Cartography and GIS (Geovisualization) GIS 200 Lo & Yeung, Ch 7.

Cartography and GIS(Geovisualization)

GIS 200Lo & Yeung, Ch 7

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Review of Spatial Analysis

Spatial analysis requires:GIS and spatial/statistical data analysis functionality

Key objectives of spatial analysis:Investigate spatial patterns and discover relationships

Examples of statistical analysis:Summary statistics (sum, mean), histograms, bar charts

Common spatial analysis techniques:Analytical cartography, query, measurement, buffering, transformation, map overlay, spatial interpolation

2 types of (ways to use) buffers and examples:Inclusive and exclusionary (exclusive)Build within 300m of sewer, but not build in floodplain

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Review of Spatial Analysis

What types of map overlay functions are these?

IdentityIntersectUnionUpdate

What types of transformation functions are these?

Clip, Dissolve, Append***

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Desired Learning Objectives Define cartography Give examples of generalizations made to represent spatial data List some cartographic map elements Describe what makes up a cartographic database Discuss why cartography is more than just “computerized” map making List the two broad categories/types of maps Discuss why cartography is essential in producing a good map

Cartography and GIS (Geovisualization)

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What are Maps?Maps are abstract modelsof realityMaps are important communication and decision support tools Maps are both storage and communication mechanisms Many maps today are dynamic and interactive via internet and server systems Maps are often the interface to geospatial information and the end product of GIS analysis

http://strangemaps.wordpress.com/

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What is Cartography?The art and science of map makingContemporary cartography employs knowledge of computer science (technology) to more fully realize the power of geovisualization

Geovisualization integrates GISand Scientific & InformationVisualization, Cartography,Image Analysis, andExploratory Data Analysisfor the visual exploration,analysis, synthesis andpresentation of geospatialinformation.

Web Trend Maphttp://www.visualcomplexity.com/vc/

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CartographyPowerful (geo)visualizationtoolUsed to illustrate:

ElevationLocationDemographicsChanges in characteristicsover timeMany other geographic relationships…

Web mapping paradigm shift –“We no longer go to mapsto find out where we are.Instead, we tell maps wherewe are and they form aroundus on the fly.”

http://www.inthesetimes.com/article/3524/the_new_cartographers/

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History of Cartography

Polynesiannavigationchart of winds& currents

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Contemporary issuesCartography is a niche in GISTraditional cartographic methods “lost art”

Replaced by technology Fewer people now trained/educated in cartography

GIS makes it easy for anyone to make a map with little/no knowledge of cartographyIndustry, government, educators havemis-communicated

The tradecraft of cartography Where/how cartography fits into the GIS world

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Re-invention of CartographyMany industries rely on cartographic principles

Map accuracy AestheticsUnderstanding of traditional maps

Modern advances in GIS and Cartography emphasize the utility & necessity of mapsGIS and web mapping allows

Interaction with maps, not just passive viewingDynamic, animated maps3-D virtual maps (simulations)

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Reference MappingAny map that represents a specific kind of information for general/multi-purpose use, emphasizes location of geographic features.

Topographic mapsRoad mapsCity maps

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Thematic MappingAnalytical cartographyUsually the end product of analysisRepresent geographic/statistical themes

Populationcensus statisticsSoil mapsClimate maps

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Map Design“One map is worth1000 words”A well-designed maptells the complete story

Includes all the necessary information to interpret the map correctly,but omits extraneous, irrelevant detailHighlights patterns and informationnot easily understood as text/numerical data

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Map compositionMap body

the actual mapOverview map helps“position” the main mapInset map enlarges areasto show more detailTitleNeatlineDateAuthorLegendScaleDirection: north arrowSources and map metadata

text needed to help explain the map (history or background).

http://www.cartogis.org/

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Map

TitleNorth Arrow

Text and Source

Legend

Map Inset

Picture

Inset

Scalebar

Neatline

Scalebars for both maps

Frame & Neatline

End of Cartography Part 1