Building science 2 project 1

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Abstract

1.0 Introduction………………………………………………………………………………….....1

1.1 Aims and Objectives……………………………………………………………………............2

2.0 Precedent Studies…………………………………………………………………………......3

2.1 Lighting Precedent Study……………………………………………………………….......7-10

2.1.1 Solar Decathlon House, Texas

2.2 Acoustic Precedent Study…………………………………………………………………11-16

2.2.1 Yildiz Technical University

2.3 Conclusion………………………………………………………………………………………17

3.0 Research Methodology……………………………………………………………………...18

3.1 Methodology of Lighting Analysis…………………………………………………………….18

3.1.1 Description of Equipment…………………………………………………………….19

3.1.2 Data Collection Method…………………………………………………………...20-21

3.1.3 Lighting Analysis Calculation…………………………………………………......22-23

3.2 Methodology of Acoustic Analysis……………………………………………………………24

3.2.1 Description of Equipment…………………………………………………………24-25

3.1.2 Data Collection Method……………………………………………………………....26

3.1.3 Acoustic Analysis Calculation………………………………………………………..27

4.0 Site Study

4.1 Introduction……………………………………………………………………………………28

4.2 Reason for Selection…………………………………………………………………………29

4.3 Measured Drawings……………………………………………………………………....30-31

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4.4 Existing Lighting Sources………………………………………………………………….32

4.5 Existing Acoustic Sources…………………………………………………………………33

4.6 Existing Materials on Site……………………………………………………………….....34

4.7 Zoning of Spaces…………………………………………………………………………...35

5.0 Lighting Analysis……………………………………………………………………….....36

5.1 Lighting Lux Readings………………………………………………………………...........36

5.1.1 Daytime Lux Readings…………………………………………………………......36

5.1.2 Night time Lux Readings……………………………………………………….......37

5.1.3 Observation and Discussion……………………………………………………38-39

5.2 Lux Contour Diagram……………………………………………………………………40-41

5.3 Analysis and Calculation……………………………………………………………………42.

5.3.1 Daylight Factor Calculation…………………………………………………………..42

5.3.2 Artificial Light Calculation…………………………………………………………….43

Zone 1: Sitting Area……………………………………………………………..43-45

Zone 2: Outdoor Sitting Area………………………………………………......46-49

Zone 3: Private Gathering Area………………………………………………..50-53

Zone 4: Storage Room 1……..…………………………………………………54-57

Zone 5: Coffee Counter……..…………………………………………………..58-61

Zone 6: Male Toilet ………….………………………………………………….62-65

Zone 7: Female Toilet………………………………………………………......61-63

Zone 8: Sitting Area 2……………………………………………………….... 64-66

Zone 9: Storage Room 2………………………………………………………..67-69

5.4Analysis and Evaluation…………………………………………………………………………70

6.0 Acoustic Analysis

6.1 Noise Sources………………………………………………………………………………...71

6.1.1 External Noise Sources …………………………………………………………….71

6.1.2 Internal Noise Sources………………………………………………………….72- 74

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6.2 Acoustic Readings…………………………………………………………………………......75

6.2.1 Peak and Non-Peak Hours Readings………………………………………………....75

6.2.2 Observation and Discussion……………………………………………………….....76

6.3 Acoustic Ray Diagram………………………………………………………………………....77

6.4 Analysis and Calculation……………………………………………………………………....78

6.4.1 Equipment Sound Pressure Level……………………………………………….78-81

6.4.2 Sound Pressure Level Calculation……………………………………………....82-86

Zone 1: Sitting Area………………………………………………………………….82

Zone 2: Outdoor Sitting Area……………………………………………………….83

Zone 3: Private Gathering Area…………………………………………………....84.

Zone 4: Storage Room 1……..……………………………………………………..85

Zone 5: Coffee Counter……..………………………………………………………86

6.4.3 Spaces Acoustic Analysis………………………………………………………...87-91

6.4.4 Reverberation Time Calculation………………………………………………....92-99

6.4.5 Sound Reduction Index Calculation…………………………………………..100-102

6.5 Analysis and Evaluation…………………………………………………………………....104

8.0 References………………………………………………………………………………105-106

9.0 Appendix………………………………………………………………………………..107- 108

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Abstract

This report contains the details of the study conducted on the Artisan Café with regards

to the lighting and acoustical performances. The report is broken down into two main segments

Lighting and Acoustics. Included are the technical data such as formulas, equations and

calculations that estimate both luminance levels as well as noise levels for both light and

acoustic. All orthographic drawings and diagrams were made with data collected from site. The

analysis diagrams were made with Autodesk Ecotect, an analysis software.

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1.0 INTRODUCTION

Lighting is one of the major elements when it comes to architecture design, in interior as

well as exterior architecture. The texture, colors, solid volumes and enclosed spaces can only

be appreciated and enhanced fully when they are lit imaginatively. This project exposes and

introduces student to day lighting and artificial lighting requirements in a suggested space.

Acoustic design in architecture is an element which the control of sound in spaces is to be

concerned especially for enclosed spaces. The requirements vary in relation to different

functional spaces. It is essential to preserve and enhance the desired sound and to eliminate

noise and undesired sound. This project exposes and introduces students to acoustic design

and acoustical requirements in a suggested space.

In a group of six, we chose The Artisan Café, located at Petaling Jaya as our site study. We

have conducted several visits to our site to ensure the success of our project outcome.

Measured drawings, lightings and acoustics measurements as well as photographs have been

taken while we were on site. We have also done calculations and analysis to the results of our

observations and recordings.

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1.1 Aims and objectives

The aim and objectives of this project is as follows:

- To understand the day lighting, lighting and acoustics characteristics

- To understand the lighting and acoustic requirements in a suggested place

- To determine the characteristics and function of day lighting, artificial lighting, sound and

acoustic, within the intended space.

- To critically report and analyze the space and suggest remedies to improvise the lighting

and acoustic qualities within the space.

This project also aims to provide a better understanding on the relationship between the type of

materials that are employed in terms of building materials as well as internal furnishings and

finishes as well as their impact on acoustical and lighting conditions in the building based on the

building’s functions. Understanding the volume and area of each functional space also helps in

determining the lighting requirements based on acoustical or lighting inadequacy that is

reflected in the data collection. Acknowledging adjacent spaces is also vital to address acoustic

concerns.

In terms of lighting, specifications of luminaries, height of each type of light as well as the

existence of fenestrations will help to understand the lighting conditions within each space.

Backed up with precedent studies, drawing comparison with our site study, our precedent

studies will aid in determining the different types of lighting and acoustic.

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2.0 PRECEDENT STUDY

2.1 Lighting Precedent Study

Solar Decathlon House, Texas Usa.

Figure 2.1.1 : Image of Solar Decathlon House

The Solar Decathlon House (SDH) is an interdisciplinary competition project organized

by the U.S. Department of Energy where universities around the globe design, construct, and

operate fully solar-powered houses.

The Design

Glare is a major problem in these house whereby due to the floor to ceiling windows

surrounding the interior spaces. Based on the characteristics of the light coming through each

window in the living room and dining room a calculation of each type of windows and its daylight

permeability was done. After the test have been done the house is separated into three different

window types.

1. Daylighting Window - Only the sky is visible in the windowst is placed high on the wall and is

narrow with a horizontal aspect ratio. The sun’s path is never in the field of view.

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2. View Window - Both the sky and the ground plane are visible through this window

3. Photovoltaic Panel Window - This window has embedded PV panels to capture energy and

block direct sun.

Diagram 2.1.1: Floor Plan of Solar Decathlon House

Materiality

The first step in determining the glare potential of Window 4 was to calculate the

reflectance values of all the different materials in the house as well as the materials of the

surrounding elements. These values can then be entered into simulation software like Ecotect

and Radiance. Reflectance of a material is determined by measuring luminance values.

Luminance is how much light your eye (or a sensor) sees after it’s reflected off of a surface.

The reflectance value was determined by using a luminance spot meter to measure the

luminance of a given surface compared with the luminance of known reference samples

(Kodak’s white and grey cards). When taking measurements, the luminous conditions should be

as diffuse as possible: no artificial lighting, no daylight at low/high incidence, etc.Using the

following formulas, the hemispherical-hemispherical reflectance (ρhh) was calculated for each of

the materials in and around the house. ρ1 = ρwhite * (L surface / L white) ρ2 = ρgrey * (L

surface / L grey) ρhh = ρ1 + ρ2 /2, with the luminance spot meter targeting the surface to be

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measured, the surface reflectance value was measured (L surface). That value is then

compared with the same reading taken off the white card located in the same spot (L white).

Because we know the reflectance of the card (ρwhite), we can calculate the reflectance of the

material (ρ1). The procedure is repeated using the grey card, and then the average is

calculated. The RGB values of each surface were calculated approximately using Photoshop

and pictures from the interior of the room

Table 2.1.1 : Materiality Reflectance Table

The Light transmittance of a window by measuring luminance values. Illuminance is how

much light is coming from a light source. Transmittance is also known as the Visible Light

Transmittance (Tvis). To calculate the hemispherical-hemispherical transmittance (Thh) of the

windows, the ratio of illuminance of the light after passing through the glazing (lin) is compared

with light that bypasses the glazing (lout), where Thh = lin/lout. This measurement needs to be

performed under overcast sky conditions. Two luminance meters were used to take

measurements inside the room, with the window partially open so it was easy to measure the

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light that had and had not passed through the glazing. In order to ensure accuracy, the

luminance meters were both calibrated and of the same brand and model. The measurements

were stopped at the same time and read simultaneously since the sky can vary its luminance

every second. Careful attention was paid not to cast any shadows over the luminance meters

Diagram 2.1.2 : Analysis Diagram

The house was then modeled in Ecotect, translating all the information captured on-site

into the model to make it as accurate as possible, including the furniture and the climatic

conditions. Within the model, camera views we set-up in the same position as on site. With the

Radiance Control Panel, the material surfaces were edited with the correct reflectance value, as

well as the correct transmittance taken on site. One challenge encountered was entering the

reflectance value of specula objects, such as the polished chrome metal refrigerator, into the 3D

model. Radiance cannot accurately represent specula materials that behave like mirrors, since

the reflectance will depend on the object being reflecting in the surface.

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2.2 Acoustic Precedent Study

Yildiz Technical University

The auditorium hall of Yildiz Technical University (YTU University), The University took its final

name in 1992 as Yıldız Technical University located in the central campus is mainly used for

congresses, symposium, conferences and various other ceremonies. From time to time, it also

host events such as concerts. The hall was renovated in order to increase the audience

capacity and eliminate some of its disadvantages, while preserving its general architectural

characteristics.

Figure 2.2.1 : Yildiz Technical University Auditorium

Selection of Interior Surface Materials

The effects of materials with different acoustic absorption characteristics on the

acoustical environment are proportional to their surface areas. The surface materials chosen to

provide the optimum RT for the hall were also assessed with respect to their sizes. Cellular

materials for high frequency voices and vibratory panels for low frequency voices were used to

obtain a balanced frequency distribution.

The purpose of choosing the materials used are briefly explained below.

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Floors

The audience platform was installed with 4mm thickness of felt underlying carper of

8mm thickness; upholstered chairs were used for the seating. In order to allow the sound to

reach the audience in the most efficient way, reflective materials are being used for the stage

and flooring.

Ceilings

8mm thick gypsum boards were used which covered the air conditioning installation. The

coffered ceiling was not fully covered with wooden material and was partly left as a hard

surface. In order to preserve the architectural elements of the structure itself, the height of the

audience platform has been increase Since the height of the space excluded this option from

consideration the vertical wooden panels placed around the stage were used to try to meet the

need for a reflective surface on and around the stage.

Walls

10mm thick wooden panels was considered appropriate in terms of acoustic parameters.

Some of the fiber glass-based absorbing materials was placed behind those panels in order to

maintain the balance between high and low frequency voices. Pipes and canals for the air

conditioning system were hidden by sloped panels covered with fabrics coated with gypsum,

especially at the interface of the back wall and the ceiling. The back wall of the hall was

furnished with 10 mm wooden panels, which were covered with thick fabrics in order to prevent

the generation of an echo.

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Table 2.2.1:Surface materials in auditorium, their surface area and absorption coefficient (based

on Harris, 1994:Cavanaugh & Wilco, 1999)

Measurement and Analysis

During the revovation of the project, calculation and assessments were carried out on

the RT, acoustic level and speech inteligibility parameters. Since 2/3 of the auedience capacity

of the space was assumed to be utilized in the RT calculations, both empty and occupied seats

were included in the calculation at different absorption values. As speaking intended to be the

main use of the hall, the optimum RT range was determined on the basis of the space volume

and speech. The changes in RTs calculated by taking the interior surface materials into

consideration are shown in table 2. The Rts of the hall, which were measured before renovation,

and the RTs obtained from the calculation performed for the empty hall are also included in

table 2.3.1.

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Table 2.2.2 RTs Calculation

Sound level measurement were carried out to locate the effects of the interior surface

cladding of the space on the BSL. In the unfurnished condition while the air conditioning was

operating, the measuremente above were acceptable at all noise frequencies. When the air

conditioning was switched off under the same condition, the results were only about 1 dB over

the acceptable values at frequencies of 1000 Hz, 2000 Hz and 4000 Hz. On the other hand, the

BSLs were always below the acceptable value in the furnished room, both before and after the

renovation.

Table 2.2.3 : Measured and acceptable BSLs (air conditioning)

Particially covering the ceiling with gypsum board and using wooden panels on the walls,

significant decays were obrained for RTs at low frequencies after the renovation.

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Table 2.2.4: Measured, calculated and optimum RTs of YTU auditorium for speech activities.

Figure 2.2.2: Section of the YTU auditorium (after renovation)

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Figure 2.2.3: Plan of YTU auditorium (after renovation)

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2.3 Conclusion of Precedent Studies

2.3.1 Solar Decathlon House, Texas

Solar Decathlon house in Texas is perceived as building flooded with natural light during

daytime. The usage of floor to ceiling windows create a vast transparency between outdoor and

indoor space, hence allowing maximum permeability of light through it. The study done

throughout the day shows a mid range result whereby there are presence of glare during an

indefinite period of time and how the reflectance value of the materials effect the results of the

analysis. The amount of glare occurrence is being determined through a software whereby

projection of thermal quantities is being brought up and analyzed. Resulting from this a data

was brought forward and the amount of glare of each windows is calculated. Overall the result

shows an amount of unacceptable glare coming from the north portion of the window whereby

glazing is present. The result is then being translated and brought up to the users of the home.

The Precedent study has gave us an insight of how glazing can enhance and deteriorate the

lighting levels of the spaces and how materiality determines the lighting levels of spaces. The

importance of daylighting levels during designing is also implemented.

2.3.2 Yildiz Technical University

The acoustical properties of the hall have a definite improvement after the renovation

being done. The change in the acoustic environment of the hall can be clearly seen due to the

use of the different surface material after the renovation. In the study being done for the

auditorium the acoustical parameters were being done through the measurements and

assessments of the qualities of the surface materials used. Results generated shows the

dynamic improvement prior to renovation. The differences in terms of measurements according

to analysis done shows that the usage of materials can drastically effect the acoustic qualities of

the space. The need for acoustical study prior to construction and build helps designers and

engineers determined a space whereby it is conducive for its usage. Overall the precedent done

for this auditorium hall has help us gain an insight to the importance of acoustical study prior to

design and build as well as the dynamic impact of material usage can change the performance

of a building.

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3.0 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1 Methodology of Lighting Analysis

3.1.1 Measuring Device: Digital Lux Meter

Figure 3.1.1 : digital lux meter

Digital Lux Meter is a lightweight electronic device used to measure illumination. This lux meter

is provided by Taylors University to aid us in recording data for the intensity of light.

General Specifications of Model LX-101

Display 13mm (0.5’’) LCD, 3 ½ digits, Max. indication 1999

Weight 160g/0.36lb (including battery)

Dimension Main instrument: 108 x 73 x 23mm

Measurement 0 to 50,000 Lux, 3 ranges

Power Supply 006P. DC 9V battery, MN 1604 (PP3) or equivalent

Current Approx. 2.0mA (D.C)

Operating Temperature 0 to 50C (32 to 122F)

Over Input Display Indication of ‘’1’’

Zero adjustment Built in external zero adjust VR on front panel

Sensor The exclusive photo diode and colour correction filter

Standard accessories 1 instruction manual 1 sensor probe 1 carrying case, CA-04

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Electrical Specifications of Typical Lux Meter

Range Resolution Accuracy

0-1,999 Lux 1 Lux ±(5% + 2D) 2,000-19,999 Lux 10 Lux

20,000-50,000 Lux 100 Lux

3.1.1.3 Application of Lux Meter

(a) The lux meter is switched on

(b) The lux meter is switched to a desired range (Resolution chosen : 1Lux)

(c) The sensor probe of the lux meter is held facing upwards t specific points

according

to our 2m gridded floor plan at 1m height.

(d) A reading is shown on the display screen of the lux meter

(e) The reading is recorded

(f) Steps (c), (d) and (e) are repeated by holding the lux meter at 1.5m height,

average

human eye level.

3.1.1.4 Limitation of Study

A lux meter is easy to use and handle. However, there may be some discrepancies in the

results when taking readings using a lux meter.

- Random Error

Human error has been cited as a contributing factor which might affect the readings taken by

the lux meter for instance; misreading the data shown on the lux meter. In addition, an

inconsistent holding position of the meter might/will affect the data collection.

Weather is an unpredictable cause of certain errors as well. For example, during specific data

collection time frames, the weather might change from extremely sunny to very cloudy/gloomy

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and sunny again. Said change will greatly affect readings taken during that time. Additionally,

shadows casted on chosen area of recording will also have an impact on the Lux reading. Any

glare existent during the recordings will affect the internal lighting measurements.

Solutions: Repeat procedures and take several readings at the same height, then calculate the

average value which will be more precise.

- Systematic Error

The instrument might take a few seconds to stabilize the reading due to the sensitivity of the

sensor. Readings taken before the value stabilizes might give an inaccurate reading and

sometimes there could be a big gap between both readings of a particular position.

Solutions: Prepare a stand of respective height and leave it untouched until the measurement

stabilises before recording it.

3.1.2 Data Collection Method

Measurements are taken at two different times which is 12.00pm and 8pm, one with daylight

and the other without. In order to obtain reliable readings, the lux meter was placed at the same

height from the floor at each, 1m (waist height) and 1.5m (eye level). Each recording was done

by facing towards the similar direction, to synchronize the results. Plans with a perpendicular 2m

x 2m gridline were used as a reference guideline, whereby the intersections serve as data

recording points. In total there are ### points for lighting and acoustic data collection. Same

procedure are repeated for indoor and outdoor for both times.

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Diagram3.1.1 : Standard height used to record Lux readings

Diagram 3.1.2 : 2m x 2m gridlines for recordings

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3.1.3 Lighting Analysis Calculation

Lighting analysis is done by averaging the lux readings of demarcated 9zones based on

ms1525.

3.1.3.1 Daylight Factor, DF

daylight factor, DF = Einternal / Eexternalx 100

where,

Einternal = illuminance due to daylight at a point on the indoor’s working plane

Eexternal = direct sunlight

= 32,000 lx

For example, given that Einternal = 8000lx,

hence,

daylight factor, DF = Einternal / Eexternalx 100 8000/32000 x 100 = 25

3.1.3.2 Lumen Method

The Lumen Method is used to determine the number of lamps that should be installed for a

given area or room. In this case, fixtures are already installed, therefore, we are calculating the

total luminance of the space based on the number of fixtures and determine whether or not that

particular space has enough lighting fixtures.

the number of lamps is given by the formula:

N = E X A / F X UF X MF

where, N = number of lamps required

E = luminance level required (lux)

A = area at working plane height(m2)

F = average luminous flux from each lamp (lm)

UF = utilization factor, an allowance for the light distribution of the luminaire and

the room surfaces

MF = maintenance factor, an allowance for the reduced light output because of

deterioration and dirt

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Room Index, RI, is the ratio of room plan area to half the wall area between the working and

luminaire planes:

RI= L X W / Hm x (L +W)

where, L = length of room

W = width of room

Hm = mounting height, i.e. the vertical distance between the working plane and

the luminaries

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3.2 Methodology of Acoustics Analysis

3.2.1 Measuring Device: Digital Sound Level Meter

Figure 3.2.1 : Digital Sound Level Meter

A sound level meter is an instrument used to measure sound pressure level, majorly used in

noise pollution studies for the quantification of different kinds of acoustics. A digital sound level

meter was provided by Taylors University. It was used to collect the acoustics readings at

Artisan Café.

3.2.1.1 General Specifications

Weight 489g

Dimension 254 x 68 x 45 mm

Measurement 30 – 130dB

Power Supply Alkaline/heavy duty DC 1.5V battery (UM3,AA) x

6pcs

Resolution 0.1dB

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Frequency 31.5 to 8000Hz

Features

dB (A&C frequency weighting)

Time weighting ( Fast, Slow)

Peak Hold

Data Hold Record (Max., Min.)

3.2.1.2 Application of Digital Sound Level Meter

(a) ‘’on/off’’ button is pressed to switch on the device. Display of ‘’Auto Range’’, ‘’A frequency

weighing’’ and ‘’Fast time weighing’’ are selected and checked.

(b) the sound level meter is held at at 1m height, approximately at waist height.

(c) the device is held still and ensure the operator of the device do not produce any sound when

using device

(d) after all the above procedures are checked, then ‘’HOLD NEXT’’ button is pressed

(e) the reading is taken and shown on the display screen. The reading is recorded.

(f) Repeat steps (b) to (e) for the next recording position on the grid.

3.2.1.3 Limitation of Study

- Human Limitations

The digital sound level meter device is very sensitive to its surrounding, with a range of

recordings varying between data difference of approximately 0.2-0.3 of stabilisation. Therefore,

the data recorded is based on the time seconds when pressing the hold button.

Besides, when operating the sound level meter, the device might have been pointed towards

the incorrect path of sound source, causing the readings taken to be slightly imprecise.

- Sound source stability

during the peak hours, sound from all sources such as human activities, noise from music

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speakers and coffee machines have had a great impact to the acoustic data recorded.

During the normal hours, external sounds form surrounding site varies from time to time which

affect the data collection as well.

3.1.2 Data Collection Method

Readings are recorded at two different times, which is 12pm and 8pm, non-peak and peak

hours respectively. In order to acquire the accurate reading, the sound level meter was placed

at the same height, 1.5m from floor level at every point. The operator of the device shall not talk

and make any noise in order to guarantee reliable sound readings. Each recording was done

facing the same direction, again to synchronize the results. Plans with a perpendicular 2m x 2m

gridline were used as reference guideline where the intersection points serve as the data

recording points. The radings are then tabulated. Same procedure is repeated for both indoor

and outdoor.

Diagram 3.2.1 : consistent height of reading 1.5m

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3.1.3 Acoustic Analysis Calculation

acoustic analysis is one by categorizing the area into two different zones. The material used,

absorption coefficient, area, volume and calculation will be explained zone by zone.

3.2.3.1 Reverberation Time, RT

RT is the primary descriptor of an acoustic environment which is used to calculate the

reverberation time of an enclosed space.

Reverberation time, RT = 0.16 x space volume / total absorption

3.2.3.2 Sound Pressure Level, SPL

SPL is the average sound level at a space.

Sound Pressure Level, SPL = 10log10 (l/lo(ref) )

where, l = sound power/intensity (watts)

lo = reference power (1 x 10-12 watts)

3.2.3.2 Sound Reduction Index, SRI

SRI is used to calculate the transmission loss of materials.

Sound Reduction Index, SRI = 10log10(1/Tav)

where, Tav = (S1 x TC1 + S2 x TC2 +…..+ Sn x TCn ) / TOTAL SURFACE AREA

Sn= surface area of material n

TCn = Transmission coefficient of material

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4.0 SITE STUDY

4.1 Introduction

Figure 4.1.1 : Interior views of Artisan Cafe

Case study : The Artisan Café

Type of space : Retro coffee shop

Address : Jalan 13/2, Seksyen 13, 46200 Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia

The artisan café is in the heart of Petaling Jaya. The place came to existence when the

branched company took over a portion of the old Cherry showroom and converted a warehouse

area into the cozy cafe you see today. There are fancy decorations and interesting innovative

design ideas to create a raw yet homely feel with wood, concrete and red clay brick. The light

fixtures found here are mostly made from recycled materials, for, steel pipes.

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4.2 Reason for Selection

Artisan café has various issues involving lighting and acoustic which relates to the

analysis done for this project. In terms of acoustic issues, the site context of the café is mainly

an industrial area in Petaling Jaya. This affects the café due to the noise produced in the

neighboring context whereby car showrooms and service centers are neighboring the café. The

material choice and finishes used in the café also affect the reverberation.

Lighting design in artisan café also has its own issues. Due to the café concept to

provide a relaxing and subtle environment, the café has employed a lighting design which uses

dim lights and it proves to be insufficient. Light Glaring is also an issue faced by the café itself.

The front façade of the café is enveloped by glass where direct sunlight could penetrate

through, this is counteracted with an adjustable awning installed to provide shading and improve

the glare control of the space.

Figure4.1.2: Site Context of the Cafe

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4.3 Measured Drawing

Figure 4.1.3 :Ground Floor Plan (N.T.S)

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Figure 4.1.4 : Mezzanine Floor Plan(N.T.S)

Figure 4.1.5 : Sectional Drawing (N.T.S)

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4.4 Existing Lighting Sources

Table 4.1.1 Artifial Lighting Sources

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4.5 Existing Acoustic Sources

Table 4.1.2 Acoustic Sources

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4.6 Existing Materials on Site

Table 4.1.3: Overall material table

Component Material Color Surface Finish Reflectance Value (%)

Surface Area/ m2

WALL Brick Red Rough 10 20.5

Steel Black Gloss 5 15.45

Plaster White Matte 80 16.32

Plaster Black Matte 4 40

Glass Clear Gloss 8 31.68

ROOF Aluminum Silver Anodized 4 17.28

FLOOR Concrete Grey Matte 15 95.8

CEILING Plaster White Matte 80 95.8

FURNITURE

Timber Walnut Matte 10 32.5

MDF Black Matte 5 11.5

Ceramic White Gloss 65 15.5

Fabric Red Matte 12 20.5

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4.7 Zoning Of Spaces

Figure 4.7.1 : Ground Floor Zoning Figure 4.7.2 : Mezzanine Floor Zoning

Zone 1 : Sitting Area Zone 7 : Toilet 2

Zone 2 :Outdoor Sitting Area Zone 8 : Seating Area 2

Zone 3 :Private Gathering Area Zone 9 : Storage Room 2

Zone 4 :Storage Room

Zone 5 :Coffee Counter

Zone 6 :Toilet

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5.0 LIGHTING ANALYSIS

5.1 Lighting Lux Readings

5.1.1 Daytime Lux Readings

Light data (Lux)

Day time

Ground floor Mezzanine floor

Grid Height

Grid Height

Grid Height

1m 1.5m 1m 1.5m 1m 1.5m

A4 926 572 D7 75 81 A8 53 69

B4 928 531 D8 47 62 A9 54 61

C4 468 28 D9 32 27 A10 41 58

D4 301 68 D10 7 11 B8 51 62

E4 208 45 E5 75 50 B9 51 66

F4 201 57 E6 89 75 B10 47 59

G4 211 78 E7 77 64 C9 20 31

H4 191 42 E8 42 65 C10 21 35

A5 30 56 E9 32 29 D9 22 35

A6 52 81 E10 8 12 E9 24 29

A7 70 97 F5 86 52 F9 20 31

B5 120 93 F9 47 65 F10 22 25

B6 102 104 F10 56 78 G6 21 32

B7 98 101 G5 81 55 G7 24 36

C5 104 83 G10 52 79 G8 21 29

C6 61 79 F6 81 70 G9 20 30

C7 57 77 F7 63 78 G10 21 32

A8 53 69 F8 64 79 H6 24 31

A9 11 34 G6 79 54 H7 38 41

A10 8 21 G7 87 113 H8 41 62

B8 63 82 G8 81 109 H9 54 60

B9 56 78 G9 62 80 H10 43 61

B10 17 11 F11 216 318 F11 29 32

C8 42 35 F12 210 301 F12 210 30

C9 41 31 G11 211 321 G11 211 321

C10 21 17 G12 206 311 G12 208 306

D5 108 82 H11 207 301 H11 216 318

D6 87 71 H12 218 321 H12 218 321

Table 5.1.1 Daytime Lux Readings

37

5.1.2 Nighttime Lux Readings

Lighting data (Lux)

Night time


Grid Height

Grid Height

Grid Height

1M 1.5M 1M 1.5M 1M 1.5M

A4 24 44 D7 14 25 A8 10 15

B4 28 42 D8 12 22 A9 12 16

C4 31 42 D9 10 22 A10 12 17

D4 32 43 D10 12 24 B8 14 19

E4 34 43 E5 14 26 B9 15 22

F4 32 44 E6 16 28 B10 14 18

G4 31 42 E7 12 20 C9 11 20

H4 30 41 E8 10 20 C10 12 21

A5 13 19 E9 11 21 D9 19 21

A6 14 20 E10 12 23 E9 20 19

A7 15 23 F5 15 27 F9 18 21

B5 12 20 F9 12 21 F10 19 20

B6 14 20 F10 10 20 G6 11 20

B7 15 23 G5 14 25 G7 12 21

C5 11 22 G10 10 20 G8 10 20

C6 12 25 H5 15 27 G9 12 22

C7 17 27 H10 11 21 G10 10 21

A8 34 60 F6 18 26 H6 11 20

A9 37 65 F7 16 23 H7 10 20

A10 35 62 F8 14 24 H8 11 21

B8 35 64 G6 20 28 H9 10 20

B9 39 67 G7 15 21 H10 10 21

B10 34 63 G8 12 22 F11 10 21

C8 27 24 G9 10 23 F12 12 23

C9 15 20 H6 19 29 G11 10 21

C10 13 21 H7 14 21 G12 11 20

D5 20 37 H8 13 21 H11 129 175

D6 18 35 H9 11 22 H12 125 170

F11 10 21

F12 12 24

G11 10 22

G12 11 21

H11 127 172

H12 128 167

Table 5.1.2 Nightime Lux Readings

38

5.1.3 Observation and Discussion

Based on the lighting data table above, the following observations were noted along

with relevant discussions.

Observation 1:

Both light data collected during the day and night are lower than the recommended

lux level by MS 1525.

Discussion 1:

This is due to the owner trying to achieve the desired ambience and environment in

the café.

Observation 2:

Light data collected at a level of 1.5m above ground level are higher than the

readings taken at a level of 1m above ground

Discussion 2:

This is due to the proximity of the lux meter to the artificial light source. At a level of

1.5m, the lux meter is close to the source, thus it receives a higher lux reading as

compared to the reading taken at a level of 1m above ground.

Observation 3:

Lux readings in the toilet areas (ZONE 6 & ZONE 7) are relatively high as compared

to other spaces.

Discussion 3:

This is due to the ample amount of light sources in the relatively small area.

39

Figure 5.1.1: Artificial Light Diagram

The figure above illustrates the lighting rays of different artificial lighting used

in Artisan Cafe. The sitting area of the cafe has a really low light level due to the low

intensity lamps used. The sitting area uses wall lighting and pendant lighting as the

source of artificial lighting. This creates a really dark environment whereby it relates

to the theme of the cafe itself. There are no presence of down light or spotlights in

the sitting area of the cafe. However, the toilets are lighted up by LED spotlights,

used to increase the brightness of the space.

Figure 5.1.2: Natural Light Diagram

The figure above indicates the source of natural lighting throughout the

interior spaces of the cafe. Due to the facade of the building being glass, natural

lighting penetration is ample throughout the space. However due to glare the cafe

fitted blinds and retractable awnings on the windows and outdoor area solve this

matter.

40

5.2 Lux Contour Diagram

Diagram 5.2.1 Daylight Lux Contour Diagram

41

Diagram 5.2.2 Artificial Lux Contour Diagram

42

5.3 Analysis and Calculation

5.3.1 Daylight Factor Calculation

Time/ Date/ Sky Condition

Zone

Daylight Level in Malaysia Eo (lux)

Average Lux reading Ei (lux)

Daylight Factor, DF DF = (Ei / Eo) X 100%

11th April 2014

12.30 PM Sunny

Zone 1

32000

75.92

DF = (Ei / Eo) X 100% DF = (75.92 /

32000) X100% 0.24%

Zone 2

303.44

DF = (Ei / Eo) X 100% DF = (303.44 /

32000) X100% 0.95%

Zone 3

80.42

DF = (Ei / Eo) X 100% DF = (80.42 /

32000) X100% 0.25%

43

5.3.2 Artificial Light Calculation

Zone 1: Sitting Area

Figure 5.3.1 Sitting Area Light Indicator Plan

Table 5.3.1 Lighting Specifications

44

Table 5.3.2 : Zone 1 Material Table

Component Material Colour Surface Finish

Reflectance Value (%)

Surface Area/ m2

WALL

Brick Red Rough 10 20.5


Plaster Black Matte 4 40

Glass Clear Gloss 8 31.68



FURNITURE




45

A B C

Width of Room

5.7 5.7 5.4 2.3

Length of room

8 8 6 3.8

Dimension of Room ( L x W )

45.6 45.6 32.4 8.74

Total floor Area / A

86.74

Type of lighting fixture

Vintage Edison Vintage Edison

LED Spotlight

Number of lighting fixture / N

3 2 3 1

Lumen of lighting fixture / F (lux) 310 310 310 325

Height of luminaire (m) 1.7 1.7 1.9 2.3

Height of work level (m) 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8

Mounting height / H (m) 1.1 0.9 0.9 1.5

Assumption of Reflectance value Wall 0.8/Ceiling 0.8/Floor 0.1

Room Index / RI (K)

RI= L x W

( L + W ) x H

3.03

3.70

3.16

0.96

Utilization Factor / UF

0.54 0.54 0.54 0.43

Based on given utilization factor table

Maintenance Factor / MF

0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8

Standard Illuminance (lux)

Iluminance level (lux)

E = N x F x UF x MF

A

4.63

3.09

4.63

1.29

Total Illuminance

13.64

Table 5.3.4 : Zone 1 Calculation Table

46

Zone 2: Outdoor Sitting Area

Figure 5.3.2: Outdoor Sitting Area Light Indicator Plan

Table 5.3.4 : Lighting Specifications

47



Reflectance Value (%)

Surface Area/m2

WALL Glass Clear Gloss 8 47.83

Aluminum

Silver Anodized

55 24.3


FLOOR Brick Red Matte 10 114

CEILING Canvas Black Matte 4 50.4

Plaster Black Matte 4 55.6

FURNITURE


48

Width of Room

4

Length of room

15


60


60


LED Spotlight


6

Lumen of lighting fixture / F (lux) 325

Height of luminaire (m) 2.8

Height of work level (m) 0.8

Mounting height / H (m) 2

Assumption of Reflectance value Wall0.5/Ceiling0.5/Floor0.1

Room Index / RI (K)

RI= L x W

( L + W ) x H

1.58


0.43



0.8



E = N x F x UF x MF

A

11.18

Total Illuminance

11.18


49

Zone 3: Private Gathering Area

Figure 5.3.4: Private Gathering Area Light Indicator Plan


50


Component Material Colour Surface

Finish

Reflectance Value

(%)

Surface Area/

m2


Aluminum Silver Anodized

55 11.6


Steel Black Gloss 5 5.43


CEILING Plaster Black Matte 80 26.4

FURNITURE


51

A B

Width of Room

4.9 4.9

Length of room

5.4 5.4


26.46 26.46


26.46 26.46


Vintage Edison Philips Compact Halogen Bulb


4 3

Lumen of lighting fixture / F (lux) 325 900

Height of luminaire (m) 1.9 3

Height of work level (m) 0.8 0.8

Mounting height / H (m) 1.1 2.2


Room Index / RI (K)

RI= L x W

( L + W ) x H

2.34 1.17


0.55 0.47



0.8 0.8



E = N x F x UF x MF

A

21.62 38.37

Total Illuminance

59.98


52

Zone 4: Storage Room 1

Figure 5.3.5: Storage Room Light Indicator Plan


53



Reflectance Value

(%)

Surface Area/

m2




CEILING AC sheet Black Matte 4 13.44

FURNITURE


54

Width of Room

2.84

Length of room

4.8


13.68


13.68


Fluorescent Light


2




Mounting height / H (m) 1.1


Room Index / RI (K)

RI= L x W

( L + W ) x H

1.63


0.4



0.8



E = N x F x UF x MF

A

56.14

Total Illuminance

56.14


55

Zone 5: Coffee Counter

Figure 5.3.5: Coffee Counter Light Indicator Plan


56


Component Material Colour Surface

Finish

Reflectance Value

(%)

Surface Area/

m2




CEILING Metal Black Matte 4 26.4

FURNITURE


MDF Black Matte 5 11.54

57

Width of Room

3.8

Length of room

6.1


23.18


23.18


LED Spotlight


14




Mounting height / H (m) 2


Room Index / RI (K)

RI= L x W

( L + W ) x H

1.17


0.38



0.8



E = N x F x UF x MF

A

59.67

Total Illuminance

59.67


58

Zone 6: Male Toilet

Figure 5.3.6: Male toilet Light Indicator Plan


59



Reflectance Value

(%)

Surface Area/

m2

WALL





FURNITURE

Mirror Reflective

Gloss 100 21.4

Porcelain White Gloss 75 11.1

60

Width of Room

4

Length of room

3.35


13.4


13.4


LED Bulb (Recessed)


6






Room Index / RI (K)

RI= L x W

( L + W ) x H

2.28


0.44



0.8



E = N x F x UF x MF

A

59.89

Total Illuminance

59.89


61

Zone 7: Female Toilet

Figure 5.3.7: Female toilet Light Indicator Plan


62



Reflectance Value

(%)

Surface Area/

m2

WALL





FURNITURE

Mirror Reflective

Gloss 100 13.6

Porcelain White Gloss 75 5.2

63

Width of Room

4

Length of room

3.35


13.4


13.4


LED Bulb (Recessed)


6






Room Index / RI (K)

RI= L x W

( L + W ) x H

2.03


0.53



0.8



E = N x F x UF x MF

A

72.14

Total Illuminance

72.14


64

Zone 8: Sitting Area 2

Figure 5.3.8: Sitting Area 2 Light Indicator Plan


65



Reflectance Value

(%)

Surface Area/

m2

WALL



Steel Black Matte 4 34.5


FLOOR Fiber board

Grey Matte 15 13.4


FURNITURE



66

A B

Width of Room

3.4 2.85

Length of room

9.15 4.8


31.11 213.68


31.11 213.68


Bulbrite 100W Glove Bulb

Bulbrite 100W Glove Bulb


5 3


Height of luminaire (m) 1.8 1.8


Mounting height / H (m) 1 1


Room Index / RI (K)

RI= L x W

( L + W ) x H

2.48 1.79


0.53 0.5



0.8 0.8



E = N x F x UF x MF

A

39.52 50.88

Total Illuminance

90.40


67

Zone 9: Storage Area 2

Figure 5.3.9: Storage Room 2 Light Indicator Plan


68



Reflectance Value

(%)

Surface Area/

m2

WALL



Steel Black Matte 4 4.5


FLOOR Fiber board

Grey Matte 15 13.4


FURNITURE



69

A B

Width of Room

2.85 2.85

Length of room

4.8 4.8


13.68 13.68


13.68 13.68


Vintage Edison Halogen bulb


2 3


Height of luminaire (m) 1.6 1.6


Mounting height / H (m) 0.8 0.8


Room Index / RI (K)

RI= L x W

( L + W ) x H

2.24 2.24


0.51 0.51



0.8 0.8



E = N x F x UF x MF

A

18.49 53.68

Total Illuminance

72.18


70

5.4 Analysis and Evaluation

Lighting is important within restaurants and cafes, especially feature lighting

that creates ambience and mood. The different types of lighting fixtures found inside

the Artisan Cafe offers different illumination levels. From our observation on site,

pendant lighting is the dominant type of lighting fixture at the first floor of the café. It

is used mainly to illuminate the tables at the main and private seating area, as well

as the seating areas at the mezzanine floor. However at the coffee counter area,

track spotlights are being used instead, to illuminate the menus hanged above the

counters. Unlike pendant lighting that uniformly distributes illumination, spotlighting

only illuminates the spot at which it is directed. Spaces in which these lights are not

pointed at are usually inadequately lit up.

Based on our data collection, the space inside the café is considered to be

rather dark during the day, despite having large glass entrance. It is mainly due to

the large black canvas roof covering the outdoor seating area, and most of the

interior pendant lights are switched off during the day. Referring to the precedent

study on lighting analysis, the Solar Decathlon House utilizes daylighting and

countermeasures against glare from sunlight. This predicts the result of using

daylighting and how it affects the ambience of a space.

Most of the lux readings on our site are below the lux requirements for each

space during daytime due to the interior lights not being utilized. Even during the

nighttime with all the lights turned on, the readings are still below lux requirements.

However, it is the intention for the café to have a somewhat dim ambience to create

that cool and cozy environment in the café. Natural lighting is only available to

penetrate inside the building to the main sitting area and the private sitting area, due

to both areas are the closest to the glass walls of the entrance.

In conclusion, it may be the designer to have the café to be dimly lit to

achieve a certain character and ambience however, the requirements set by MS

1525 must be taken into consideration when it comes lighting design not only to

achieve the desired atmosphere but as well as visual comfort.

71

6.0 ACOUSTIC ANALYSIS

6.1 Noise Sources

6.1.1 External Noise Sources

Figure 6.1.1: Location of Site in relation to main road

The site is facing a trunk road Jalan 13/2. The road is moderately busy during

non-peak hours and peak hours. The main outdoor noise sources are coming from

the construction site located opposite the site and beside the site. Due to the

typology of the site being and industrial zone, factory activities is also one of the

contributors of outdoor noises. Apart from these noises vehicular noise present

nearby the construction zones also create an impact towards the cafe.

72

6.1.2 Internal noise sources

Air Circulators

Figure 6.1.2: Placement of Air Circulators

Air conditioners are placed in the interior space of the cafe as a form of

artificial ventilation. Fans are also present in the space to compliment the usage of

mechanical ventilation. The noise produced by these equipment has a low effect

towards the acoustic values due to the nature of the site as a cafe whereby the noise

frequency is outnumbered by the human activity. However when the cafe closes a

certain acoustical value can be captured in the space itself.

73

Human Activity

Figure 6.1.3: Human activity points

Concentration of human activities in the cafe varies throughout the day.

During peak hour, the amount of human activities increases therefore there is a jump

in reading. Customers having discussion and chats are the main factor. However the

sound of coffee preparation is also a major acoustic value contributor due to the

nature of the coffee machine located at Zone 5.

74

Audio Equipment

Figure 6.1.4: Position of Speakers

Speakers are located throughout the cafe. The speakers are turned on in a

low volume to create a soothing atmosphere while maintaining a conversation free

zone. The music played throughout the day are mellow and slow therefore there are

really little contribution from the speakers. Speakers also helps create a

reverberation from the sound generated from the human activity and neutralizes the

impact from it.

75

6.2 Acoustic Readings

Table 6.2.1 Peak and Non - Peak Hours Readings

Acoustic data

Day time


Grid Acoustic

Grid Acoustic

Grid Acoustic

Peak Non-peak Peak Non-peak Peak Non-peak

A4 79 67 D7 75 62 A8 57 31

B4 76 65 D8 73 63 A9 60 32

C4 80 63 D9 71 61 A10 58 43

D4 85 64 D10 77 68 B8 57 33

E4 86 63 E5 80 69 B9 59 32

F4 77 62 E6 73 63 B10 60 34

G4 80 64 E7 73 63 C9 75 61

H4 78 65 E8 76 65 C10 79 65

A5 77 55 E9 73 62 D9 77 63

A6 70 57 E10 80 70 E9 75 63

A7 66 43 F5 64 53 F9 77 63

B5 73 54 F9 78 65 F10 77 70

B6 72 58 F10 77 70 G6 77 66

B7 69 40 G5 63 42 G7 75 61

C5 74 55 G10 82 70 G8 74 61

C6 74 53 H5 64 49 G9 71 60

C7 73 51 H10 86 74 G10 68 58

A8 59 32 F6 70 63 H6 74 63

A9 66 34 F7 80 71 H7 74 62

A10 59 33 F8 82 70 H8 73 63

B8 57 32 G6 79 65 H9 71 60

B9 59 34 G7 85 73 H10 68 59

B10 57 32 G8 85 71 F11 66 54

C8 73 67 G9 86 71 F12 68 58

C9 74 65 H6 76 63 G11 65 53

C10 74 63 H7 84 74 G12 67 56

D5 77 60 H8 84 72 H11 68 58

D6 75 63 H9 83 75 H12 69 59

F11 66 57

F12 67 57

G11 68 56

G12 65 56

H11 65 56

H12 64 57

76

6.2 Observation and Discussion

Based on the noise level data table above, the following observations were noted

along with relevant discussions.

Observation 1:

The average noise level data collected during peak hours are higher compared to the

data collected during non-peak hours.

Discussion 1:

This is due to the larger number of occupants in the building during peak hours that

contributes to the increase of noise levels. The coffee grinders are also utilized from

time to time, which may affect the noise level.

Observation 2:

The noise reading levels during peak and non-peak in the main and private sitting

areas are averagely similar.

Discussion 2:

This is due to the areas sharing the same open space, only divided by a partition.

Observation 3:

The average reading levels during peak and non-peak hours at the coffee counter

are the highest compared to other zones.

Discussion 3:

This is due to the utilization of coffee grinders which affects the noise level readings.

77

6.3 Acoustic Ray Diagrams

Figure 6.3.1: Acoustic Ray Diagram

78

6.4 Analysis and Calculation

6.4.1 Equipment Sound Pressure Level

Calculation for speakers

Sound pressure level (SPL) = 10log (I/Iref)

IhereI = sound power (watt)

Iref = reference power (10-12)

Number of speakers in Artisan coffee HQ (indoor) = 5 Number of Speakers in Artisan Coffee HQ (outdoor) = 2 One speaker produces approximately 80 dB Therefore, SPL (dB) = 10log (I / Iref) I = 10dB/10 X Iref I= 10 80/10 X 10-12

I= 108 X 10-12

I= 10-4

Total number of speakers indoor = 5 Total intensity = 5 x 10-4 Therefore, combined SPL indoor = 10log (I / Iref) = 10log (5 x 10-4 / 1 X 10-12) = 86.99 dB Therefore, combined SPL outdoor = 10log (I / Iref) = 10log (2 x 10-4 / 1 X 10-12) = 83.01 dB

79

Calculation for Air conditioner Number of Air Conditioner in Artisan Coffee HQ = 6 One Air Conditioner produces approximately 40 dB Therefore, SPL (dB) = 10log (I / Iref) I = 10dB/10 X Iref I= 10 40/10 X 10-12

I= 104 X 10-12

I= 10-8

Total number of air conditioner= 6 Total intensity = 6 x 10-8 Therefore, combined SPL = 10log (I / Iref) = 10log (6 x 10-8 / 1 X 10-12) = 47.78 dB

80

Calculation for ceiling fan Number of ceiling fan in Artisan coffee HQ (indoor) = 1 Number of ceiling fan in Artisan Coffee HQ (outdoor) = 2 One ceiling fan produces approximately 50 dB Therefore, SPL (dB) = 10log (I / Iref) I = 10dB/10 X Iref I= 10 50/10 X 10-12

I= 105 X 10-12

I= 10-7

Total number of ceiling fan indoor = 1 Total number of ceiling fan outdoor = 2 Total intensity = 1 x 10-7 Therefore, combined SPL indoor = 10log (I / Iref) = 10log (1 x 10-7 / 1 X 10-12) = 50 dB Therefore, combined SPL outdoor = 10log (I / Iref) = 10log (2 x 10-4 / 1 X 10-12) = 53.01 dB Calculation for coffee maker Number of coffee maker in Artisan Coffee HQ = 1 One coffee maker produces approximately 70 dB SPL (dB) = 10log (I / Iref) I = 10dB/10 X Iref

81

I= 10 70/10 X 10-12

I= 107 X 10-12

I= 10-5

Calculation for exhaust fan Number of exhaust fan in Artisan Coffee HQ = 4 One exhaust fan produces approximately 60 dB SPL (dB) = 10log (I / Iref) I = 10dB/10 X Iref I= 10 60/10 X 10-12

I= 106 X 10-12

I= 10-6

Therefore, combined SPL = 10log (I / Iref) = 10log (4 x 10-6 / 1 X 10-12) = 66.02 dB zone 3 =1 speaker 1 aircon zone 4 = 1 aircon zone 5 = 1 coffee machine sound power of speaker = 10-4

Air conditioner = 10-8

Fan = 10-7

Coffee Machine =10-5 Exhaust Fan = 10-6

82

6.4.2 Sound Pressure Level Calculation Zone 1: Sitting Area

Figure 6.4.2.1 : Zone 1 Acoustic Equipment 4 speakers 1 ceiling fan 4 air conditioner Total Intensities = (4 X 10-4) + 10-7 + (4 X 10-8) =4 X 10-4

SPL (dB) = 10log (I / Iref) = 10log ((4 X 10-4) / 10-12) =86.02 dB

83

Zone 2 : Outdoor Sitting Area

Figure 6.4.2.2 : Zone 2 Acoustic Equipment Zone 2 2 fan 2 speakers Total Intensities = (2 X 10-7) + (2 X 10-4) =2 X 10-4

SPL (dB) = 10log (I / Iref) = 10log ((2 X 10-4) / 10-12) =83.01 dB

84

Zone 3 : Private Gathering Area

Figure 6.4.2.3 : Zone 3 Acoustic Equipment Zone 3 1 speaker 1 aircon Total Intensities = (1 X 10-8) + (1 X 10-4) =1 X 10-4

SPL (dB) = 10log (I / Iref) = 10log ((1 X 10-4) / 10-12) =80 dB

85

Zone 4 : Storage Room

Figure 6.4.2.4 : Zone 4 Acoustic Equipment Zone 4 1 aircon Total Intensities = 1 X 10-8


86

Zone 5 : Coffee Counter

Figure 6.4.2.5 : Zone 5 Acoustic Equipment

Zone 5 1 coffee machine Total Intensities = 1 X 10-5


87

6.4.3 Spaces Acoustic Analysis

Zone 2 - Outdoor sitting area Non-peak hour Highest reading: 67 dB SPL (dB) = 10log (I / Iref) I = 10dB/10 X Iref I= 10 67/10 X 10-12

I= 106.7 X 10-12

I= 10-5.3

Lowest reading: 62 dB SPL (dB) = 10log (I / Iref) I = 10dB/10 X Iref I= 10 62/10 X 10-12

I= 106.2 X 10-12

I= 10-5.8

Total Intensities, I = (1 x 10-5.3) + (1 x 10-5.8) = 6.6 x 10-6

SPL = 10log (I / Iref) = 10log (6.6 x 10-6 / 1 X 10-12) = 68.2 dB Peak Hour Highest reading: 86 dB SPL (dB) = 10log (I / Iref) I = 10dB/10 X Iref I= 10 86/10 X 10-12

I= 108.6 X 10-12

I= 10-3.4


I= 107.7 X 10-12

I= 10-4.3

88


SPL = 10log (I / Iref) = 10log (4.48 x 10-4 / 1 X 10-12) = 86.51 dB Zone 4 - Storage Room Non-peak hour Highest reading: 34 dB SPL (dB) = 10log (I / Iref) I = 10dB/10 X Iref I= 10 34/10 X 10-12

I= 103.4 X 10-12

I= 10-8,6


I= 103.2 X 10-12

I= 10-8.8



I= 106.6 X 10-12

I= 10-5.4


I= 105.7 X 10-12

I= 10-6.3

89


SPL = 10log (I / Iref) = 10log (4.48 x 10-6 / 1 X 10-12) = 66.51 dB Zone 1 - Sitting Area Non-peak hour Highest reading: 74 dB SPL (dB) = 10log (I / Iref) I = 10dB/10 X Iref I= 10 74/10 X 10-12

I= 107.4 X 10-12

I= 10-5.6


I= 104.2 X 10-12

I= 10-7.8



I= 108.6 X 10-12

I= 10-3.4


I= 106.4 X 10-12

I= 10-5.6

90

Total Intensities, I = (1 x 10-3.4) + (1 x 10-5.6) = 4 x 10-4

SPL = 10log (I / Iref) = 10log (4 x 10-4 / 1 X 10-12) = 86.03 dB Zone 5 - Coffee Counter Non-peak hour Highest reading: 75 dB SPL (dB) = 10log (I / Iref) I = 10dB/10 X Iref I= 10 75/10 X 10-12

I= 107.5 X 10-12

I= 10-5.5


I= 106.3 X 10-12

I= 10-5.4



I= 108.6 X 10-12

I= 10-3.4


I= 107 X 10-12

I= 10-5

91

Total Intensities, I = (1 x 10-3.4) + (1 x 10-5) = 4.08 x 10-4

SPL = 10log (I / Iref) = 10log (4.08 x 10-4 / 1 X 10-12) = 86.11 dB

92

6.4.4 Reverberation Time Calculation Reverberation time is calculated to determine the amount of sound energy that is absorbed

into the different types of construction materials in the structure as well as the interior

elements such as building occupants and furniture that are housed within this closed space.

The Reverberation time can be calculated by using Sabine's Equation:

RT60 = (0.16 X V) / A

where RT60 is the time taken for the noise to drop 60dB below original level (known as

Reverberation Time), V is volume of the enclosure, and A being the absorption coefficient

of the total area.

Calculated Space

Seating area (Zone 1) + Cafe bar (Zone 5) + Mezzanine Floor (Zone 1)

Reverberation times are calculated based on different material absorption coefficient at

500Hz, 2000Hz and 4000Hz for peak and non-peak hours.

- Material Absorption Coefficient at 500Hz for non-peak hours.



- Material Absorption Coefficient at 500Hz for peak hours.



Volume of calculated space

= 5.7m X [(11.85m X 5.73m) + (10m X 5.5m)]

= 700.53m3

93

Reverberation Time at 500Hz / Non-Peak Hour

Table 6.4.4.1 : Reverberation Time at 500Hz

RT60 = (0.16 X V) / A

= (0.16 X 700.53) / 45.3507

= 2.47s

Component Material Function Area(m2) [A]/ Quantity

Absorption Coefficient

[S]

Sound Absorption

[SA]

Ceiling Plaster (Gypsum Board,

Smooth finish on lath)

Ceiling 122.29 0.06 7.3374

Steel (Painted)

Mezzanine Truss

14.84 0.44 6.5296

Wall Brick (Unglazed)

Wall 38.3 0.03 1.149

Plaster (White, Smooth finish

on brick)

Wall 16.32 0.02 0.3264

Plaster (Black,

Smooth finish on brick)

Wall 105.05 0.02 2.101

Glass (Large pane)

Fixed-Panel 52.91 0.04 2.1164

Openings Glass (Large Pane)

Pivot Door 3.52 0.04 0.1408

Timber (Plywood)

Pivot Door 4.4 0.15 0.66

Steel (Painted)

Folding Door 2.2 0.44 0.968

Floor Concrete Screed

Floor 122.29 0.015 1.83435

FiberBoard Mezzanine Floor

38.77 0.06 2.3262

Furniture Timber Table, Chair 5.87 0.15 0.8805

Timber Cupboard 5.8 0.05 0.29

Ceramic Countertop 6.54 0.01 0.0654

Concrete screed

Counter 44.43 0.015 0.66645

Fabric Sofa 7.96 0.77 6.1292

MDF Sofa 13.3 0.1 1.33

People (Non-Peak Hour)

25 0.42 10.5

Total Absorption [A] 45.3507

The reverberation time for the cafe at 500Hz

during non-peak hours is 2.47 seconds which is

adequately within the intended 1.5 – 2.5

seconds for public space that requires both

speech and music activities.

94



RT60 = (0.16 X V) / A

= (0.16 X 700.53) / 47.0248

= 2.38s



[S]

Sound Absorption

[SA]



Ceiling 122.29 0.04 4.8916

Steel (Painted)

Mezzanine Truss

14.84 0.54 8.0136


Wall 38.3 0.05 1.915


on brick)

Wall 16.32 0.02 0.3264

Plaster (Black,


Wall 105.05 0.02 2.101

Glass (Large pane)

Fixed-Panel 52.91 0.02 1.0582


Pivot Door 3.52 0.02 0.0704

Timber (Plywood)

Pivot Door 4.4 0.1 0.44

Steel (Painted)



Floor 122.29 0.02 2.4458

Fiber Board Mezzanine Floor

38.77 0.08 3.1016




Concrete screed

Counter 44.43 0.02 0.8886

Fabric Sofa 7.96 0.82 6.5272

MDF Sofa 13.3 0.1 1.33


25 0.45 11.25



during non-peak hours is at 2.38 seconds. This

falls within the comfortable range of the public

space which is between 1.5 – 2.5 seconds.

95



RT60 = (0.16 X V) / A

= (0.16 X 700.53) / 46.1093

= 2.43s



[S]

Sound Absorption

[SA]



Ceiling 122.29 0.03 3.6687

Steel (Painted)

Mezzanine Truss

14.84 0.57 8.4588


Wall 38.3 0.07 2.681


on brick)

Wall 16.32 0.02 0.3264

Plaster (Black,


Wall 105.05 0.02 2.101

Glass (Large pane)

Fixed-Panel 52.91 0.02 1.0582


Pivot Door 3.52 0.02 0.0704

Timber (Plywood)

Pivot Door 4.4 0.07 0.308

Steel (Painted)



Floor 122.29 0.02 2.4458


38.77 0.08 3.1016




Concrete screed

Counter 44.43 0.02 0.8886

Fabric Sofa 7.96 0.7 5.572

MDF Sofa 13.3 0.1 1.33


25 0.45 11.25



during non-peak hours is 2.43 seconds. This is

considered acceptable for a space that requires

a balance of speech and music.

96

Reverberation Time at 500Hz / Peak Hour


RT60 = (0.16 X V) / A

= (0.16 X 700.53) / 66.3507

= 1.69s



[S]

Sound Absorption

[SA]



Ceiling 122.29 0.06 7.3374

Steel (Painted)

Mezzanine Truss

14.84 0.44 6.5296


Wall 38.3 0.03 1.149


on brick)

Wall 16.32 0.02 0.3264

Plaster (Black,


Wall 105.05 0.02 2.101

Glass (Large pane)

Fixed-Panel 52.91 0.04 2.1164


Pivot Door 3.52 0.04 0.1408

Timber (Plywood)

Pivot Door 4.4 0.15 0.66

Steel (Painted)



Floor 122.29 0.015 1.83435

FiberBoard Mezzanine Floor

38.77 0.06 2.3262




Concrete screed

Counter 44.43 0.015 0.66645

Fabric Sofa 7.96 0.77 6.1292

MDF Sofa 13.3 0.1 1.33

People (Peak Hour)

75 0.42 31.5



during peak hours is 1.69 seconds. This is well

within the boundary of 1.5 – 2.5 seconds and

shows that the cafe has adequate acoustic

absorption properties.

97



RT60 = (0.16 X V) / A

= (0.16 X 700.53) / 69.5248

= 1.61s



[S]

Sound Absorption

[SA]



Ceiling 122.29 0.04 4.8916

Steel (Painted)

Mezzanine Truss

14.84 0.54 8.0136


Wall 38.3 0.05 1.915


on brick)

Wall 16.32 0.02 0.3264

Plaster (Black,


Wall 105.05 0.02 2.101

Glass (Large pane)

Fixed-Panel 52.91 0.02 1.0582


Pivot Door 3.52 0.02 0.0704

Timber (Plywood)

Pivot Door 4.4 0.1 0.44

Steel (Painted)



Floor 122.29 0.02 2.4458


38.77 0.08 3.1016




Concrete screed

Counter 44.43 0.02 0.8886

Fabric Sofa 7.96 0.82 6.5272

MDF Sofa 13.3 0.1 1.33

People (Peak Hour)

75 0.45 33.75


At 2000Hz. the reverberation time for the cafe

during peak hours is 1.61 seconds which

satisfies the requirement of such space to be

within 1.5 – 2.5 seconds.

98



RT60 = (0.16 X V) / A

= (0.16 X 700.53) / 68.6093

= 1.63s



[S]

Sound Absorption

[SA]



Ceiling 122.29 0.03 3.6687

Steel (Painted)

Mezzanine Truss

14.84 0.57 8.4588


Wall 38.3 0.07 2.681


on brick)

Wall 16.32 0.02 0.3264

Plaster (Black,


Wall 105.05 0.02 2.101

Glass (Large pane)

Fixed-Panel 52.91 0.02 1.0582


Pivot Door 3.52 0.02 0.0704

Timber (Plywood)

Pivot Door 4.4 0.07 0.308

Steel (Painted)



Floor 122.29 0.02 2.4458


38.77 0.08 3.1016




Concrete screed

Counter 44.43 0.02 0.8886

Fabric Sofa 7.96 0.7 5.572

MDF Sofa 13.3 0.1 1.33

People (Peak Hour)

75 0.45 33.75



during peak hours is 1.63 seconds. This falls

within the required range 1.5 – 2.5 seconds. This

range is the general range for spaces that

requires a balance mix of speech and music.

99

Reverberation Time Analysis and Conclusion

From the gathered data, the reverberation timing for 500Hz, 2000Hz and 4000Hz could be

acquired and there is a noticeable pattern that emerged from both peak and non-peak hours.

The reverberation time for non-peak hours are gathered at the higher end of the desired

range of 1.5 to 2.5 seconds while the reverberation time for peak hours are reduced to the

lower end of the range. The reverberation time is indirectly proportional to the amount of

occupants inside the space as people contributes significantly towards acoustic absorption

of the space and help enhance it.

The reasons why the cafe has a high reverberation time is due to the double volume of the

space which has a height of 5.7 meters. This high reverberation time is further bolstered by

the lack of acoustic absorbing materials such as concrete, which, when sound reaches the

material, get reflected more than it gets absorbed, and consequently creating a higher

reverberation time.

Even though the reverberation time is quite high for a comfort human range of 0.8 to 1.3

seconds, it is quite acceptable for a cafe that requires the balance blend between soft music

and relaxing conversation. Hence, it is safe to say that the cafe has a good acoustic

reverberation properties.

100

6.4.5 Sound Reduction Index Calculation

Sound Reduction Index

The first floor sitting area is identified as the main space to analyze the acoustic transmission from and into the area. Not only that this space incorporates the main sitting area (ZONE 1) and the coffee counter (ZONE 2), but as well as the immediate outdoor sitting area. The outdoor sitting area (ZONE 3) is established as the secondary area to record sound transmission into that particular space, in order to understand whether acoustic measures such as the selection of materials are sufficient to buffer sound between these spaces and is essential to identify the acoustic ratings of these two spaces. For main sitting area and coffee counter area:

Figure 6.4.5.1 : Zone 1 Plan

101

Main Area + Cafe Bar

Materials Surface Area (m2) Transmission coefficient of

material

Sn X Tcn

Concrete Wall 131.53 6.31 X 10-5 8.3 X 10-3

Brick Wall 40.54 5.01 X 10-6 2.03 X 10-4

Glass Wall 61.51 2.51 X 10-4 1.54 X 10-2

Glass Door 3.52 2.51 X 10-4 8.84 X 10-4

Total Surface Area

246.1

Table 6.4.5.1 : SRI Tabulation

TAV = (8.3 X 10-3 + 2.03 X 10-4 + 1.54 X 10-2 + 8.84 X 10-4) / Total Surface

Area

= 2.48 X 10-2

SRI Overall = 10Log10 (1 / 2.48 X 10-2)

SRI Overall = 16.06 dB

102

For outdoor sitting area:

Figure 6.4.5.2 : Zone 2 Plan

Private Gathering Space

Materials Surface Area (m2) Transmission coefficient of

material

Sn X Tcn

Concrete Wall 30.78 6.31 X 10-5 1.94 X 10-3

Brick Wall 14.7 5.01 X 10-6 7.36 X 10-5

Glass Wall 36.82 2.51 X 10-4 9.24 X 10-3

Glass Door 2.2 2.51 X 10-4 5.52 X 10-4

Total Surface Area

84.5

Table 6.4.5.2 : SRI Tabulation

TAV = (1.94 X 10-3 + 7.36 X 10-5 + 9.24 X 10-3 + 5.52 X 10-4) / Total Surface Area = 1.4 X 10-4 SRI Overall = 10Log10 (1 / 1.4 X 10-4) SRI Overall = 38.53 dB

103

6.5 Analysis and Evaluation

Table: Sound Environments with their corresponding Sound Pressure Levels(Source:

http://trace.wisc.edu/docs/2004-About-dB/)

With reference to the table of general sound environments, the noise level readings of the

main and private sitting areas are averagely between 60-79dB, which means that the noise

levels in these areas are from normal to four times as loud as a conversation noise level. It is

considered as a typical acoustic trait, being a café with customers converse, as well as

music being played from the speakers.

The coffee counter has a relatively higher reading of 70-89dB, which is four times

louder than the sound level of a normal conversation. The high readings were contributed by

the noise level from the coffee machines and grinders that are being utilized from time to

time. The noise level of the coffee counter is also contributed by the use of speakers for

background music in the café.

Artisan Café has a typical overall noise levels that are common in other cafes and

restaurants. However, during peak hours it may be quite loud, as the more customers there

are in the café, the higher volume of music being played on the speakers will be used to

mask the conversation noises.

104

7.0 REFERENCES

1. STC Chart (n.d.).STC Ratings for Brick and Concrete Block. Retrieved from

http://www.sae.edu/reference material/pages/STC%20Chart.html

2. Paroc Group (2014). Sound Insulation. Retrieved from

http://www.paroc.com/knowhow/sound/sound-insulation

3. ThomasNet (2014).Sound Absorption Coefficients. Retrieved from

http://www.sae.edu/reference material/pages/Coeffieicnet%20Chart.html

4. Hongkong Institute of Architects.(2008). Wave Motion, Noise Control in Architecture.

5. Harris, Cyril M. Noise Control in Buildings: A Practical Guide for Architects and Engineers.

NewYork: McGraw-Hill, 1993.

6. Neufert, Ernst and Peter.Neufert Architects’ Data. Oxford: Wilet-Blackwell, 2012

7. AZO Network (2014). Sound Transmission and Insulation in Brick and Masonry

Walls.Retrieve from

http://www.azom.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=1326

8. Deru, M., Torcellini, P., Sheffer, M., & Lau, A. (2005).Analysis of the Design and Energy

Performance of the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental protection Cambria Office

Building. Doi:10.2172/15016075

9. INTERIOR LIGHTING DESIGN A STUDENT’S GUIDE. (n.d.) Retrieved from

http://www.slideshare.net/nosuhaila/interior-lighting-design-a-students-guide

http://www.sae.edu/reference

http://www.paroc.com/knowhow/sound/sound-insulation

http://www.sae.edu/reference

http://www.azom.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=1326

http://www.slideshare.net/nosuhaila/interior-lighting-design-a-students-guide

105

10. Malaysia. (2007). Code of practice on energy efficiency and use of renewable energy for non-

residential buildings (first revision).Putrajaya: Department of Standard Malaysia.

11. Subtle variations: the uses of artificial and natural light in the menil collection, Houston,

texas, (n.d) Retrieved from

http://www.arch.ced.berkeley.edu/vitalsigns/bld/toolkit_studies/menil%20collection%20--

%20Subtle%20Variations.pdf

12. Technical – Photometric Data Guid. (n.d) Retrieved from

http://lightsbylinea.com/index.php?route=information%2Finformation&information_id=10

13. Robert B. (n.d) Noise Control for Buildings. Guidelines for Acoustical Problem Solving

Retrieve from

http://www.certainteed.com/resources/NoiseControl%20Brochure%203

14. Long, M. (2006). Architectural acoustics. Amsterdam: Elsevier/Academic Press.

15. Barton, C.K,.& Construction Engineering Research Laboratory. (1987). Development of LITE

graphic module for lighting analysis in the Computer-Aided Engineering and Architectural

Design System(CAEADS). Champaign, IL: US Army Corps of Engineers, Construction

Engineering Research Laboratory.

16. Calculux Indoor – Philips Lighting Singapore. (n.d) Retrieved from

http://www.lighting.philips.com/pwc_li/cn_zh/connect/tools_literature/Assets/downloads/

manual_indoor.pdfCIBSE. (2002). Code for lighting. Burlington: Elsevier.

17 Coefficient Chart. (n.d). Retrieved from

http://www.sae.edu/reference_material/pages/Coefficient%20Chart.htm

http://www.arch.ced.berkeley.edu/vitalsigns/bld/toolkit_studies/menil%20collection%20--%20Subtle%20Variations.pdf

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http://www.certainteed.com/resources/NoiseControl%20Brochure%203

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http://www.sae.edu/reference_material/pages/Coefficient%20Chart.htm

106

8.0 APPENDIX

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 2.1.1 : Image of Solar Decathlon House

Figure 2.1.1: Floor Plan of Solar Decathlon House

Diagram 2.1.2 : Analysis Diagram

Figure 2.2.1 : Yildiz Technical University Auditorium

Figure 2.2.2: Section of the YTU auditorium (after renovation)

Figure 2.2.3: Plan of YTU auditorium (after renovation)

Figure 3.1.1 : digital lux meter

Diagram3.1.1 : Standard height used to record Lux readings

Figure 3.2.1 : Digital Sound Level Meter

Figure4.1.2: Site Context of the Cafe

Figure 4.7.1 : Ground Floor Zoning

Figure 4.7.2 : Mezzanine Floor Zoning

Diagram 5.2.1 Daylight Lux Contour Diagram

Diagram 5.2.2 Artificial Lux Contour Diagram

Figure 6.1.2: Placement of Air Circulators

Figure 6.1.3: Human activity point

Figure 6.1.4: Position of Speakers

107

LIST OF TABLES

Table 2.1.1 : Materiality Reflectance Table

Table 2.2.1:Surface materials in auditorium, their surface area and absorption coefficient

(based on Harris, 1994:Cavanaugh & Wilco, 1999)

Table 2.2.2 RTs Calculation

Table 2.2.3 : Measured and acceptable BSLs (air conditioning)

Table 2.2.4: Measured, calculated and optimum RTs of YTU auditorium for speech activities

Table 4.1.1 Artifial Lighting Sources

Table 4.1.2 Acoustic Sources

Table 5.1.1 Daytime Lux Readings

Table 5.1.2 Nightime Lux Readings

Table 6.2.1 Peak and Non - Peak Hours Readings

108

Building science 2 project 1

Education