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C1|| Iron, steel and aluminium Dr. Abdel-Rahman Hassan Dr. Nadeem Suleman
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C1| | Iron, steel and aluminium Dr. Abdel-Rahman Hassan Dr. Nadeem Suleman.

Mar 29, 2015

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Page 1: C1| | Iron, steel and aluminium Dr. Abdel-Rahman Hassan Dr. Nadeem Suleman.

C1|| Iron, steel and aluminiumDr. Abdel-Rahman HassanDr. Nadeem Suleman

Page 2: C1| | Iron, steel and aluminium Dr. Abdel-Rahman Hassan Dr. Nadeem Suleman.

C.1.1 State the main sources of iron.

Why is Popeye's so strong?

Because he eats spinach

What about spinach makes him strong?The Iron it has

Page 3: C1| | Iron, steel and aluminium Dr. Abdel-Rahman Hassan Dr. Nadeem Suleman.

C.1.1 State the main sources of iron.

• Because there is iron in the soil -.-• Why on earth would spinach have Iron?

Page 4: C1| | Iron, steel and aluminium Dr. Abdel-Rahman Hassan Dr. Nadeem Suleman.

C.1.1 State the main sources of iron.

Page 5: C1| | Iron, steel and aluminium Dr. Abdel-Rahman Hassan Dr. Nadeem Suleman.

C.1.1 State the main sources of iron.

• - Iron is the fourth most abundant element on the planet!• - most commonly found in the form of Iron ore, where

metal oxides could be found• - Most commonly found in the soil• - Found in oceans and seas in low concentration• - Also found in many foods, such as meats.

Page 6: C1| | Iron, steel and aluminium Dr. Abdel-Rahman Hassan Dr. Nadeem Suleman.

C.1.2: Describe and explain the reactions that occur in the blast furnace.

Page 8: C1| | Iron, steel and aluminium Dr. Abdel-Rahman Hassan Dr. Nadeem Suleman.

• The heat Source: - The coke (essentially impure carbon) burns in the blast of hot

air to form carbon dioxide: C + O₂ CO₂ (Exothermic Reaction)

• Reduction of the Ore: - C + CO₂ 2CO (2CO is the main reducing agent) - Fe₂O₃ + 3CO 2Fe + 3CO₂ - Fe₂O₃ + 3C 2Fe + 3CO₂

• The temperature of the furnace is hot enough to melt the iron which trickles down to the bottom where it can be tapped off.

Page 9: C1| | Iron, steel and aluminium Dr. Abdel-Rahman Hassan Dr. Nadeem Suleman.

• The function of the limestone: - At high temperatures the limestone decomposes: CaCO₃ CaO + CO₂

- The carbon dioxide reacts with coke to produce carbon monoxide:

CO₂ + C 2CO

- The coke can react with water to produce more carbon monoxide and hydrogen:

H₂O + C H₂ + CO

- The calcium oxide reacts with silicon dioxide to give a calcium silicitate:

CaO + SiO₂ CaSiO₃

Page 10: C1| | Iron, steel and aluminium Dr. Abdel-Rahman Hassan Dr. Nadeem Suleman.

C.1.3 Describe and explain the conversion of iron into steel using the basic oxygen converter.

• Steel • is an alloy of iron.• form of purified Iron.

• Creating molten iron http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Yov7Z0rMyHI

Page 11: C1| | Iron, steel and aluminium Dr. Abdel-Rahman Hassan Dr. Nadeem Suleman.

C.1.3 – The process

• When pure iron is extracted, it is full of impurities, such as silicon manganese, phosphorus , sulfur and dissolved carbon.

The metal convertor helps oxidizes such impurities through mixing molten iron with O2 gas with diluted Aragon

When the reaction is complete, the impurities escape in the form of gas.The reaction is Exothermal, keeping the iron in a molten state.

Page 12: C1| | Iron, steel and aluminium Dr. Abdel-Rahman Hassan Dr. Nadeem Suleman.

C.1.4: Describe alloys as a homogenous mixture of metals or a mixture of a metal or non-metal.

Page 13: C1| | Iron, steel and aluminium Dr. Abdel-Rahman Hassan Dr. Nadeem Suleman.

• Alloys are metallic materials consisting of two or more elements combined in such a way that they cannot be readily separated by physical means.

• Transition metals often form alloys with each other as their atoms have similar atomic radii.

• The addition of other element into the metallic structure can alter the physical properties such as the tensile strength and the melting point.

Page 14: C1| | Iron, steel and aluminium Dr. Abdel-Rahman Hassan Dr. Nadeem Suleman.

C.1.5 Explain how alloying can modify the properties of metals.

• Lowers melting point.

• Is of significant importance because its one of the primary ways of modifying the properties of pure metallic compounds

• Alloys are used in Gold and copper to make it harder.

Page 15: C1| | Iron, steel and aluminium Dr. Abdel-Rahman Hassan Dr. Nadeem Suleman.

C.1.6: Describe the effects of heat treatment of steel.

Page 16: C1| | Iron, steel and aluminium Dr. Abdel-Rahman Hassan Dr. Nadeem Suleman.

• The mechanical properties of steel are affected by heat treatment. The controlled heating and cooling of steel changes the nature of the crystals in the steel.

• Steel can be made less brittle by heating it to about 400- 600 ⁰C.

• Steel is made ductile by heating it to a high temperature, followed by slow cooling.

Page 17: C1| | Iron, steel and aluminium Dr. Abdel-Rahman Hassan Dr. Nadeem Suleman.

C.1.7: Describe the properties and uses of iron and steel.

Page 18: C1| | Iron, steel and aluminium Dr. Abdel-Rahman Hassan Dr. Nadeem Suleman.

• A metal, which has properties such as being silvery-grey and non-toxic.

• It is a solid, which means that the particles are densely packed together.

• Iron is a good conductor of heat. This is because the particles are so densely packed together that they can easily pass energy onto each other as they collide.

• A good conductor of electricity. The electrons in iron are delocalised and allow electricity to easily pass through.

• Malleable. This means that the closely packed particles can slide over each other.

Properties of Iron

Page 19: C1| | Iron, steel and aluminium Dr. Abdel-Rahman Hassan Dr. Nadeem Suleman.

Uses of Iron

• Iron is used in a variety of products from pots, pans, fences, and ornamental items, but the vast majority of iron is used in the production of steel, used as a structural material in the construction of large projects like bridges and buildings, cookware, automotive parts, trains and railways, and as reinforcing in concrete.

Page 20: C1| | Iron, steel and aluminium Dr. Abdel-Rahman Hassan Dr. Nadeem Suleman.

Properties of Steel• Steel is a hard and strong substance.

• Steel is not a good conductor of heat and electricity.

• Steel possess high ductile strength. This means it can be easily shaped or bent or drawn in the form of wires.

• Most varieties of steel are strongly attracted towards magnets.

• It is highly resistant to corrosion.

• At very high temperatures, steel is capable of retaining its strength and resistivity towards oxidation and corrosion.

Page 21: C1| | Iron, steel and aluminium Dr. Abdel-Rahman Hassan Dr. Nadeem Suleman.

Uses of Steel• Steel can be used for many things. Some examples include:

- Bullets - Nuts and bolts - Chains - Hinges - Knives - Armour - Pipes - Magnets

Page 22: C1| | Iron, steel and aluminium Dr. Abdel-Rahman Hassan Dr. Nadeem Suleman.

C.1.8 Describe and explain the production of aluminum by electrolysis of alumina in molten cryolite.

• The electrolysis process used to produce aluminum is known as the Hall process.•Purified Aluminum Oxide (Al2O3) is

dissolved in molten Cryolite (Na3AlF6)

•Na3AlF6 is used because it is an effective conductor of electric current.

Page 23: C1| | Iron, steel and aluminium Dr. Abdel-Rahman Hassan Dr. Nadeem Suleman.

C.1.8 Describe and explain the production of aluminum by electrolysis of alumina in molten cryolite.

Page 24: C1| | Iron, steel and aluminium Dr. Abdel-Rahman Hassan Dr. Nadeem Suleman.

C1.9 Describe the main properties and uses of aluminum and its alloys.• Properties• plentiful, light, and strong • is only about one third as dense as iron• some of its alloys, such as duraluminum are as strong as mild steel• high electrical conductivity• can also be explosive.

• UsesDue to its lightness and strength, Aluminum is used a lot in the construction of aircraft.

Page 25: C1| | Iron, steel and aluminium Dr. Abdel-Rahman Hassan Dr. Nadeem Suleman.

C.1.10: Discuss the environmental problem of iron and aluminium production.

Page 26: C1| | Iron, steel and aluminium Dr. Abdel-Rahman Hassan Dr. Nadeem Suleman.

Iron

•Consuming too much energy, the iron industry, especially the integrated blast furnace process, is closely related with the resource situation and energy problem of the world.

Page 27: C1| | Iron, steel and aluminium Dr. Abdel-Rahman Hassan Dr. Nadeem Suleman.

Aluminium

• The production of aluminium requires very large quantities of electricity. Therefore aluminium plants are located where hydroelectric power is available.

• The cost of recycling aluminium is very low. Recycling aluminium reduces global warming as less carbon dioxide is released into the atmosphere.