-
Corrosion Resistance of TiNi Alloys
TiNi alloys in natural atmospheres and waters are generally more
corrosion resistant than 316stainless steel but not as resistant as
pure titanium. A passive oxide/nitride surface film is thebasis of
the corrosion resistance of these three material. Specific
environments can cause thepassive film on TiNi to break down ,
opening the alloy to attack. The accumulatedexperience with TiNi
will be presented as corrosion by atmospheres, by waters, by
organicchemicals, by inorganic chemicals or by biological
environments.
Corrosion by AtmospheresPolished TiNi remains shiny in air from
ambient temperatures up to about 100C at whichtemperature the
oxide/nitride surface layer slowly thickens giving the interference
colors. Upto about 700C, a tight, thin, blue-black oxide/nitride
film protects the TiNi. Above 700C,the layer thickens into a more
porous brown and yellow scale. No absorption of oxygen intothe
alloy or internal oxidation occurs (933), thus TiNi behaves more
like stainless steel atelevated temperatures than like titanium
alloys.
If TiNi at ambient temperature is impinged by pure oxygen gas at
progressively higherpressures, flashes and sustained burning begin
above 150 psi absolute. By 500 psia, 16 out of20 tests produced
flashes and burning (2942).
When TiNi is heated to 700C in pure nitrogen at atmospheric
pressure a beautiful gold-colored, somewhat brittle, surface layer
forms.
The interaction between hydrogen and TiNi is sensitive to
hydrogen concentration , pressure,and temperature. TiNi remains
ductile after having been heated to 750C in hydrogen gas
atatmospheric pressure , then returned to room temperature.
However, TiNi exposed tohydrogen gas at 360C becomes brittle and
crumbly (2956)(2930). If nascent hydrogen ischarged into TiNi, a
brittle surface layer forms and thickens with time (373). This will
bediscussed in more detail in the "waters" section. Also, if TiNi
tensile samples are elongatedwhile surrounded by hydrogen gas at
7,000 psi, brittle failure occurs; immediately uponreducing the
pressure to one atmosphere, the failure mode is again ductile.
The presence of gaseous hydrogen fluoride in damp air at ambient
temperatures has causedsurface etching and stress corrosion
cracking in bare TiNi couplings (3003). Condensationwas occurring
on the couplings, however, so this should probably be considered as
attack byhydrofluoric acid.
-
Corrosion by WatersTiNi is not attacked by fresh water. Even in
pressurized boiling water (PBW) at 300C foreleven months, TiNi
gained only 15% as much weight as Zircaloy-2 (3011). The same
sortof PBW at 340C and 20 ml / kg H2 causes little damage. Water at
360C with 100 ml H2 /kg causes TiNi to crumble to dust; the
diffraction pattern of the dust shows only the presenceof TiH2 and
Ti2Ni (2938).
TiNi resists attack while immersed in flowing sea water.
However, in stagnant sea water asin crevices, the protective film
can break down resulting in pitting (2945). When TiNi isexposed to
a marine environment which cycles from salt mist in the cool of the
day toevaporation during the heat of the day, tunneling corrosion
can occur (2953)(1130 ??).Small, residue-free pits form on the
weather surface while branching tunnels penetrate intothe bulk of
the metal (tunneling corrosion has been reported in austenitic
stainless steel undersimilar conditions (2950)). This same type of
corrosion occurs when the salinity exceedstwice that of sea water
and the pH drops below two. Addition of sodium hypochlorite to
seawater causes a similar phenomenon.
Salt spray tests are often used as an accelerated indication of
longer term corrosion resistance.TiNi passes these tests (83). In
one case Cryofit couplings joining titanium tubes weresubjected to
a six-day cyclic test in 5%-salt-plus-sulphur-dioxide spray. All
assembliespassed the test. A year later one of the unwashed
assemblies was found to have cracked.Sectioning revealed that
tunneling occurred through the coupling, starting from the
insidewhere electrolyte had been trapped between the coupling and
the tube (2944).
Special effects have resulted from electrical currents and
saline solutions. A cycling plus-minus 5 volt applied to TiNi in a
l50-ohm saline solution caused grain boundary crackingwithin 150
days (2948). Also, when TiNi was made the cathode in a cell with a
salineelectrolyte and a voltage which caused hydrolysis of the
water, the TiNi was charged withnascent hydrogen. For several days
after removal from the cell, chips of TiNi would forciblypop off
the surface, especially at corners (2949).
Corrosion by Organic ChemicalsAcetic acid, CH3C00H, attacks TiNi
at a modest rate of one to three mils per year (mpy) overthe
temperature range from 30C to the boiling point and the
concentration range 50% to99.5% (2232)(589). The attack is fastest
at the lowest concentration at the highesttemperature and at the
highest concentration at the lower temperature. Seventy per
centacetic acid with 0.1% formic acid, HCOOH, attacks at the same
rate as 70% acetic acid: 0.3mpy.
A study reported 5 mpy attack rate in O.5M oxalic acid, H2C2O4,
at 50C (1063).
-
Methanol, CH3OH, has a mixed history. A steel pipeline on the
bottom of the North Sea wasused to deliver methanol as an
anti-freeze to gas wells. An undersea repair was made to theline
using a TiNi coupling which served without problems for several
years. A similarinstallation on a new drilling platform off
Scotland leaked within hours after being filled withmethanol
(2952). This occurred again with several methanol line couplings
under Lake Erie(2957). Tunneling of a type similar to that found
with special marine exposure situations wasthe cause. Low
concentrations of water and halides in methanol cause attack on
titaniumalloys whereas pure methanol or more contaminated methanol
does not (2951). Perhaps thisis true for TiNi, too.
A 15% solution of iodine in polyvinyl pyridine at 37C and at 60C
caused severe cracking ofTiNi couplings within one month
(2946).
TiNi was not attacked after three months in a urea, CO(NH2)2,
solution at 110C (589).
The hydraulic fluids, Skydrol 500 and Aerosafe 2300, at 125C and
135C, respectively, for20 hours caused no attack on TiNi couplings.
This preliminary observation has beencorroborated by many years of
satisfactory TiNi service aboard aircraft.
Corrosion by Inorganic Chemicals
TiNi has been exposed to a number of different inorganic
chemicals singly or incombinations and mostly as aqueous solutions.
The observations will be presented inalphabetical order:
Liquid aluminium can attack solid TiNi (2941).
Aluminum nitrate at 6.2M concentration and 50C attacked TiNi at
a fraction of a mil peryear. However, 0.3M Al(NO3)3 + 0.6 M HF + 12
M HNO3 attacked at 1300 mpy(1063).
At 50C, 6.2M ammonium thiocyanate, NH4SCN did not attack
TiNi(1063).
Boron trifluoride plus hydrogen fluoride dissolved in water
condensate on Cryofit couplingsattacked at 20 to 40 mpy in a
pitting mode and led to stress corrosion cracking(3003).
Bromine dissolved in methanol can chemically polish TiNi.
TiNi has been exposed to liquid cadmium with no ill
effects(3005).
Calcium hypochlorite at 70C attacked at 15 mpy(2232).
Chromic acid at 10% concentration and 70C attacked at l mpy;
50%, at 2 mpy. One per centchromic acid plus five per cent
hydrochloric acid attacked at 18.5 mpy. Chromic acid at6.8% plus
l.5% ferric chloride plus 9% hydrochloric acid attacked at 2,200
mpy. Half a percent chromic acid plus 5% sulfuric acid attacked at
1 mpy(2232).
-
Copper chloride at 70C attacked at 215 mpy(2232).
Ferric chloride at 8% concentration and 70C attacked at 350 mpy.
One and one half per centferric chloride + 2.5% HCl attacked at 110
mpy; + 5% HCl, at 120 mpy; + l0% HCl,dissolved the TiNi(2232)!
The attack of hydrochloric acid on TiNi has a strong dependance
on temperature, acidconcentration, and the specific alloy
composition. With 3% HCl at 100C and a range ofalloy compositions,
the rate of attack was as low as 14 mpy and as high as 129; with 5%
HClthe rate was from 14 to l,667 mpy. At room temperature with 7 M
HCl, TiNi "A" lost from9,000 to 18,000
mpy(3004)(2232)(1063)(2233)(589). Preliminary results indicate
thatgaseous HCl can cause stressed Cryofit couplings to fail within
minutes(3010). Curiously,equal parts of concentrated hydrochloric
acid, concentrated nitric acid, and water at roomtemperature remove
the heavy scale from hot worked TiNi without noticeable attack of
thealloy.
Hydrofluoric acid: no data available.
Combinations of hydrofluoric acid, nitric acid, and water give
some of the most usefulsolutions for chemical surface treatment of
TiNi. Descaling, metallographic etching, andchemical polishing at
various rates can be achieved by adjusting the ratios(1063)(3009).
Onepart of 40% HF, one part concentrated HNO3, and two and a half
parts of concentrated
H2SO4 also brightens TiNi(3010).
Hydrazine did not attack TiNi "A" in a 49-day test at 85F. A
16-week test at 70F alsocaused no attack.(3000)(3001)(2939).
Nitric acid is more aggressive toward TiNi than toward
austenitic stainless steel. At 30C,10% HNO3 attacked TiNi at 1 mpy;
60%, at 10 mpy; 5% HNO3 at its boiling point attackedat 80 mpy. In
another test at 50C, 3 M HNO3 attacked at 11.5 mpy, 7.5 M at 29
mpy; and12 M, at 30.5 mpy. Red fuming nitric acid at room
temperature caused extensive weight lossand pitting of TiNi within
48 hours(3008)(587)(1063)(2232).
The combination of 7.5M nitric acid with 0.02M sulfuric acid
caused just 9 mpy attack on aTiNi coupon. However, a TiNi coupling
on a 304 stainless steel tube lost 29 mpy whereasthe stainless
steel lost none(1063).
Nitrogen tetroxide, N2O4, caused no attack of TiNi during a
49-day exposure at 85C.
Mercury did not attack TiNi(2941).
Attack by phosphoric acid is a strong function of concentration
and temperature. At 30C, 5%H3PO4 attacks TiNi at 0.5 mpy; for 50%
H3PO4 at the boiling point the rate is 2,300 mpy.A Cryofit coupling
immersed in 105 weight per cent H3PO4 at 400F "completely
dissolved
within 48 hours"(3007)(589)(2232).
bxl24One
bxl24part of 40% HF, one part concentrated HNO3, and two and a
half parts of concentratedH2SO4 also brightens TiNi(3010).
bxl24hydrofluoric acid,
bxl24nitric acid,
bxl24water
-
Potassium hydroxide does not seem to attack TiNi. Seven hundred
twenty hours exposure to6M KOH at 50C caused no loss of
TiNi(1063).
A Cryofit coupling joining two 304 stainless steel tubes was
pressurized with helium. Theassembly was immersed in liquid sodium
at 482C for 30 minutes, then returned to roomtemperature. On the
sixth cycle the assembly leaked. The failure was attributed to
creep;attack of the TiNi was not reported(3002).
Sodium hydroxide at 20% concentration and 30C attacks TiNi at
0.4 mpy; at the boilingpoint, 1.6 mpy(389)(2232).
Binary TiNi is attacked by 5 wt. % sulfuric acid at l00C at
8,200 mpy; by 10 wt. %, at14,300 mpy. For highly alloyed TiNi, l%
sulfuric acid at 30C attacks at 0.4 mpy;concentrated sulfuric, at
84 mpy. At its boiling point, 0.1 % sulfuric acid attacks
highlyalloyed TiNi at 0.3 mpy; 5% sulfuric acid, at 460 mpy. At
50C, 0.3 M sulfuric acid attacksTiNi at 3 mpy; 3.0 M, at 670
mpy(589)(1063)(2232).
Corrosion in Biological systems
In vivo studies of TiNi in rats and in dogs show no signs of
incompatibility. Test Reports onTiNi in diverse biological systems
can be found in references (2958 to 2999).
-
References
1063J.M.Macki, K.Terada, R.L.KochenA n Evaluation Of The Cryofit
Tube Joining System In Selected Plutonium Chemical
ProcessingSolutionsDow Chemical U.S.A.,Golden
Colorada1973English
1130K.N.Melton, O.MercierThe Mechanical Properties Of Niti-Based
Shape Memory AlloysActa Metallurgica,Vol.29,P.3931981EnglishNi-Ti,
Ni-Ti-Cu, And Ni-Ti-Cu-Fe Alloys Are Prepared, Tensile Tested And 6
Impact Tested. Fracture Energies Are Minimum Just Below Md.
Martensite Plastic Yield Is Higher Than TheAustenitic Yield. Y ield
Ratio Was The Greatest In A Nickel-Rich Binary (7:1). S tress Rates
AreMeasured And The Latent Heats Calculated.
2232Y.Suzuki, K.Takayanagi, Y.Fujii, T.Kuroyanagi,
T.TsutsuiApplication Of Faedic-Nt (Improved Niti Alloy) To Nuclear
Reactor Pump Components Titanium'80,Sci. And
Tech.,Vol.1,P.4971980EnglishNi-Ti Is Alloyed With 1.6% Fe And 1.8%
Mo To Improve High Temperature Strength, Abrasion, AndCorrosion
Resistance. C orrosion Data Is Several Solutions Is Given. E rosion
Is Second Only ToStellite. T ensite Strength Is Constant Up To
300C.
2233A.Negishi, K.Takayanagi, M.IkedaCorrosion And Wear Resistant
Nickel AlloyU.S.Patent 3,660,0821972English
2930Guangming, L.; Jinxiu, Z.; And Laizhong, L.Study Of
Snap-Acting Two Way Shape Memory Effect In Niti AlloyXiyou
Jinshu/Rare Metals V8 N3 July 1989 P39-411989EnglishS nap-Acting
Transformation And Snap-Acting Two Way Shape Memory Effect Have
Been ObtainedIn Ni ti Alloy Using The Constrained Effect Of Stress
On The Driving Force Of Twsm Element. TheTwsm Strain Of The
Snap-Acting Element Made Of Ni51 Ti 49 Alloy Finishes Abruptly At
An AcertainTemperature Without Any Additional Mechanism, Within An
Interval Less Than 1 Ms. AThermodynamic Model Is Presented To
Account For These Observations.
2938Tony ThompsonH2 & TiniPrivate Notes/Phone
Conversation1988English* Ni-Ti-Fe In Water Plus Hydrogen At 300 C*
Tony Thompson* 1988* Ni-Ti-Fe* Hydrogen*Embrittlement
-
2939P. ValemboisN2h4 And Mon-3General Electric Private
Publication1991English* Raychem Cryofit Sleeves N2h4 And Mon-3
Compatibility* P. Valembois* 1991* Ti-Ni-Fe Corrosion
2941Tom Borden, Jack HarrisonLiquid Metal CorrosionMemo From
Jack Harrison1992English* Niti Corrosion By Liquid Metals* Tom
Borden* 1992* Niti* Aluminum* Mercury* Corrosion
2942Schweiso, SchwinghamerLiquid And Gaseous Impingement Of
Oxegen On TiniLetter From National Aeronautics And Space
Administration1971English* Niti Sensitivity To Liquid And Gaseous
Oxegen* R.J. Schwinghamer* 1971* Ni-Ti-Fe* Oxidation*Oxygen
2944Clyde LofdahlCryofit Tunneling CorrosionRaychem
Memos1970English* Grumman 5% Nacl Spray And So2 Test Of Cryofit
Assembly* J. Combs; J.D. Harrison; ClydeLofdahl* 1971* Cryofit *
Corrosion * Pitting * Crevice Corrosion * Ni-Ti-Fe
2945John GuadasCorrosion Of TiniDepartment Of The
Navy1973English* Properties Of Modified Nitinol Alloys* J.P.
Guadas, D.A. Davis & F.J. Gomba* 1973* Corrosion* Ni-Ti-Cr*
Ni-Ti-Mo* Ni-Ti-Fe
2946Ralph NelsonMedtronic RingsRaychem Memo1980English* Cryofit
Cracking In Iodine Polyvinyl Pyridine* Ralph H. Nelson* 1980* Crack
Growth* Corrosion*Couplings* Ni-Ti
-
2948Ralph NelsonCardiac Pacemakers, Inc.Raychem Memo1977English*
Test failure of cryocon contact* Ralph H. Nelson* 1977* crevice
corrosion* Ni-Ti-Fe* Medical
2949Barry Wallace & John ChenAstm G42-75t Charging With Tini
With H+Personal Notes From J.D.Harrison1978English* Hydrogen
Charged Cryofit Couplings* J.D. Harrison* 1978* Embrittlement*
Hyrdogen* Ni-Ti-Fe
2950Pitting- Corrosion Failure Of Type 304 Stainless Steel
Aircraft Hydraulic Tubes In A MarineAtmosphereAsm Metals Handbook
8th Ed. Vol. 101975EnglishStainless SteelCorrosionPittingTubes
2951Ronald W. Schultz And David E. ThomasCorrosion Of
TitaniumAsm Metals Handbook 9th Ed. Vol. 13 P. 6871987English*
Titanium* Methanol* Corrosion* Pitting
2952John D. HarrisonShell/Aberdeen Methanol TunnelingPersonnal
Notes1980English* Corrosion* Couplings* Pitting
2953John D. HarrisonHarbor Island Cryofit FailurePersonnal
Notes1979English* Corrosion* Couplings* Pitting
2956John SimpsonHydrogen Charged Tensile SamplesMemo
-
1983English* Embrittlement* Hydrogen* Mg Shift* Tensile
Properties
2957Mary QuinCrofit In Hcl SolutionRaychemMemo1982English*
Corrosion* Couplings* Pitting
2959Y. Arima, M. Ohata, K. Ohmori, K. Kitamura, S. Nakamura, H.
Natori, Y. SezaiExperimental Study On Rib-Fixation Pin Using Shape
Memory Alloy - Histological Evaluation OnImplantation StudyJpn. J.
Artif. Organs, 18/1, Pp. 179-1821989EnglishT he In-Vivo
Implantation Study Was Conducted To Evaluate The Histocompatibility
Of ShapeMemory Alloy In A Living Body. K irschner's Wire Was Used
As A Control, And Pins Were ImplantedSubcutaneously In The Dorsal
Region Of Two Dogs. 2 Weeks, 4 Weeks, 8 Weeks, 4 Months, And
6Months After The Implantation, The Pins Were Removed With The
Surrounding Tissues AndEvaluated Histologically. At 2 Weeks, The
Inflamatory Reaction Was Strong In Both Groups, At 4Weeks The
Capsules Were Formed, And After 8 Weeks, Neither Inflamatory Nor
Foreign BodyReactions Were Observed In Either Group.
2960C. Dunlap, S.K. Vincent, B. BarkerAllergic Reaction To
Orthodontic Wire: Report Of CaseJada, Vol. 118, April, Pp.
449-4501989English"A Teen-Aged Female Patient Developed Painful,
Red, Macular Lesions On The Oral Mucosa. T heOnset Of Symptoms
Coincided With The Placement Of An Orthodontic Wire In Maxillary
Arch. Biopsy Showed Changes Typical Of Allergic Contact Stomatitis
And Removal Of The Wire Resulted InComplete Clearing Of Lesions
Within 4 Days"" Pat ient Had A History Of Allergy To Jewlery...""I
nThis Case, The History And Clinial Lesions, When Coupled With The
Histopathologic Changes AndResponse To Treatment, Make A Convincing
Argument For Allergic Contact Stomatitis Caused ByNickel. Tit anium
Cannot Be Completely Excluded As The Allergen In This Patient.
Howev er, It DoesNot Seem Likely Because Most Jewelry Does Not
Contain Titanium, And Titanium Allergy, To OurKnowledge, Has Not
Been Reported."
2961M. Prince; E. Salzman; F. Schoen, A. Palestrant; M.
SimonLocal Intravascular Effects Of The Nitinol Wire Blood Clot
FilterInvestigative Radiology, Vol 23, No. 4, Pp
294-3001988EnglishIn Two Filters, About 1 To 3 Mg Of Nickel And
Titanium, Representing Less Than 1% Of The Filter,Were Lost By
Corrosion In Four Years. T he Normal Daily Dietary Intake Of Ni Is
About 0.5 Mg. TheReccommended Safe Level Of Exposure To Nickel From
Intravenous Fluids Is Less Than 7% Of TheTotal Body Burden Of
Nickel Or 35 Micrograms Per Day For A 70 Kg Adult. D uring A
Four-YearPeriod This Amounts To 51 Mg Or About 30% Of All The
Nickel In The Filter. T he Authors ConcludeThat Exposure To Nickel
From The Filter Is "Well Within Acceptable Limits"
-
2962G. Rondelli; B. Vincentini; A. CigadaShape Memory Alloy As A
Human Body Implant MaterialThird World Biomaterials Congress,
Kyoto, Japan, Aprill 21-25, Paper #2p-39, P.1691988English"Pitting
Potentials Obtained By Potentiodynamic Tests Are Noticeably Higher
Than Those ObtainedFor Stainless Steels. However, In The
Potentiostatic Scratch Test The Stainless Steels Exhibit
BetterPerformances. Also In The Astm Test The Niti Alloys Showed A
Localized Corrosion ResistanceSlightly Lower Than The Stainless
Steels""On The Whole It Seems That The Niti Alloys Could BeUtilized
For The Orthopaedic Devices Only In Absence Of Metal-Metal,
Metal-Ceramic, And Metal-Plastic Couplings That Are Typical Sites
For The Onset Of Crevice Corrosion"
2963Y. NakayamaThe Biological Reactions Of Several Orthopaedic
Implant Alloys In RatsThe Third World Biomaterials Congress, Kyoto,
Japan, Paper #5c1-33, P.4951988EnglishNiti, 316l Stainless Steel,
Co-Cr-Mo, Ti-6a1-4v, Ti-15 Mo-5zr-3a1 And Pure Nickel Implants
(3mmDia. By 7mm Long) Were Placed In Quadriceps Muscle Belly And
Femoral Condyle Of Male Rats.Animals Were Sacrificed At 1,3,6
Months."There Were No Systemic Effect Or Statistically
MeaningfulDifference Among Body Weight Gain Ratio In Alloys Except
Nickel. Spontaneous Death Occurred InNickel Case Around 6 Month.
Massive Tumor-Like Granulation Formulation And Cystic Change
WereSeen Around The Quadriceps Muscle Implantation Site. Body
Weight Gain Ratio Of Nickel Was LowComparing To Other
Alloys""Fibrous Layer Was Formed In All Alloys Except Nickel And
The OrderOf Thicknesses Was Compatible With The Order Written In 1)
No Constituent Metal Dissolution WasNoticed In Niti Or Sus316l Or
Two Titanium Alloys...The Order Of The Thickness Of Fibrous
LayersFormed Around Implant Allys In Bone And Muscle Is Compatible
With The Order Of CorrosionResistance Of Them."
2964J. Geis-Gerstorfer, Heiner WeberCorrossion Resistance Of The
Implant Materials Contimet 35, Memory, And Vitallium In
ArtificialPhysiological FluidsInt. J. Oral Maxilliofacial Implants,
3: 135-1401988EnglishThe Linear Polarization Method Has Been Used
To Demonstrate The Influence Of DifferentElectrolytes On The
Corrosion Behavior Of Ti, Ni-Ti, And Co-Cr-Mo. Results Revealed
MinimalCorrosion Tendency To Ti; Co-Cr-Mo, And Especially Ni-Ti,
Showed Rapid Breakdown Of PassivityWith Increasing Chloride
Concentrations In Unbuffered Solutions And Little Differences In
BufferedSolutions. Niti Supplied By Krupp Medizuntechnik Gmbh.
2965Yang Pei-Jun, Zhang Yan-Feng, Ge Mao-Zhi, Cai Ti-Dong, Tao
Jin-ChunInternal Fixation With Niti Shape Memory Metal Alloy
Compressive Staples In Orthopedic SurgeryChinese Medical Journal,
100 (9), 712-7141987EnglishIn 8 Patients (Of 51 Cases) Where
Staples Were Removed In 3 To 26 Months, No Obvious ForeignBody
Reactions Could Be Found. No Details Provided.
-
2966H. Hamanaka, H. Dori, T. Yoneyyama, O. Kohno, I. MiuraNo
Title.Reports Of Institute For Medical And Dental Engineering, 21,
P. 1-71987EnglishThe Authors Have Been Studying Dental Uses Of
These Alloys. In This Paper, Corrosion ResistanceOf Cast Ni-Ti
Alloys Were Studied On Electrochemical And Immersion Test.Ni-Ti
Alloys ShowedHigher Break Down Potential In Anodic Polarization
Curves Than Those Of Ni-Cr And Co-Cr AlloysOn The Market. The
Amount Of Ni Cations Dissolved From Ni-Ti Alloys In 0.9% Nacl
Solution Is ByFar Lower Than Those From Dental Alloys Now In
Clinical Uses. There Seemed To Be No ProblemFor The Dental
Application Of The Cast Ni-Ti Alloys.
2968Tan Shusung, Qian Dongfan, Chu Youyi, T. KoResearches And
Applications Of Shape Memory Alloys In ChinaProc. Of Intl. Symp. On
Shape Memory Alloys, Guilin, China, Pp. 1-111986EnglishReferences
Other Work In China On Simulated Corrosion Tests, Toxicity In
Vitro, HistolgicalObservations, And Analysis Of Free Ni Content, No
Test Longer Than 2 Years (4 Dogs)As To TheQuestion Of
Carcinogenisis..., Only From Long Term Embedment Experiment Can A
Judgement BeStemmed
2967Hiroshi Kimura, Tajii SohmuraSurface Coating On Tini Shape
Memory Implant AlloysJ. Osaka Univ. Dent. Sch.,Vol.27, 211223,
19871987EnglishCorrosion Resistance In Tini Shape Memory Alloys
Which Is Utilized As A Dental Implant WasStudied In 1% Nacl
Solution By Means Of Anodic Polarization Measurement. In Most Of
Specimens,Current Dentistry Increased At About 1200mv, But In Some
Specimens, An Abrupt Increase InCurrent Dentistry Was Observed At
Low Potential Such As 500-600 Mv, And This Was Found ToOriginate
From The Formation Of Pitting. In Such Case, Dissolution Of Ni In A
Living Body IsDoubtful.In Order To Prevent The Dissolution At Low
Potential, Surface Coating By Ticn, Tin AndOxide Film Were
Attempted. By Coating, The Amount Of Current Dentistry Decreased
And NoAbrupt Increase In Current Were Observed In Any Case.
However, In Ticn Coating, The CoatingLayer Was Easily Peeled Off By
Strain Upon Shape Memory Effect. In The Case Of Tin Coating,Cracks
Were Formed Especially In Compression Side And Abrupt Dissolution
Was Observed. OnThe Other Hand, By Oxide Film Coating, Abrupt
Dissolution Was Suppressed Even After PlasticDeformation Upon Shape
Memory And Recovery Process. Oxide Film Coating Is Considered
ToImprove Corrosion In Tini Shape Memory Alloy.
2969Xue Miao, Jia WeitaoApplications Of A Niti Shape Memory
Alloy To Medicine And DentistryProc. Of Intl. Symp. On Shape Memory
Alloys, Guilin, China, Pp. 411-4151986EnglishReferences Earlier
Work By Xue Miao (1982). "Compared To 316l Stainless Steel, Niti
Alloy Is ABetter Anti-Corrosion Biomedical Alloy." Regarding
Toxicity Test In Vitro " Cells Grew Well On TheSurface Of
Alloy."
-
2970Zhang Xufeng, Liu Guolin, Yuen Jinrui, Zao Qi, Yi Lin, Hu
Ziping, Zhou Shouli, Hue JieA Study Of Shape Memory Alloy For
MedicineProc. Of Intl. Symp. On Shape Memory Alloys, Guilin, China,
Pp. 416-4201986EnglishResults Of A Simulated Corrosion Study (Using
Artificial Saliva, Artificial Sweat, Hank's PhysiologySolvent 1%
Nacl, Lactate Solvent , .05% Hcl And 0.1% Nas) Are Reviewed. After
72 Hours NoChange In Weight Was Noted (+/- .001 G). Niti Was Rated
With 316l Stainless Steel To Be In GradeA For Anticorrosion (Soviet
Union Standard)No Tumor-Like Hyperplasia Were Noted After
ThreeMonths Using Four Rabbits Containing Niti And 316l Inserts
Near Their Backbones.
2971J. Haasters, G. Bensmann, A. PonApplications Of The Memory
Alloy Niti As Implant MaterialMaterials Sciences And Implant
Orthopedic Surgery. 117-1241986English40 Rats Tested (6, 12, 18,
And 24 Weeks) With Cylinders And Rings (Internal Tissue Is Inactive
AndAt Rest) No Corrosion Found. Observed Typical Foreign Body
Reaction (Fibrocytes, Lymphoytes)Looked Same Compared To
Conventional Material Specimens Also Tested.
2972P.J. Yang, Y.F. Chang, M.Z. Ge, T.D. Cai, J.C. TaoInternal
Fixation With Niti Shape Memory Alloy Compressive Staples In
Orthopedic SurgeryProc. Of Shape Memory Alloys, China Academic
Publications, 438-4371986English51 Cases Reviewed Follow-Up Exams
After 2 Years Showed No Sign Of Inflammation. EightPatients (>20
Months With Niti Staples) Showed No Foreign Body Reaction Based On
HistologicalStudies
2973Zhao Dinglin, Zhang Weiming, Xu Yinkan, Tu KaiyuanStudy And
Clinical Application Of The Cervical Intervertebral Artificial
JointProc. Of Shape Memory Alloys, China Academic Publications,
433-4371986EnglishIn 32 Cases, 30 Were Followed Up For 14 To 48
Months. No Sign Of Localized Tissue Death.
2974K.R. Dai, R.S. Wu, J.X. Yuan, Y.H. Sun, H.B. Yang, W.Q.
Hong, S.C. Shen, L.Y. LiuOrthopedic Applications Of Niti Shape
Memory AlloyProc. Of Shape Memory Alloys, Pp. 430-4321986English16
Cases With 6 To 48 Month Follow Up. No Tissue Reaction.
-
2975Bruno Vincentini, Gianni Rondelli, Alberto Cigada, Giovanni
TurisiniCorrosion Behavior Of A Nickel Titanium AlloyProc. Of Sma
'86, China Academic Publs., Pp.447-4541986EnglishIn This Paper 3
Alloys Have Been Examined: Ti 6al 4v, Niti (50% At Ni) And Aisi
316l. In AcidEnviornments (0.5 M Sulphuric Acid) The Niti Alloy
Behaves Like The Ti 6al 4v (Only PassiveCurrents Are Higher For The
Former), While Aisi 316l Has The Lowest Passivation
CurrentDensities.The Ti 6al 4v Alloy Shows The Best Resistance To
Localized Corrosion (Pitting AndCrevice). Niti Exhibits A Very High
Pitting Potential In The Potentiodynamic Tests Performed InChloride
Containing Solution. However, The Aisi 316l Has A Higher Capacity
To Repair The PassiveFilm Broken Down Lo
2976B. Vincentini, G. Rondelli, A. Cigada, G. TurisiniCorrosion
Behavior Of A Nickel Titanium AlloyChina Academic Publs.
Pp.447-4541986EnglishThe Resistance To Pitting Corrosion As
Determined By The Potentiodynamic Tests In 3.5% Nacl,Decreased In
Th Eorder: Ti 6a1 4v ..Niti.Aisi 316l. The Ti 6a1 4v Alloy Shows
The Best ResistanceTo Localized Corrosion (Pitting And Crevice).
Niti Exhibits Very High Pitting Potential In ThePotentiodynamic
Tests Performed In Chloride Containing Solution. However, The Aisi
316l Has AHigher Capacity To Repair The Passive Film Broken Down
Locally And As A Consequence It GivesBetter Performances Than The
Niti Alloy In The Potentiostatic Measurements (Scrat Test; Astm F
46-81 Test) Lastly, Our Results Pointed Out, For Our Niti Alloy, A
Pitting And Crevice CorrosionResistance Better Than Those Reported
In The Literature.As A Whole The Niti Alloy Offers APromising
Corrosion Behavior View Of Potential Applications As Implant
Material, Even ThoughFurther Corrosion Studies Are Envisaged.
2977J. Takahshi, M. Ozazaki, H. Kimura, N. Horasawa, M. Ito, S.
TakahashiSuperelasticity And Released Metal Concentration Of Ni-Ti
And Ni-Ti-Cu Alloys CastingsJournal Of The Japanese Society For
Dental Materials And Devices. Vol.5 No.51986EnglishReleased Ni
Concentrations Of Both Ni-Ti And Ni-Ti-Cu Alloys Were Lower Than
Those Of Dental Ni-Cr Alloys. These Alloys Were Exposed At 37c For
One Week In Three Solutions: Ringers Solution,1.0 Lactic Acid And
0.055 Hcl. Niti Exhibited A Release Of 0.17, 0.95 And 2.90 Mg/Cm2
While Ni Cr(L) Exhibited 18.5, 11.1, And 398 Mg/Cm2 And Ni Cr (Ll)
Exhibited 4.90, 0.70 And 47.4 Mg/Cm2 Nicr(L) Is 75.5 Weight % Ni,
19.5% Cr And 2.4% Mo And Nicr (Ll) Is 67.7 Weight % Ni, 16.3% Cr,
3.6%Mo, 5.6% Mn, 2.6% Cu, 2.0% Co And 2.6% Al.
-
2978Paul Pang-Fu Kuo, Bei-Chun Yang, Yan-Feng Zhang, Ke-Rong
Dai, Yue-Fei YuClinical Use Of Niti Shape Memory Alloy In
Orthopedic Surgery-A Preliminary ReportProgress In Artificial
Organs, 1105-11071985English"No Obvious Local Reactions Nor
Corrosion Of The Staples And Screws" Removed Postoperatively.Also
Ti-Ni Cubes Of 1mm3 Embedded In Thigh Muscles Of 60 Dogs For 10
Months Showed NoObvious Evidence Of Reaction.
2979
2980A. EdwardsApplication Of Electrochemical Techniques To The
Prediction Of Enviornmental Effects On TheCorrosion Behaviour Of A
Niti AlloyMarine Corrosion % Fouling Vol.1 Sixth Intem
Congress1984EnglishPotentiostatic Techniques Have Been Used To
Study The Effects Of Changes In Ph And ChlorideConcentration To
Seasalt Solutions On The Corrosion Behavior And, In Particular,
Pitting CorrosionResistance Of A 52 Ni, 45 Ti And 3 Fe Alloy. The
Alloy, Known To Be Susceptible To CreviceCorrosion In Seawater, Was
Also Found To Be Susceptible To Pitting Corrosion In
AcidifiedConcentrated Seasalt Solutions And Subject To Rapid
Uniform Corrosion In Hydrochloric AcidSolutions.
2981Yang Pei-Jun, Y.F. Zhang, M.Z.KuhThe Use Of Niti
Shape-Memory Alloy Staples For Internal Fixation Of
FracturesChinese Journal Of Ortho., 3, Pp. 137-1401983ChineseNo
English Abstract Available. Translation Indicates 18 Case Studies
On Limbs, Joints, Palms, AndAnkle Bones In 18 Patients. Alloy Took
Less External Fixation Time With No Sign Of Loose FixationOr
Swollen Soft Tissue.
2982N.K. Sarkar, W. Redmond, B. Schwaninger, A..J. GoldbergThe
Chloride Corrosion Behavior Of Four Orthodontic WiresJournal Of
Oral Rehab., Vol. 10, Pp.121-1281983English"Potentiodynamic Cyclic
Polarization Of Four Orthodontic Alloys (Wires), Namely
Permachrome,Elgiloy, A 8-Titanium Alloy, And Nitinol In A 1% Nacl
Solution Within -500 Mv And +300 Mv (Sce)Indicated The First Three
Alloys To Be Passive Whereas Breakdown Of Passivity Was Observed
OnNitinol. The Sem Examination Of The Pre-And Post Polarized Alloy
Surfaces Provided EvidenceWhich Was Consistant With The
Elctrochemical Measurements, In That The First Three
AlloysExhibited No Appreciable Corrosion Damage Whereas Pitting
Corrosion Was Observed OnNitinol"This Work Contradicts Work Of J.W.
Edie, 1981. See Abstract
-
2983K.R. DaiThe Use Of Compression Staples On Niti Shape Memory
Alloy In Orthopedic SurgeryChinese Journal Of Orthopedics Vol. 21,
Pp. 343-3451983EnglishReferences Work By Castleman Et. Al And Xue
Et Al. Xue Experiments (1980) "Proved" That Niti HadGood
Corrrrosion Resistance To Man-Made Sweat, "Hank" Solution, Nacl,
And Nas. Also After 10Months Implantation In Bone And Skin, There
Was No Sign Of Corrosion Or Tissue Color Change.Tissue Restoraion
Was Short And Tissue Reaction Was Light.
2984Xue MiaoFundamental Medical Research Of Nickel-Titanium
Memory AlloysChinese Journal Of Biomedical Engineering Vol. 2, No.
1, Pp.28-331983EnglishDescribes An Experiment On 60 Female Rats; 30
Rats Had Subcutaneous Implantations (4mmDiameter By 1mm Thick) And
30 Rats Had Bone Interior Implantations (2mm Diameter Balls).
Niti(49-51) Was Compared To 316l Stainless Steel And Carbon Fiber
Reinforced Carbon (Cfrc). RatsWere Sacrificed At 1 And 2 Weeks;
1,2,3,4,5 And 10 Months. "Nickel-Titanium Memory AlloysDiscolor
Slightly When Placed In A Simulated Body Fluid Medium; However,
This Phenomenon Is NotDetected When Implanted Inside An Animal.
Experimental Results Show That After 10 Months OfImplantation In
The Tissues And Inside The Bones Of Rats, There Is No Damage To The
LocalTissue. Inflammation Is Slight, Tissue Recovery Time Is Short,
There Is No Indicaton OfDiscoloration, Corrosion, Or Cellukar
Toxicity, The Biotolerance Is High, And Biodegeneration Is
Low.During The Observation Period Equivilant To 2/5 Of The Life
Span Of The Specimen, There Is NoIndication Of Localized Neoplasm.
Compared To Stainless Steel And Carbon Fiber ReinforcedCarbons,
Nickel-Titanium Memory Alloys Have A Better Biocompatibility"
2985U.E. Pazzaglia, C. Minoia, L. Ceciliani, C. RiccardiMetal
Determination In Organic Fluids Of Patients With Stainless Steel
Hip ArthroplastyActa. Orthop. Scand. 54, 574-5791983EnglishNi
Levels In Blood, Plasma And Urine, Manganese Levels In Blood And
Urine, And Chromium LevelsIn Plasma Were Significantly Higher In
Hip (10-13 Year Old) Prosthese Population Thaaa In A
ControlGroup."The Increased Level Of Metal Ion Is Well Below The
Threshold Of Metal Toxicity For Each OfThe Various Metals. The
Release Of Metal Ions By Stainless Steel Metal-Plastic Prothesis
Does NotSeem To Cause Sensitization Even After A Prolonged Period
Of Time"
2986Frederick J. Krummer, Robert M. RoseCorrosion Of
Titanium/Conbalt Chromium Alloy CouplesJournal Of Bone And Joint
Surgery, Vol. 65-A, No.8, October 19831983EnglishThe Stability And
Gradual Reduction Of The Current For The Titanium Couples Are
Indicitave Of TheFormation Of A Stable Passive Film. The Behavior
Of The Stainless Steel Cobalt-Chromium AlloyCouple Indicates That
It Was Not Stable And Would Continue To Corrode; Thus That The Use
OfDisimilar Metals In Orthopedic Implants Should Be Approached With
Great Caution.
-
2987Gunter Bensman, Frank Baumgart, Jorg HaastersNickel-Titanium
Osteosynthesis ClipsMedical Focus, March, 19831983EnglishTissue
Covering The Implant Which Was Obtained On Removal Of The Clips Was
Subjected ToHistological Examination. Inflammatory Rejections,
Increased Blood Supply Or Other RejectionMechanisms Were Not
Observed. Contamination Of The Examined Tissue With Memory
MetalAmounted To Between 6 And 10 Months. Compared With The
Preceding Histological InvestigationsOn Animals, This Permits The
Conclusion That The Memory Implants Did Not Produce AnyPathological
Response In The Patients Observed And Examined.Several Memory Clips
Which HadBeen Implanted For Up To 1.6 Years Were Examined Following
Removal By Surgery. MacroscopicStudy Showed All The Clips To Have A
Uniform Appearance With Bright Metallic Surface. SlightScratches
Are Attributable To Mechanical Damage During Implantation And
Extraction. No CorrosionWas Observed On Visual Inspection. Results
Of Microprobe Spectrometery Established MoreoverThat No Change Had
Occured In The Chemical Composition On The Surface Of The
ImplantsCompared With The Core Material. Accordingly, The Material
Used For The Clips May Be AsAdequately Resistant To Corrosion.
2988G. Bensmann, F. Baumgart, J. HaastersOsteosynthesis Clamps
Made From Niti : Manufacture; Preliminary Tests, And Clinical
UseTech. Mitt. Krupp, Forsch-Ber. 40, Pp. 123-1341982EnglishBreif
Includes Review Of Histologic Examinations Performed On Tissue
After Removal Of MemoryClamps From Human Feet After 6 To 16 Months.
No Inclusions Of Inflammatory Reactions Or OreignBody Reactions
Seen. Comparison Of Connective Tissue Membranes Associated With
MemoryImplants And With Other Metal Implants Appear Basically The
Same. They Conclude That TheMemory Implants Showed No Pathological
Reactions In The Patients Which Were Studied.
2989K. Kuehn, F.W. Sunderman, Jr.Dissolution Half-Times Of
Nickel Compounds In Water, Rat Serum, And Renal CytosolJournal Of
Inorganic Biochemistry, 17, 29-391982English17 Nickel Compounds
Were Incubated In Water , Rat Serum, And Rat Renal Cytosol For 72
Hours At37 Deg. C. Concentrations Of Dissolved Nickel Were Analyzed
By Electrothermal Atomic AbsorptionSpectophotometry, And
Dissolution Half-Times (T50) Were Computed By The Weibul Equation.
11Of The Nickel Compounds (Ni, Bnis, Amorphous Nis, Ani3s2, Nise,
Ni3se2, Nite, Nias, Ni11as8,Ni5as2, And Nifes4) Dissolved More
Rapidly In Serum Or Cytosol Than In Water. 4 Of TheComppounds (Nio,
Nisb, Nife Alloy, And Nitio3 (Often Seen On Niti Surfaces)) Had No
DetectableDissolution In Any Of The Media ( I.E. T50> 11 Yrs.)
These Findings Suggest That In Vitro DissolutionHalf-Times Of
Nickel Compounds May Be Used To Predict Their In Vivo Excretion
Half-Times, SinceThe Dissolution Process Is Rate-Limiting To Their
Metabolism And Excretion.
-
2990G. Bensmann, F. Baumgart, J. HaastersApplication Of Memory
Alloy Niti As Implant MaterialTrans. Of 8th Annual Meeting Of Soc.
Of Biomaterials, Vol. V, P.901982EnglishHan Vistar Rats Implanted
With Niti On Both Sides For 6, 12, 18, And 24 Weeks For Tissue
ReactionTests. "No Signs Of Corrosion Were Found On Metal Specimens
On Their Removal"Histologically,Inflammatory Reactions Were
Apparent Around The Foreign Body, But No Giant Cells Induced By
ItsPresence Were Found. For Comparison, Specimens Of The Same Shape
And Of ConventionalProsthesis Material Were Implanted In The Same
Animal. Here The Same Reaction Was Visible InThe Connective Tissue
Around The Foreign Body. Capular Thickness Measurements Showed
AClear Diminution As The Implantation Period Increased.To
Investigate The Behavior And Function OfNiti Implants, Niti Jaw
Plates, For The Osteosynthesis Of A Simulated Fracture Of The Lower
Jaw,And Clamps Were Implanted In Minipigs, And Spacers For
Stiffening The Spinal Column In Sheep.The Operations Were
Successfully Carried Out And In No Case Were Harmful Tissue
ReactionsFound.
2991L.S. Castleman, S.M. MotzkinThe Biocompatibility Of
NitinolBiocompatibility Of Clinical Implant Materials, Ed. D.
Williams, 129-1541981EnglishReferences 92 Articles. Discusses The
Biocompatibility Of Nickel, Titanium, And Niti
2992J.W. Edie, G.F. Andreasen, M.P. ZaytownSurface Corrosion Of
Nitinol And Stainless Steel Under Clinical ConditionsThe Angle
Orthodontist, Vol. 51, No. 4, October, Pp. 319-3241981EnglishRecent
Papers Raise Concern That Nitinol Wire Had Been Reported To Have
Greater CorrosiveTendency That Stainkess Steel Wire (Ss) During
Anodic Dissolution. This Paper Questions WhetherThese Lab
Experiments Relate To Potential Corrosive Experience In Clinical
Service. The StudyAssesses Surface Characteristics By Topographical
Appearance With Sem, Qualitative ChemicalContent With Eds, And
Relative Quantitation Of Oxygen Content With Wds. "Eleven Nitinol
AndEleven Stainless Steel Wires Were Retrieved After Clinic
Services For Periods Ranging From One ToEight Months." Comparisons
Were Made To Unused Nitinol And Ss Wires And To Nitinol SubjectedTo
Anodic Dissolution For Two Minutes. Unused Nitinol Wires Show Large
Variatons In SurfaceTextures When Compared To Ss Wires" Because Of
These Variations Of Unused Nitinol Surfaces, ItIs Difficult To
Assess The Degree Of Corrosion Existing On The Surfaces By Visual
Inspection.However, No Pits Or Surfaces Typical Of Anodically
Dissolved Wires Were Observed On EitherNitinol Or Stainless Teel
Wires. Because Of Wire Surface Variability, It Is Difficult To Make
AbsoluteAssessments Of Corrosive Action Without Direct Comparison
Of Before And After ServicePhotographs. The Nitinol Wires For Which
That Was Done Had Practically Identical Surface FeaturesAnd No
Obvious Corrosion Products. In Ccnclusion, The Results Reported
Here Suggest That ThereIs No Reason To Believe That Nitinol Wires
Are Any More Subject To Corrosion Than Stainless SteelWires In An
Enviornment That Is Typical Of Clinical.
-
2993K. Speck, A. FrakerAnodic Polarization Behavior Of Niti And
Ti-6a1-4v In Simulated Physiological SolutionsJ. Of Dental
Research, Oct. 59, No. 10, 1590-15951980English"This Study Has
Confirmed Results Of Other Investigations Which Show That Titanium
And Its AlloysAre More Corrosion Resistant To Simulated Body Fluids
Than Are 316l Stainless Steel, The Co-Cr-Mo Alloy, And The Co-Ni-Mo
Alloy. Other Conclusions Of This Study Are Summarized. Although
TheBreakdown Potential The Amino Acid Is Lowered By The Presence Of
The Cysteine, This BreakdownStill Is Comparable With Or Higher Than
That Of The Other Non-Titanium Metals Used In This Study"
2994M. Simon, R. Kaplow, E. Salzman, D. FreimanA Vena Cava
Filter Using Thermal Shape Memory AlloyRadiology, Vol. 125, No. 1,
Pp. 89-941977EnglishThe Study On 16 Dogs Primarily Focused On
Effectiveness Rather Than Biocompatibiliy. "NoThrombus Was Observed
On The Exposed Surface Of The Filter Wire In These Cases."
2995A. Gaechter, J. Alroy, G.B.J. Andersson, J. Galante, W.
Rostoker, F. SchajowiczMetal Carcinogenisis: A Study Of The
Carcinogenic Activity Of Solid Metal Alloy In RatsJ. Bone Joint
Surgery., A59, 622-6241977EnglishThe Carcinogenic Activity Of Seven
Metallic Alloys Was Studied By Implanting Solid Rods Of EachAlloy
In The Gluteal Muscles Of Sprague-Dawley Rats Which Were Killed
After 24 Months. WhenThe Number Of Tumors In These Rats Was
Compared With The Numbers In Rats Not Operated On,In Rats Which Had
A Sham Operation, And In Rats Implanted With Silastic Rods, No
StatisticallySignificant Differences In These Incidences Of The
Tumors In The Several Groups Were Found.ThisIs Not Directly A Niti
Study: However, Mp35n, An Alloy Which Contains A Large Percentage
Of Ni (33To 37%) With 20% Cr, 10% Mo, And 35% Co, Was Included In
This Test.Article Concluded That TheResults Of This Study Show That
Solid Implants Of 7 Different Metallic Alloys Commonly Used
InOrthopedic Surgery Do Not Constitute A Major Carcinogenic Hazard
When Implanted In The MuscleOf Rats; However, The Authors Point Out
That Physical Characteristics Of The Implants (Rods Vs.Disc Vs.
Powder) Tissue Type ( Bone Vs. Muscle) Patient ( Rat Vs. Human) Can
Play A Role InCarcinogenic Activity.
2996S.M. Motzkin, L.S. Castleman, W. Szablowski, V.J. Bonawit,
F.P. Alicandri, A.A. JohnsonEvaluation Of Nitinol Compatibility By
Cell CultureProc. Fourth New Engl. Bioengr. Conf.,
301-3041976EnglishNiti And Titanium Significantly Reduce Cell
Growth After Four-Day Culture Tests. Niti Has A LessDeleterious
Effect Than Does Titanium.Tissue Culture Studies Of Human Kung
Fibroblasts ShowedNitinol Somewhat More Reactive Than 316l Ss And
Co-Cr Alloy, But Nitinol Is Comparable Or LessActive Than Titanium.
No Evidence Of Corrosion.The Authors Conclude That Niti Is Worthy
OfFurther Investigation.
-
2997L.S. Castleman, S.M. Motzkin, F.P. Alicandri, V.L. Bonawit,
A.A. JohnsonBiocompatibility Of Nitinol Alloy As An Implant
MaterialJ. Biomed. Mater. Res., 10, Pp. 695-7311976EnglishDetails
Outlined In 1981 Castleman ReferenceIn Dogs Containing Nitinol And
Co-Cr Alloy ImplantsFor Periods Of 3, 6, 12, And 17 Months, There
Were No Signs Either Of Generalized Or Of LocalizedCorrosion That
Could Be Attributed To A Reaction Between The Metallic Surfaces And
TheImmediately Adjacent Tissue.Gross Clinical And Radiological
Observations Indicated That There WasNo Discernible Difference
Between Sham-Operated Dogs And Dogs Containing Nitinol And
Co-CrAlloy Implants For The Aforementioned Time Periods.There Was
No Significant Difference In TheHistological Observation Of Bone
And Tissue Adjacent To The Implants, Whether Made Of Nitinol OrOf
Co-Cr Alloy, And Those Made On Corresponding Bone And Tissue
Removed From ShamOperated Dogs.
2998D. Cutright, S.N. Bhaskar, B. Periz, R. Johnson, G.
CowanTissue Reaction To Nitinol Wire AlloyOral Surgery Vol. 35,
No.4, Pp. 578-5841973English55-Nitinol Wire Suture Was Placed
Subcutaneously In 45 Rats. The Reaction Of The Tissue To TheNitinol
Was Followed For 9 Weeks. The Tissue Reaction Was Minimal At All
Time Periods. TheReparative Process Was Initiated Within 1 To 2
Weeks And Formed A Dense, Relatively AvascualrFibrous Connective
Tissue Capsule By 5 To 6 Weeks, With Little Change Beyond This
Time.WhenCompared To Stainless Steel In Previous Experiments, The
Nitinol Was Indistinguishable From TheStainless Steel At Similar
Time Periods.Therefore, On The Basis Of The Results In This
Experiment,It Appears That 55-Nitinol Histologically Compares
Favorably With Stainless Steel And Could BeUsed In The Deep
Tissues.
2999J.L. WallaceEvaluation Of The Intermetallic Compound Tini As
An Implant MaterialBs Thesis, Polytechnic Institute Of
Brooklyn1970English1. Tini Implants Result In An Increase Of Ti And
Ni In Surrounding Muscles And Distant OrgansIncluding The Kidney,
Spleen, And Liver.2. Histology Results Indicate That Tini Causes A
MildReaction In The Tissue Surrounding The Implant And A Necrotic
Condition At The Metal-MembraneInterface.3. Tini Performance In
Vivi Was Satisfactory Enough To Warrant Further Investigation
InHigher Order Animals.
3000E.A. CalvelliTitanium Test PiecesGrumman Aircraft Qc
Data1969EnglishN2o4 Nitrogen TetroxideN2h4 HydrazineCryofit
CouplingsTiniCorrosion TestStress Corrosion Cracking Of Titanium In
Red Versus Green Nitrogen Tetroxide
-
3001B.H. CarsonThe Use Of Cryofit Fittings For Space Vehicle
Plumbing SystemsLockheed Manufacturing Research
Investigation1974EnglishLockheedN2H4 HydrazineTiniTitaniumStainless
SteelAluminumCorrosion Test
3002Chas. R.F. Smith I.W.E. RutherN/AArgonne National Laboratory
Correspondence1972EnglishArgonne/IdahoNa. Liquid
SodiumCryofitTiniCorrosion Test
3003Jack HarrisonComposit Cryofit Union In Chem Plant
ServicePersonal Notes1976EnglishHf, Bf3 Hydrogen Flouride, Boron
TriflourideTiniStress Corrosion
3004Les HillCryofit CorrosionRaychem Memo1980EnglishHydrogen
Chloride GasMarine Cryofit CouplingHms RepulseTiniCorrosionAnne
Edwards
3005David J. Larson,
Jr.1969EnglishGrummanCadmiumTitaniumTiniLiquid Metal Corrosion
3007Paul HauptlyTest Report - Cryofit In Chromic AcidRaychem
Memo1979EnglishChromic Acid & SulphuricccacidCro3 +
H2so4TiniCorrosion Test
3008John Land"Nitinol" Cryofit AssemblyLockheed Lab
Report1971EnglishLockheedRed Fuming Nitric AcidTiniCorrosion
Test
-
3009Hf-Hno3-H2o RecipiesChemical Polish For TiniDescaling
Solution
3010William BuehlerPickleNotes1967EnglishCleaning TiniBright
Etch
3011SchulsonTinel In Pressurized WaterMemo1978EnglishAtomic
Energy Of CanadaPressurized WaterCorrosion Test
373C.M.Jackson, H.J.Wagner, R.J.Wasilewski55-Nitinol--The Alloy
With A Memory: Its Physical Metallurgy, Properties, And
Applications--A ReportNasa,Washington D.C.,Sp-51101972English
389P.P.EwaldThe Poststift--A Model For The Theory Of Pole
FiguresJ.Of The Less Common Metals,Vol.28,No.1,P.11972English
587B.A.Apaev, B.I.VoronenkoThe Memory Effect In AlloysMetal
Science And Heat Treatment,Vol.15,No.1-2,P.241973EnglishGo od
General Overview Of Applications And The Memory Mechanism. A lso
Shows Yield StressVersus Temperature, And Hardness Versus Ni
Content. Mechanical Preconditioning Is Shown, WithRecovery Stress
Experiments.
589A.Negishi, K.Takayanagi, Y.FujiiDevelopment And Prospect Of
Intermetallic Compound Faedic-NtChemical Economy And Engineering
Review,Vol.3,No.5,P.341971EnglishT he Memory Effect Of Ni-Ti Was
Suppressed By Adding Mo And Fe. Th e Alloy (Faedic-Nt) HadExcellent
Corrosion, Erosion And Wear Resistance.
-
83W.J.Buehler, F.E.WangA Summary Of Recent Research On The
Nitinol Alloys And Their Potential Application In
OceanEngineeringOcean Engineering,Vol.1,P.1051968English55-Nitinol
and 60-Nit inol Are Compared, Including Fatigue. No n-Magnetic
Tools Are Shown; ShapeMemory Is Called By That Name. The Funny 9
Angstr om Structure Is Discribed. M s Is PlottedAgainst Ni;
Resistivity Showing The R-Phase Is Shown But Not Recognized. S ome
CorrosionProperties Are Shown. B razing With Silver And Welding Are
Discussed.
933T.Satow, T.Isano, T.HonmaThe High Temperature Oxidation Of
Intermetallic Compound Tini Nippon
KinzakuGakkaishi,Vol.38,No.3,P.2421974EnglishThe High Temperature
Oxide On Ti-Ni Is Ti02.