk;+Vossf clwsf/ tyf ;LdfGts[t ;d"xx¿ h:t} dlxnf, dw];L, hghflt / blntsf dfux¿sf af/]df ;fy{s 5nkmn x'g g;s]sf]df zÍf 5}g .

oL kl/jt{g;Fu} g]kfnn] ax';f+:s[lts hgtfsf efiff, lzIff, /fHosf] ;+/rgf, /fHosf ljleGg lgsfox¿df k|ltlglwTj / gful/stf cflb;Fu ;DalGwt dxŒjk"0f{ t/ ljjfbf:kb k|Zgx¿nfO{ em]Ng k/]sf] 5 . g]kfnn] xfn;Dddf ljz]if k|ltlglwTjsf] clwsf/nfO{ dfGotf k|bfg u/]/ -pbfx/0fsf nflu, ;+ljwfg;efsf] r'gfj / ;/sf/L ;]jfdf dw];L, hghflt, dlxnf cflbnfO{ cf/If0fsf] Joj:yf_ ;sf/fTds kfOnf rfln;s]sf] 5 . o;cl3sf] kxf8] lxGb" rf8x¿df dfq ;fj{hlgs labf lbg] k/Dk/fnfO{ Tofu]/ ljleGg ;f+:s[lts kj{df labf lbg] lg0f{onfO{ /fHon] cFufn]sf] ljifonfO{ ax';f+:s[lts gLltsf] csf]{ pbfx/0fsf ¿kdf lng ;lsG5 .

csf{lt/, :jzf;g;DaGwL clwsf/ / ax'hftLo clwsf/ :yflkt ug]{ ;DaGwdf cfGbf]ng/t ;d"xx¿n] dfu]sf s'/fx¿k|lt ;xdlt hgfpg] sfd dfq ePsf] 5 . o;n] ubf{ ;fdflhs ¿kdf c¿ a9L ljefhg Nofpg] / ;fdflhs tyf /fhgLlts ;b\efjnfO{ vnaNofpg] k|j[lQ a9]sf] 5 h;sf sf/0f /fHodf /x]sf ljleGg hflt–pkhfltx¿aLrdf åGå a9\g ;Sg]5 . yf¿nfO{ dw];Lsf ¿kdf /fVg] ;/sf/L cWofb]zsf] yf¿ ;d'bfoåf/f ul/Psf] s8f lj/f]wnfO{ o;sf] gjLgtd pbfx/0fsf ¿kdf lng ;lsG5 . •

29

…;j{;QfjfbÚ eGgfn] o:tf] cj:yf eGg] a'lemG5 hlta]nfdf /fHosf ;a} sfdsf/afxL / cª\ux¿df s'g} Ps JolQm jf kf6L{sf] k"0f{ lgoGq0f /x]sf] x'G5 . /fHon] cfw'lgs k|ljlwsf] pkof]udf Psflwsf/ dfkm{t cfkmgf] kx'Fr a9fP/ o:tf] lgoGq0f sfod u/]sf] x'G5 . of] /fHon] nuftf/ cfkmgf] pkl:ylt sfod /fVg] / cfkmgf hgtfsf] ;fdflhs–;f+:s[lts, cfly{s tyf /fhgLlts h:tf x/]s dfdnfdf k|efj hdfpg] cTofjZs tl/sf xf] . csf{ zAbdf eGbf, ;j{;Qfjfbdf hgtfsf ;fdflhs–;f+:s[lts, z}lIfs, cfly{s / /fhg}lts ultljlwdf /fHosf] k"0f{ lgoGq0f x'G5 . o;f] ug{sf nflu /fHonfO{ k|x/L/fHodf ablnPsf] x'G5, h;n] cfkmgf] sfdsf/afxLsf nflu pknAw eP;Dd ;a} cfw'lgs ;fwg pkof]u u5{ . ;j{;Qfjfbsf] cjwf/0ffsf] pbo cfw'lgs lj1fg / k|ljlwsf] ljsf;;Fu} ePsf] xf] . cf}Bf]lusL/0f ePsf o'/f]ksf ljleGg b]zdf o;nfO{ k|0ffnLsf ?kdf Aoaxf/df nfu" ul/of] . o;} sf/0fn] x'g'k5{ ;j{;QfjfbnfO{ lj;f}F ztflAbsf] ljz]iftf 7flgPsf] 5 . o; k|0ffnLn] ;+ul7t lx+;fsf] pkof]u ug{] / lgoGq0fnfO{ s8fOsf ;fy nfu" ug{] dfdnfdf lg/+s'ztfjfb, clwgfosjfb / k"jL{o tfgfzfxjfb h:tf o; cl3sf ;a} vfnsf zf;gnfO{ pl5g]sf] 5 .

:6\ofd/sf cg';f/, ;j{;Qfjfbsf] cjwf/0ffdf æ;du| ;fdflhs ;+/rgf / o;nfO{ ?kfGt/0f ug{sf lglDt ckgfOg] pkfo, s]Gb|Lo ?kdf lgb]{lzt cy{tGqsf ;fy} cfkmgf] zf;gnfO{ plrt 7fGg] / sfod /fVg] vfnsf /fhgLlts ljrf/wf/f / Gofok|0ffnL ljsfl;t ul/Psf x'G5g\ .Æ 5f]6s/Ldf eGbf, xfdL o:tf] cj:yfnfO{ dfq ;j{;QfjfbL eGg ;S5f}F hxfF s]Gb|d'vL cfGbf]ng ePsf] x'G5 h;sf] g]t[Tj ;}lgs/fhgLlts cNk;ª\Vosn] zlQmn] u/]sf] x'G5 . p;n] cfkm"df Psflwsf/ /x]sf] zlQmsf cfwf/df, tfgfzfxL /fHosf] ;xof]u lnP/ zlQmsf ljleGg pkfo ckgfPsf] x'G5 h;n] ;dfhsf ;a}

;j{;Qfjfb

w|'js'df/

If]qdf lgoGq0f hdfPsf] x'G5 .Æ1 csf{lt/, :qm'6gn] s] eg]sf 5g\ eg] æ;j{;Qfjfb lx+;|s x'g}k5{ eGg] 5}g\Æ t/ of] cGofoL eg] x'G5 . ælsgeg] o; k|0ffnLdf dflg;sf g};lu{s clwsf/df /fHosf] x:tIf]k x'G5 / dflyaf6 lgolGqt gePsf ;a} vfnsf ;fdflhs jgfj6sf] pGd"ng ul/Psf] x'G5 .Æ2 zAbsf]zn] eg] ;j{;Qfjfbsf] cy{ o:tf] nufPsf] 5– Pp6f o:tf] zf;gk|0ffnL hxfF Pp6f dfq bnn] zlQmsf] Psnf}6L pkof]u u5{ / gful/sdfly p;sf] k"0f{ lgoGq0f x'G5 .3

o:tf] zf;gk|0ffnLdf zlQm / lgoGq0f s;/L xfl;n ul/G5 / sfod /flvG5 < dflg;sf] ;f]rfO ;d]t lgoGq0f ug{] k|lqmofsf] ljsf; ug{ / To;nfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbgsf nflu ;j{;Qfjfbsf] cjwf/0ff / ;dfh÷/fHodf ePsf k|fljlws ljsf;nfO{ ld>0f ul/Psf] x'G5 . lx6n/sf] hd{gL / :6flngsf] /l;ofnfO{ ;j{;Qfjfbsf] pbfx/0fsf ?kdf lnOG5 . o; afx]s dfcf]sf a]nfsf] rLgnfO{ dfq xf]Og !(*( sf] ltofGd]g xTofsf08 tfsfsf] b]ªl;ofcf] lkªsf] rLgnfO{ klg ;j{;Qfjfbsf] pbfx/0fsf ?kdf lnOG5 . ;j{;Qfjfb leGg dt /fVg]x¿k|lt :jefj}n] c;lxi0f' x'g] x'gfn], o:tf] k|0ffnLdf /fHon] eg]sf s'/fdf k"0f{ ?kdf cf1fsf/ x'g'kg{] x'gfn] / Pshgf JolQm jf bnsf] g]t[TjnfO{ r'gf}lt glbOof]; eGg] 7flggfn] ;j{;QfjfbL zf;g k|fljlws ljsf; ug{ g;s]sf lg/s+'z / PsfwLgjfbL ;Qf eGbf a9L 8/nfUbf] x'G5 . ;dfhj}1flgsx¿n] clwgfosjfbL, kmf;LjfbL, ;fDojfbL / gfhLjfbL ;DaGwL kl/efiff ;DaGwdf jfbljjfb u/]/ ltgsf aLrsf] cGt/

1 Otto Stammer, ‘Dictatorship,’ in David L. Sills, ed., International Encyclopaedia of the Social Sciences, vols. 3&4, New York: The Macmillan Company & The Free Press, 1968: 165.

2 Roger Scruton, A Dictionary of Political Thought, London: Pan Books/ Macmillan Press, 1982.

3 Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary (Seventh Edition), Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005.

30

b]vfPsf 5g\ . t/klg ;j{;Qfjfbsf af/]df cf/]G8\6n] !(%) sf] bzsdf n]v]sf] s'/f clxn] klg ;xL 5 . k|m]8]l/s / a|]h]g]:sLn] ;j{;Qfjfbsf ^ j6f clgjfo{ ljz]iftf /x]sf] atfPsf 5g\ M -s_ Pp6} dfq bn, -v_ ;/sf/L ljrf/wf/f, -u_ cy{tGqdf bnsf] lgoGq0f, -3_ cfd;~rf/, -ª_ k|efjsf/L ;z:q o'4 ;fwg, / -r_ cftª\ssf/L z}nLsf] k|x/L lgoGq0f . ;f]leot ;Qf ljz]ifu/L :6flngsf kfnfsf] o:tf] ;Qf xf] h;n] cftª\s, k/LIf0f ====== / u'Ktr/ k|x/Lsf] pkof]u u/]/ cTofrf/ u/]sf] lyof] .

o;sf] 7Ls ljk/Lt o:tf b]zx¿ klg 5g\ h;n] cf}Bf]lus ?kdf yf]/} dfq k|ult u/]sf 5g\ / k|fljlws ?kdf sdhf]/ 5g\ t}klg bdg ug{] dfdnfdf plQs} cufl8 5g\ . sd ljsl;t ljZjdf Pp6f bnsf] lgoGq0fdf /x]sf /fHo klg 5g\ h;n] dflg;sf] ljrf/wf/f lgoGq0f ug{] pkfo ckgfP/ dflg;df cfkmgf] bnsf] ljrf/wf/f nfb]sf 5g\ . wfswDsL / sf/afxLsf] dfWod ckgfP/ bn / hgtfsf aLrdf ;DaGw sfod ug{ pgLx¿ w]/} xb;Dd ;Ifd ePsf klg 5g\ . lgoGqsf nflu k|ljlwsf] 7"nf] e"ldsf 5 . cfkmgf] ljrf/ km}nfpg] / dflg;sf] lbdfu e'6\g] ;fwfgsf ?kdf ;~rf/dfWodsf] k|ljlwsf ;fy} o'4k|ljlw / kx'Frsf] pkof]u ug{df bIf gx'g] xf] eg] ;j{;Qfjfbsf] cl:tTj /xFb}g .

;fDojfb, kmf;Ljfb / gflhjfbnfO{ ;j{;QfjfbL k|0ffnLsf tLgj6f d'Vo zf;g;Qfsf ?kdf lnOPsf] 5 . o:tf zf;gk|0ffnLdf c¿ zf;g k|0ffnLdf gkfOg] lgDg s'/fx¿ ;dfg ?kdf kfOG5g\ M !_ cf}Bf]lusLs/0f, hftLo k|e'Tj jf ;j{xf/fsf] Pstf h:tf Psdfq nIok|ltsf] k|ltj4tf, @_ cgf}krfl/s u'6jGbL / emu8faf6 pTkGg c:yfloTj / clglZrttf, #_ /fHosf bdgsf/L cª\u dfkm{t 7"nf] dfqfdf ;+:yfut lx+;fsf] pkof]u, $_ JolQm tyf ;+u7gsf lj?4 d'2f rnfP/, pgLx¿dfly bdg u/]/, ;+u7g agfP/ pgLx¿nfO{ /fHosf] p2]Zo :jLsf/ ug{ afWo kfg{', -%_ s'g} Pp6f nIodf nfu]sf] ;fj{hlgs ;+u7gdf efu lng ;a}nfO{ afWo agfpg' / -^_ dflg;nfO{ ;j{;QfjfbL k|0ffnLsf] h:tf] agfpg] cleofgnfO{ Aofks agfpg' .4 pbfx/0fsf nflu ;f]leot dfG5] h:tf] agfpg' .

4 Herbert J. Spiro, " Totalitarianism", in David L. Sills, ed., International Encyclopaedia of the Social Sciences, vols. 16, New York: The Macmillan Company & The Free Press, 1968: 112.

t/ dflysf ljz]iftfx¿ ;j{;QfjfbL zf;gdf dfq kfOg] ljz]iftf xf]Ogg\ . k|hftflGqs ;/sf/n] klg cfd;~rf/ / kl/rofTds cg';Gwfg k|sfzg dfkm{t k|rf/ cleofg rnfPsf x'G5g\ . o:tf /fHox¿n] s'g} s'/fdf clt s8f cleofg rfn]sf x'G5g\ . pbfx/0fsf nflu zLto'4sf a]nfdf rnfOPsf] sDo'lgi6 lj/f]wL k|rf/ . ckmufg:tfg / O/fs h:tf b]zdf lx+;fTds tl/sfn] rnfOPsf …k|hftflGqs kl/of]hgfÚ c;kmn eP klg …lkm| ltAatÚ cleofgdf ;xefuL h'6fpg] qmd clxn] klg hf/L 5 .

gfhLjfb / ;fDojfbnfO{ ;j{;Qfjfb ePsf] cf/f]k nufOP klg k|hftflGqs zf;g;Qfdf klg ;j{;Qfjfbsf s]xL u'0fx¿ /x]sf x'G5g\ lsgeg] k"0f{ lgoGq0f sfod ug{' dfgjLo dgf]lj1fg xf] . t/ ax'njfbL x'gfn] k|hftflGqs zf;gdf cfTd;+od klg ckgfOG5 . k|hftflGqs Aoj:yfdf sfo{sf/Lsf cfb]zsf e/df ePsf lg0f{ox¿ ;w}Fel/ sfof{Gjog x'Fb}gg\ . o;/L k|hftflGqs Aoj:yfdf zlQmsf] Psflwsf/ l;ldt kfl/Psf] x'G5 . k|hftfGqn] zlQmnfO{ s]Gb|Ls/0f ug{] k|lqmofdf klg ;Ldf nufPsf] x'G5 . of] s'/f /fHosf] rl/q s:tf] 5 cyf{t pm clwgfosjfbL xf] ls, lg/s+'z xf] ls, ;j{;QfjfbL xf] ls jf k|hftflGqs xf] eGg] s'/fsf] dxTjk"0f{ cfwf/ xf] .

o'/f]kdf ;j{;Qfjfbsf] pbo x'gsf sf/0fx¿sf af/]df w]/} c8sn sfl6Psf 5g\ . la;f}F ztflAbsf] ;'?df k|hftflGqs xf]nf elg 7flgPsf] zf;g ;}lgs eb|uf]ndf km]l/Pkl5 ePsf] /fli6«o ckdfg / cfd dflg;df pTkGg lg/fzf tL dWo] Ps xf] . o'/f]ksf] cg'ejnfO{ ;j{;Qfjfbsf af/]df a'emg] ufO8sf ?kdf lng] xf] eg] x/]s clwgfosjfbL zf;gsf] Aojxf/ km/s km/s x'G5 . cfkmgf ljkIfLnfO{ vQd ug{, dfg{, ;kmfof ug{ u'Ktr/ k|x/L, lelhnfGt] / xTof/fx¿nfO{ cf}krfl/s jf cgf}krfl/s s'g} lsl;dn] pkof]u ug{] rng blIf0f Pl;ofdf klg 5 . t/ blIf0f Pl;ofsf s'g} klg zf;gk|0ffnLnfO{ ;j{;QfjfbL eGg ldNb}g .

cjwf/0ffsf] txdf ;j{;QfjfbnfO{ a'emg] ljifodf dtdtfGt/ 5 . ;j{;Qfjfb eg]sf] s] xf] eGg] s'/f ;dfhlj1fgsf If]qsf] slxNo} g6'l+ug] ax; xf] . t/klg, x/]s ;fdflhs ;DaGwdf /fHosf] x:tIf]k x'g' / /fHosf] ;jf{]Rrtf /xg' o; zf;gAoj:yfsf] ;a} eGbf dxTjk"0f{ ljz]iftf xf] .

31

;fdflhs / /fhgLlts cjwf/0ffsf ¿kdf kmf;Ljfbn] gsf/fTds efj lbG5 . of] zAbfjnLnfO{ s'g} JolQmsf] afgLa]xf]/f / ljz]iftf a'emfpg / s'g} /fHosf] ;fdflhs–/fhgLlts k|lqmofsf af/]df atfpgsf nflu pkof]u ul/G5 . s'g} JolQmsf af/]df of] zAb pkof]u ul/of] eg] To;n] ;fdfGotof Tof] JolQm cg'bf/ ldhf; ePsf], c;lxi0f' / c¿nfO{ bafpg] afgL ePsf] eGg] a'lemG5 . …kmf;LjfbLÚ Pp6f o:tf] au{ xf] h;nfO{ To:tf] ljz]iftf jf Aoaxf/ ePsf] s'g} JolQm cyjf /fHo eg]/ a'emfpg pkof]u ul/G5 hf] JolQmjfbL, p2f/jfbL, k"FhLjfbL / dfS;{jfbL xf]Og . lyof]8f]/ c8f]gf{]n] sf]/]sf] kmf;LjfbLsf] lrq lrQfsif{s t/ cgfb/fyL{ 5 . pgsf cg';f/, Tof] JolQm kmf;LjfbL xf] hf] hfltjfbL 5 / h;n] Aoaxf/df hflts]lGb|t ljrf/wf/f :jLsf/]sf] x'G5, To;}n] p;sf] :jefj ;j{;QfjfbL x'G5 / pm cfkmgf] klxrfg / ;dfhdf p;sf] cj:yfk|lt xf]l;of/ x'G5 .1 pbfx/0fsf nflu, ef/tsf] u'h/ftsf d'VodGqL g/]Gb| df]bL ef/tsf] xfn;fn}sf] Oltxf;df b]lvPsf kmf;LjfbL rl/qsf k|ltd"lt{ x'g\ .

cjwf/0ff / ljrf/wf/fsf ¿kdf klg kmf;Ljfb dflg;sf] dfgl;s k|j[lQ;Fu ;DalGwt 5 . of] Pp6f o:tf] cj:yf xf] h'g cj:yf :yflkt zf;g Joj:yf / ;'/Iff -zf/Ll/s / ef}lts b'j} lsl;dsf]_ sfod u/]/ Pshgf dflg;sf] cfly{s, ;fdflhs / dgf]j}1flgs ;Gsfxfkgsf] ;Gt'li6 lng] rfxgfn] ubf{ pTkGg x'G5 . kmf;LjfbL zf;gAoj:yf eGgfn] d'Votof O6lnog / hd{g /fhgLlt;Fu hf]l8Psf] ePklg a[xQ/ ;Gbe{df, hd{gL, hfkfg / O6nL h:tf b]zdf ul/Psf] k|hftflGqs Joj:yfsf] k/LIf0f c;kmn ePkl5 kmf;Ljfbsf] pbo ePsf] xf] . k|hftGq ljgf kmf;Ljfbsf] hGd x'g c;Dej 5 eGg]

1 Theodor W. Adorno, Else Frenkel-Brunswik et al, The Authoritarian Personality, New York: Harper and Row, 1950.

kmf;Ljfb

w|'js'df/

ljzjf; ul/G5 lsgeg] hd{gLsf] j]d/ u0ftGq, uf]ln6L cGt{utsf] O6fnL / !(@) sf] bzssf] hkfgsf] h:tf] cl:y/ / sdhf]/ k|hftflGqs Joj:yfsf] c;kmntfsf] k|ltlqmof :j¿k kmf;Ljfbsf] pbo ePsf] xf] . tL b]zdf cl:y/ / sdhf]/ k|hftflGqs Joj:yfn] cg'bf/jfbnfO{ nf]slk|o agfof] / kmf;LjfbnfO{ ;fdflhs cfGbf]ngsf] ult lbof] .

kmf;LjfbnfO{ a'emfpg] c+u|]hL zAbfjnL …kmfl;HdÚ Nofl6g zAb kmf;];, cyf{t 6fpsf] dfly kfl/Psf] aGr/f]df a]l/Psf /8sf] d'7f]af6 cfPsf] xf] . o;nfO{ ;/sf/sf] zlQmsf] k|ltssf ¿kdf lnOG5 . o;n] /fhgLlts g]t[Tj -aGr/fsf] 6fpsf]_ sf] g]t[Tjdf ;fdflhs Pstf -d'7f]_ nfO{ hgfpF5 . klxn], klxn] kmf;]; zAbn] s'g} JolQm cyjf k|0ffnLsf] lglj{jfb zlQmnfO{ hgfpFYof] . kmf;LjfbL /fHo Psn ;+u7gjfbL -skf{]/]l6:6_ /fHo xf] hxfF /fHo eGbf afx]ssf :jfoQ ;+u7gnfO{ rNg lbOFb}g cyjf To:tf ;+u7gnfO{ bdg u/]/ /fHonfO{ ;fdflhs ;+u7gsf] Psdfq k|ltlglw agfOG5 . hj s'g} /fHo s'g} …rdTsf/LÚ g]tf h;nfO{ hgtfn] /fli6«o Pstfsf] k|tLssf ¿kdf lnG5g\, g]kfnsf /fhfnfO{ eujfg lji0f'sf] cjtf/ dfg] h:t} u/L, sf] g]t[Tjdf x'G5 To;n] dflg;sf x/]s ;fdflhs ;DaGwnfO{ lgoGq0f ug{ vf]H5 . /fhtGqnfO{ kmf;LjfbL eGg ldNb}g . t}klg /fhtGqjfbLx¿ hfltjfb cyjf s'g} Pp6f ;+:yf ;jf{]Rr ePsf] bfjL ug{] ljrf/wf/fdf cTolws e/ k5{g\, zf;g Joj:yfsf lj/f]wLx¿nfO{ bdg ug{ ;]gf / k|x/Lsf] Jofks pkof]u u5{g\ . cjwf/0ffsf ¿kdf kmf;Ljfb …Pp6f clt blIf0fkGyL /fhgLlts k|0ffnL cyjf k|j[lQ xf] h;n] alnof] s]lGb|s[t ;/sf/sf] kIfkf]if0f u5{ / ljkIfLnfO{ bdg u5{ .2

kmf;Ljfbsf] s] ljz]iftf 5 eg] o;n] blIf0fkGyL /fh rnfpF5 hxfF ;/sf/sf] s]lGb|s[t ;+/rgf x'G5, ;/sf/ km/s

2 Oxford Advanced Learner ’s Dictionary (Seventh Edition), Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005.

32

/fhgLlts dt / ljkIfLk|lt c;lxi0f' x'G5, /fhg}lts jfb÷JolQm k|lt cGwelQm k|s6 ul/G5 / st} st} ;/sf/ ox'bL / c/a hfltsf dflg;nfO{ b]lv g;xg] x'G5 . w]/} ljåfgx¿n] kmf;LjfbnfO{ blIf0fkGyL /fhgLlts k|0ffnLsf ¿kdf lng] ljrf/nfO{ r'gf}lt lbPsf 5g\ . kmf;Ljfbn] jfdkGyL /fhgLlts k|0ffnL;Fu ulx/f] gftf hf]8]sf] s'/f tTsfnLg ;f]leot ;ª\3n] k'li6 u/]sf] 5 . o;n] kmf;Ljfb blIf0fkGyL /fhgLlts ljrf/;Fu dfq hf]l8Psf] x'G5 eGg] ljrf/nfO{ unt ;fljt ul/lbPsf] 5 . ljåfgx¿n] s] ts{ u/]sf 5g\ eg], oBlk of] ts{ ljjfbf:kb 5, kmf;Ljfb, gfhLjfb / ;fDojfbsf s]xL cGt/lglxt ;femf ljz]iftf 5g\– dfG5] dfg{] / cfkmgf gful/sdfly cTofrf/ ug{] . csf{] k|d'v ljz]iftf s] xf] eg] kmf;LjfbL / sDo'lgi6sf aLrdf s] s'/fdf ;dfgtf 5 eg] pgLx¿ gful/snfO{ /fHosf zq'sf ¿kdf auL{s/0f u/]/ pgLx¿nfO{ u}/dfgj agfpF5g\ / w]/} dflg;nfO{ df5{g\ . ljåfgx¿sf] km/s b[li6sf]0f eP klg, ;fdfGotof s] s'/f dt}So 5 eg] kmf;Ljfb -gfhLjfb ;d]t_ / ;fDojfb xfGx cfg{]8\6n] ;g\ !(%) sf] bzsdf ;ª\s]t u/]sf lj;f}F ztflAbsf ;j{;QfjfbL zf;gsf b'O{ d'Vo e]b x'g\ .3

;fdflhs cfGbf]ngsf ¿kdf kmf;Ljfbsf] ;'?jft d';f]lngLn] u/]sf x'g\ h'g cfGbf]ngn] ubf{ pgL O6fnLdf !(@@ df ;Qfdf k'u] . of] cfGbf]ng p2f/jfbsf] lj/f]wL / ;fDojfbsf] zq'sf ¿kdf /x]sf] lyof] . kmf;LjfbL cfGbf]ngsf] sDo'lgi6 / p2f/jfb lj/f]wL c8fgn] ubf{ p2f/jfbL / jfdkGyL b'j}nfO{ kmf;Ljfbsf] lj/f]wdf Psh'6 agfof] . hgtfnfO{ kl/rfng u/]/ / p2f/jfb / sDo'lgi6 lj/f]wL ljrf/wf/fk|lt hgtfsf] ;dy{g h'6fP/ kmf;Ljfb pNn]vgLo ¿kdf df}nfof] . of] cfGbf]ngnfO{ /fHodf km}lnPsf] cfn:o, ljgfzf]Gd'vtf / zlQmxLgtfnfO{ k/f:t ub{} /fHodf k'g{hfu/0f Nofpg] / /fHosf nflu Tofu ug{] cfGbf]ngsf ¿kdf k|:t't ul/of] . kmf;LjfbLn] /fHonfO{ ;fdflhs / JolQmut hLjgsf] ;fd"lxs k|lts xf] eGg] s'/fdf hf]8 lbG5g\ . /f]u/ :qm'gn] eg]sf 5g\– kmf;LjfbLx¿ …u0ftGqjfbL xf]Ogg, ;dfhjfbL xf]Ogg, k|hftGqjfbL xf]Ogg, k'/ftgjfbL jf /fi6«jfbL xf]Ogg\ . pgLx¿ ;a} gsf/fTdstf / ;sf/fTdstfsf ;+:n]if0f x'g\ .Ú pgn] eg]sf 5g\, …ljåfgsf b[li6sf]0faf6 x]bf{ kmf;Ljfb km/s ljrf/x¿sf] ;lDd>0f xf], k|fo;M unt a'emfO, k|fo;M nx8L . of] km/s ljrf/sf ¿kdf eGbf Pp6f o:tf] /fhgLlt ljz]iftfsf

3 Hannah Arendt, The Origins of Totalitarianism, Hammondsworth, Middlesex: Penguin Books, 1958.

¿kdf a9L k|Voft 5 hxfF yl/yl/sf ljåfgsf ljrf/ Psfsf/ ePsf 5g\ .Ú4

;fdflhs cfGbf]ngsf ¿kdf kmf;Ljfb /fd|f] p2]Zosf ;fy ;'? ePsf] cfGbf]ng s;/L g/fd|f] Aojxf/df ablnG5 eGg] s'/fsf] pbfx/0f xf] . kmf;Ljfb O6nLdf ;+;bLo k|0ffnLdf ;+s6 cfPkl5 kmnfd] 808Lsf e/df zf;g u/]sf sf/0fn] dfq} xf]Og bf];|f] ljZjo'4tfsf gfhL hd{gLsf] ;fyL ePsf sf/0fn] klg abgfd eof] / o;nfO{ cGt//fli6«o ¿kdf lgGbf ul/of] . bf];|f] ljZjo'4df ldqzlQm ljhoL ePkl5 kmf;Ljfb / gfhLjfb ljZj /fhgLltaf6 nf]k eP klg ljrf/ cyjf /fhLlts Jojxf/sf ¿kdf kmf;Ljfb af/Daf/ bf]xf]l/O/xg] ljz]iftf ePsf] 5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu ;]K6]Da/ !! sf] cfqmd0fkl5 cd]l/sL /fi6«klt hh{ a'zn] cfkmgf] efif0fdf …cftª\s lj?4sf] o'4Ú 3f]if0ff u/] / …cfkmgf kIfdfÚ gnfUg] ;+;f/sf ;a} dflg; …cftª\sjfbLsf kIfdfÚ nfu]sf] 7xl/g] 3f]if0ff u/] . o;nfO{ kmf;Ljfbsf] cg'xf/ egL o"/f]kdf lvNnL p8fOof] . o;/L kmf;Ljfb ljleGg 9fFrf / g}lts :j¿kdf kfOG5 . ltgdf !(@) sf] bzssf] :k]gsf] k|fOdf] 8] l/e]/fsf] t'ngfTds ¿kdf cln a9L ;Eo ljrf/wf/fb]lv O6nLsf] kmf;Ljfbsf] klxnf] b;ssf] qm'/tf / ax'njfbsf] ;ld>0f, ;f]leot ;+3sf] :6fnLgjfbL 56gL / sTn]cfd x'Fb} aNsfgsf] aa{/tf / k|rlnt ;a} jfbnfO{ alx:sf/ ug{] gfhLjfbL s'k|yfb]lv /fi6«klt a'zn] rfx] h:t} lg/s+'z /fHo kb{5g\ .

Oltxf;n] s] b]vfPsf] 5 eg] O6nL, hd{gL / ljz]ifu/L hfkfgdf k|hftGqsf] c;kmntf g} kmf;Ljfb pbo x'g] k|d'v sf/0f xf] .5 >dhLjL cfd hgtfsf k|hftflGqs cfsf+Iff k"/f ePgg eg] ;dfh kmf;LjfbL aG5 . h'g;'s} /fhgLlts Joj:yfdf klg xtf]T;fx a9\b} hfFbf / :yflkt /fhgLlts zlQm;Fu cfd hgtfsf] df]x eª\u x'Fbf kmf;LjfbL cfGbf]ngn] phf{ k|fKt u5{ . g]kfndf bf];|f] hgcfGbf]ngsf] ;kmntf kl5 cfd dflg;sf rfxgf k"/f gx'Fbf o;n] cfd dflg;df c;Gt'li6 a9fPsf] 5 . ;/sf/n] /fodfemL cfof]un] sf/afxLsf nflu l;kmfl/; u/]sf s;}nfO{ klg sf/afxL u/]g . e|i6frf/sf dfdnfdf klg ;/sf/n] cfFvf lrlDnPsf] 5 . e|i6frf/sf] cleof]u nfu]sf ;a} dGqL, sd{rf/L / k|x/L clwsf/LnfO{

4 Roger Scruton, A Dictionary of Political Thought, London: Pan Books/ Macmillan Press, 1982

5 For details see, Barrington Moore, Jr., Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy, Harmondsworth, Middlesex: Penguin Books, 1977: 433-52.

33

cbfntn] ;kmfO lbPsf] 5 . k|hftGqsf] b'u{lt eP/ c/fhstf km}Fnb} hfFbf ;dfhaf6 n'6\g] k|j[lQ km:6fpFbf] 5 . of] g]kfnsf] k|hftflGqs eljiosf nflu z'e ;+s]t xf]Og .

;f/f ;+;f/n] lgGbf u/] klg / o;nfO{ c:jLsf/ u/] klg cjwf/0ffut ljz]iftfsf ¿kdf kmf;Ljfb ljZj /fhgLltdf ;w+Fel/ hLljt 5 . kmf;Ljfbn] Tolta]nf cfkmgf] 6fpsf] p7fpF5 hlta]nfdf dfgjclwsf/ nuftf/ pNnª\3g x'Fbf

To;sf] lj/f]w ug{]x¿sf] :j/ bafOG5 h;n] ubf{ k|hftflGqs k|lqmof / k|hftflGqs lgsfosf] hjfkmb]xLtfsf] ljgfz x'G5 . d';f]lngLx¿n] s'g} a]nf ls6fg u/] h:t} …kmf;LjfbÚ n] …cfkm"nfO{ k|ltlqmofjfbL eGg 8/fPg, ===cfkm"nfO{ cg'bf/jfbL / p2f/jfbsf] lj/f]wL eGg lxlRsrfPg .Ú xfd|f] h:tf] ;dfhdf k|hftGqsf] b'ult{ ePkl5 kmfl;jfb ;fdflhs lg/fzf;Fu;Fu} x's{G5 . •

34

cfw'lgs ljZjn] bfbf ObL cldgb]lv 1fg]Gb|;Ddsf yl/yl/sf clwgfosjfbL zf;g ef]u]sf] 5 . oL b'O{ yl/ JolQm÷;}lgs / /fhtGqfTds clwgfosjfb afx]s cl3Nnf] ztflAbdf csf{] yl/sf] clwgfosjfb cyf{t …;j{xf/f au{sf] clwgfosjfbÚ klg km}lnPsf] lyof] . ;fdfGotof, clwgfosjfb eGgfn] sDo'lgi6 clwgfosjfb cyf{t ;j{xf/f ju{sf] ;d"x– sDo'lgi6 kf6L{– n] /fHosf] zlQm xTofpg' eGg] a'lemG5 . of] zAbfjnLnfO{ dfS;{n] ;a} eGbf klxn] c:ki6 ¿kdf pkof]u u/]sf lyP . kl5 qmflGtsf/L sDo'lgi6 kf6L{ ;+;f/e/ km}lnPkl5 / ;f]leot ;ª\3 / rLgn] o;sf gfddf clt w]/} /fhgLlts clwsf/ pkof]u u/]kl5 o; zAbfjnLn] cfnª\sfl/s dxTj kfof] .

;fdfGo cy{df clwgfosjfb eGgfn] s] a'lemG5 eGg] s'/f cS;kmf]8{ P8\efG; ng{;{ l8S:g/Ln] o;/L pNn]v u/]sf] 5– æclwgfosn] zf;g u/]sf] ;/sf/ jf clwgfosn] zf;g u/]sf] b]z .Æ o; kl/efiff cg';f/ clwgfos eg]sf] Tof] æzf;s xf] h;sf xftdf s'g} b]zsf] ;Dk"0f{ zlQm s]lGb|t x'G5, cem ljz]ifu/L Tof] zf;s h;n] ;}lgs zlQm pkof]u u/]/ To:tf] zlQm xft kf/]sf] x'G5 .Æ1 o:tf] AofVofn] clwgfosjfbsf] cfwf/e"t rl/q a'emg d2t u5{ . clwgfosjfbn] j}wflgstf kfPsf] x'Fb}g lsgeg] o;nfO{ cfd hgtfn] cg'df]bg u/]sf x'Fb}gg . To;}n], clwgfojfb :jefj}n] nf]stGqsf] k|lts"n x'G5 / zlQm afF8kmfF8 ug{] s'/fsf] lj/f]wL x'G5 .

zf;gdf Ps hgf JolQm jf Pp6f ;d"xsf] lgoGq0f ePsf], afFsL ;a}n] ls t zf;sn] eg]sf] dfGg'kg{] ls t ;hfo ef]Ug tof/ x'g'kg{] /fhgLlts k|0ffnL cyjf zf;g Joj:yfnfO{ clwgfosjfb egL kl/eflift ul/Psf] 5 . clwgfosjfb …ax'dtsf] tfgfzfxLÚ sf] :j¿kdf klg kfOg ;S5 . ax'dt k|fKt

1 Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary (Seventh Edition), Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005.

clwgfosjfb

w|'js'df/

bn jf bnx¿sf] ;d"xn] zf;g ug{] ;+;bLo k|0ffnLdf zf;sn] cNkdtsf rfxgfnfO{ pk]Iff, c:jLsf/ cyjf bdg u¥of] eg] o:tf] cj:yfnfO{ klg clwgfosjfb elgG5 . t/, ;fdfGotof clwgfosjfb Pp6f JolQm jf ;d"x clg / s'g} JolQm jf ;d"xnfO{ cl;ldt zlQm pkof]u ug{] lsl;dn] agfOPsf gLlt;Fu ufFl;Psf] x'G5 . clwgfosjfbnfO{ ;j{;Qfjfb klg elgG5 .

blIf0f Pl;ofsf hgtfn] ljleGg lsl;dsf clwgfosjfbL zf;gsf] cg'ej u/]sf 5g\ . blIf0f Pl;ofdf yl/yl/sf clwgfosjfb yf]kl/P . ltgdf g]kfn / e'6fgsf h:tf k/Dk/fut lg/s+'z /fhtGq, dfnlbE;sf] h:tf] Pp6f bnsf] ;/sf/ clg kfls:tfg / a+ufnfb]zsf] h:tf] ;}lgs zf;g kb{5g\ .

oL b]zdf clwgfosjfbsf] h/f s[lif ;+/rgf / ;fdGtL ;DaGwsf] Aofks k|efjdf cl8Psf] 5 xf] h;nfO{ Aofl/ª\6g d'/n] rLg / ef/tdf clwgfosjfbsf nflu lhDd]jf/ 7fg]sf 5g\ . cf]6f] :6\ofd]/n] eg]sf 5g\, æclwgfosjfbL zf;gsf] :yfkgfsf d'Vo sf/0fx¿df k|hftGqn] sfd ug{ g;Sg' / k|hftGqsf cfGtl/s sdhf]/L x'g eGg] s'/fdf z+sf 5}g . ===;dfwfg gePsf ;fdflhs åGå / cfly{s ;+s6sf ;fy} ;+j}wflgs k|fjwfgsf] pNnª\3g clg ck|hftflGqs zlQmx¿sf] ljsf; clwgfosjfbL zf;gsf] pbosf nflu lhDd]jf/ tTj dWo]sf x'g\ .Æ2

k|hftflGqs k|lqmofsf] c;kmntfsf] kmn:j¿k clwgfosjfbsf] pbo ePsf] xf] eGg] s'/f s]xL b]zx¿sf xsdf ;To xf] . t/ ;+;f/df ljz]ifu/L xfd|f] If]qdf k|hftGq gf}nf] / cfofltt cjwf/0ff xf] / k|hftGqsf] cjwf/0ff

2 Otto Stammer, "Dictatorship," in David L. Sills, ed., International Encyclopaedia of the Social Sciences, vols. 3&4, New York: The Macmillan Company & The Free Press, 1968: 162.

35

/ tyfslyt Pl;ofnL d"NodfGotfsf aLrdf a]d]n 5 . lkmlnlkG;sf dfsf{];, OG8f]g]l;ofsf ;'xftf{], kfls:tfgsf lhof, a+ufnfb]zsf O;f{b, lrn]sf lkgf];], k]?sf km'hLdf]/L / x}6Lsf kfkf 8s 8'eflno/ ;a}nfO{ ;+;f/sf] ;a} eGbf zlQmzfnL k|hftflGqs b]z ;Fo'Qm /fHon] ;+/If0f lbPsf] lyof] . qmflGtaf6 :yfkgf ePsf zf;g Joj:yf klg clwgfosjfbL, cx+sf/L / ;}Go;QfjfbL ePsf 5g\ . pbfx/0fsf nflu cNh]l/ofsf] Gof;gn lna/];g k|mG6 -PkmPnPg_ nfO{ lng ;lsG5 h;n] blIf0f clk|msfsf] hflte]bjfbL zf;gnfO{ c+ufnf] xfNof] .

kml/b hfsfl/ofn] eg] h:t} cg'bf/jfbL k|hftflGqs zf;gsf] lgot klg clwgfosjfbL x'G5 . clwsf+z ljsf;f]Gd'v b]zsf g]tfx¿n] lg/Gt/ ¿kdf s] ts{ u/]sf 5g\ eg] ljutsf] ;fdGtL ;Qfsf] cGTo ug{, :jfy{k/s ;d"xx¿sf] blx«nf] u7aGwg tf]8\g / /fi6«nfO{ Pslqt /fv]/ ;fdflhs c/fhstf cGTo u/L zflGt ;'Joj:yf sfod /fVgsf nflu ;'b[9 s]Gb|Lo zf;g rflxG5 . o:tf] lsl;dsf] ts{n] zf;g j}w x'g'k5{ ls zlQmzfnL x'g'k5{ eGg] s'/fdf e|d k}bf u5{ . hfsfl/ofn] s]df hf]8 lbPsf 5g\ eg] æc/fhstf vt/gfs eP klg -cl3Nnf] ztflAbdf_ dfgj :jtGqtf / ;'vsf] ;a} eGbf 7"nf] zq' c/fhstf xf]Og hd{gLsf] gfhL, ;f]leot ?; / dfcf]sf] rLgsf h:tf qm'/ s]lGb|s[t /fHo lyof] .Æ3

cfkm"df ;a} zlQm s]lGb|t ug{] / ljgf r'gf}lt o:tf] clwsf/ pkof]u ug{] rfxgf /fVg' dfgj :jefj xf] / o:tf] rfxgf ck|hftflGqs dfq} xf]Og clwgfosjfbL xf] . :6]d]/n] clwgfosjfbdf dfq kfOg] kfFrj6f ljz]iftf x'G5g\ eg]sf 5g\ M -s_ Pshgf JolQm jf zlQm s]Gb|;Fu glhssf] ;+e|fGt au{df zlQmsf] cTolws s]Gb|Ls/0f, -v_ cfb]zsf e/df zf;g, -u_ /}lt÷gful/ssf] clwsf/ pkef]udf eGbf st{Ao kfngf ug{df ha/h:tL, -3_ lg0f{o k|lqmofdf tby{jfb / -ª_ wDsL / bjfjnfO{ ;fdflhs lgoGq0f k|0ffnLsf ¿kdf pkof]u ug{] rng .4

clwgfosjfbsf :j¿knfO{ …;+j}wflgs / lg/s+'z -c;+j}wflgs_Ú egL kl/eflift ul/P klg, k|mfGh Gof}dfgn] clwgfosjfbnfO{ tLg efudf auL{s/0f u/]sf 5g\ M -s_ ;fwf/0f clwgfosjfb, -v_ l;h/ z}nLsf] clwgfosjfb, -u_ ;j{;QfjfbL clwgfosjfb .5 ;fwf/0f clwgfosjfbn]

3 Fareed Zakaria, "Illiberal Democracies," Foreign Affairs, November-December 1997.

4 Stammer,"Dictatorship", 161.5 Cited in Stammer, 162.

c¿ yl/sf clwgfosjfbLsf nflu af6f] v'nf ul/lbG5 lsgeg] o; cj:yfdf zf;sn] /fHosf zlQmsf k/Dk/fut ;a} ;fwgnfO{ ljgf c+s'z pkof]u u5{ . l;h/ z}nLsf] clwgfosjfbsf] gfdfs/0f /f]dg ;d|f6 h'lno; l;h/sf] gfdaf6 ul/Psf] xf] h;n] O;fk"j{ $^ df clwgfosjfbL zlQm xTofPsf lyP . pgn] ;'?df Ps bzssf nflu ;Qf xftdf lnPsf lyP eg] pgsf] xTof x'g' eGbf cln klxn] cfkm"nfO{ cfhGd zf;s 3f]if0ff u/]sf lyP . l;h/ z}nLsf] nf]slk|otfn] ;j{;Qfjfb elgg] t];|f] lsl;dsf] clwgfosjfbsf] pbo x'g] ;Defjgf a9fpF5 . ljleGg lsl;dsf clwgfosjfbsf aLrsf] leGgtf bzf{pFb} Gof]dfgn] s] n]v]sf 5g\ eg] …;fwf/0f clwgfosjfbÚ df zf;sn] /fHosf] zlQm lg/s+'z tl/sfn] pkof]u u5{ eg] l;h/ z}nLsf] clwgfosjfb cfwf/e"t ¿kdf Pp6f cj:yf xf] h'g Tolta]nf k|fKt x'G5 hlta]nf zf;sn] ;fdflhs–cfly{s If]qdf /fd|f] sfd u/]/ cfd ;dy{g xfl;n u5{ . tTsfnLg ;f]leot ;+3sf] h:tf] ;j{;QfjfbL clwgfosjfb :jefj}n] cl3Nnf b'O{ vfnsf clwgfosjfb eGbf a9L bdgsf/L x'G5 .6

oL juL{s/0f clwgfosjfbsf] :t/ gfKgsf nflu ;fob dfGo x'G5g\ t/ clwgfosjfbnfO{ c¿ s'g} gfd lbg ldNb}g lsgeg] cjwf/0ffut / Aoaxfl/s b'j} b[li6n] clwgfosjfb Pp6f o:tf] k|0ffnL xf] hxfF hgtfn] k|hftflGqs clwsf/ pkof]u ug{ kfpFb}gg\ . cjwf/0fut b[li6n], clwgfosjfb To:tf] :j3f]lift zf;ssf] v'gL sfd xf] hf] cfkmgf] :jfy{sf] /Iff ug{sf nflu h] ug{ klg tof/ x'G5 . ;+s6sfnLg cj:yf nfu" u/]sf] …;+j}wflgs clwgfosjfbLÚ zf;s÷;/sf/ klg c¿ vfnsf clwgfosjfb eGbf km/s x'Fb}g lsgeg] o:tf] cj:yfdf ljlwsf] zf;g nTofOG5 / To;nfO{ l;ldt ul/G5 .

clwgfosjfbL zf;g ug{sf nflu dflg;nfO{ s] n] k|]/0ff lbG5 < JolQmn] /fHosf] zlQm xTofpg' / To;dfly cfkmgf] Psflwsf/ sfod /fVg' clwgfosjfbsf] ;fwg / ;fWo b'j} xf] < ;fdfGotof, n8fO{Fdf s'g} If]q lht]/, qmflGtsf/L zlQm, b/af/L qmflGt cyjf ;}lgs ljb|f]x dfkm{t zlQm k|fKt u/]/ clwgfosjfbL zf;g :yfkgf ul/G5 . /fHosf] zlQm xTofpg] k|]/0ff JolQmut x'G5 . lg/s+'z /fhtGq / ;+j}wflgs /fhtGq b'j} cj:yfdf g]kfnLn] clwgfosjfbL zf;g ef]u]sf 5g\ . @)!& ;fnsf] b/af/ ljb|f]x kZrft g]kfndf k~rfotL zf;g Joj:yf

6 See Jeane Kirkpatrick, " Dictatorship and Double Standards," Commentary, November 1979: 34-35.

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gfds lg/s+'z /fhtGq nfu" ul/of] . of] dflyaf6 nflbPsf] o:tf] Joj:yf lyof] h;df /fHosf] zlQmsf] bdgsf/L pkfo cjnDag ul/g'sf ;fy} ;Qf;Lg /fhfn] sd{rf/LtGqsf] lj:tf/ / kf]if0f dfkm{t /fHosf] lgoGq0f sfod u/] . k~rfot k|0ffnL Ps bnLo k|0ffnL lyof] h;n] /fhtGqfTds clwgfosjfbsf] d'xf/sf ¿kdf sfd u/]sf] lyof] .

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