Cascading Style Sheets CSS) is a style sheet language used ... · 1 Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) is a style sheet language used for describing the presentation semantics (the look

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Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) is a style sheet language used for describing the presentation semantics (the look and formatting) of a document written in a markup language. Its most common application is to style web pages written in HTML and XHTML.

CSS is designed primarily to enable the separation of document content (written in HTML or a similar markup language) from document presentation, including elements such as the layout, colors, and fonts. This separation can improve content accessibility, provide more flexibility and control in the specification of presentation characteristics, enable multiple pages to share formatting, and reduce complexity and repetition in the structural content (such as by allowing for tableless web design). CSS can also allow the same markup page to be presented in different styles for different rendering methods, such as on-screen, in print, by voice (when read out by a speech-based browser or screen reader) and on Braille-based, tactile devices. It can also be used to allow the web page to display differently depending on the screen size or device on which it is being viewed. While the author of a document typically links that document to a CSS style sheet, readers can use a different style sheet, perhaps one on their own computer, to override the one the author has specified.

CSS specifies a priority scheme to determine which style rules apply if more than one rule matches against a particular element. In this so-called cascade, priorities or weights are calculated and assigned to rules, so that the results are predictable.

A style sheet consists of a list of rules. Each rule or rule-set consists of one or more

selectors, and a declaration block. A declaration-block consists of a list of declarations in

braces. Each declaration itself consists of a property, a colon (:), and a value. If there are

multiple declarations in a block, a semi-colon (;) must be inserted to separate each

declaration. In CSS, selectors are used to declare which part of the markup a style applies to,

a kind of match expression. Selectors may apply to all elements of a specific type, to

elements specified by attribute, or to elements depending on how they are placed relative

to, or nested within, others in the document tree.

P Selector

{

Font-family : arial;

Font-size : medium;

Color : blue;

}

CSS information can be provided from various sources. CSS style information can be in a

separate document or it can be embedded into an HTML document. Multiple style sheets

can be imported.

Properties Values

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Inline styles, inside the HTML document, style information on a single element, specified using the style attribute

Embedded or internal style, blocks of CSS information inside the <head> element of HTML itself

External style sheets, i.e., a separate CSS file referenced from the document

Example : The following example demonstrates the inline style

<!doctype html> <html> <body> <p style=”font-family:arial;color:blue;font-size:medium”> This is a paragraph formatted with inline css style. </p> </body> </html>

Example : The following example demonstrates the internal style

<!doctype html> <html> <head> <style> P { Font-family:arial; Font-size:medium; Color:blue; Text-align:justify; } </style> </head> <body> <p> This is a paragraph formatted with internal css style. </p> </body> </html>

Example : The following example demonstrates the external style

Create a new document in notepad, define the following css styles within it and save it with the name MyStyle.css

P { Font-family:arial; Font-size:medium;

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Color:blue; Text-align:justify; } H1 { Font-family:arial black; Background-color:blue; Color:white; }

Create another new document in notepad and create a html file with the following html markup. To link an external css file, use <link> element of html within the <head> element.

<!doctype html> <html> <head> <link rel=”stylesheet” type=”text/css” href=”MyStyle.css”/> </head> <body> <h1> Heading </h1> <p> This is a paragraph formatted with internal css style. </p> </body> </html>

Selector syntax

A simple selector is either a type selector or universal selector followed immediately by zero

or more attribute selectors, ID selectors, or pseudo-classes, in any order. The simple

selector matches if all of its components match.

A selector is a chain of one or more simple selectors separated by combinators. Combinators

are: white space, ">", and "+". White space may appear between a combinator and the

simple selectors around it.

The elements of the document tree that match a selector are called subjects of the selector.

A selector consisting of a single simple selector matches any element satisfying its

requirements. Prepending a simple selector and combinator to a chain imposes additional

matching constraints, so the subjects of a selector are always a subset of the elements

matching the last simple selector.

One pseudo-element may be appended to the last simple selector in a chain, in which case

the style information applies to a subpart of each subject.

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Grouping

When several selectors share the same declarations, they may be grouped into a comma-

separated list.

In this example, we condense three rules with identical declarations into one. Thus,

h1 { font-family: sans-serif }



is equivalent to:

h1, h2, h3 { font-family: sans-serif }

Universal selector

The universal selector, written "*", matches the name of any element type. It matches any

single element in the document tree. If the universal selector is not the only component of a

simple selector, the "*" may be omitted. For example:

*[lang=fr] and [lang=fr] are equivalent.

*.warning and .warning are equivalent.

*#myid and #myid are equivalent.

Type selectors

A type selector matches the name of a document language element type. A type selector

matches every instance of the element type in the document tree.

The following rule matches all H1 elements in the document tree:


Descendant selectors

At times, authors may want selectors to match an element that is the descendant of

another element in the document tree (e.g., "Match those EM elements that are contained

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by an H1 element"). Descendant selectors express such a relationship in a pattern. A

descendant selector is made up of two or more selectors separated by white space. A

descendant selector of the form "A B" matches when an element B is an arbitrary

descendant of some ancestor element A.

For example, consider the following rules:

h1 { color: red }

em { color: red }

Although the intention of these rules is to add emphasis to text by changing its color, the

effect will be lost in a case such as:

<H1>This headline is <EM>very</EM> important</H1>

We address this case by supplementing the previous rules with a rule that sets the text color

to blue whenever an EM occurs anywhere within an H1:

h1 { color: red }

em { color: red }

h1 em { color: blue }

The third rule will match the EM in the following fragment:

<H1>This <SPAN class="myclass">headline

is <EM>very</EM> important</SPAN></H1>

The following selector:

div * p

matches a P element that is a grandchild or later descendant of a DIV element. Note the

white space on either side of the "*" is not part of the universal selector; the white space is

a combinator indicating that the DIV must be the ancestor of some element, and that that

element must be an ancestor of the P.

The selector in the following rule, which combines descendant and attribute selectors,

matches any element that has the "href" attribute set and is inside a P that is itself inside a

DIV:

div p *[href]

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Child selectors

A child selector matches when an element is the child of some element. A child selector is

made up of two or more selectors separated by ">".

The following rule sets the style of all P elements that are children of BODY:

body > P { line-height: 1.3 }

The following example combines descendant selectors and child selectors:

div ol>li p

It matches a P element that is a descendant of an LI; the LI element must be the child of an

OL element; the OL element must be a descendant of a DIV. Notice that the optional white

space around the ">" combinator has been left out.

Adjacent sibling selectors

Adjacent sibling selectors have the following syntax: E1 + E2, where E2 is the subject of the

selector. The selector matches if E1 and E2 share the same parent in the document tree and

E1 immediately precedes E2, ignoring non-element nodes (such as text nodes and

comments).

Thus, the following rule states that when a P element immediately follows a MATH element,

it should not be indented:

math + p { text-indent: 0 }

The next example reduces the vertical space separating an H1 and an H2 that immediately

follows it:

h1 + h2 { margin-top: -5mm }

The following rule is similar to the one in the previous example, except that it adds a class

selector. Thus, special formatting only occurs when H1 has class="opener":

h1.opener + h2 { margin-top: -5mm }

Attribute selectors

CSS 2.1 allows authors to specify rules that match elements which have certain attributes

defined in the source document.

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Matching attributes and attribute values

Attribute selectors may match in four ways:

[att]

Match when the element sets the "att" attribute, whatever the value of the attribute.

[att=val]

Match when the element's "att" attribute value is exactly "val".

[att~=val]

Represents an element with the att attribute whose value is a white space-separated list of

words, one of which is exactly "val". If "val" contains white space, it will never represent

anything (since the words are separated by spaces). If "val" is the empty string, it will never

represent anything either.

[att|=val]

Represents an element with the att attribute, its value either being exactly "val" or

beginning with "val" immediately followed by "-". This is primarily intended to allow

language subcode matches (e.g., the hreflang attribute on the a element in HTML) as

described in BCP 47 or its successor.

Attribute values must be identifiers or strings. The case-sensitivity of attribute names and

values in selectors depends on the document language.

For example, the following attribute selector matches all H1 elements that specify the "title"

attribute, whatever its value:

h1[title] { color: blue; }

In the following example, the selector matches all SPAN elements whose "class" attribute

has exactly the value "example":

span[class=example] { color: blue; }

Multiple attribute selectors can be used to refer to several attributes of an element, or even

several times to the same attribute.

Here, the selector matches all SPAN elements whose "hello" attribute has exactly the value

"Cleveland" and whose "goodbye" attribute has exactly the value "Columbus":

span[hello="Cleveland"][goodbye="Columbus"] { color: blue; }

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The following selectors illustrate the differences between "=" and "~=". The first selector will

match, for example, the value "copyright copyleft copyeditor" for the "rel" attribute. The

second selector will only match when the "href" attribute has the value

"http://www.nareshit.com/".

a[rel~="copyright"]

a[href="http://www.nareshit.com/"]

The following rule hides all elements for which the value of the "lang" attribute is "fr" (i.e.,

the language is French).

*[lang=fr] { display : none }

The following rule will match for values of the "lang" attribute that begin with "en",

including "en", "en-US", and "en-cockney":

*[lang|="en"] { color : red }

Similarly, the following aural style sheet rules allow a script to be read aloud in different

voices for each role:

DIALOGUE[character=romeo] { voice-family: "Laurence Olivier", charles, male }

DIALOGUE[character=juliet] { voice-family: "Vivien Leigh", victoria, female }

Class selectors

Working with HTML, authors may use the period (.) notation as an alternative to the ~=

notation when representing the class attribute. Thus, for HTML, div.value and

div[class~=value] have the same meaning. The attribute value must immediately follow the

"period" (.).

For example, we can assign style information to all elements with class~="pastoral" as

follows:

*.pastoral { color: green } /* all elements with class~=pastoral */

or just

.pastoral { color: green } /* all elements with class~=pastoral */

The following assigns style only to H1 elements with class~="pastoral":

H1.pastoral { color: green } /* H1 elements with class~=pastoral */

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Given these rules, the first H1 instance below would not have green text, while the second

would:

<H1>Not green</H1>

<H1 class="pastoral">Very green</H1>

To match a subset of "class" values, each value must be preceded by a ".".

For example, the following rule matches any P element whose "class" attribute has been

assigned a list of space-separated values that includes "pastoral" and "marine":

p.marine.pastoral { color: green }

This rule matches when class="pastoral blue aqua marine" but does not match for

class="pastoral blue".

ID selectors

Document languages may contain attributes that are declared to be of type ID. What makes

attributes of type ID special is that no two such attributes can have the same value;

whatever the document language, an ID attribute can be used to uniquely identify its

element. In HTML all ID attributes are named "id"; XML applications may name ID attributes

differently, but the same restriction applies.

The ID attribute of a document language allows authors to assign an identifier to one

element instance in the document tree. CSS ID selectors match an element instance based

on its identifier. A CSS ID selector contains a "#" immediately followed by the ID value,

which must be an identifier.

The following ID selector matches the H1 element whose ID attribute has the value

"chapter1":

h1#chapter1 { text-align: center }

In the following example, the style rule matches the element that has the ID value "z98y".

The rule will thus match for the P element:

<head>

<title>match p</title>

<style type="text/css">

*#z98y { letter-spacing: 0.3em }

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</style>

</head>

<body>

<p id=z98y>wide text</p>

</body>

In the next example, however, the style rule will only match an H1 element that has an ID

value of "z98y". The rule will not match the P element in this example:

<head>

<title>match h1 only</title>


h1#z98y { letter-spacing: 0.5em }

</style>

</head>

<body>

<p id=z98y>wide text</p>

</body>

ID selectors have a higher specificity than attribute selectors. For example, in HTML, the

selector #p123 is more specific than [id=p123] in terms of the cascade.

If an element has multiple ID attributes, all of them must be treated as IDs for that element

for the purposes of the ID selector.

Pseudo-elements and pseudo-classes

In CSS 2.1, style is normally attached to an element based on its position in the document

tree. This simple model is sufficient for many cases, but some common publishing scenarios

may not be possible due to the structure of the document tree. For instance, in HTML 4, no

element refers to the first line of a paragraph, and therefore no simple CSS selector may

refer to it.

CSS introduces the concepts of pseudo-elements and pseudo-classes to permit formatting

based on information that lies outside the document tree.

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Pseudo-elements create abstractions about the document tree beyond those specified by

the document language. For instance, document languages do not offer mechanisms to

access the first letter or first line of an element's content. CSS pseudo-elements allow style

sheet designers to refer to this otherwise inaccessible information. Pseudo-elements may

also provide style sheet designers a way to assign style to content that does not exist in the

source document (e.g., the :before and :after pseudo-elements give access to generated

content).

Pseudo-classes classify elements on characteristics other than their name, attributes or

content; in principle characteristics that cannot be deduced from the document tree.

Pseudo-classes may be dynamic, in the sense that an element may acquire or lose a pseudo-

class while a user interacts with the document. The exceptions are ':first-child', which can be

deduced from the document tree, and ':lang()', which can be deduced from the document

tree in some cases.

Neither pseudo-elements nor pseudo-classes appear in the document source or document

tree.

Pseudo-classes are allowed anywhere in selectors while pseudo-elements may only be

appended after the last simple selector of the selector.

Pseudo-element and pseudo-class names are case-insensitive.

Some pseudo-classes are mutually exclusive, while others can be applied simultaneously to

the same element. In case of conflicting rules, the normal cascading order determines the

outcome.

Pseudo-classes

:first-child pseudo-class

The :first-child pseudo-class matches an element that is the first child element of some

other element.

In the following example, the selector matches any P element that is the first child of a DIV

element. The rule suppresses indentation for the first paragraph of a DIV:

div > p:first-child { text-indent: 0 }

This selector would match the P inside the DIV of the following fragment:

<p> the last p before the note.

<div class="note">

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<p> the first p inside the note.

</div>

but would not match the second P in the following fragment:

<p> the last p before the note.

<div class="note">

<h2>note</h2>

<p> the first p inside the note.

</div>

The following rule sets the font weight to 'bold' for any EM element that is some

descendant of a P element that is a first child:

p:first-child em { font-weight : bold }

The following two selectors are equivalent:

* > a:first-child /* A is first child of any element */

a:first-child /* Same */

The link pseudo-classes: :link and :visited

User agents commonly display unvisited links differently from previously visited ones. CSS

provides the pseudo-classes ':link' and ':visited' to distinguish them:

The :link pseudo-class applies for links that have not yet been visited.

The :visited pseudo-class applies once the link has been visited by the user.

The two states are mutually exclusive.

The document language determines which elements are hyperlink source anchors. For

example, in HTML4, the link pseudo-classes apply to A elements with an "href" attribute.

Thus, the following two CSS 2.1 declarations have similar effect:

a:link { color: red }

:link { color: red }

If the following link:

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<A class="external" href="http://out.side/">external link</A>

has been visited, this rule:

a.external:visited { color: blue }

will cause it to be blue.

The dynamic pseudo-classes: :hover, :active, and :focus

Interactive user agents sometimes change the rendering in response to user actions. CSS

provides three pseudo-classes for common cases:

The :hover pseudo-class applies while the user designates an element (with some pointing

device), but does not activate it. For example, a visual user agent could apply this pseudo-

class when the cursor (mouse pointer) hovers over a box generated by the element. User

agents not supporting interactive media do not have to support this pseudo-class. Some

conforming user agents supporting interactive media may not be able to support this

pseudo-class (e.g., a pen device).

The :active pseudo-class applies while an element is being activated by the user. For

example, between the times the user presses the mouse button and releases it.

The :focus pseudo-class applies while an element has the focus (accepts keyboard events or

other forms of text input).

An element may match several pseudo-classes at the same time.

CSS does not define which elements may be in the above states, or how the states are

entered and left. Scripting may change whether elements react to user events or not, and

different devices and UAs may have different ways of pointing to, or activating elements.

CSS 2.1 does not define if the parent of an element that is ':active' or ':hover' is also in that

state.

User agents are not required to reflow a currently displayed document due to pseudo-class

transitions. For instance, a style sheet may specify that the 'font-size' of an :active link

should be larger than that of an inactive link, but since this may cause letters to change

position when the reader selects the link, a UA may ignore the corresponding style rule.

a:link { color: red } /* unvisited links */

a:visited { color: blue } /* visited links */

a:hover { color: yellow } /* user hovers */

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a:active { color: lime } /* active links */

Note that the A:hover must be placed after the A:link and A:visited rules, since otherwise

the cascading rules will hide the 'color' property of the A:hover rule. Similarly, because

A:active is placed after A:hover, the active color (lime) will apply when the user both

activates and hovers over the A element.

An example of combining dynamic pseudo-classes:

a:focus { background: yellow }

a:focus:hover { background: white }

The last selector matches A elements that are in pseudo-class :focus and in pseudo-class

:hover.

The language pseudo-class: :lang

If the document language specifies how the human language of an element is determined, it

is possible to write selectors in CSS that match an element based on its language. For

example, in HTML, the language is determined by a combination of the "lang" attribute, the

META element, and possibly by information from the protocol (such as HTTP headers).

The pseudo-class ':lang(C)' matches if the element is in language C. Whether there is a

match is based solely on the identifier C being either equal to, or a hyphen-separated

substring of, the element's language value, in the same way as if performed by the '|='

operator. The matching of C against the element's language value is performed case-

insensitively for characters within the ASCII range. The identifier C does not have to be a

valid language name.

C must not be empty.

The following rules set the quotation marks for an HTML document that is either in

Canadian French or German:

html:lang(fr-ca) { quotes: '« ' ' »' }

html:lang(de) { quotes: '»' '«' '\2039' '\203A' }

:lang(fr) > Q { quotes: '« ' ' »' }

:lang(de) > Q { quotes: '»' '«' '\2039' '\203A' }

The second pair of rules actually set the 'quotes' property on Q elements according to the

language of its parent. This is done because the choice of quote marks is typically based on

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the language of the element around the quote, not the quote itself: like this piece of French

“à l'improviste” in the middle of an English text uses the English quotation marks.

Pseudo-elements

Pseudo-elements behave just like real elements in CSS with the exceptions described below

and elsewhere.

The :first-line pseudo-element

The :first-line pseudo-element applies special styles to the contents of the first formatted

line of a paragraph. For instance:

p:first-line { text-transform: uppercase }

The above rule means "change the letters of the first line of every paragraph to uppercase".

However, the selector "P:first-line" does not match any real HTML element. It does match a

pseudo-element that conforming user agents will insert at the beginning of every

paragraph.

Note that the length of the first line depends on a number of factors, including the width of

the page, the font size, etc. Thus, an ordinary HTML paragraph such as:

<P>This is a somewhat long HTML

paragraph that will be broken into several

lines. The first line will be identified

by a fictional tag sequence. The other lines

will be treated as ordinary lines in the

paragraph.</P>

the lines of which happen to be broken as follows:

THIS IS A SOMEWHAT LONG HTML PARAGRAPH THAT

will be broken into several lines. The first

line will be identified by a fictional tag

sequence. The other lines will be treated as

ordinary lines in the paragraph.

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might be "rewritten" by user agents to include the fictional tag sequence for :first-line. This

fictional tag sequence helps to show how properties are inherited.

<P><P:first-line> This is a somewhat long HTML

paragraph that </P:first-line> will be broken into several

lines. The first line will be identified



paragraph.</P>

If a pseudo-element breaks up a real element, the desired effect can often be described by a

fictional tag sequence that closes and then re-opens the element. Thus, if we mark up the

previous paragraph with a SPAN element:

<P><SPAN class="test"> This is a somewhat long HTML

paragraph that will be broken into several

lines.</SPAN> The first line will be identified



paragraph.</P>

the user agent could simulate start and end tags for SPAN when inserting the fictional tag

sequence for :first-line.

<P><P:first-line><SPAN class="test"> This is a

somewhat long HTML

paragraph that will </SPAN></P:first-line><SPAN class="test"> be

broken into several

lines.</SPAN> The first line will be identified



paragraph.</P>

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The :first-line pseudo-element can only be attached to a block container element.

The "first formatted line" of an element may occur inside a block-level descendant in the

same flow (i.e., a block-level descendant that is not positioned and not a float). E.g., the first

line of the DIV in <DIV><P>This line...</P></DIV> is the first line of the P (assuming that both

P and DIV are block-level).

The first line of a table-cell or inline-block cannot be the first formatted line of an ancestor

element. Thus, in <DIV><P STYLE="display: inline-block">Hello<BR>Goodbye</P>

etcetera</DIV> the first formatted line of the DIV is not the line "Hello".

Note that the first line of the P in this fragment: <p><br>First... does not contain any letters

(assuming the default style for BR in HTML 4). The word "First" is not on the first formatted

line.

The :first-line pseudo-element is similar to an inline-level element, but with certain

restrictions. The following properties apply to a :first-line pseudo-element: font properties,

color property, background properties, 'word-spacing', 'letter-spacing', 'text-decoration',

'text-transform', and 'line-height'.

The :first-letter pseudo-element

The :first-letter pseudo-element must select the first letter of the first line of a block, if it is

not preceded by any other content (such as images or inline tables) on its line. The :first-

letter pseudo-element may be used for "initial caps" and "drop caps", which are common

typographical effects. This type of initial letter is similar to an inline-level element if its 'float'

property is 'none', otherwise it is similar to a floated element.

These are the properties that apply to :first-letter pseudo-elements: font properties, 'text-

decoration', 'text-transform', 'letter-spacing', 'word-spacing' (when appropriate), 'line-

height', 'float', 'vertical-align' (only if 'float' is 'none'), margin properties, padding properties,

border properties, color property, background properties.

This example shows a possible rendering of an initial cap. Note that the 'line-height' that is

inherited by the first-letter pseudo-element is 1.1, but the UA in this example has computed

the height of the first letter differently, so that it does not cause any unnecessary space

between the first two lines. Also note that the fictional start tag of the first letter is inside

the SPAN, and thus the font weight of the first letter is normal, not bold as the SPAN:

p { line-height: 1.1 }

p:first-letter { font-size: 3em; font-weight: normal }

span { font-weight: bold }

...

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<p><span>Het hemelsche</span> gerecht heeft zich ten lange lesten<br>

Erbarremt over my en mijn benaeuwde vesten<br>

En arme burgery, en op mijn volcx gebed<br>

En dagelix geschrey de bange stad ontzet.

The following CSS 2.1 will make a drop cap initial letter span about two lines:

<!doctype html public "-//w3c//dtd html 4.01//en">

<html>

<head>

<title>drop cap initial letter</title>


p { font-size: 12pt; line-height: 1.2 }

p:first-letter { font-size: 200%; font-style: italic;

font-weight: bold; float: left }

span { text-transform: uppercase }

</style>

</head>

<body>

<p><span>the first</span> few words of an article

in the economist.</p>

</body>

</html>

This example might be formatted as follows:

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The fictional tag sequence is:

<p>

<span>

<p:first-letter>

t

</p:first-letter>he first

</span>

few words of an article in the economist.

</p>

Note that the :first-letter pseudo-element tags abut the content (i.e., the initial character),

while the :first-line pseudo-element start tag is inserted right after the start tag of the block

element.

In order to achieve traditional drop caps formatting, user agents may approximate font

sizes, for example to align baselines. Also, the glyph outline may be taken into account when

formatting.

Punctuation (i.e, characters defined in Unicode in the "open" (Ps), "close" (Pe), "initial" (Pi).

"final" (Pf) and "other" (Po) punctuation classes), that precedes or follows the first letter

should be included, as in:

The ':first-letter' also applies if the first letter is in fact a digit, e.g., the "6" in "67 million

dollars is a lot of money."

The :first-letter pseudo-element applies to block container elements.

The :first-letter pseudo-element can be used with all such elements that contain text, or

that have a descendant in the same flow that contains text. A UA should act as if the

fictional start tag of the first-letter pseudo-element is just before the first text of the

element, even if that first text is in a descendant.

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Here is an example. The fictional tag sequence for this HTML fragment:

<div>

<p>The first text.

is:

<div>

<p><div:first-letter><p:first-letter>T</...></...>he first text.

The first letter of a table-cell or inline-block cannot be the first letter of an ancestor

element. Thus, in <DIV><P STYLE="display: inline-block">Hello<BR>Goodbye</P>

etcetera</DIV> the first letter of the DIV is not the letter "H". In fact, the DIV does not have

a first letter.

The first letter must occur on the first formatted line. For example, in this fragment:

<p><br>First... the first line does not contain any letters and ':first-letter' does not match

anything (assuming the default style for BR in HTML 4). In particular, it does not match the

"F" of "First."

If an element is a list item ('display: list-item'), the ':first-letter' applies to the first letter in

the principal box after the marker. UAs may ignore ':first-letter' on list items with 'list-style-

position: inside'. If an element has ':before' or ':after' content, the ':first-letter applies to the

first letter of the element including that content.

E.g., after the rule 'p:before {content: "Note: "}', the selector 'p:first-letter' matches the "N"

of "Note".

Some languages may have specific rules about how to treat certain letter combinations. In

Dutch, for example, if the letter combination "ij" appears at the beginning of a word, both

letters should be considered within the :first-letter pseudo-element.

If the letters that would form the first-letter are not in the same element, such as "'T" in

<p>'<em>T..., the UA may create a first-letter pseudo-element from one of the elements,

both elements, or simply not create a pseudo-element.

Similarly, if the first letter(s) of the block are not at the start of the line (for example due to

bidirectional reordering), then the UA need not create the pseudo-element(s).

The following example illustrates how overlapping pseudo-elements may interact. The first

letter of each P element will be green with a font size of '24pt'. The rest of the first

formatted line will be 'blue' while the rest of the paragraph will be 'red'.

p { color: red; font-size: 12pt }

21

p:first-letter { color: green; font-size: 200% }

p:first-line { color: blue }

<P>Some text that ends up on two lines</P>

Assuming that a line break will occur before the word "ends", the fictional tag sequence for

this fragment might be:

<P>

<P:first-line>

<P:first-letter>

S

</P:first-letter>ome text that

</P:first-line>

ends up on two lines

</P>

Note that the :first-letter element is inside the :first-line element. Properties set on :first-

line are inherited by :first-letter, but are overridden if the same property is set on :first-

letter.

The :before and :after pseudo-elements

The ':before' and ':after' pseudo-elements can be used to insert generated content before

or after an element's content. They are explained in the section on generated text.

h1:before {content: counter(chapno, upper-roman) ". "}

When the :first-letter and :first-line pseudo-elements are applied to an element having

content generated using :before and :after, they apply to the first letter or line of the

element including the generated content.

p.special:before {content: "Special! "}

p.special:first-letter {color: #ffd800}

This will render the "S" of "Special!" in gold.

22

Animation Properties

Property Description CSS Version

@keyframes Specifies the animation 3

animation A shorthand property for all the animation

properties below, except the animation-play-state

property

3

animation-name Specifies a name for the @keyframes animation 3

animation-duration Specifies how many seconds or milliseconds an

animation takes to complete one cycle

3

animation-timing-function Specifies the speed curve of the animation 3

animation-delay Specifies when the animation will start 3

animation-iteration-count Specifies the number of times an animation

should be played

3

animation-direction Specifies whether or not the animation should

play in reverse on alternate cycles

3

animation-play-state Specifies whether the animation is running or

paused

3

Background Properties


background Sets all the background properties in one

declaration

1

23

background-attachment Sets whether a background image is fixed or

scrolls with the rest of the page

1

background-color Sets the background color of an element 1

background-image Sets the background image for an element 1

background-position Sets the starting position of a background image 1

background-repeat Sets how a background image will be repeated 1

background-clip Specifies the painting area of the background 3

background-origin Specifies the positioning area of the background

images

3

background-size Specifies the size of the background images 3

Border and Outline Properties


border Sets all the border properties in one declaration 1

border-bottom Sets all the bottom border properties in one

declaration

1

border-bottom-color Sets the color of the bottom border 1

border-bottom-style Sets the style of the bottom border 1

border-bottom-width Sets the width of the bottom border 1

border-color Sets the color of the four borders 1

24

border-left Sets all the left border properties in one declaration 1

border-left-color Sets the color of the left border 1

border-left-style Sets the style of the left border 1

border-left-width Sets the width of the left border 1

border-right Sets all the right border properties in one declaration 1

border-right-color Sets the color of the right border 1

border-right-style Sets the style of the right border 1

border-right-width Sets the width of the right border 1

border-style Sets the style of the four borders 1

border-top Sets all the top border properties in one declaration 1

border-top-color Sets the color of the top border 1

border-top-style Sets the style of the top border 1

border-top-width Sets the width of the top border 1

border-width Sets the width of the four borders 1

outline Sets all the outline properties in one declaration 2

outline-color Sets the color of an outline 2

outline-style Sets the style of an outline 2

outline-width Sets the width of an outline 2

25

border-bottom-left-

radius

Defines the shape of the border of the bottom-left

corner

3

border-bottom-right-

radius

Defines the shape of the border of the bottom-right

corner

3

border-image A shorthand property for setting all the border-image-

* properties

3

border-image-outset Specifies the amount by which the border image area

extends beyond the border box

3

border-image-repeat Specifies whether the image-border should be

repeated, rounded or stretched

3

border-image-slice Specifies the inward offsets of the image-border 3

border-image-source Specifies an image to be used as a border 3

border-image-width Specifies the widths of the image-border 3

border-radius A shorthand property for setting all the four border-*-

radius properties

3

border-top-left-radius Defines the shape of the border of the top-left corner 3

border-top-right-radius Defines the shape of the border of the top-right

corner

3

box-decoration-break 3

box-shadow Attaches one or more drop-shadows to the box 3

26

Box Properties


overflow-x Specifies whether or not to clip the left/right edges of

the content, if it overflows the element's content area

3

overflow-y Specifies whether or not to clip the top/bottom edges

of the content, if it overflows the element's content

area

3

overflow-style Specifies the preferred scrolling method for elements

that overflow

3

rotation Rotates an element around a given point defined by

the rotation-point property

3

rotation-point Defines a point as an offset from the top left border

edge

3

Color Properties


color-profile Permits the specification of a source color profile

other than the default

3

opacity Sets the opacity level for an element 3

rendering-intent Permits the specification of a color profile rendering

intent other than the default

3

27

Content for Paged Media Properties


bookmark-label Specifies the label of the bookmark 3

bookmark-level Specifies the level of the bookmark 3

bookmark-target Specifies the target of the bookmark link 3

float-offset Pushes floated elements in the opposite direction of

the where they have been floated with float

3

hyphenate-after Specifies the minimum number of characters in a

hyphenated word after the hyphenation character

3

hyphenate-before Specifies the minimum number of characters in a

hyphenated word before the hyphenation character

3

hyphenate-character Specifies a string that is shown when a hyphenate-

break occurs

3

hyphenate-lines Indicates the maximum number of successive

hyphenated lines in an element

3

hyphenate-resource Specifies a comma-separated list of external

resources that can help the browser determine

hyphenation points

3

hyphens Sets how to split words to improve the layout of

paragraphs

3

image-resolution Specifies the correct resolution of images 3

marks Adds crop and/or cross marks to the document 3

string-set 3

28

Dimension Properties


height Sets the height of an element 1

max-height Sets the maximum height of an element 2

max-width Sets the maximum width of an element 2

min-height Sets the minimum height of an element 2

min-width Sets the minimum width of an element 2

width Sets the width of an element 1

Flexible Box Properties


box-align Specifies how to align the child elements of a box 3

box-direction Specifies in which direction the children of a box are

displayed

3

box-flex Specifies whether the children of a box is flexible or

inflexible in size

3

box-flex-group Assigns flexible elements to flex groups 3

box-lines Specifies whether columns will go onto a new line

whenever it runs out of space in the parent box

3

29

box-ordinal-group Specifies the display order of the child elements of a

box

3

box-orient Specifies whether the children of a box should be laid

out horizontally or vertically

3

box-pack Specifies the horizontal position in horizontal boxes

and the vertical position in vertical boxes

3

Font Properties


font Sets all the font properties in one declaration 1

font-family Specifies the font family for text 1

font-size Specifies the font size of text 1

font-style Specifies the font style for text 1

font-variant Specifies whether or not a text should be displayed in

a small-caps font

1

font-weight Specifies the weight of a font 1

@font-face A rule that allows websites to download and use fonts

other than the "web-safe" fonts

3

font-size-adjust Preserves the readability of text when font fallback

occurs

3

font-stretch Selects a normal, condensed, or expanded face from a

font family

3

30

Generated Content Properties


content Used with the :before and :after pseudo-elements, to

insert generated content

2

counter-increment Increments one or more counters 2

counter-reset Creates or resets one or more counters 2

quotes Sets the type of quotation marks for embedded

quotations

2

crop Allows a replaced element to be just a rectangular

area of an object, instead of the whole object

3

move-to Causes an element to be removed from the flow and

reinserted at a later point in the document

3

page-policy Determines which page-based occurance of a given

element is applied to a counter or string value

3

Grid Properties


grid-columns Specifies the width of each column in a grid 3

grid-rows Specifies the height of each column in a grid 3

31

Hyperlink Properties


target A shorthand property for setting the target-name,

target-new, and target-position properties

3

target-name Specifies where to open links (target destination) 3

target-new Specifies whether new destination links should open

in a new window or in a new tab of an existing

window

3

target-position Specifies where new destination links should be

placed

3

Linebox Properties


alignment-adjust Allows more precise alignment of elements 3

alignment-baseline Specifies how an inline-level element is aligned with

respect to its parent

3

baseline-shift Allows repositioning of the dominant-baseline relative

to the dominant-baseline

3

dominant-baseline Specifies a scaled-baseline-table 3

drop-initial-after-adjust Sets the alignment point of the drop initial for the

primary connection point

3

drop-initial-after-align Sets which alignment line within the initial line box is

used at the primary connection point with the initial

letter box

3

32

drop-initial-before-

adjust

Sets the alignment point of the drop initial for the

secondary connection point

3

drop-initial-before-

align

Sets which alignment line within the initial line box is

used at the secondary connection point with the

initial letter box

3

drop-initial-size Controls the partial sinking of the initial letter 3

drop-initial-value Activates a drop-initial effect 3

inline-box-align Sets which line of a multi-line inline block align with

the previous and next inline elements within a line

3

line-stacking A shorthand property for setting the line-stacking-

strategy, line-stacking-ruby, and line-stacking-shift

properties

3

line-stacking-ruby Sets the line stacking method for block elements

containing ruby annotation elements

3

line-stacking-shift Sets the line stacking method for block elements

containing elements with base-shift

3

line-stacking-strategy Sets the line stacking strategy for stacked line boxes

within a containing block element

3

text-height Sets the block-progression dimension of the text

content area of an inline box

3

List Properties


list-style Sets all the properties for a list in one declaration 1

33

list-style-image Specifies an image as the list-item marker 1

list-style-position Specifies if the list-item markers should appear inside

or outside the content flow

1

list-style-type Specifies the type of list-item marker 1

Margin Properties


margin Sets all the margin properties in one declaration 1

margin-bottom Sets the bottom margin of an element 1

margin-left Sets the left margin of an element 1

margin-right Sets the right margin of an element 1

margin-top Sets the top margin of an element 1

Marquee Properties


marquee-direction Sets the direction of the moving content 3

marquee-play-count Sets how many times the content move 3

marquee-speed Sets how fast the content scrolls 3

marquee-style Sets the style of the moving content 3

34

Multi-column Properties


column-count Specifies the number of columns an element should

be divided into

3

column-fill Specifies how to fill columns 3

column-gap Specifies the gap between the columns 3

column-rule A shorthand property for setting all the column-rule-*

properties

3

column-rule-color Specifies the color of the rule between columns 3

column-rule-style Specifies the style of the rule between columns 3

column-rule-width Specifies the width of the rule between columns 3

column-span Specifies how many columns an element should span

across

3

column-width Specifies the width of the columns 3

columns A shorthand property for setting column-width and

column-count

3

Padding Properties


padding Sets all the padding properties in one declaration 1

padding-bottom Sets the bottom padding of an element 1

35

padding-left Sets the left padding of an element 1

padding-right Sets the right padding of an element 1

padding-top Sets the top padding of an element 1

Paged Media Properties


fit Gives a hint for how to scale a replaced element if

neither its width nor its height property is auto

3

fit-position Determines the alignment of the object inside the box 3

image-orientation Specifies a rotation in the right or clockwise direction

that a user agent applies to an image

3

page Specifies a particular type of page where an element

SHOULD be displayed

3

size Specifies the size and orientation of the containing

box for page content

3

Positioning Properties


bottom Specifies the bottom position of a positioned element 2

clear Specifies which sides of an element where other

floating elements are not allowed

1

36

clip Clips an absolutely positioned element 2

cursor Specifies the type of cursor to be displayed 2

display Specifies how a certain HTML element should be

displayed

1

float Specifies whether or not a box should float 1

left Specifies the left position of a positioned element 2

overflow Specifies what happens if content overflows an

element's box

2

position Specifies the type of positioning method used for an

element (static, relative, absolute or fixed)

2

right Specifies the right position of a positioned element 2

top Specifies the top position of a positioned element 2

visibility Specifies whether or not an element is visible 2

z-index Sets the stack order of a positioned element 2

Print Properties


orphans Sets the minimum number of lines that must be left at

the bottom of a page when a page break occurs inside

an element

2

page-break-after Sets the page-breaking behavior after an element 2

37

page-break-before Sets the page-breaking behavior before an element 2

page-break-inside Sets the page-breaking behavior inside an element 2

widows Sets the minimum number of lines that must be left at

the top of a page when a page break occurs inside an

element

2

Ruby Properties


ruby-align Controls the text alignment of the ruby text and ruby

base contents relative to each other

3

ruby-overhang Determines whether, and on which side, ruby text is

allowed to partially overhang any adjacent text in

addition to its own base, when the ruby text is wider

than the ruby base

3

ruby-position Controls the position of the ruby text with respect to

its base

3

ruby-span Controls the spanning behavior of annotation

elements

3

Speech Properties


mark A shorthand property for setting the mark-before and

mark-after properties

3

mark-after Allows named markers to be attached to the audio 3

38

stream

mark-before Allows named markers to be attached to the audio

stream

3

phonemes Specifies a phonetic pronunciation for the text

contained by the corresponding element

3

rest A shorthand property for setting the rest-before and

rest-after properties

3

rest-after Specifies a rest or prosodic boundary to be observed

after speaking an element's content

3

rest-before Specifies a rest or prosodic boundary to be observed

before speaking an element's content

3

voice-balance Specifies the balance between left and right channels 3

voice-duration Specifies how long it should take to render the

selected element's content

3

voice-pitch Specifies the average pitch (a frequency) of the

speaking voice

3

voice-pitch-range Specifies variation in average pitch 3

voice-rate Controls the speaking rate 3

voice-stress Indicates the strength of emphasis to be applied 3

voice-volume Refers to the amplitude of the waveform output by

the speech synthesises

3

39

Table Properties


border-collapse Specifies whether or not table borders should be

collapsed

2

border-spacing Specifies the distance between the borders of

adjacent cells

2

caption-side Specifies the placement of a table caption 2

empty-cells Specifies whether or not to display borders and

background on empty cells in a table

2

table-layout Sets the layout algorithm to be used for a table 2

Text Properties


color Sets the color of text 1

direction Specifies the text direction/writing direction 2

letter-spacing Increases or decreases the space between characters

in a text

1

line-height Sets the line height 1

text-align Specifies the horizontal alignment of text 1

text-decoration Specifies the decoration added to text 1

text-indent Specifies the indentation of the first line in a text- 1

40

block

text-transform Controls the capitalization of text 1

unicode-bidi 2

vertical-align Sets the vertical alignment of an element 1

white-space Specifies how white-space inside an element is

handled

1

word-spacing Increases or decreases the space between words in a

text

1

hanging-punctuation Specifies whether a punctuation character may be

placed outside the line box

3

punctuation-trim Specifies whether a punctuation character should be

trimmed

3

text-align-last Describes how the last line of a block or a line right

before a forced line break is aligned when text-align is

"justify"

3

text-justify Specifies the justification method used when text-

align is "justify"

3

text-outline Specifies a text outline 3

text-overflow Specifies what should happen when text overflows

the containing element

3

text-shadow Adds shadow to text 3

text-wrap Specifies line breaking rules for text 3

41

word-break Specifies line breaking rules for non-CJK scripts 3

word-wrap Allows long, unbreakable words to be broken and

wrap to the next line

3

2D/3D Transform Properties


transform Applies a 2D or 3D transformation to an element 3

transform-origin Allows you to change the position on transformed

elements

3

transform-style Specifies how nested elements are rendered in 3D

space

3

perspective Specifies the perspective on how 3D elements are

viewed

3

perspective-origin Specifies the bottom position of 3D elements 3

backface-visibility Defines whether or not an element should be visible

when not facing the screen

3

Transition Properties


transition A shorthand property for setting the four transition

properties

3

transition-property Specifies the name of the CSS property the transition

effect is for

3

42

transition-duration Specifies how many seconds or milliseconds a

transition effect takes to complete

3

transition-timing-

function

Specifies the speed curve of the transition effect 3

transition-delay Specifies when the transition effect will start 3

User-interface Properties


appearance Allows you to make an element look like a standard

user interface element

3

box-sizing Allows you to define certain elements to fit an area in

a certain way

3

icon Provides the author the ability to style an element

with an iconic equivalent

3

nav-down Specifies where to navigate when using the arrow-

down navigation key

3

nav-index Specifies the tabbing order for an element 3

nav-left Specifies where to navigate when using the arrow-left

navigation key

3

nav-right Specifies where to navigate when using the arrow-

right navigation key

3

nav-up Specifies where to navigate when using the arrow-up

navigation key

3

43

outline-offset Offsets an outline, and draws it beyond the border

edge

3

resize Specifies whether or not an element is resizable by

the user

3

Examples

1. The following example demonstrates how to use background image paroperties of css

<!doctype html>

<html>

<head>

<style>

body

{

background-image:url(e:/images/garden.jpg);

background-repeat:no-repeat;

background-size:200px 200px;

background-position:center center;

background-attachment:fixed;

}

</style>

</head>

<body>

<h1> Provide Text in the body to make the page scrollable </h1>

</body>

</html>

44

2. The following example animates a div element and moves it right and left with

animation properties of css 3

<!doctype html>

<html>

<head>

<style>

div

{

width:100px;

height:100px;

background:red;

position:relative;

animation:mymove 5s 2;

-webkit-animation:mymove 5s infinite; /*Safari and Chrome*/

}

@keyframes mymove

{

from {left:0px;}

to {left:200px;}

}

@-webkit-keyframes mymove /*Safari and Chrome*/

{

from {left:0px;}

to {left:200px;}

}

</style>

45

</head>

<body>

<div></div>

</body>

</html>

3. The following example animates a div element and moves it right then down then left

and finally top with animation properties of css 3

<!doctype html>

<html>

<head>

<style>

div

{

width:100px;

height:100px;

background:red;

position:relative;

animation-name:myfirst;

animation-duration:5s;

animation-timing-function:linear;

animation-delay:2s;

animation-iteration-count:infinite;

animation-direction:alternate;

animation-play-state:running;

/* Firefox: */

-moz-animation-name:myfirst;

46

-moz-animation-duration:5s;

-moz-animation-timing-function:linear;

-moz-animation-delay:2s;

-moz-animation-iteration-count:infinite;

-moz-animation-direction:alternate;

-moz-animation-play-state:running;

/* Safari and Chrome: */

-webkit-animation-name:myfirst;

-webkit-animation-duration:5s;

-webkit-animation-timing-function:linear;

-webkit-animation-delay:2s;

-webkit-animation-iteration-count:infinite;

-webkit-animation-direction:alternate;

-webkit-animation-play-state:running;

/* Opera: */

-o-animation-name:myfirst;

-o-animation-duration:5s;

-o-animation-timing-function:linear;

-o-animation-delay:2s;

-o-animation-iteration-count:infinite;

-o-animation-direction:alternate;

-o-animation-play-state:running;

}

@keyframes myfirst

{

0% {background:red; left:0px; top:0px;}

47

25% {background:yellow; left:200px; top:0px;}

50% {background:blue; left:200px; top:200px;}

75% {background:green; left:0px; top:200px;}


}

@-moz-keyframes myfirst /* Firefox */

{






}

@-webkit-keyframes myfirst /* Safari and Chrome */

{






}

@-o-keyframes myfirst /* Opera */

{




48



}

</style>

</head>

<body>

<div></div>

</body>

</html>

4. The following example rotates an image when mouse is over the image with


<!doctype html>

<html>

<head>

<style>

@-webkit-keyframes spin

{

from { -webkit-transform: rotate(0deg);}

to { -webkit-transform: rotate(360deg);}

}

@-moz-keyframes spin {

from { -moz-transform: rotate(0deg);}

to { -moz-transform: rotate(360deg);}

}

@-o-keyframes spin {

from { -o-transform: rotate(0deg);}

49

to { -o-transform: rotate(360deg);}

}

@-ms-keyframes spin {

from { -ms-transform: rotate(0deg);}

to { -ms-transform: rotate(360deg);}

}

img

{

width:250px;

height:250px;

align:center;

}

img:hover

{

-webkit-animation: spin 5s infinite linear;

-moz-animation: spin 5s infinite linear;

-o-animation: spin 5s infinite linear;

-ms-animation: spin 5s infinite linear;

}

</style>

</head>

<body>

<img src="e:\images\garden.jpg"/>

</body>

</html>

50

5. The following example changes background of the page from red to yellow using


<!doctype html>

<html>

<head>

<style>

body

{

width:100px;

height:100px;

background:red;

position:relative;

animation:mycolor 5s infinite;

-webkit-animation:mymove 5s infinite; /*Safari and Chrome*/

}

@keyframes mycolor

{

from {background: red;}

to {background: yellow;}

}

@-moz-keyframes mycolor /* Firefox */

{



}

@-webkit-keyframes mycolor /* Safari and Chrome */

{



}

</style>

</head>

<body>

<div></div>

</body>

</html>

51

6. The following example demonstrates how to design a page as follows using css

Create an external css file with name global.css as follows

/* BASIC */

body {

font: 62.7% Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;

}

h1, h2, h3, h4, p, ul, ol {

margin: 0px;

padding: 0px;

}

a img {

border: none;

}

/* LAYOUT */

52

#banner {

background: url(images/banner.png) no-repeat right top;

height: 90px;

}

/* NAVIGATION */

#mainNav li {

list-style: none;

display: inline;

}

#mainNav a {

text-decoration: none;

color: #000000;

font-size: 1.1em;

text-transform: uppercase;

border-bottom: 1px dashed #999999;

display: block;

padding: 7px 5px 7px 30px;

background: #E7E7E7 url(images/link.png) no-repeat left center;

}

a#homeLink {

background-image: url(images/home.png);

background-repeat: no-repeat;

background-position: left center;

}

#logo {

display: none;

}

#mainNav ul {

border-top: 1px dashed #999999;

margin-top: 20px;

margin-bottom: 20px;

}

#mainNav a:hover {

background: #B2F511 url(images/go.png) no-repeat left center;

padding-right: 15px;

padding-left: 30px;

font-weight: bold;

53

}

#home #mainNav a#homelink,

#feature #mainNav a#featureLink {

background: #FFFFFF url(images/bg_here.png) no-repeat 95% 50%;

padding-right: 15px;

padding-left: 30px;

font-weight: bold;

}

#home #mainNav a#homelink:hover,

#feature #mainNav a#featureLink:hover {

color: #B2F511;

}

#nav p {

color: #ED6733;

padding-right: 5px;

padding-left: 5px;

}

#nav a {


color: #666666;

}

/* BANNER STYLES */

#banner img {

float: left;

}

#banner ul {

margin: 0px;

padding: 0px;

list-style: none;

}

#banner li {

display: inline;

float: right;

margin-right: 5px;

padding-bottom: .5em; /* to display bottom border on links in IE */

54

}

#sitetools li a {

font-size: 1em;


color: #FFFFFF;

line-height: 2em;

background: #1B3A89;

padding: 5px;

height: 2em;

border: 1px solid #4D69B0;

font-weight: bold;

}

#sitetools li a:hover {

color: #10214E;

background: #DCE5FF;

}

/* MAIN */

#main a {


border-bottom: 1px dashed #B2F511;

color: #152D6A;

}

#main h1 {

color: #152D6A;

margin-top: 15px;

margin-bottom: 5px;

border-bottom: 2px solid #B2F511;

font: normal 2.7em Impact, "Arial Narrow", sans-serif;


letter-spacing: 1px;

word-spacing: 5px;

background: url(images/feature_bug.png) no-repeat top right;

}

#main h2 {

font: normal 2em Georgia, "Times New Roman", Times, serif;

margin-top: 15px;

55

margin-bottom: 3px;

color: #152D6A;

}

#main p {

font-size: 1.25em;

margin-bottom: 5px;

}

/* headlines with warnings */

.warning {

background: url(images/warning.png) no-repeat left center;

padding-top: 2px;

padding-left: 30px;

border-bottom: 1px dotted #CCCCCC;

}

/* NEWS */

#news .story {

background: url(images/bg_story.png) repeat-y;

color: #FFFFFF;

padding: 5px 5px;

border-bottom: 1px dashed #AAEB11;

display: block;


line-height: 110%;

}

#news span.title {

font-size: 1.1em;

font-weight: bold;

display: block;

line-height: 120%;

color: #FFCC00;

}

#news a.story:hover {

color: #4A761D;

background: url(images/bg_story_high.png);

}

* html #news a {

height: 1px;

}

56

#news h2 {

background: #B2F511 url(images/bg_newshead.png) no-repeat;

color: #333333;

font-size: 2em;


padding-top: 25px;

padding-bottom: 0px;

padding-left: 5px;

}

#news h2 span {

background: url(images/down.png) no-repeat;

position: absolute;

right: 10px;

height: 48px;

width: 48px;

top: 4px;

z-index: 10;

}

/* ADVERTISING */

div.natEx {

text-align: center;

margin-top: 25px;

font-weight: bold;

}

.natEx p {

margin-bottom: 5px;

}

#news a.story:hover span.title {

color: #000000;

}

Create the html file as follows to design the page

<!DOCTYPE html >

<html>

<head>

57

<link href="global.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />


body

{

margin: 0;

padding: 0;

background: #E6E6E6 url(images/page_bg.png) repeat-y center top;

}

#wrapper

{

width: 760px;

margin-right: auto;

margin-left: auto;

border-right: 2px solid #000000;

border-left: 2px solid #000000;

background: #FFFFFF url(images/column_bg.png) repeat-y right top;

}

#main

{

display: inline; /*for IE */

float: left;

width: 419px;

margin-left: 160px;

padding-left: 10px;

border-left: 1px dashed #999999;

}

58

#news

{

float: right;

width: 160px;

}

#nav

{

float: left;

width: 160px;

margin-left: -590px;

}

#legal

{

clear: both;

margin-right: 160px;


border-top: 1px dashed #999999;

font-weight: bold;

color: #666666;

}

</style>

</head>

<body id="feature">

<div id="wrapper">

<div id="banner">

<p id="logo"><a href="http://www.cosmofarmer.com/">

59

<img src="e:\images\garden.jpg" alt="CosmoFarmer" width="287" height="53"

border="0" />

</a>

</p>

<ul id="sitetools">

<li><a href="#">Contact Us</a></li>

<li><a href="#">Subscribe</a> </li>

</ul>

</div>

<div id="main">

<h1>Bathtub Hydroponics</h1>

<p>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit, sed diam nonummy

nibh euismod tincidunt ut laoreet dolore magna aliquam erat

volutpat. Ut wisi enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exerci tation ullamcorper

suscipit lobortis nisl ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Duis autem

vel eum iriure. <a href="http://www.hydroponicsonline.com/">You'll find more

information here

</a>.

</p>

<h2 class="warning">Watch the Water Level</h2>





vel eum iriure.</p>





vel eum iriure.</p>

<h2 class="warning">Rubber Duckies Needn’t Apply</h2>

60





vel eum iriure.</p>





vel eum iriure.</p>

<h2 class="warning">Cast-Iron No-Nos</h2>





vel eum iriure.</p>





vel eum iriure. </p>





vel eum iriure.</p>

<h2 class="warning">Clean the Overflow Valve </h2>





vel eum iriure. </p>




61


vel eum iriure.</p>

</div>

<div id="news">

<h2>News</h2>

<a href="#" class="story">

<span class="title">Virgo: It's Your Month</span>

The stars are aligned in your favor. Next month? Not so much. </a>

<a href="#" class="story"><span class="title">Your Feedback</span>CosmoFarmer

wants to hear from you. We want your honest opinion on this

TOTALLY AWESOME web site. </a>

<a href="#" class="story"><span class="title">Indoor Lawns: <br />

Sod or Seed?</span>

Should you grow grass from scratch or have an expert install a beautiful, already

grown, lucious bed of green in your living room? </a>

<a href="#" class="story"><span class="title">Lorem Ipsum</span>

Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet </a>

<a href="#" class="story"><span class="title">Lorem Ipsum</span> Lorem ipsum

dolor sit amet </a>


dolor sit amet </a>


dolor sit amet </a>


dolor sit amet </a>


dolor sit amet </a>

</div>

<div id="nav">

62

<div id="mainNav">

<ul>

<li><a href="#" id="homeLink">Home</a></li>

<li><a href="#" id="featureLink">Features</a></li>

<li><a href="#">Experts</a></li>

<li><a href="#">Quiz</a></li>

<li><a href="#">Projects</a></li>

<li><a href="#">Horoscopes</a></li>

</ul>

</div>

<p>CosmoFarmer.com believes that your privacy is important. All monitoring that

takes place as you visit our site is protected. Infortmation collected

is limited to our network of 9,872 partner affiliates. Your information will only be

shared among them, and as part of our network's anti-spam policy

you will be limited to one e-mail per partner affiliate per day, not to exceed a total

of 9,872 e-mails a day. If you wish to opt out of this program please

call us between the hours of 9:01-9:03am GMT. </p>

<div class="natEx">

<p><a href="http://www.nationalexasperator.com/"><img src="images/ne.png"

alt="National Exasperator" width="97" height="89" /></a></p>

<p><a href="http://www.nationalexasperator.com/">Subscribe to the National

Exasperator Today! </a></p>

</div>

<p> </p>

</div>

<div id="legal">Copyright 2006, CosmoFarmer.com </div>

</div>

</body>

</html>

63

7. The following example demonstrates how to design a page with a form as follows

using css

Create an external css file with the name global.css as follows

/* BASIC */

body

{

font-family: "Century Gothic", "Gill Sans", Arial, sans-serif;

margin: 0;

background-color: #FFFFFF;

}

p,h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h5,ol,ul

{

margin: 0px;

64

padding: 0px;

}

br.clear

{

height:1px;

clear:both;

line-height: 1px;

background-color: #00CC33;

}

/* LAYOUT */

#wrapper

{

width: 760px;

border-right-width: 1px;

border-right-style: solid;

border-right-color: #999999;

}

#main

{

border-right: 1px solid #999999;

border-left: 1px solid #999999;

padding: 3px 3px 0 6px;

float: left;

width: 424px;

}

#subNav

65

{

width: 150px;

float: left;

background-color: #FBEF99;

}

#banner

{

background-image: url(images/bg/banner_bg.jpg);

background-repeat: repeat-x;

background-position:

left top;

width: 759px;

border-bottom: 1px solid #999999;

}

#announce

{

float: left;

width: 166px;

border-top: 10px solid #294E56;

margin-top: 3px;

background: url(images/bg/announce_bg.jpg) repeat-x left top;

margin-left: 3px;

line-height: 95%;

margin-right: 3px;

}

#copyright

66

{

clear: both;

margin-left: 150px;

border: 1px solid #999999;

border-right:none;

font-size: 12px;

padding-left: 6px;

}

/* BANNER STYLES */

#background

{

background-image: url(images/bg/banner_flower.jpg);

background-repeat: no-repeat;

background-position: right top;

}

/* image replacement technique */

#banner p.logo

{

background: url(images/logo.gif) no-repeat left top;

height: 70px;

text-indent: -5000px;

}

#nav

{

margin-top: 10px;

margin-bottom: 0px;

67

}

#nav li

{

list-style-type: none;

padding: 0px;

margin: 0;

float: left;

}

#nav a

{

display: block;

font-size: 11px;

color: #D6ECAE;


background-color: #294E56;


width: 8em;

margin-left: 2px;

border-right: 1px solid #73AFB7;

border-bottom: 1px solid #73AFB7;

font-weight: bold;

margin-bottom: 2px;

}

#nav a:hover

{

background: #73AFB7;

68

border-right: 1px solid #14556B;

border-bottom: 1px solid #14556B;

color: #FBEF99;

}

/*highlight "you are here" buttons*/

#home #nav a#homeLink,

#feature #nav a#featureLink

{

background: #73AFB7;

border-right: 1px solid #14556B;


color: #FBEF99;

}

/* MAIN SECTION STYLES */

#main h1 {

color: #5F9794;

font: bold 24px "Century Gothic", "Gill Sans", Arial, sans-serif;

}

/* ANNOUNCEMENT STYLES */

#announce h2

{

font-size: 14px;

}

#announce a

{

font-size: 12px;

69

display: block;


color: #102536;

padding: 3px 5px;


}

#announce .title

{

font-weight: bold;

display: block;

}

#announce a:hover

{

background-color: #5F9794;

color: #FBEF99

}

#announce ul

{

list-style:none;

}

#announce li

{

display: inline;

}

/* PAGE SPECIFIC STYLES */

/* HOME */

70

/* no left sidebar--stretch main entire distance */

#home #main

{

margin-left: 0;

width: 577px;

}

/* copyright fits page */

#home #copyright

{

margin-left: 0;

padding: 3px 0 3px 30px;

font-style: italic;

}

#subNav li a

{

font-size: 12px;


display: block;

width: 138px;

background: url(images/bg/side_nav_bg3.jpg) repeat-x;

padding: 2px 6px;

color: #14556B;

border-bottom: 1px solid #d6ecae;

}

#subNav li a:hover

{

71

background: url(images/bg/side_nav_bg.jpg);

color: #102536;

}

.col2 #announce

{

float: left;


}

.col2 #main

{

float: right;

border-right: none;

width: 573px;

}

.col2 #copyright

{

margin-left: 0px;

}

#main h2

{

font-size: 1.2em;

margin-top: 15px;

color: #666666;

}

#main #subForm p

{

72

margin-top: 10px;


}

#main p.privacy

{

color: #73AFB7;

margin-top: 25px;


font-size: 0.85em;

}

Create a html page as follows for designing the page with a form

<!DOCTYPE html>

<html>

<head>

<link href="global.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />




#subForm

{

font-size: .8em;

}

#subForm .label

{

73

float: left;

width: 230px;

margin-right: 10px;

text-align: right;

font-weight: bold;

clear: left;

}

#subscribe

{

margin-left: 240px;

background-color: #CBD893;


}

#refer

{


}

#name, #email, #comments

{

background-color: #FBEF99;

font-family:"Lucida Console", Monaco, monospace;

font-size: .9em;

width: 300px;

margin-top: -2px;

}

74

#name:focus,

#email:focus,

#comments:focus,

#refer:focus

{

background-color: #FDD041;

}

</style>

</head>

<body id="feature" class="col2">

<div id="wrapper">

<div id="banner">

<div id="background"><p class="logo">CosmoFarmer 2.0</p>

<div id="nav">

<ul>

<li><a href="index.html" id="homeLink">Home</a></li>

<li><a href="/features/index.html" id="featureLink">Features</a></li>

<li><a href="/experts/index.html" id="expertLink">Experts</a></li>

<li><a href="/quiz/index.html" id="quizLink">Quiz</a></li>

<li><a href="/projects/index.html" id="projectLink">Projects</a></li>

<li><a href="/horoscopes/index.html"

id="horoscopeLink">Horoscopes</a></li></ul>

<br class="clear" />

</div>

</div>



75

</div>



<div id="main">

<h1 id="lead"><span class="section">Sign Up:</span> Reader Subscription Form

</h1>

<form id="subForm" name="subForm">

<p><label for="name" class="label">What is your name?</label>

<input type="text" name="name" id="name" /></p>

<p><label for="email" class="label">What is your email address?</label>

<input type="text" name="email" id="email" /></p>

<p>

<span class="label">Rate your apartment farming skills </span>

<label>

<input name="skill" type="radio" value="novice" />Novice</label>

<label><input name="skill" type="radio" value="intermediate"

/>Intermediate</label>

<label><input name="skill" type="radio" value="advanced"/>Advanced</label>

</p>

<p>

<label for="refer" class="label">Where did you hear about us? </label>

<select name="refer" id="refer">

<option value="null">Select One</option>

<option value="1">Friend</option>

<option value="2">Herban Jungle</option>

<option value="3">Compost Today</option>

<option value="4">Vanity Fair</option>

</select>

76

</p>

<p>

<label for="comments" class="label">Any additional comments? </label>

<textarea name="comments" cols="35" rows="4" id="comments"></textarea>

</p>

<p>

<input type="submit" name="Submit" id="subscribe" value="Subscribe" />

</p>

</form>

<br class="clear" />

<p class="privacy">CosmoFarmer.com believes that your privacy is important.

Information collected at this site is limited to our network of 9,872 partner

affiliates. Your information will only be shared among them, and as part of our

network's anti-spam policy you will be limited to one e-mail per partner affiliate

per day, not to exceed a total of 9,872 e-mails a day. If you wish to opt out of this

program please call us between the hours of 9:01-9:03am GMT.

</p>

</div>



<div id="announce">

<ul>

<li><a href="#"><span class="title">Virgo: It's Your Month</span>Lorem ipsum

dolor site amet.</a></li>

<li><a href="#"><span class="title">Your Feedback </span>Lorem ipsum dolor site

amet.</a></li>

<li><a href="#"><span class="title">This Month's Survey </span>Lorem ipsum

dolor site amet.</a></li>

<li><a href="#"><span class="title">Indoor lawns: sod or seed? </span>Lorem

ipsum dolor site amet.</a></li>

77

<li><a href="#"><span class="title">Lorem Ipsum </span>Lorem ipsum dolor site

amet.</a></li>

<li><a href="#"><span class="title">Dolor site amet </span>Lorem ipsum dolor site

amet.</a></li>

<li><a href="#"><span class="title">Adipiscing elit </span>Lorem ipsum dolor

site amet.</a></li>

<li><a href="#"><span class="title">Euismod tincidunt </span>Lorem ipsum dolor

site amet.</a></li>

</ul>

</div>



<address id="copyright">Copyright 2006, CosmoFarmer.com </address>

</div>



</body>

</html>

8. The following example demonstrates how to create multi column layout

<!doctype html>

<html>

<head>

<style>

.threecolumn

{

-moz-column-count:3; /* Firefox */

-webkit-column-count:3; /* Safari and Chrome */

column-count:3;

78

-moz-column-gap:40px; /* Firefox */

-webkit-column-gap:40px; /* Safari and Chrome */

column-gap:40px;

-moz-column-rule:3px outset blue; /* Firefox */

-webkit-column-rule:3px outset blue; /* Safari and Chrome */

column-rule:3px outset blue;

-moz-column-width:200px; /* Firefox */

-webkit-column-width:200px; /* Safari and Chrome */

-ms-column-width:200px;

}

h2

{

-webkit-column-span:1; /* Chrome */

column-span:1;

-ms-column-span:1;

}

</style>

</head>

<body>

<div class="threecolumn">

<h2> This Heading Spans On All Columns In The page This Heading Spans On All

Columns In The page</h2>

This is a three column layout created for the page with css 3. This is a three column

layout created for the page with css 3. This is a three column layout created for the

79

page with css 3. This is a three column layout created for the page with css 3. This

is a three column layout created for the page with css 3. This is a three column

























layout created for the page with css 3.

</div>

</body>

</html>

Cascading Style Sheets CSS) is a style sheet language used ... · 1 Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) is a style sheet language used for describing the presentation semantics (the look

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