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Metabolism the reactions and pathways that
living organisms use to build cellular moleculesand to derive energy for cellular processes
Proteins
Enzymes
Metabolism
Energy metabolismMetabolism of carbohydrates
Carbohydrates
Carbohydrate Metabolism #1 Bill Jordan, room AM303
BIOL/BMSC 244
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This lecture review some essential featuresabout carbohydrates
Garrett and Grisham 4th ed. Sections 7.1-7.4
Glucose and Starch
Digestion
Carbohydrates, emphasise nutrients
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Glucose a six carbon sugar, a hexose, a
monosaccharide, an aldose (contains CHO)
flat
bent
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Starch - a polysaccharide, a glucose polymer,
includes amylose linear chains (1 4)glucose
Glucose molecule
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Digestion
Major nutrients
Carbohydrates
Starch (+ lactose, sucrose)
Lipids
Fat/triacylglycerols
Cholesterol
Proteins
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Carbohydrates
Glucosesix carbon = hexose
monosaccharide
aldose (CHO)
G&G 7.1
(CH2O)n hydrates of
carbon
polyhydroxy compounds
containing either aldehyde
(CHO) aldoses or keto
(CO) ketose groups
monosaccharides
disaccharides
polysaccharides
Commonly
called
sugars
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Structure of Monsaccharides
Figure 7.1 Structure ofa simple aldose and asimple ketose.
asymmetric/chiral carbons
stereoisomers
enantiomers
epimers
anomers
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Structure G&G 7.2
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Stereochemistry
D- and L forms, enantiomers, biologically different
D-forms are generally the most abundant
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1
2
3
4
5
6
Monosaccharides: Some hexoses
aldoses and ketoses
Epimers, different stereochemistry at a single carbon
aldosesketoses
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Cyclic structures
forms at C1 are anomers
*
How ring forms
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p. 190
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Sugar phosphates
Sugar acids
uronic acids
Amino sugars
C 1
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Disaccharides
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Lactose, milk sugarMetabolised by enzyme LACTASE in the small
intestine , releases galactose and glucose for
absorption into the blood
-
lactase deficiency
Sucrose, plant carbohydrate (transport functions)
Metabolised by enzyme SUCRASE in the smallintestine, releases fructose and glucose for
absorption into the blood
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Starch, polysaccharide, glucose polymer n 15,000
Carbohydrate storage molecule in plants
Major carbohydrate nutrient for many animals
(1 4)glucose chains linked by (1 6)bridges
Digested by
intestinal
AMYLASE
and
MALTASE
enzymes to
glucose
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Plant cell wall polysaccharides
Cellulose
linear polymer -linked glucose
Hemicelluloses eg rhamnogalacturonan p 199
Long chain of beta-linked glucose molecules
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Fig. 7-25, p. 198
RumenMetabolism factory
Bacteria, fungi andprotozoaEnzymes to breakdowncellulose andhemicellulose tosimple sugarsAnaerobicfermentation:metabolism ofsugars
with production ofgasesCO2 and CH4Produces nutrients forhost, includes
propionate, butyrate.
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http://www.purepowerglobal.com/pdf/080906_Renewable_energy_gets_a_Power_boos_39x62_TST.pdf
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Ribose 5Carbon sugar
Most stable when aldehyde
bonds with C4 orC5
Bonds with C5 =
Bonds with C4 =
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ATP adenosine triphosphate
Adenine A
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Fig. 10-15, p. 298
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Fig. 10-CO, p. 291