Çadır Höyük - Ancient Zippalanda

Çadır Höyük

The Alisar Regional ProjectExcavations at Cadir Hoyuk

The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago

Ancient Zippalanda

Dr. Ronald L Gorny, DirectorDr. Gregory McMahon, Associate Director

Dr. Sharon Steadman, Field DirectorDr. Samuel Paley, Assistant Director

Dr. Jenni Ross, Asstant DirectorDr. Marica Cassis, Byzantine Project

DirectorDr. Bruce Verhaaren, Survey Director

Carol Schneider, Project Manager

Çadır Höyük: The SeniorStaff

Çadır Höyük: The Specialists

Ben Arbuckle: Faunal Remains

Alexia Smith: Paleobotanical Remains

Carola Manzano: Conservation

Terence Ahern: Computerization

Claudia Glatz: Second Millennium

Marica Cassis: Byzantine Era

Mediterranean Sea

Black Sea

Dündartepe

Ikiztepe

Pendik

Beycesultan

KuruçayHacilar

Höyücek

Erbaba

Suberde

Çatal Höyük

CanhasanBademagacı

Gelveri-GüzelyurtKosk Höyük

Asikli Höyük

Ilıpınar

Yarımburgaz

Tilkiburnu

TarsusMersin

Alaca Höyük Yarıkkaya

Alisar Höyük

Çadır Höyük

Büyük Güllücek

100 200 km 0

Orta Höyük

Demirci Höyük

,,

ˇ

Mediterranean Sea

Black Sea

Ikiztepe

Acemhöyük

Tarsus

Mersin

Alaca Höyük Bogazkoy

Alisar Höyük

100 200 km 0

,

ˇ

Kultepe

Salur Höyük

Troy

Alalakh

Hittite Anatolia

2000-1200 BC

Cadir Hoyuk

CarchemishMiletu

s

Malatya

Ugarit

Izmir

The Geographic Setting for the Alisar Regional Project:The Cadir Hoyuk Excavations

Salur Höyük

• (Katapa?)

(Ankuwa?)

(Zippalanda?)

(Mt. Daha?)•

(Hurranaššu ?)

and Boğazköy(Hattuša)

(Kültepe/Kaneš)

Research Area

TheKanak Su

Basin,CentralTurkey

After the long trip from Chicago,

we arrive home…

Life in the Village of Peyniryemez

Excavation Compound in Peyniryemez with Kerkenes Dag (Mt. Pushkurunwa?)

in the background

Excavation

House

Peyniryemez

The Excavation House:at home in Peyniryemez

Men’s Tents

Ron’s Room

Excavation House Scenes

Excavation House Scenes

Huseyin’s Garden

The Terrace ‘Lokanta’

Hanging out after a long day

Saving Cadir Hoyuk 1994

Çadır Höyük/Zippalanda from Çaltepe/Daha

Çadır Höyük and Gelingüllü Lake As seen from the Excavation House

North Slope

South Slope

Citadel Summit

NorthernTerrace

N

East SlopeStep Trench

Aerial View of Cadir Hoyuk in 1994

Excavation AreasArea 1 East TrenchArea 2 TerraceArea 3 The S. TrenchArea 4 CitadelArea 5 Lower

S.SlopeArea 6 North TrenchArea 7 Çaltepe

Area 2

Area 6

Area 4 Area 1

Area 5Area 3

Area 7

East Trench

Views

Aerial View of Step Trench

1994

East Trench 1994: Walls 7 and 6

East Trench 2003

Square 800.940

Walls 7 & 6

Width of Case

mate Wall

6 m

mudbrick

Wall 7

Wall 6

East Trench: Wall F 20

Trench 800.930

F 20

F 6 (exterior of casemate wall)

F 7

Early Old Hitt building and pots

East Trench 2001

Mudbricks

Thickness of wall F 6 = 6 m

Burned debris from wall F 20 destruction

1994

Superstructure F 20

The makeup of Wall F

20

F 20

F 6

Burned debris F 20

superstructure

F 20 (OH-MB Trans)

F 67/71 (Hittite Emp.)

Double Rooms (OH)

Iron Age

F 1 (MH)

Byzantine

East Trench Settlement Sequence

East Trench 2005:Trench 800.920

Early Old Hittite Rooms and Pit 41

Knobbed-Pot from Pit F 41

Early Old Hittite Pottery

East Trench: 800.920

Early Old Hittite

Pottery

Goldglimmerware

Karum Period

Animal foot

Early Old Hittite Period

Small Findsfrom

800.920

Miniature Figurine… …The Stormgod?

Cylinder Seal ca. 1400 BC

Small Finds

F 20 (OH-MB Trans)

F 67/71 (Hittite Emp.)

Double Rooms (OH)

Iron Age

F 1 (MH)

Byzantine

East Trench Settlement Sequence

F 20 superstructure

F 1 MH Wall

Later Pit

Pottery “bench”

Two rooms (Old Hittite)

Remains of F 20 superstructure

Hittite Empire

The superstructure above F 20

Tumble

Door?

Pit?

Follow this “wall”

Mud/mudbrick of wall F 20 (OH) superstructure -

looking south

2 Meters + ??

mb wall?

??

East Trench : The Empire Period Wall

6 m

F 67

F 67

F ??

Middle Hittite Fill

F 1 MH Wall

Middle Hittite Fill

F

71

F 68

F 68

F 69 F 72

F 69

F 72

East Trench Detail

F67 and F 71

Hittite Empire Wall ?

Middle Hittite Period Fill

Ca. 1550-1450 BC

F 71

F 67

MH Fill

East Trench

800.910

Wall F 68

Old Hittite

15th Century?

Early

Old Hittite

The Hittite Empire Period

Upper East Trench

Lower East

Trench

Lower East Trench

The Second Millenium SequenceSeen from the Northeast Terrace

Wall F 20 (Early Old Hittite)

Wall F 1 (Middle Hittite/15th-14th C.)

Walls F 6 and 7 (OACP Karum II and Ib)

North Gate (Hitt. Empire)

Old Hittite Rooms and Pots

OACP and Old Hitt on the Terrace

Wall F 71& 67 (Hittite Empire/13th C.)

Walls F 34 and 35 (OACP)

Lower East Trench (OACP & OH)

East Trench Finds in Context

Cadir Hoyuk

South Slope Excavations

2006

The South Trench2000

Southern Slope in 2001

Hittite

EB II

Chalcolithic

Iron Age

Byzantine

Hellenistic

Late Classical wash and fill

Iron AgeHittite

X

A Hittite Cultic Alter and other items from the Stormgod’s Temple at Zippalanda?

Middle (and Late) Iron Age Gate Upper South Slope

Late Iron Addition

Middle Iron Gate(?)

Early Iron Installation

The North Slope and Gate

Late Iron Age blockage of Hittite gate

• North Slope:

• Three phases of North Gate

• 2nd millennium

• Early Iron Age• Late Iron Age

2006

2004

An Approach to the Citadel?

Ramp or Stairway a la Bogazkoy

North Gate

Base of the Mound Magnetometry

OA/OH

Sounding

halentuwa/palace

Lower GateFrom Bogazkoy

To Caltepe

To Citadel Monumental Gate

ramp or steps?

The Lower Cityfrom the Citadel Mound

The Terrace Sounding

The Terrace Sounding

The Terrace Sounding

The Terrace Sounding

Hittite Processional Way?

Terrace Sounding

Cadir 2nd Millennium Objects

Weaponry from Cadir Hoyuk

Miniature Libation Bowls

“Lion” Representations

Second Millennium Ceramics

Cadir – Caltepe: Zippalanda - Daha

Stormgod of Zippalanda’sTemple

Complex

Hilammar

Mt. Daha overlooking Zippalanda

Temple Complex

hilammar Cult

Niche

The Royal Route to Daha

Temple

Mound

Storerooms?

Egri Su (river)

Caltepe/Mt. Daha

Alisar (Ankuwa)

Kirklartepe

Salir (Katapa)

Mt. Daha overlooking Zippalanda

Temple Complex

hilammar Cult

Niche

A Cult Niche?

A Stone Installation Summit of Caltepe - Daha

“Awaken from your sweet sleep O Stormgod of Zippalanda. Look! We have brought to you on your beloved mountain,

our Lord, the king, the priest of your mother the Sungoddess of

Arinna!”

- Prayer from Zippalanda Text

Hittite king’s view of Zippalanda (center) from

the Gate to the “Temple Area” on Mt Daha.

Temple of the Stormgod overlooking Zippalanda

GateCadir Hoyuk

40 m80 m

Courtyard

Storeroom

The Stormgod of Zippalanda’s Temple on Mt.

Daha

Storeroom

Storeroom

Gate to the Hittite hilammar on Çaltepe - Mt. Daha

The King’s Road from Daha (Çaltepe) To Katapa (Salur) and Ankuwa

(Alişar)Salur Hoyuk/Katapa?

Alişar /Ankuwa?

Salur Höyük

• (Katapa?)

(Ankuwa?)

(Zippalanda?)

(Mt. Daha?)•

(Hurranaššu ?)

and Boğazköy(Hattuša)

(Kültepe/Kaneš)

Çaltepe

ProposedIndentificati

onsin theKanak

SuBasin

(Mt. Puskurunwa?)

Hatti

Early Iron Age / “Dark Age” Cadir

Caltepe - M

t.

Daha

Early Iron Age / “Dark Age” Çadır

Plaster Surfaces and Spindle Whorls

2nd Millennium - Iron Age Transition

Iron Age Building and Underlying Hittite Pits

Dark Age Building and Fallen Mudbrick

Upper South Trench

Late Hittite Ritual Pits?

X

Late Hittite

Ritual Pits?

Dark Age Pottery

Early IronAge Pottery

An Iron Age Pot

The Late Iron Age Southern Gate

Eastern (2008) and Western (2005) Piers of the Late Iron Age Gate (cf. Alisar gate).

Iron Age Architecture

North Slope Casemate Wall 2005

2006

Late Iron Age “Gate”

Architecture

LowerSouth Trench

----------------Iron Age Overview

---------------East Balk

The Middle Iron Age

Wall and Foundation

later disturbance

Late Iron Age gate pier

Cadir Hoyuk Chronology

•The following tables provides a chronological outline of the site's settlement as revealed in archaeological efforts undertaken at Çadır between 1993 and 2005. Please note that the phases of occupation are numbered in ascending order, on the assumption that we have exposed all the major phases that we will find (with the possible exception of the Neolithic) from earliest to latest (I - X). The subphases, on the other hand, are lettered in descending order on the assumption that additional subphases may be uncovered below those already accounted for. I emphasize that while this is a preliminary chart and is susceptible to change and organization, it does reflect our current understanding of Çadır's historical development.

Period Phase Dates/sublevels Primary Areas CommentsIslamic X 1100 and after Area around mound Misc. Pottery and a Seljuk

coin in a nearby valley

Byzantine IXa ca. 1075, Latest rebuild Area 4 (800.890) Poorly rebuilt walls (unfinished?)Stone pile in central courtyard

Byzantine IXb1 ca. 1000 AD Area 2 (910.920 Ceramics, walls, and manyRebuilding of main fort 1050.1000); coins; Ash and

burning Area 4 (800.890) over animal remains, many 11th c. coins with animals.

Samuel Alusianos lead sealing

IXb2 Last sublevel Bldg I (terr) Area 2 (950.970, 840.970) Const. X (1059-1067) coin onFoundations in Terrace sounding Sounding (910.920) terrace.

Byzantine IXc1i 2nd sublevel of Bldg A (cit) Area 4; Citadel (800.890) 2nd phase exterior citadel wall;ca. 800-900 AD Large mortared

interior wall F!continues in use.

IXc1ii 2nd sublevel building I (terr) Area 2 (950.970, 840.970) Coarse Ware pots

IXc2i 1st sublevel Bldg. A (cit) Area 4

IXc2i 1st sublevel Bldg I (terr) Area 2 (950.970, 840.970) Imitation African Red Slip

Byzantine IXd1 Early Byzantine Area 4 (Citadel ?) 1st phase exterior citadel wall; ca. 500-600 AD main interior wall (F 1);

plaster floors and plaster basin.

IXd2i Early Byzantine Area 2 (950.970, 840.970) African red slipped ware. ca. 500-600 AD especially Surface F33/34)

IXd2i Early Byzantine Citadel (?) unexcavated ca. 500-600 AD

IXd2ii Terrace (esp. surface F 37). Inlaid box lid

Roman VIII 100 BC-300 AD Area 2 (910.920) Pottery on the terrace only

Hellenistic VII 300-100 BC Area 2 (910.920) Pottery and robber trench,Area 3 (770.890 Wall at top of E.step- trench.and 770.900)

Islamic (X) to Hellenistic (VII)

Iron Age (VI) – Middle Bronze (III)

• Late Iron VI 500-300 BC Area 4 (790.890) Painted sherds across site,esp. in (Achaemenid)

Area 5 (850.880) Monumental north gate rea and south Phrygian Gate area.

• Middle Iron Age Va ca 1000-500 B.C. Area 3 (770.890) “Phrygian” Sherds, pots, • gate, city walls and installations.

• Early Iron/ Late Vb ca. 1200-1000 BC Area 4 (780.890) Early Iron and “Dark Age Bronze Trans.sherds” with wallsfoundations; c14 dated.

•• Late Bronze II IVa ca 1400-1200 BC Area 1 (800.930) Hittite Empire Period: sherds,

Area 3 (770.880) architecture & City wall.Area 4 (790.890)Area 5 (850.880) Monumental gate.Area 7 (Caltepe) Temple and hilammi (?)

• Late Bronze I IVb ca. 1600-140. BC Area 1 (800.930 ) Old Hittite Kingdom:sherds,pots, and walls

• throughout whole east trench.

• MB/LB trans. IIIa Old Assyrian Colony Age Area 1 (800.930) Wall 20 w/ burned bricksca. 1750-1700 BC Area 3 (760.880) OACP Pottery sherds

» (=Karum Ia) Area 2 (Terrace)Pottery sherds and installation

• Middle Bronze IIIb Old Assyrian Colony Age Area 1 (800.930) Casemate wall, rooms w/ ca. 1850- 1750 BC Area 3 (760.880) OACP Pottery, pits above(=Karum Ib) mudbrick walls., c14 dated.

Area 2 (terrace) Pottery sherds

• Middle Bronze IIIIIc Old Assyrian Colony Age Area 1 (800.93 0) City Wall and Gate; ca. 2000 -1850 BC other architecture; c14 dated(=Karum II)

Early Bronze III (II) to Neolithic (I)• Early Bronze III IIa ca. 2300-2000 BC (EB III) Area 1 (800.930) Intermediate and

Area 3 (789.890) Cappadocian wares.

• Early Bronze II IIb ca. 2800-2300 BC (EB II) Area 3 (760.880) Red chaff-temperedPottery sherds.

• Early Bronze I IIa2 ca. 3000-2800 BC (EB I) Area 3 (770.910) 2-room houses

• Trans. EB I/LC IIa1 ca. 3200 BC Area 3 (770.890) Graves cut into 1b; hearthsabove "burned room; blackpolished pottery and black

incised wares; copper grave goods; c14 dated.

• Late Chalco. Ia1 ca. 3200-3250 BC Area 3 (770.890) Small weak wall foundations (1998).

• Late Chalco. Ia2 ca. 3250-3300 BC Area 3 (770.890) Stronger foundations underand 770.900) Ia1.

Pithos room, above gate

• Late Chalco. Ib1 ca. 3300-3350 BC Area 3 (770.890 and Levels under Ia2 wall 770.900). Separated|

from gate by plaster floor and destruction.

• debris; c14 dated• Late Chalco. Ib2 ca. 3350-3600 BC Area 3 (770.890 and Gate and Enclosure Wall:

770.900) (latest Phase) c14 dated

• Late Chalco. Ib3 ca. 3600-3700 BC Area 3 (770.890 and Gate and Enclosure wall770.900) (earliest Phase); c14

dated.

• Early Chalco. Ic ca. 4500 BC (c14) Deep Sounding fill layer w/ F 42; c14 dated• Early Chalco. Id ca. 5200 BC (c14) Deep Sounding F 43 wall; c14 dated.

• Early Chalco. Ie ca. 5300 BC Deep Sounding F 44 wall foundation• Neolithic If ca. 5500 BC unexcavated No evidence

Cadir Hoyuk c14 SamplesSample FCN no. Year 14C Age Square context 2s max cal age (cal age intercept) min cal age

Beta 134066 2494 1999 4840 +/- 180 BP 770.900 L 53 3780 - 3505 BC (Cal BP 5730 - 5455) and3435 - 3380 BC (Cal BP 5385 - 5330)

Beta 134069 2454 1999 4850 +/- 50 BP 770.900 DS L 46 3705 - 3620 BC (Cal BP 5655 - 5570) and3590 - 3525 BC (Cal BP 5540 - 5475)

Beta 134070 2582 1999 4380 +/- 130 BP 770.890 L 42 3485 - 3475 BC (Cal BP 5435 - 5423) and3370 - 2835 BC (Cal BP 5320 - 4785) and2830 - 2645 BC (Cal BP 4780 - 4595)

Beta 146703 3193 2000 2890 +/- 60 BP 780.890 L 5 1270 - 910 BC (Cal BP 3220 - 2860)

Beta 146704 3467 2000 2840 +/- 60 BP 780.890 F 4 1190 - 840 BC (Cal BP 3140 - 2790)

Beta 146705 3856 2000 4080 +/- 80 BP 789.890 L 11 2880 - 2450 BC (Cal BP 4830 - 4400)

Beta 146707 3130 2000 6130 +/- 40 BP 770.89 DS F 43 5220 - 4940 BC (Cal BP 7170 - 6890)

Beta 146710 3510 2000 5740 +/- 50 BP 770.900 L 65 4520 - 4480 BC (Cal BP 6670 - 6430)

Beta 146714 3565 2000 4750 +/- 80 BP 770.900 F 56 3670 - 3360 BC (Cal BP 5620 - 5310)

Beta 159385 4400 2001 2920 +/- 70 BP 780.890 F 5 1360 - 1360 BC (Cal BP 3310 - 3300) and1320 - 920 BC (Cal BP 3260 - 2870)

Beta 159388 4794 2001 3300 +/ - 80 BP 800.930 F 23 1750 - 1410 BC (Cal BP 3700 – 3360

Beta 159389 5360 2001 3400 +/- 70 BP 800.930 F 23 1910 - 1530 BC (Cal BP 3860 - 3480)

Beta 159391 4568 2001 4700 +/- 80 BP 770.890 L 69 3650 - 3340 BC (Cal BP 5600 - 5290)

Cadir Hoyuk c14 Samplesby Period

Sample Chalcolithic Early Bronze MB - Old Hitt Late Bronze II Iron Classical

146707 5220 - 4940146710 4520 - 4480134066 3780 - 3505134069 3705 - 3620146714 3670 - 3360159391 3650 - 3340134070 3485 - 3475 2830 - 2645146705 2880 - 2450159389 1910 - 1530159388 1750 -1410159385 1360 - 1360 1320 - 920146703 1270 - 910146704 1190 - 840

NOTE: These are maximaum dates. Minimum dates recorded only when they fall in the succeeding period 2002 samples still pending.

Funding for the Cadir Hoyuk Excavations has come from:

• The National Science Foundation

• The Loeb Foundation of Harvard University

• Dumbarton Oaks

• The University at Buffalo Foundation,

• A State University of New York Chancellor’s Award for Overseas Programs

• Hood College

• Mitsubishi

• National Geographic

• The Anatolian Archaeological Research Foundation

• The University College London Institute of Archaeology

• Ramerica International, Inc.

• The American Turkish Society, Inc.

• Cotton Couture, Inc.

• The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago

• Private donors included Mr. Erden Arkan, Mr. George Blumenthal, Mr. Arnold Flegenheimer, Mr. I. Michael Kasser, Mrs. Louise A. Valdes-Fauli, Mr. Frank Spring, Mrs. Edmee Reit, Mr. Rick Schneider and Ms. Barbara Koz Paley.

Tessekür Ederim!