63 DAFTAR PUSTAKA Aimable, N., 2017, Design, Modeling, and Fabrication of Thermoelectric Generator for Waste Heat Recovery in Local Process Industry. Anozie, A., Bakare, A., Sonibare, J., Oyebisi, T., 2007, Evaluation of cooking energy cost, efficiency, impact on air pollution and policy in Nigeria, Energy Procedia, 32 (7). BSN, 2013, Kinerja tungku biomassa. Jakarta: BSN. Bunchmann, I., 2018, Types of Lithium-ion Batteries. Available at: https://batteryuniversity.com/index.php/learn/article/types_of_lithium_ion, diakses tanggal 23 Nov 2018. Cengel, Y. A., dan Boles, M. A., 2015, Thermodinamics: an engineering approach, edisi 8, McGraw-Hill Education, 2 Penn Plaza, New York. Champier, D., Bedecarrats, J.P., Rivaletto, M., Strub, F., 2010, Thermoelectric power generation from biomass cook stoves, Energy, Elsevier Ltd, 35(2),, hal. 935–942. Champier, D., Bédécarrats, J P., Kousksou, T., Rivaletto, M., Strub, F., Pignolet, , P., 2011, Study of a TE (thermoelectric) Generator Incorporated in a Multifunction Wood Stove, Energy. Elsevier Ltd, 36 (3), hal. 1518–1526. Champier, D., 2017, Thermoelectric generators : A review of applications, Energy Conversion and Management. Elsevier Ltd, 140. Deasy, M. J., O'Shaughnessy, S.M., Archer, L., Robinson, A.J., 2018, Electricity Generation from a Biomass Cookstove with MPPT Power Management and Passive Liquid Cooling, Energy for Sustainable Development. Elsevier Inc., 43, hal. 162–172. Ditana, 2019, Produk. http://www.ditanagroup.com/produk/, diakses tanggal 12 Jan 2019. Douglas, P., 2014, Thermoelectric energy harvesting, in Concepts Towards Zero, Power Information and Communication Technology. Intech. Febriansyah, H., Setiawan, A., Suryopratomo, K., 2014, Gama stove: Biomass Stove for Palm Kernel Shells in Indonesia, Energy Procedia. Elsevier B.V., 47, hal. 123–132. Fisafarani, H., 2010, Identifikasi Karakteristik Sumber Daya Biomassa dan Potensi Bio-Pelet di Indonesia, Tesis, Fakultas Teknik, Universitas Indonesia, Depok.
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63
DAFTAR PUSTAKA
Aimable, N., 2017, Design, Modeling, and Fabrication of Thermoelectric Generator for Waste Heat Recovery in Local Process Industry.
Anozie, A., Bakare, A., Sonibare, J., Oyebisi, T., 2007, Evaluation of cooking energy cost, efficiency, impact on air pollution and policy in Nigeria, Energy Procedia, 32 (7).
BSN, 2013, Kinerja tungku biomassa. Jakarta: BSN.
Bunchmann, I., 2018, Types of Lithium-ion Batteries. Available at: https://batteryuniversity.com/index.php/learn/article/types_of_lithium_ion, diakses tanggal 23 Nov 2018.
Cengel, Y. A., dan Boles, M. A., 2015, Thermodinamics: an engineering approach, edisi 8, McGraw-Hill Education, 2 Penn Plaza, New York.
Champier, D., Bedecarrats, J.P., Rivaletto, M., Strub, F., 2010, Thermoelectric power generation from biomass cook stoves, Energy, Elsevier Ltd, 35(2),, hal. 935–942.
Champier, D., Bédécarrats, J P., Kousksou, T., Rivaletto, M., Strub, F., Pignolet, , P., 2011, Study of a TE (thermoelectric) Generator Incorporated in a Multifunction Wood Stove, Energy. Elsevier Ltd, 36 (3), hal. 1518–1526.
Champier, D., 2017, Thermoelectric generators : A review of applications, Energy Conversion and Management. Elsevier Ltd, 140.
Deasy, M. J., O'Shaughnessy, S.M., Archer, L., Robinson, A.J., 2018, Electricity Generation from a Biomass Cookstove with MPPT Power Management and Passive Liquid Cooling, Energy for Sustainable Development. Elsevier Inc., 43, hal. 162–172.
Ditana, 2019, Produk. http://www.ditanagroup.com/produk/, diakses tanggal 12 Jan 2019.
Douglas, P., 2014, Thermoelectric energy harvesting, in Concepts Towards Zero, Power Information and Communication Technology. Intech.
Febriansyah, H., Setiawan, A., Suryopratomo, K., 2014, Gama stove: Biomass Stove for Palm Kernel Shells in Indonesia, Energy Procedia. Elsevier B.V., 47, hal. 123–132.
Fisafarani, H., 2010, Identifikasi Karakteristik Sumber Daya Biomassa dan Potensi Bio-Pelet di Indonesia, Tesis, Fakultas Teknik, Universitas Indonesia, Depok.
64
Gao, H.B., Huang, G.H., Li, H.J., Qu, Z.G., Zhang, Y.J., 2016, Development of Stove-Powered Thermoelectric Generators: A review, Applied Thermal Engineering, 96, hal. 297–310.
Hart, D., 2011, Power Electronics, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., New York.
IEA, 2017, Energy Access Outlook 2017: From Poverty to Prosperity, International Energy Agency.
Jouhara, H., Khordehgah, N., Almahmoud, S., Delpech, B., Chauhan, A., Tassou, S.A., 2018, Waste heat recovery technologies and applications, Thermal Science and Engineering Progress. Elsevier, 6 (January), hal. 268–289.
Kuroki, T., Kabeya, K., Makino, K., Kaibe, H., Hachiuma, H., Fujibayashi, A.,. 2014, Waste Heat Recovery in Steelworks Using a Thermoelectric Generator, Proc. 11th Eur. Conf. on Thermoelectrics.
Lertsatitthanakorn, C., Jamradloedluk, J. dan Rungsiyopas, M., 2014, Study of Combined Rice Husk Gasifier Thermoelectric Generator, Energy Procedia. Elsevier B.V., 52, hal. 159–166.
Li, M., 2011, Thermoelectric-Generator-Based DC-DC Conversion Network for Automotive Applications, Tesis, KTH Information and Communication Technology, Stockholm.
Lineykin, S. dan Ben-yaakov, S., 2007, Modeling and Analysis of Thermoelectric Modules, IEEE Transaction on Industry Application, Vol.43, No.2, hal. 505–512.
Luo, Q., Li, P., Cai, L., Zhou, P., Di, T., Zhai, P., Zhang, Q., 2015, A Thermoelectric Waste-Heat-Recovery System for Portland Cement Rotary Kilns’, Journal of Electronic Materials, Vol.44, No.6.
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Montecucco, A., Siviter, J. dan Knox, A.R., 2015, A Combined Heat and Power System for Solid-fuel Stoves Using Thermoelectric Generators, Energy Procedia. Elsevier Ltd.,Vol. 75.
Morschel, M., Hesse, B., Bastian, G., Schramm, D., 2014, Assessment of Thermoelectric Power Generation for Hybrid Electric Vehicles Based on Tracked Data’, in Proc. 11th Eur. Conf. on Thermoelectrics.
Najjar, Y. S. H. dan Kseibi, M.M., 2016, Heat transfer and performance analysis of thermoelectric stoves, Applied Thermal Engineering. Elsevier Ltd, Vol.102, Hal. 1045–1058.
65
NASA/U.S. Departement of Energy, 2013, Multi-Mission Radioisotope Thermoelectric Generator (MMRTG).
Nuwayhid, R.Y., Rowe, D.M., dan Min, G., 2003, Low Cost Stove-top Thermoelectric Generator for Regions with Unreliable Electricity Supply, Renewable Energy, Vol. 28, No.2, Hal. 205–222.
O’Shaughnessy, S. M., Deasy, M.J., Kinsella, C.E., Doyle, J.V., Robinson, A. J., 2013, Small Scale Electricity Generation from A Portable Biomass Cookstove: Prototype Design And Preliminary Result, Applied Energy. Elsevier Ltd, Vol.102, Hal. 374–385.
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Sakdanuphab, R. dan Sakulkalavek, A., 2017, Design, Empirical Modelling and Analysis of A Waste-Heat Recovery System Coupled to A Traditional Cooking Stove, Energy Conversion and Management, Elsevier Ltd, Vol.139, Hal.182–193.
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67
Lampiran A. Hasil uji karakteristik modul Termoelektrik
Tabel 4. Hasil uji karakteristik TEG tipe TEC1-12706 dan SP1848-27145 SA menggunakan beban, R = 15,32 Ohm
Th (K) ∆T(K) TEC1-12706 SP 1848-12745 SA
qa qe %Aa %Ae qa qe %Aa %Ae
307,2 4 0,954 0,954 1,56% 1,59%
315,3 10 2,211 2,212 3,53% 3,65%
323,8 15 8,55 8,53 4,9% 5,1%
330,5 20 11,96 11,89 6,7% 7,1%
331,3 21 4,644 4,647 7,06% 7,56%
337,5 25 15,49 15,37 8,5% 9,2%
338,1 26 5,598 5,602 8,34% 9,04%
353,2 30 21,83 21,60 11,5% 12,6%
345,3 31 6,604 6,610 9,64% 10,59%
352,5 35 7,594 7,601 10,86% 12,08%
359,8 35 24,04 23,76 12,4% 13,8%
359,3 39 8,474 8,481 11,88% 13,36%
371,4 41 28,68 28,27 14,4% 16,2%
379,2 46 31,28 30,79 15,3% 17,4%
370,4 46 9,934 9,942 13,52% 15,47%
374,0 49 10,419 10,429 14,04% 16,16%
386,1 50 33,96 33,38 16,4% 18,7%
384,0 54 11,572 11,583 15,19% 17,70%
393,4 55 36,59 35,95 17,3% 20,0%
Tabel 5. Perbandingan tegangan U (teoritis) dan V percobaan pada sel TEC1-12706 dan sel SP1848-27145SA yang diposisikan sebagai pembangkit TEG
∆T(K) Tegangan TEC1-12706 SP1848-27145SA
V percobaan (Volt) U teoritis (Volt) V percobaan (volt) U teoritis (volt)
15,02 0,07 0,76
16,58 0,76 0,20
18,94 0,82 0,23
20,08 0,19 1,02
21,40 0,88 0,26
23,69 0,93 0,28
25,22 0,29 1,28
25,97 0,98 0,31
28,25 1,03 0,34
30,58 1,08 0,37
33,03 1,13 0,40
35,30 1,18 0,42
35,41 0,38 1,80
37,64 1,22 0,45
39,46 1,26 0,47
68
∆T(K) Tegangan TEC1-12706 SP1848-27145SA
V percobaan (Volt) U teoritis (Volt) V percobaan (volt) U teoritis (volt)
40,59 0,44 2,06
41,74 1,31 0,50
43,74 1,34 0,53
45,98 0,54 2,33
46,50 1,38 0,56
48,68 1,41 0,58
49,95 0,59 2,53
50,58 1,45 0,61
52,37 1,47 0,63
54,16 1,50 0,65
54,96 0,69 2,79
55,50 1,51 0,67
Tabel 6. Perbandingan TEC TEC1-12706 dan SP1848-27145 berdasarkan I,V, dan P terhadap beda temperatur yang diberikan.
∆T (K) TEC1-12706 SP 1848-27145
V (volt) I (Ampere) P (Watt) V (volt) I (Ampere) P (Watt)
0,65 0,01 0,00 0,00
1,76 0,16 0,00 0,00
4,25 0,33 0,03 0,01
8,09 0,48 0,05 0,02
12,20 0,63 0,07 0,04
13,75 0,04 0,02 0,00
14,45 0,69 0,08 0,06
16,46 0,04 0,02 0,00
18,12 0,15 0,06 0,01
18,94 0,82 0,09 0,07
20,08 0,19 0,07 0,01
22,43 0,24 0,09 0,02
23,91 0,26 0,10 0,03
25,97 0,29 0,11 0,03 0,98 0,11 0,11
28,25 1,03 0,12 0,12
30,58 0,35 0,13 0,0455 1,08 0,13 0,14
33,03 1,13 0,13 0,15
35,30 1,18 0,14 0,17
35,41 0,38 0,16 0,06
36,27 0,40 0,16 0,06
37,64 1,22 0,14 0,17
37,75 0,42 0,17 0,07
39,05 0,41 0,17 0,07
39,46 1,26 0,15 0,19
40,59 0,44 0,17 0,08
41,74 1,31 0,15 0,20
42,42 0,49 0,19 0,09
Tabel 5 (Lanjutan)
69
∆T (K) TEC1-12706 SP 1848-27145
V (volt) I (Ampere) P (Watt) V (volt) I (Ampere) P (Watt)
43,74 1,34 0,16 0,21
44,20 0,50 0,20 0,10
45,98 0,54 0,21 0,11
46,50 1,38 0,16 0,22
47,47 0,53 0,21 0,11
48,45 0,56 0,22 0,12
48,68 1,41 0,17 0,24
49,95 0,59 0,23 0,14
50,58 1,45 0,17 0,25
51,04 0,64 0,25 0,16
51,09 0,67 0,27 0,18
52,37 1,47 0,17 0,25
Tabel 6 (Lanjutan)
70
Lampiran B. Parameter perhitungan efisiensi energi kompor tanpa TEG dengan metode boiling water methode
Tabel 7. Parameter perhitungan efisiensi energi kompor tanpa TEG dengan metode boiling water methode
Massa bahan bakar (kg) Suhu air, (℃) Massa air, mv (kg)
• Tanpa converter dc, tegangan output TEG yang mencapai tegangan kerja baterai Li-ion dicapai pada menit ke 6 s.d.24 (selama 18 menit).
• Dengan menggunakan converter dc (Efisiensi: 95%), peluang pengaturan tegangan pada tegangan kerja baterai Li-ion dicapai pada menit ke-1 s.d.53 (selama 53 menit).
• Maksimum Duty cycle adalah 324° (90% x 360°).
Peluang efisiensi pemanfaatan energi terbuang kompor melalui pemasangan 12
unit TEG, jika:
1). Terhubung langsung: 18 menit
� =
�A+BCD E+B�FA<FFEGFA
�A+BCD HFℎFA HFGFB=
���� �- + ���� �JK
�L�� (�,-.�/)
� 100 %
=864.328 + 778,86
6.208.228,91 � 100 % = 13,935 %
2). Menggunakan pengatur tegangan buck-boost converter: 53 menit
� =864.328 + 850,99
6.208.228,91 � 100 % = 13,936 %
Tabel 11 (Lanjutan)
79
Lampiran G. Spesifiasi Perangkat Lunak PSIM
80
Lampiran H. Spesifikasi teknis modul Termoelektrik TEC1-12706 dan SP1848-27145 SA
1. Spesifikasi teknis TEC1-12706
Sumber : Hebei
2. Spesifikasi teknis SP 1848-27145 SA
81
Lampiran I. Spesifikasi Teknis Kompor
(Sumber : Primestoves.com)
82
Lampiran J. Sertifikat Uji Kompor Primestove Fuulwood Regular No. 10007
(Sumber: Primestoves.com)
83
Lampiran K. Spesifikasi Teknis Modul Data Logger tipe USB-4718
Sumber: PT. Advantech International
84
Lampiran L. Tabel Properti untuk Air Saturasi
Sumber: Buku Thermodinamics, an Engineering Approach, Hal.904(Cengel dan Boles, 2015).