Cardiovascular disease and smoking

CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE AND SMOKING

BY: ASA SATYAGRAHA

GRADE 11

Highfield Secondary School 2016-2017

Effects of Carbon Monoxide on Cardiovascular System

• Carbon Monoxide (CO) is a poisonous and colourless gas that is produced as a result of incomplete combustion of carbon. Tobacco smoke contains high levels of CO.

• The CO gas combines with haemoglobin at the same site as O2 more easily compared to oxygen as haemoglobin has higher affinity for CO than O2 ,forming carboxyhaemoglobin.

• The CO gas that binds with the haemoglobin cannot be released easily and the slow rate of release of CO causes accumulation of carboxyhaemoglobin.

• Fewer haemoglobin molecules that are available to transport oxygen present, causing lower oxygen-carrying capacity of blood.

• In order to supply sufficient volume of oxygen to the body tissues, the heart must work harder to distribute O2 which leads to hypertension in the short term. Prolonged exposure may eventually result in an increase risk of coronary heart disease and stroke.

Effects of Carbon Monoxide on Cardiovascular System

• The reduction in ability for oxygen to be transported around the body results in the lack of oxygen passing through the heart muscle.• This could lead to angina or worst,

myocardial infarction.• Myocardial infarction (MI) is the

irreversible death (necrosis) of heart muscle as a result of prolonged lack of oxygen supply (ischemia) as blood flow stops to a part of the heart.

Effects of Carbon Monoxide on Cardiovascular System

• Carbon monoxide can damage endothelial lining of blood vessels and speed up deposition of cholesterol and LDLs in atheroma formation.• LDL is low-density lipoprotein which causes

cardiovascular disease when they invade the endothelium and become oxidized. High concentration of LDL leads to accumulation of atherosclerosis which eventually result in plaque rupture, blocking blood flow.

Effects of Nicotine on Cardiovascular System

• Nicotine is a naturally occurring liquid alkaloid. An alkaloid is an organic compound made out of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen and sometimes oxygen, and it can have potent effects on the human body.

• The nicotine inside tobacco smoke acts as a stimulant which results in production of adrenaline by the adrenal glands. This leads to increase heart rate and blood pressure. (Hypertension)

• Nicotine can also cause constriction of arteries (vasoconstriction) which further raises blood pressure.

• Higher risk of coronary heart disease or stroke

Effects of Nicotine on Cardiovascular System

• Nicotine also makes platelets sticky.• Platelets are blood cells responsible

for blood clotting.• As platelets become more sticky, it

will lead to an increase risk of thrombosis, and as a result, stroke or myocardial infarction.

• Thrombosis is the formation of a blood clot inside a blood vessel, providing resistance to the flow of blood through the blood vessels.

What is Cardiovascular Disease?• Cardiovascular diseases consist of diseases which

strikes the circulatory system. The most significant diseases include:

1. Atherosclerosis2. Coronary Heart Disease 3. Stroke

What is Atherosclerosis?

• Condition where walls of blood vessels thicken due to accumulation of cholesterol, fatty acid substances and white blood cells (foam cells) as well as proliferation of intimal smooth muscle cell creating atheromatous (fibrofatty) plaque.

• Over time, the walls harden. (Sclerosis)• In arteries Arteriosclerosis

How does Atherosclerosis attack the human body?

1. Damage to endothelial lining and formation of streaks made up of white blood cells that take up LDLs which contain cholesterol.

2. Streaks increase in size and form plaques that thicken the wall and narrow the lumen of artery.

> This thickening is called atheroma> Commonly occur in large artery > Fibres, dead smooth muscle cells and cholesterol deposit.

3. Artery lining may rupture, creating rough and uneven surface, which stimulates the clotting process by platelets.

> The clot blocks the blood flow, starving oxygen from tissues.

How does Atherosclerosis attack the human body?

4. Atheroma disturbs blood flow and forms a clot known as thrombus.5. Thrombus can grow and become so large, blocking blood vessels.

> Pieces of the thrombus may break off(emboli) and block smaller vessels, causing reduction of blood supply to specific tissues.6. After prolonged exposure, calcium may be deposited in atheroma

causing the artery wall to harden. Such condition is called arteriosclerosis and associated with early aging.

What is Coronary Heart Disease?• Coronary heart disease(ischaemic heart disease) is a disease where a

waxy substance called plaques accumulate inside coronary arteries. As a result, oxygen rich blood is restricted from reaching to all parts of the heart.

• As a result, angina occurs which is characterized by:1. Chest pain or discomfort2. Pain in your arms, neck, jaw, shoulder or back accompanying chest pain3. Nausea4. Fatigue5. Shortness of breath6. Sweating7. Dizziness

• When blockage are large, it may completely deprive oxygen from the heart muscles causing it to die. (Myocardial Infarction/ Heart Attack)

Treatment of Coronary Heart Disease• According to WHO data published in May 2014 Coronary Heart

Disease Deaths in Indonesia reached 138,380 or 9.89% of total deaths.

• Possible treatments may include:a) Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), also known as

coronary angioplasty. Doctors sometimes use balloon angioplasty and implantable steel screens called stents to treat cardiovascular disease and help open up the blocked blood vessel.

b) Coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) is a type of surgery. In CABG, arteries or veins from other areas in your body are used to bypass or go around your narrowed coronary arteries.

What is stroke?

• Stroke occurs when the supply of blood to the brain is reduced resulting in insufficient oxygen or nutrients to be transported to the brain region which causes brain cells to die.

• The effects of a stroke is dependent on the region of the brain it strikes.

• Most common effect is paralysis on one side of the body.

• According to WHO data published in May 2014 Stroke Deaths in Indonesia reached 328,524 or 23.48% of total deaths.

Types of stroke• It is also called cerebrovascular accident and are divided

into two types:a) Ischemic stroke accounts for around 85% of strokes.

This type of stroke is caused by blockage of the arteries that provide blood to the brain. These blockages are caused by blood clots which can form either in the arteries connected to the brain, or in blood vessels before being swept through the bloodstream into narrower arteries within the brain.

b) Haemorrhagic stroke are caused by arteries in the brain leaking blood or bursting open. The leaked blood puts pressure on brain cells and damages them. The ruptures can be caused by conditions such as hypertension and aneurysms (weaknesses in blood vessel walls).

Stroke

Haemorrhagic stroke• Family history. People who have a family history of

brain aneurysms are more likely to have an aneurysm than those who don't.

• Previous aneurysm. People who have had a brain aneurysm are more likely to have another.

• Race. African Americans are more likely than whites to have a subarachnoid haemorrhage.

• High blood pressure. The risk of subarachnoid haemorrhage is greater in people who have a history of high blood pressure.

• Smoking. In addition to being a cause of high blood pressure, the use of cigarettes may greatly increase the chances of a brain aneurysm rupturing.

Treatment for Stroke• Possible treatment may include:a) Carotid endarterectomy is a type of surgery to remove plaque build-up from

the carotid arteries in the neck. This procedure restores blood flow to the brain, which can help prevent a stroke.

b) Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA given through an IV in the arm). tPA works by dissolving the clot and improving blood flow to the part of the brain being deprived of blood flow.

c) Aneurysm clipping may be done to stop the bleeding for haemorrhagic stroke. A metal clip may be placed surgically at the base of the aneurysm to secure it.

d) Coiling procedure.  A catheter is inserted into a vessel over the hip and other catheters are navigated through the blood vessels to the vessels of the brain and into the aneurysm. Coils are then packed into the aneurysm until it arises from the blood vessel, preventing blood flow from entering the aneurysm.

Treatment for Stroke

Coiling procedure Aneurysm Clipping Carotid endarterectomy

Referencesa) http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/angina/basics/symptoms/con-

20031194b) https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/cadc) https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/smod) http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/7624.phpe) https://www.verywell.com/carbon-monoxide-in-cigarette-smoke-2824730f) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thrombosisg) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atherosclerosish) http://www.brainaneurysm.com/treatment

THANK YOU!

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