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Waste Management:Overview, Technologies, andClimate Change Implications

WTO WORKSHOPGenève September 2009

Jean E. Bogner, PhDCoordinating Lead Author. Chapter 10. [Waste Management].

IPCC 4th Assessment Report. WGIII:Mitigation of Climate Change (2007)

Landfills +, Inc., Wheaton, IllinoisLandfills +, Inc., Wheaton, Illinois University of Illinois Chicago IllinoisUniversity of Illinois Chicago Illinois USAUSA

c 2CH4

C storage

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Waste Management:

•Overview: Waste generationPrivate and public sector participationImportance of local decision-making Developed vs. developing countries

•Waste technologies and products:LandfillingIncinerationComposting MBTRecycling, Re-use, Waste minimization

•Waste and climate change: Major conclusions from IPCC AR4Accounting methodologiesMitigation potential

Major drivers for waste generation =

Population (especially urban population) and Prosperity

Continuous urban occupation since 980 AD whenfounded by King Erik Segersäll : oldest town in Sweden Archaeological excavations show:

Affluent times: thicker, richer cultural layersNon-affluent times: thinner, poorer cultural layers

Sigtuna, Sweden

The archaeologist E.W.Haury wrote: Whichever way one views the mounds (of waste), as garbage

piles to avoid, or as symbols of a way of life,

they are the features more productive of

information than any other...” (Haury, 1976, p. 80):

Range for global waste generation rates =<0.2 to >1.0 ton/cap/year

Waste generation/cap can be correlated to:•GDP/cap

•Energy consumption/cap•Private final consumption/cap

(Bingemer & Crutzen, 1986; Richards, 1989; Rathje et al., 1992; Mertins et al., 1999; Bogner & Matthews,

2003; OECD, 2004; EEA, 2005)

Note: A current goal in many countries is to “decouple” waste generation rates from population growth and historic “affluence” indicators through government policy

and local management initiatives:

PAYT (“Pay As You Throw”)EPR (“Extended Producer Responsibility”)

TaxesSeparate collection of recyclables

“Circular Economy”/”Sound Material-Cycle Society”“Green” products & packagingLCA tools (Life Cycle Analysis

Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal

Solid Waste Graphics (2004) http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic

Municipal Solid Waste Generation

Rates for Selected Large Cities

in Asia

Waste management decisions:

•Made locally (municipal)...

•Must be locally sustainable...

Emmanuelle BournayVital Waste Graphics 2 (2006)

http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/solid_waste_management

Annual Solid Waste Management Costfor Selected Cities

(<2 to >200 $US/cap/yr)

and affordable...

Note: Local technologychoices are a function of:

CostAvailable land areaWaste quantityWaste characteristicsRegulatory constraintsLocal preferencesCollection & transport issuesPolicy/planning guidance

Definitions and Data:

Waste industry boundaries with other sectors often hard todefine: overlaps with industry, energy, forestry,agriculture, buildings, and transport...

Waste industry definitions often not standardized:so international data must be carefully examined forconsistency... (“municipal” waste, “industrial” waste,“hazardous” waste, “e-waste”, etc.)

The Many, Multiple Functions of the waste industry =waste collection/transportwaste treatmentwaste disposalrecycling, re-use, waste minimizationenergy production from waste(wastewater treatment and disposal)(water supply and treatment)

Challenging Scale of waste generation in large cities thatrequires environmentally-effective, affordable, andsustainable waste management:Los Angeles (2006): 8.7 million tons total = 24,000 tons per day

In 2001 Germany exported more than 300,000 tonnes ofwaste to 14 countries...

Germany also imported >1 million tonnes from 38countries, with the largest imports from adjacentEuropean countries and consisting of a combination ofwaste streams...

Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal, Vital Waste Graphics 2004

Waste is exported and imported from many countries:

Waste ExportsGermany 2001

Waste sector has both significant private and public sector participation:

! Increasing rates of privatization, esp. in developing countries

! Dominant private companies are Veolia (FR), GDF Suez (FR), and

Waste Management, Inc (US):

• Diversified waste, wastewater, transport, energy companies

• Combined 2008 gross revenues for the three large private companies = approx. 58 billion Euros

• Veolia 36.3; Suez 12.4; WM 9.3

TWO Examples:

(1) PRIVATE : Veolia

(2) PUBLIC: Delaware Solid Waste Authority (US)

[manages solid waste for state with 873,000 population]

Employees bygeographicregion...

336,000 employees

72 countries

225,000 shareholders

Veolia

Veolia Environnement/Veolia Environmental Services

Revenues by division...

source: www.veolia.com

Delaware Solid Waste Authority2008 Operating Revenues (61 million $US)

Total Operating Expenses 2008

source: www.dswa.com

Technology

Level &

Unit Cost

(per ton waste) Low to Intermediate Low to Intermediate High

Energy (-) to (+) (+) landfilling plus CH4 use (+) (highest) incinerationBalance: (-) composting (+) anaerobic digestion

plus CH4 use (-) MBP

Waste Collection

Sanitary Landfilling

Compostingof wastefractions

Incineration and other thermal processes

Anaerobic Digestionof waste fractions

Waste Diversionthrough Recycleand Reuse

Waste Prevention and Minimization

MBP*

Residual landfill

+

Summary of majorwaste technologies:

*MBP = mechanical/biologicalprocessing

Waste Generation

Waste Collection

EngineeredSanitary Landfilling

Composting oforganic wastefractions

Incineration and other thermal processes

Anaerobic Digestionof organic wastefractions

Waste Diversionthrough Recycleand Reuse

Waste Prevention and Minimization

MBP*

Residual landfill

+

Summary of majorwaste technologies:

*MBP = mechanical/biologicalprocessing

Waste Generation

Recycling(MRF: Materials RecoveryFacility)

More advancedtechnologies?

Some Regional Distinctions for Waste Management:

U.S., Canada, Mexico, Australia, NZ:Sanitary landfillingRecylingLow rates of incineration, MBT, anaerobic digestion

Japan: IncinerationRecyclingLandfilling of residuals

EU (Landfill “directive” limiting landfilling of organic waste):IncinerationMBTRecycling Anaerobic digestionEvolving toward limited landfilling

Developing Countries: wide range of practicesEvolving toward engineered sanitary landfillingEvolving toward controlled compostingLimited incineration (China), MBT, anaerobic digestion

Chapter 10. Waste Management Leading Authors(LAs) & Review Editors(REs)

Coordinating Lead Author (CLA): Jean Bogner (USA)

Lead Authors are: Mohammed Abdelrafie Ahmed(Sudan), Cristobal Diaz (Cuba), Qingxian Gao (China),Andre Faaij (Netherlands), Seiji Hashimoto (Japan),Katarina Mareckova (Slovakia), Riitta Pipatti (Finland),Tianzhu Zhang (China).

Review Editors are: Robert Gregory (UK),and R.T.M. Sutamihardja (Indonesia).

Not pictured are Contributing Authors (CAs):Luis Diaz (USA), Peter Kjeldsen (Denmark).Suvi Monni (Finland).

Waste...in our many languages....

Global GHG Emissions for 1990 and 2004 by sector in billion metric tons [Gigatons,Gt] CO2 eq:

Total for 2004: approx. 49 Gt CO2 eq(24% increase since 1990; 70% increase since 1970)

Source: IPCC 4th Assessment Report.WGIII. Chapter 1.

77% CO2

14% CH4

8% N2O 1% F-gases

Buildings IndustryEnergySupply

Transport Agriculture Forestry Waste

1660166014601460134513451250125011201120TotalTotal

8080707060606060505050504040IncineratorIncinerator

COCO2 2 (b)(b)

10010010010010010090908080WastewaterWastewater

NN22O O (a)(a)

670670630630590590520520450450WastewaterWastewater

CHCH4 4 (a)(a)

910910700700635635590590550550LandfillLandfillCHCH44

average ofaverage of

(a) and (b)(a) and (b)

20502050203020302020202020102010200520052000200019901990[Mt CO[Mt CO22

eqeq,,

rounded]rounded]

(a) Based on reported emissions from national inventories and national communications,

and (for non-reporting countries) 1996 IPCC inventory guidelines, extrapolations,

and Business-As-Usual (BAU) projections (U.S. EPA, 2006)

(b) based on historic and future emissions using 2006 IPCC inventory guidelines and BAU projections

(Monni et al., 2006)

Source: IPCC 4th Assessment Report Working Group III. Chapter 10 (2007)

The waste sector (including wastewater) accounts for <3% of

global anthropogenic GHG emissions.

(lowest among the sectors...about 1.4 of 49 1.4 of 49 Gt Gt COCO2 2 eqeq))

Economics of GHG mitigation from the AR4:All sectors and regions have the potential

to contribute to mitigation...

Energy supply Transport Buildings Industry Agriculture Forestry Waste

7

6

5

4

3

2

1

0<20 <50 <100 <20 <50 <100 <20 <50 <100 <20 <50 <100 <20 <50 <100 <20 <50 <100 <20 <50 <100

Developing Countries Economies in Transition OECD CountriesGtCO2-eq/yr

Economic mitigation potentials for 2030 at variousprice levels ($ per metric ton carbon dioxideequivalent).

Waste:High proportionof low cost,maturetechnologies...

High impact with

mitigating CH4emissions(high GWP, shortatmosphericlifetime)..

Taking a broad view, the waste industry can offersignificant mitigation potential at low costthrough a wide range of strategies for...

Direct reduction of greenhouse gas emissions:Landfill methane recovery and utilization.Optimizing methane oxidation in landfill cover soils.Expanding sanitation and wastewater treatment.Recovery and utilization of biogas from anaerobic

digestion.Reducing fossil fuel use during transport and

processing.

Avoidance of greenhouse gas generation compared to landfilling:Composting.Incineration and other thermal processes. Mechanical and biological treatment (MBT).

Avoidance of waste generation, reduction of virgin materials,energy conservation, and fossil fuel offsets:

Recycling.Re-use.Waste minimization.

Strategies forStrategies for Landfill Gas UtilizationLandfill Gas Utilization

"" 1. Direct use as boiler fuel:1. Direct use as boiler fuel:

cheapestcheapest

"" 2. Onsite generation of2. Onsite generation of

electricity from 30 electricity from 30 kw kw –– 50 MW 50 MW

with most plants 1-15 MW.with most plants 1-15 MW.

"" 3. Conversion of LFG to synthetic natural3. Conversion of LFG to synthetic naturalgas by removal of COgas by removal of CO22 and and

trace components: trace components: most expensivemost expensive

# currently >1200 plants worldwide recovering >105 Million tonnes CO2 eq of CH4 per year:first commercialized 1975 (southern California)

Effective Waste Management = Effective GHG mitigation

There are a range of mature low- to high-technologystrategies that can be implemented to mitigate GHGemissions from waste and enhance sustainabledevelopment.

Many co-benefits:Improved public health and environmentRenewable energy from waste => fossil fuel offsetsEnergy and materials conservation through waste prevention, minimization, reuse, and recycling

ScaleScale of of Method/Model/Calculations forMethod/Model/Calculations for

Greenhouse Gas AccountingGreenhouse Gas Accounting

TIME

SPACERegional

National

Global

Minute Hour Day Month Year Decade Century

Local (Site, Municipality)

Microbial

Small area

IPCCinventory guidelines

Life Cycle

Analysis (LCA)

Note: Spatial Scale for Processes

Landfill Methane Inventory Model (CALMIM;LMIM)

A rapidly-expanding list of methods forGHG accounting...

•• National and Regional GHG inventoriesNational and Regional GHG inventories (IPCC/UNFCCC)*(IPCC/UNFCCC)*

•• Life cycle assessment (LCA) of alternative wasteLife cycle assessment (LCA) of alternative waste management management strategiesstrategies

•• Regulatory Regulatory tools (MACT/NESHAP, AB32, BAT for EIPP)tools (MACT/NESHAP, AB32, BAT for EIPP)

•• Carbon credits mechanisms and methodologies for Carbon credits mechanisms and methodologies for Kyoto Compliance (EU ETS, CDM, JI)Kyoto Compliance (EU ETS, CDM, JI)

•• Voluntary and regional carbon markets in the U.S. Voluntary and regional carbon markets in the U.S. (CCX,(CCX, VCS, RGGI, CCARVCS, RGGI, CCAR))

•• Company-specific GHG accounting for Company-specific GHG accounting for ““greengreen”” corporate strategiescorporate strategies

•• Landscape-scale emissions for regional air qualityLandscape-scale emissions for regional air quality studies (bottom-up and top-down)studies (bottom-up and top-down)

•• Evolving renewable energy incentives: offset fossil fuelsEvolving renewable energy incentives: offset fossil fuels

*international consistency under UNFCCC through IPCC National Greenhouse Gas Inventory Guidelines (2006)

The Kyoto Protocol “Clean Development Mechanism” (CDM)enabling mechanism for developed countries with Kyoto obligations tosupport GHG emissions reduction projects in developing countries...Current “Waste Handling and Disposal” CDM projects registered = 17.5 %of total.

...Benefits include improved waste management practices as wellas reduction of GHG emissions.

...Difficulties include long timelines due to complexity of process

...Post-2012 ?

The ONYX SASALandfill Gas Recovery Projectat the VES landfill, Trémembé,Sao Paulo State, Brazil.

Sept 09 registeredprojects = 1818

Tender process for sale of Tender process for sale of CERsCERs

Open to a variety of project structuresOpen to a variety of project structures

12 offers from Canada, Europe,12 offers from Canada, Europe,

Japan, USAJapan, USA

AAfter reviewing the offers, chose tofter reviewing the offers, chose to

develop project and develop project and sell the sell the CERsCERs

to JCFto JCF (Japan Carbon Finance)(Japan Carbon Finance)

Issues:Issues:

Need for upfront paymentNeed for upfront payment

Need for commitment by buyerNeed for commitment by buyer

Enviroserv Enviroserv Chloorkop Landfill Gas Recovery Project (South Africa)Chloorkop Landfill Gas Recovery Project (South Africa)

Success!

Legal and ContractualLegal and Contractual

Lee International (USA)Climate Focus (Netherlands)

Technical

Landfills +, Inc. (USA)Jones and Wagener (South Africa)

Project registeredKyoto Executive Board2007.

Gas recovery systemincluding both verticalwells and horizontalcollectors.

Gas utilization forelectrical generation indevelopment.

Waste is a significant renewable energy resource.

Total available energy: about 8000 PJ*/year assuming 900 Mt/yr waste (2002) and 9 GJ/ton

range is <6 to >14 MJ/kg:(Khan and Abu-Ghararath, 1991; EIPPC, 2006).

could increase to 13 EJ/yr by 2030. (based on waste projections in Monni et al., 2006)

Currently, Incineration (Waste-to Energy): >1000 EJ/year

(approx 130 million tons/year at over 600 plants)

Landfill Gas Utilization: >200 EJ/year

(>105 million tons CO2 eq/year)

*1 PJ = 1015 Joules

2009 IEA data forEnergy from waste,PJ/year:

OECD countries+ other reportingcountries

Informal Recycling

Some issues:

- Preserving Livelihood - Improving Health & Safety

-Quantifying Economic -Impacts

In developing countries, whereGHG emissions from waste areincreasing, waste managementstrategies need to be cost-effective and sustainable at anappropriate technology level.

Some challenges for the waste industry...

Recognizing successes to date:

industry is a relatively small source of GHG emissions.

Landfill methane recovery and utilization has achieved

reductions of 30% in EU and 15% in U.S. (since 1990) and

provided renewable energy benefits.

Waste-to-energy maximizes energy recovery from waste.

Preserving a wide range of local technology choices for managing waste for

protection of public health and the environment.

Achieving more consistent and coordinated national and global data

collection.

For developing countries, achieving environmentally-responsible waste

management at an appropriate, sustainable level of technology,

Thank you !

Questions ?

[email protected]@uic.edu