School of Architecture, Building and Design Bachelor of Science (Hons) in Architecture BUILDING SCIENCE 2 [ARC 3413] Project 1: Lighting & Acoustic Performance Evaluation and Design Marking sheet GROUP MEMBERS: Ahmad Farhan Shah Bin Syed Amanullah 0303012 Yasaanth Krishnamoorthy 0304863 Preshant Rasu 0312813 Raian Mahmud 0312143 Usman Farooqi 1102P11235 Hans Hosea Gonza 0311772 Study Site : Restaurant Sri Ayutthaya, USJ11
PROJECT 1, Analysis on Sri Ayuthhaya Thai restaurant
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School of Architecture, Building and Design
Bachelor of Science (Hons) in Architecture
BUILDING SCIENCE 2 [ARC 3413]
Project 1:
Lighting & Acoustic Performance Evaluation and Design Marking sheet
The building plan is measured with a laser Pointer as
shown in the diagram, and measuring tape. Measurements
are measured from wall to wall. It is used to measure the
perimeter and height of the space. Measuring tape is also
used to measure furniture in the site.
Material Investigation
Identifying of building materials is based on purely on observation and common
sense. Building materials such as plasterboard ceiling, ceramic tiles, wooden floor
decking and so on are identified in Souled Out. However we were not allowed into
the kitchen area, so no materials could be identified, however, a few pictures could
be taken from the outside.
Readings
Noise readings are taken using a decibel meter as shown in the diagram. Light
readings are taken using a Lux Meter as shown in the diagram. Both noise and light
readings are taken according to a 1.5 meter grid. Readings were taken during two
time periods, day and night. This was to compare the different readings.
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5.0. Measured Drawings
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Sections
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6.0. LIGHTING ANALYSIS
6.1. Zoning
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6.2. Tabulation of Data
6.2.1. Non-Peak and Peak hour data
The Sri Ayutthaya restaurant opens at 11 am and closes at 11pm every day. The
data is collected with LUX meter and the readings are plotted on the grid nodes,
which has the distance of 1.5m in between each node. The colour used in the table
indicates the nodes that falls under each zone in the floor plan. The readings are
taken at a level of 1m and 1.5m. The Non-peak hour in the restaurant is between
3pm-5pm and the Peak hour is from 7pm-10pm. The restaurants in charge didn‘t let
us to take the light reading data in the kitchen zone.
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Observation and Discussion:
Observation 1:
The Light data above show that the reading during Peak hours is higher compared to
Non-peak hours.
Discussion 1:
The Peak hour of the restaurant is during 7pm-10pm. This is because of heavy
artificial light fitting in the restaurant. The light reading is less during Non-peak hours,
which is during 3pm-5pm. The restaurant uses daylight from the windows during this
time and switches of all the artificial light fittings. And also the windows are slightly
tinted. In addition to this, the restaurant is faced to the southeast direction the
daylight is lesser during 3pm-5pm. Hence, these factors would prove that the light
data reading is lesser in non-peak hours compared to the peak hours.
Observation 2:
The Light data above shows that reading taken 1.5m above the ground are lesser
than the readings taken 1m above ground.
Discussion 2:
This is because at most of the grid points, when the lux meter is placed 1.5m above
ground, it is not near to the artificial light fittings. The reading taken from 1m is
slightly higher due to the dispersion of light. However, certain points do have higher
reading above 1.5m ground level because the grid points are directly under the light
fittings. But the difference between readings 1m and 1.5m is not much at every point
of the grid.
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6.3. BUILDING DESIGN LAYOUT
The restaurant does not expose to sunlight although one side of the building is faced
towards the east direction. The building is designed with the five foot walk way,
which is common in all the shop lots building types, which becomes a shading device
for the whole building. The buildings location is quite calm and green. Large trees
are located right in front the building, which provides shadows to the building. The
restaurant is cosy yet receiving less sunlight through the tinted glass panels.
According to the building design the spaces are designed in such a way that the
glass panels are facing the south and east direction. The figure 6.3.1 shows that the
sun light direction to the interior spaces from the window.
Sky Condition
As we know the Malaysia is a tropical climate, the sunlight is abundant. But when
while recording the light data during the day, the climate was cloudy and the
sunshine was less compared to the usual days. Hence, you find these factors can be
seen in the readings taken during the day.
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6.4. DAYLIGHT FACTOR
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6.4.1. Zoning for Daylight Factor Calculation
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6.4.2. Daylight Factor Calculation
Daylight factors are used in architecture in order to assess the internal natural
lighting levels as perceived on the working plane or surface in question, in order to
determine if they will be sufficient for the occupants of the space to carry out their
normal duties. It is the ratio of internal light level to external light level.
DF= (Ei / Eo) x 100%,
DF-Daylight Factor,
Ei-Indoor Illuminance,
Eo-Outdoor Illuminance
Daylight factors and distribution (Department of Standards Malaysia, 2007)
Daylight factor at Entrance zone
Average lux reading (Ei) = 20.1lux
Daylight level in Malaysia (Eo) = 19000lux
Daylight factor (DF) = (Ei/Eo) x 100%
= (20.1/19000) x100%
= 0.10%
Based on the calculation of daylight factor of zone 1 Entrance zone, it is shown that it
has a DF of 0.10%. This is considered as a zone with Dark daylight factor as it has
very less light into the space, which is the poor light distribution.
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Daylight factor at Dining Zone
Average lux reading (Ei) = 8.9lux
Daylight level in Malaysia (Eo) = 19000lux
Daylight factor (DF) = (Ei/Eo) x 100%
= (8.96/19000)x100%
= 0.047%
Based on the calculation of daylight factor of zone 2, it is shown that it has a DF of
0.047%. This is considered as a zone with Dark daylight day light factor as it has a
poor amount of daylight to lit up the space. According to MS1525, minimal standard
daylight factor requirement for indoor dining area is 2%, which has not been fulfilled
by the restaurant. There are few reasons for this poor daylight condition. The first
reason is the day was very cloudy while taking the light data reading. The Second
reason is the restaurant has a set back with the 5 foot walkway which acts like a
shading device. At last it lacks in artificial lighting source which becomes less light
distribution with day light.
Daylight factor at Bar zone
Average lux reading (Ei) = 38.6lux
Daylight level in Malaysia (Eo) = 19000lux
Daylight factor (DF) = (Ei/Eo) x 100%
= (38.6/19000)x100%
= 0.2%
Based on the calculation of daylight factor of zone 2, it is shown that it has a DF of
0.2%. This is considered as a zone with Dark daylight day light factor as it has a poor
amount of daylight to lit up the space. This is because the restaurant is very poor in
getting daylight into the spaces.
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6.5. Contour diagram Analysis
Daylight Glare Ground floor glare occurs when there is a contrast of luminance which causes visual discomfort. Daylight Contour 10:00 – 11:00 AM
Daylight Contour 1:00 -2:00 PM
1 meter above ground level 1.5 meter above ground level
1 meter above ground level 1.5 meter above ground level
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From the Daylight analysis diagrams above, we can clearly read that dining zone is brighter in the morning around 10-11 a.m. compared to the afternoon 2-3 p.m. So we conclude that the intensity of the glare in the afternoon is less than in the morning. Yellow indicating the strongest light penetration (windows) and blue areas in need of artificial lighting.
Entrance Zone
The image on the left shows the entrance area, the entrance door allows light into the restaurant as it has a glass on it and also there are windows on either side of it, so it allows a lot of natural light into the building.
Dining Zone
The image above shows the dining area and although the walkway outside is shaded there is still ample light coming in from the three windows on either sides of the entrance.
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Bar
The image above shows the bar area along with the dining area, although enough light comes in to the bar area, there are still artificial lights installed to set the mood of the restaurant. Sectional Drawing Showing Daylight Contour
Extreme angle of sunrays can cause discomfort in the form of glare to the users. But due to the covered walkway outside glare is not a big issue and also the floor materials is not very reflective. The glares are reflected light on glass from outside daylight.
The dining zone is lit up at night with spherical hanging fixtures with dim lights, so that the restaurant sets a calm mood, as dim lighting makes the spaces more aesthetically pleasing and peaceful. The Light fittings are fixed in a distance of 1.5m width and 2.4m length.
Bar Zone
The bar zone is also lit up using hanging lights but the shape of the light fixture is like a traditional farmers hat. They used different light fixtures to differentiate the dining from the bar, so it looks like too different sections of the restaurant but all lights in the restaurants are warm incandescent lights.
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Kitchen & Washroom Zone
The kitchen and washroom zones use only artificial lighting as there is very little natural light coming in from the ventilation systems installed.
Fig: Light Performance at night from sectional view.
The Section shows the indication of light fixtures and its distribution. The Pendant
light point fixtures are for diners, which happen to be poor in glare control. This might
produce discomfort to the users while having food. The kitchen light fittings are
supposed to be fluorescent tube lights. This information was told by the in charge of
the restaurant; through our survey with him (Analysing kitchen was prohibited).
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6.6. Artificial Lighting fixtures
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6.6.1. Artificial Light Bulb Specification
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6.7. Types of Lighting
Different types of lighting creates different mood in the environment. The Ayutthaya
restaurant uses types of light to define the activity of the space. There were a few
types of light bulbs used which are incandescent light bulb, halogen spot lights
(ceiling down) and fluorescent light. As shown in the diagram, most of the areas are
fixed with incandescent light bulbs and halogen bulbs, warm yellow lights. The whole
area is fixed with warm yellow light because it is suitable for dining areas and bar
area, which creates a softer mood and enhance the environment for the dine in and
gives a calm and cozy feeling.
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Fixed Light
Fixed lights are the lights which are fitted on the ceiling that acts as an additional
light to the other light types.
Entrance lights
Halogen spot lights on the ceiling to that acts as
entrance light as well as supportive lights for
pendant lights
Lights at the Bar
These reflective incandescent lights that are fixed on
the ceiling at the bar. Acts as supportive lights with
the task light in the bar zone.
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Task Light
Task light is lighting directed to a specific work surface or area.
Pendant Lights
Pendant lighting is set at the bar counter to illuminate
for the bar tender to make his drink. The bar counter
acts as bill counter to, so these pendant lights helps
customers to pay bills too.
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Ambient Light
Ambient light means the light that is already present in a scene, before any addition
lighting is added. It usually refers to natural light, either outdoors or coming through
windows etc. It can also mean artificial lights such as normal room lights.
Daylight
The Daylight is from the fixed windows the restaurant.
But the day light is not bright enough for the space to
be bright.
Pendant Light
Pendant lights are mostly used in the restaurant for
general lighting which creates a more comfortable
feeling. These lights are mostly on during peak hours
for more additional lighting even during day.
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6.8. Point of lighting
The diagram shows the points of Pendant and fixed lightings in the restaurant.
These are the two lighting system, which provides lighting to the space,
mostly during night.
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6.9. Material Reflectance
6.9.1. Floor & Walls Finishes
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6.9.2. Ornament Finishes
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6.9.3. Furniture Finishes
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6.9.4. Reflectance value of Primary Finishes
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6.9.5. Reflectance value of furniture values
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6.9.6. Reflectance value of Ornaments Finishes
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6.10.Lumen Method Calculation The Lumen Method is used to determine the number of lamps that should be
installed for a given area or room,
Having the number of fixtures already, we determine if a space has enough lamps
by calculation the total luminance of the current number of light fixtures and compare
to the standard luminance of the space according to the use of the space.
Entrance zone
Area-26.47m2
Type of light fixtures- halogen spot lamps (10 units)
Lumen of light fixtures-150lux
Standard illuminance-200lux
Height of ceiling-2.8m
Height of luminaire-2.8m
Height of work level-0m
Vertical distance from working place to fixture-2.8m
Utilization factor (Based on utilization factor table) –
Pendant light point –0.48
Incandescent lights -0.44
Maintenance factor-0.8
Illuminance level
For Pendant light point
Given number of fixtures=4
N = E x F
F x UF x MF
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4 = E x 24.48
195 x 0.48 x 0.8
E = 299.52 = 12.2 lux
24.47
For Incandescent lights
Given number of fixtures= 5
N = E x F
F x UF x MF
5 = E x 24.48
200 x 0.44 x 0.8
E = 352 = 14.37 lux
24.48
Total = 14.37lux + 12.2lux =26.9lux
conclusion
Standard illuminance for bar and counter is 150-300lux.Though the most lit area of
the restaurant, the bar and counter is still way below the standard illuminance of 150-
300. A combined factor of fixtures that produce low lumens and a small number of
lighting fixtures contribute to this.
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7.0 ACOUSTICS ANALYSIS 7.1 ZONINGS
Zoning of Sri Ayutthaya restaurant, Ground Floor.
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7.2 EXTERNAL NOISE FACTORS
Photo showing the front elevation of Sri Ayutthaya Restaurant. (photograph by A. Farhan)
The site is located in a dominant residential area where there is no busy roads,
traffics and skyscrapers. The restaurant is situated in a corner lot of a row of shop
lots and are facing south. There are unfortunately no famous landmarks nearby the
restaurant besides the MPSJ building. Along the east side of the road crossing the
main roads, is Jalan Taipan, a business commercial area which is very busy, but
does not contribute much on noise, but less. Traffic congestion is higher and
availability of a few high rise buildings. The restaurant is sandwiched between two
parks on the east and the west. Noise factors contributed through the site context is
relatively low. The only major noise contributor in the site is the main roads on the
east side.
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Site Context
Illustration shows the neighboring contexts of the site
The location of this case study is placed in a business area where a lot of shoplots
consisting of restaurants and shops are placed. The major noise which would effect
the place is from the roads that is surrounding the shop which is at Jalan USJ 11/1J
and Jalan USJ 11/3J. The Sri Ayutthaya Restaurant is located at the ground floor.
This is where all the noises are collected and located. Acoustic analysis in the
spaces of the restaurant differs from everything else caused from the material and
function used on the spaces in different.
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Traffic noise
Diagram shows a simplified main road and residential roads.
Vehicular Noise on Site
There are two main roads on the east and the west. The east main road is called ‗Persiaran Tujuan‘ and the west main road is called ‗Persiaran Bakti‘. Which contributes the most on vehicular noise on site. Although, the area of the site is surrounded by residential buildings creating the place a residential zone where speed limits and traffic congestion is reduced. The housing roads the restaurant is surround by is ‗Jalan USJ 11/3k‘, ‗Jalan USJ 11/3h‘, and ‗Jalan USJ 11/3f‘. Minimum traffic noise is contributed from the residential roads where vehicles passes by as they are in very slow speed rate and car honks are barely noticeable.
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Photographs showing the views from the site. (photograph by A. Farhan)
Peak Hours During the peak hours, ‗Persiaran Bakti‘ will be slightly congested due to workers going for lunch breaks and also workers going home from work. Peak hours are from 12pm - 2pm and 5pm - 6pm. This is also when people are coming in and out as well as occupying the restaurant the most. Noise contribution is the highest at this moments. In main roads, honking sounds and engine sounds are noticeable from the site.
East Park West Side View
East Side View South Side View
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Neighbouring analysis & affected area.
The Sri Ayutthaya Restaurant has a very less and unnoticeable noise disturbance.
The location of the restaurant is located in the middle part of the shopping lots rows.
This causes no noise disruption from the left nor right but only from the front part of
the restaurant. The less busy road causes this, which is near the restaurant. But
there a little bit of sound disturbance caused by the highway which is Damansara
Link not far away from the are.
7.3 TABULATION OF DATA 7.3.1 Non-Peak Hour The acoustics level tabulation below shows the reading of the non-peak hour at the ground floor starting from 10am in the Sri Ayutthaya Restaurant with the sound meter place at the height of 1m and 1.5m.
Non-Peak Hour
Data Grid Zone
Entrance Zone (dB)
Height
1m 1.5m
B12 65 63
B13 69 72
C12 68 64
C14 70 63
D15 69 70
There are air conditioners present at the entrance zone, therefore there are some readings at 1.5m that obtain higher readings compared to 1m height. The average data for 1m is 68 and1.5m is 66.4.
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Data Grid Zone
Dining Zone (dB)
Height
1m 1.5m
B7 59 60
B8 59 60
B9 65 64
B10 62 64
B11 69 68
C7 59 60
C8 60 59
C9 66 65
C10 60 59
C11 65 66
D6 64 63
D7 62 61
D8 62 61
D9 59 60
D10 61 62
D11 64 64
D13 67 68
D14 68 69
E6 64 65
E7 67 66
E8 64 68
E9 63 64
E10 63 64
E11 64 65
E12 64 65
E13 67 68
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E14 68 69
F6 72 73
F7 65 66
F8 66 68
F9 61 60
F10 61 60
F11 62 61
F12 62 63
F13 63 64
F14 66 65
F15 67 68
G6 64 65
G7 67 68
G8 61 61
G9 61 61
G10 61 61
G11 64 65
G12 65 66
G13 63 64
G14 68 69
G15 65 66
H4 64 65
H5 66 67
H6 61 62
H7 57 58
H8 57 58
H9 58 59
H10 61 62
H11 61 62
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The sound level readings of the dining zone taken at 1 meter above the ground are of higher values compared to 1.5m because the dining area is a double volume space. The sound levels at 1m are mostly obtained from people who are sitting around that area. The average data for 1m is 63.3 and 1.5m is 64.
Data Grid Zone
Bar Zone (dB)
Height
1m 1.5m
B4 74 75
B5 66 67
B6 62 63
C6 74 73
G4 64 65
G5 64 65
There are some readings that are of higher values when measured at 1.5m above the ground. Those are the places that are affected by the sound from the air-conditional. The average data for 1m is 67.3 and 1.5m is 68.
Data Grid Zone
Other Private Zone (dB)
Height
1m 1.5m
G1 59 60
G2 62 61
H12 62 63
H13 64 65
H14 62 63
H15 67 68
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G3 73 74
H1 62 63
H3 61 62
There are some readings that are of higher values when measured at 1.5m above the ground. Those are the places that are affected by the sound from the air-conditional as well as near to the dining area. The average data for 1m is 63.4 and 1.5m is 64.
7.3.2 Peak Hour
PEAK HOURS
Data Grid Zone
Entrance Zone (dB)
Height
1m 1.5m
B12 76 86
B13 74 84
C12 72 73
C14 75 74
D15 69 70
The average data for entrance zone at 1m is 73.2 and 1.5m is 77.4.
Data Grid Zone
Dining Zone (dB)
Height
1m 1.5m
B7 73 70
B8 75 71
B9 81 79
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B10 84 81
B11 76 79
C7 78 80
C8 77 74
C9 81 80
C10 73 70
C11 83 78
D6 80 77
D7 76 72
D8 83 81
D9 77 79
D10 80 83
D11 71 83
D13 79 80
D14 85 76
E6 83 75
E7 74 77
E8 85 77
E9 81 79
E10 84 78
E11 79 75
E12 86 81
E13 86 79
E14 84 81
F6 79 77
F7 80 78
F8 78 76
F9 81 79
F10 83 80
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F11 79 74
F12 80 73
F13 79 75
F14 78 70
F15 79 71
G6 82 81
G7 83 79
G8 79 74
G9 81 77
G10 80 78
G11 79 71
G12 85 78
G13 81 75
G14 83 77
G15 80 78
H4 83 76
H5 85 81
H6 79 73
H7 81 76
H8 82 79
H9 83 75
H10 84 82
H11 81 78
H12 80 77
H13 82 74
H14 84 82
H15 81 80
The average data for entrance zone at 1m is 80.4 and 1.5m is 77.101.
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Data Grid Zone
Bar Zone (dB)
Height
1m 1.5m
B4 81 76
B5 75 72
B6 89 83
C6 82 76
G4 70 74
G5 81 76
The average data for entrance zone at 1m is 79.7 and 1.5m is 76.2.
Data Grid Zone
Other Private Zone (dB)
Height
1m 1.5m
G1 72 76
G2 74 73
G3 77 75
H1 79 74
H3 74 78
The average data for entrance zone at 1m is 75.2 and 1.5m is 75.2.
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7.4.Acoustic Statistics and Animated Rays Acoustic Static Ray for Speaker 1
Acoustic Animated Ray for Speaker 1
Location of Speaker 1
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Acoustic Static Ray for Speaker 2
Acoustic Animated Ray for Speaker 2
Location of Speaker 2
Acoustic Static Ray for Speaker 3
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Acoustic Animated Ray for Speaker 3
Location of Speaker 3
Acoustic Static Ray for Speaker 4
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Acoustic Animated Ray for Speaker 4
Location of Speaker 4
Acoustic Static Ray for Speaker 5
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Acoustic Animated Ray for Speaker 5
Location of Speaker 5
Acoustic Static Ray for Water Feature
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Acoustic Animated Ray for Water feature
Location of Water feature
In conclusion each of the diagram above shows that the sound ray produced by the sound source (speakers) located in 5 different locations in the restaurant. Speaker 1, 2 and 4 are the positioned in a way that the sounds flow clearly towards the entrance
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and the middle part of the restaurant whereas speaker 3 and 5 are for the spaces near the bar area. The speakers are distributed to create the peace and calm ambience that thai restaurants aim for. The water feature near the entrance also enforces this idea, while not having too much sound to disrupt the peace.
7.5. Interior noise with specification
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Noise from the Speakers
Model: JBL Control one, 2 way satellite speaker
Power handling: 200 watts peak, 50 watts continuous
Frequency response: 50Hz – 20kHz (±3dB)
Nominal impedance: 8 ohms Dimensions (H x W x D): 9" x 6-1/8" x 5-1/2" (228mm x 155mm x 139mm) There is total of 5 speakers used in Sri Ayutthaya. The speaker is moderate loud and but could spread perfectly to every corner of the cafe. Sound coverage is even, operation is simple and the system is unobtrusive. Soft and light music played during peak and non-peak hour creates a soothing ambience for the spaces. Although music played in the cafe is soft but the level of noise is still a contributing factor. However, during the peak hours, it caused the customers to communicate in higher tone, which will affect the overall sound reading.
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Noise from the water feature
The water feature is one of the specialties in this restaurant. The restaurant is
designed in such a way the water feature runs through the entrance and the dining
area. The fountain is located at the entrance as a welcoming feature for the
customers. It is decorated with some ornaments and some antiques. The fountain is
operated throughout the day from morning to night. Most of the sound source is
actually from the fountain, which provides a pleasing water flowing sound inside the
restaurant.
Noise from the Bar Counter
This Counter accompanies a bar as well as a cashier service machine. The noise
from this part of the space would be only during peak hours. Blending of drinks,
placing the culinary items would be the major noise for the counter. The cashier
machine and the printing sound would also be an additional noise during peak hours.
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Noise from the Air conditioner
Model name: Daikan-FXZQ09M7VJU (0.75-Ton)
Power supply: 208-230/1/60 V/ph/Hz
Cooling capacity: 9500 Btu/h
Refrigerant: R-410A
Unit weight: 42 lbs.
Dimension: 11.25 inches x 22.62 inches
This ceiling mounted air conditioner is located at 3 places of the restaurant. All the
locations are inside the dining zone. The Air conditioner does not make much noise
except while switching on and switching off. But still an amount of air noise is
produced from the Air conditioner. This noise does not contribute much on non-peak
hours, as the restaurant will switch off the air conditioner, when there‘s no
customers.
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7.6. Data Analysis
According to the data collected from the sound meter at every grid of the zonings,
the library coffee bar is having high noise level on both of the non-peak hour and
peak hour. There is not much difference on data range of different zones. This is due
to the repeating background music, which came from the source of speakers as well
as the water feature. However, the restaurant produced slightly higher noise during
the peak hours due to the higher rate of incoming customers.
From the above sound reduction indices, transmission of sound from the exterior of
the building to the interior is less because there is no freely open space which would
allow a higher transmission of sound through air which is the case with the
separation between the dining/bar area and the kitchen and private facilities which
has a wide opening hence smaller sound reduction index.
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8.0.Conclusion
Conclusion
The intensive analysis that we undergone was very educational in support of a hands-on practical learning experience even though the tasks proven to be quite challenging. With the assists of references and precedence studies, the conclusion will be based on the understandings of these factors. In terms of methodology, soft-wares like Autodesk and Ecotect are used, as well as using the methods of calculations to understand the condition of space more technically. The Sri Ayutthaya restaurant can be concluded that it has a stable or more acceptable acoustic level despite the disturbance of the noises from exterior factors, even the interior noises does not exceed the required acoustic level based on the reference of MS1525. Lighting on the other hand, proves to be insufficient during evening time and night time.
Daylight is acceptable because of the generous natural lighting the restaurant receives. In a debatable statement, the restaurant design is focusing on natural lighting and neglected the artificial lightings. Although, references might say it is for a poetic purposes, to create a dramatic, more ambient environment in dining. The restaurant requires additional lighting fixtures such as wall lamps or another suggestion, changing the bulb type of the down lights as it is too dim and not sufficient enough regarding the size of the spaces.
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9.0.References
REFFERENCES
Koninklijke Philips N.V (2014). Product catalogue. [ONLINE] Available at: