Brakes disc chapter_12

CHAPTER 12

Disc Brakes

Automotive Brake Systems, 5/eBy James D. Halderman

Copyright © 2010, 2008, 2004, 2000, 1995 Pearson Education, Inc.,Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 • All rights reserved.2

After studying Chapter 12, the reader will be able to:

1. Prepare for the Brakes (A5) ASE certification test content area “C” (Disc Brake Diagnosis and Repair).

2. Describe how disc brakes function.

3. Name the parts of a typical disc brake system.

4. Describe the construction of disc brake pads.

5. Describe the difference between fixed caliper and floating or sliding caliper.

6. Explain the difference between a standard caliper and a low-drag caliper.

OBJECTIVES



KEY TERMS

• Anchor plate • Antirattle clips • Aramid fiber • Bonded linings • Brake block • Brake pad • CFRC • Fixed brake caliper • Floating caliper • Gas fade • Integrally molded • Kevlar • Lining fade • Low-drag caliper • Mechanical fade

• Mold bonded lining • NAO • NAS • Natural frequency • Nonasbestos • Pad wear indicators • Pin-slider caliper • Riveted linings • Semimets • Sintered metal • Sintering • Sliding caliper • Swept area • Water fade • Ways



DISC BRAKESPARTS AND OPERATION

• Disc brakes use a piston(s) to squeeze friction material (pads) on both sides of a rotating disc (rotor).

• Disc may be spelled disk by some manufacturers, but disc is the SAE (Society of Automotive Engineers) term and the most commonly used spelling in the industry.

• The rotor is attached to and stops the wheel.



DISC BRAKESPARTS AND OPERATION

• Disc brakes are used on the front wheels of late-model vehicles, and on the rear wheels of an increasing number of automobiles.

• Disc brakes were adopted primarily because they can supply greater stopping power than drum brakes with less likelihood of fade.

• This makes disc brakes especially well suited for use as front brakes, which must provide 60% to 80% of the vehicle’s total stopping power.



DISC BRAKESDISC BRAKE ADVANTAGES

• The main advantages of the disc brake include the following.• FADE RESISTANCE• SELF-ADJUSTING ABILITY• FREEDOM FROM PULL

• Disc brakes are resistant to all kinds of fade, including the following:• Mechanical fade• Lining fade• Gas fade• Water fade




FIGURE 12–1 A typical disc brake assembly.




FIGURE 12–2 Braking force is applied equally to both sides of the brake rotor.




FIGURE 12–3 Disc brakes can absorb and dissipate a great deal of heat. During this demonstration, the brakes were gently applied as the engine drove the front wheels until the rotor became cherry red. During normal braking, the rotor temperature can exceed 350°F (180°C), and about 1,500°F (800°C) on a race vehicle.




FIGURE 12–4 Slots and holes in the brake linings help prevent gas and water fade.




FIGURE 12–5 The square-cut O-ring not only seals hydraulic brake fluid, but also retracts the caliper piston when the brake pedal is released.



DISC BRAKESDISC BRAKE DISADVANTAGES

• The most notable fact about the disadvantages of disc brakes is that there are so few.

• The weaknesses of disc brakes include the following.• No Self-Energizing or Servo Action• Brake Noise• Brake Dust• Poor Parking Brake Performance



Check the Tire Size for a Pulling Problem

• If an unequal braking problem is being diagnosed, check that the front tires match and that the rear tires match. Brakes slow and stop wheels. Unequal diameter tires create an unequal braking force. The result may be a pulling toward one side while braking. Tire diameter can vary from one tire manufacturer to another even though the size designation is the same. Even slight differences in the wear of tires can cause a different tire diameter and, therefore, a different braking force.




FIGURE 12–6 Antirattle clips reduce brake pad movement and vibration.




FIGURE 12–7 Antivibration shims are used behind the pads on many disc brake caliper designs.



Wax the Wheels

• Brake dust from semimetallic brake pads often discolors the front wheels. Customers often complain to service technicians about this problem, but it is normal for the front wheels to become dirty because the iron and other metallic and nonmetallic components wear off the front disc brake pads and adhere to the wheel covers. A coat of wax on the wheels or wheel covers helps prevent damage and makes it easier to wash off the brake dust.



DISC BRAKE CONSTRUCTION

• A disc brake is relatively simple compared with a drum brake.

• The major disc brake friction assembly components include the following.• CALIPER• SPLASH SHIELD




FIGURE 12–8 This brake caliper attaches to the front spindle.




FIGURE 12–9 A rear disc brake caliper often attaches to a mounting bracket on the rear axle housing.



DISC BRAKE PADS

• The lining of a disc brake is part of an assembly called the brake pad.

FIGURE 12–10 A typical disc brake pad.



DISC BRAKE PADS

FIGURE 12–11 To prevent noise, bent tabs on the backing plate hold some brake pads to the caliper housing.



DISC BRAKE PADS

FIGURE 12–12 Holes in the backing plate are a common method of locating a pad in the caliper.



DISC BRAKE PADS

FIGURE 12–13 Retainer springs lock the pad to the caliper piston to prevent brake noise.



DISC BRAKE PADS

FIGURE 12–14 The lining edges of some brake pads are tapered to help prevent vibration.



DISC BRAKE PADSPAD WEAR INDICATORS

• Although not required by law, a growing number of vehicle manufacturers are fitting pad wear indicators to their brakes for safety reasons. • Pad wear indicators are either mechanical or electrical, and

signal the driver when the lining material has worn to the point where pad replacement is necessary.

• A mechanical wear indicator is a small spring-steel tab riveted to the pad backing plate. • When the friction material wears to a predetermined

thickness, the tab contacts the rotor and makes a squealing or chirping noise (when the brakes are not applied) that alerts the driver to the need for service.




FIGURE 12–15 Typical pad wear sensor operation. It is very important that the disc brake pads are installed on the correct side of the vehicle to be assured that the wear sensor will make a noise when the pads are worn. If the pads with a sensor are installed on the opposite side of the vehicle, the sensor tab is turned so that the rotor touches it going the opposite direction. Usually the correct direction is where the rotor contacts the sensor before contacting the pads when the wheels are being rotated in the forward direction.




FIGURE 12–16 Electrical wear indicators ground a warning light circuit when the pads need replacement.



DISC BRAKE PADSPAD ASSEMBLY METHODS

• As mentioned previously, there are several methods that are used to mount brake linings, including:• Riveted linings• Bonded linings• Mold-bonded linings



DISC BRAKE PADSPAD ASSEMBLY METHODS

FIGURE 12–17 Mold-bonded linings are commonly used in many applications.



DISC BRAKE PADSBRAKE LINING COMPOSITION

• The various ingredients in brake lining are mixed and molded into the shape of the finished product.

• The fibers in the material are the only thing holding this mixture together.

• A large press is used to force the ingredients together to form a brake block, which eventually becomes the brake lining.






Competitively Priced Brakes

• The term competitively priced means lower cost. Most brake manufacturers offer “premium” as well as lower-price linings, to remain competitive with other manufacturers or with importers of brake lining material produced overseas by U.S. or foreign companies. Organic asbestos brake lining is inexpensive to manufacture. In fact, according to warehouse distributors and importers, the box often costs more than the brake lining inside.

• Professional brake service technicians should only install brake linings and pads that will give braking performance equal to that of the original factory brakes. For best results, always purchase high-quality brake parts from a known brand-name manufacturer.




• SEMIMETALLIC FRICTION MATERIAL• NONASBESTOS FRICTION MATERIAL• CARBON FIBER FRICTION MATERIAL• CERAMIC FRICTION MATERIAL



What Does “D3EA” Mean?

• Original equipment brake pads and shoes are required to comply with the Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard (FMVSS) 135, which specifies maximum stopping distances. There is also a requirement for fade resistance, but no standard for noise or wear. Aftermarket (replacement) brake pads and shoes are not required to meet the FMVSS standard. However, several manufacturers of replacement brake pads and shoes are using a standardized test that closely matches the FMVSS standard and is called the “Dual Dynamometer Differential Effectiveness Analysis” or D3EA. This test is currently voluntary and linings that pass the test can have a “D3EA certified” seal placed on the product package.



DISC BRAKE PADSEDGE CODES

• As explained previously, the lining edge codes help identify the coefficient of friction.

• These codes were established by the SAE (Society of Automotive Engineers) and published as Standard J886a.



BRAKE ROTORS

• The brake rotor provides the friction surfaces for the brake pads to rub against.

• The rotor, the largest and heaviest part of a disc brake, is usually made of cast iron because that metal has excellent friction and wear properties.

• There are two basic types of rotors:• Solid—Solid rotors are most often used on the rear

of vehicles equipped with four-wheel disc brakes.• Vented—Vented rotors have radial cooling

passages cast between the friction surfaces.



BRAKE ROTORS

FIGURE 12–18 Disc brake rotors can be either solid or vented.



DISC BRAKE DESIGNS

• There are basically three types of calipers: fixed, floating, and sliding designs.• FIXED CALIPER DESIGN

• FIXED CALIPER ADVANTAGES• FIXED CALIPER DISADVANTAGES

• FLOATING AND SLIDING CALIPER DESIGN• NORMAL CALIPER OPERATION• WEAR COMPENSATION• FLOATING AND SLIDING CALIPER ADVANTAGES• FLOATING AND SLIDING CALIPER

DISADVANTAGES



DISC BRAKE DESIGNS

FIGURE 12–19 (a) Many fixed caliper disc brakes use a simple retaining pin to hold the disc brake pads. (b) Removing the retainer pads allows the brake pads to be removed. (c) Notice the cross-over hydraulic passage that connects both sides of the caliper.



DISC BRAKE DESIGNS

FIGURE 12–20 This floating caliper mounts on a separate anchor plate that bolts to the vehicle suspension.



DISC BRAKE DESIGNS

FIGURE 12–21 Hydraulic force on the piston (left) is applied to the inboard pad and the caliper housing itself. The reaction of the piston pushing against the rotor causes the entire caliper to move toward the inside of the vehicle (large arrow). Since the outboard pad is retained by the caliper, the reaction of the moving caliper applies the force of the outboard pad against the outboard surface of the rotor.



DISC BRAKE DESIGNS

FIGURE 12–22 Caliper flex can cause tapered wear of the brake lining.



DISC BRAKE DESIGNSFLOATING CALIPER OPERATION

• The body of a floating caliper does not make direct metal-to-metal contact with the anchor plate.

FIGURE 12–23 A typical single-piston floating caliper. In this type of design, the entire caliper moves when the single piston is pushed out of the caliper during a brake application. When the caliper moves, the outboard pad is pushed against the rotor.




FIGURE 12–24 Floating calipers are supported by rubber O-rings or plastic bushings.




FIGURE 12–25 Metal guide pins and sleeves are used to retain and locate floating calipers.



What Is a Low-Drag Caliper?

• A low-drag caliper differs from a standard caliper in the area of the square-cut O-ring. A V-shaped cutout allows the O-ring to deflect more and, as a result, is able to pull the caliper piston back into the bore when the brakes are released. Because of this further movement, the brake pads are pulled further from the rotor and are less likely to drag. The negative aspect of this design is that greater volume of brake fluid is needed to achieve a brake application. To compensate for this need for greater brake fluid volume, a quick-take-up master cylinder was designed and is used whenever low-drag calipers are used.




FIGURE 12–26 In a standard disc brake caliper, the squarecut O-ring deforms when the brakes are applied and returns the piston to its original (released) position due to the elastic properties of the rubber seal. In a low-drag caliper design, the groove for the square-cut O-ring is V-shaped, allowing for more retraction. When the brake pedal is released, the piston is moved away from the rotor, further resulting in less friction between the disc brake pads and the rotor when the brakes are released.



DISC BRAKE DESIGNSSLIDING CALIPERS

• Unlike a floating caliper, the body of a sliding caliper mounts in direct metal-to-metal contact with the anchor plate.

FIGURE 12–27 Exploded view of a typical sliding brake caliper.



DISC BRAKE DESIGNSSLIDING CALIPERS

FIGURE 12–28 Sliding calipers move on machined ways.



REAR DISC BRAKES

• In recent years, four-wheel disc brake systems have become more common.

• In most rear-wheel applications, drum brakes are adequate to provide the relatively small portion of a vehicle’s total braking power required of them.

• Because rear drum brakes are lightly loaded, fade is a problem only in extreme conditions when the front brakes fade and force the rear brakes to take on a larger part of the braking load.

• The automatic adjusting ability of disc brakes is also less of an advantage in slow-wearing rear brakes.



REAR DISC BRAKESREAR DISC PARKING BRAKES

• There are two methods of providing parking brakes when rear discs are installed on a vehicle.• 1. Adapt the disc brake to also function as the

parking brake. This is done by installing a series of cables, levers, and internal parts to mechanically actuate the brake caliper.

• 2. Use mechanically actuated drum brakes inside the rear rotors.




FIGURE 12–29 Exploded view of a typical rear disc brake with an integral parking brake. The parking brake lever mechanically pushes the caliper piston against the rotor.




FIGURE 12–30 This single-piston brake caliper is mechanically actuated to serve as a parking brake.




FIGURE 12–31 Drum parking brakes are fitted inside the rotors on this vehicle equipped with rear disc brakes.



SUMMARY

1. Disc brakes are superior to drum brakes because they are fade-resistant, self-adjusting, and are less likely to pull during braking.

2. Disc brakes, however, lack self-energization requiring greater force be applied to the brake pedal compared with the drum brakes.

3. Disc brakes are more prone to noise than drum brakes.

4. A typical disc brake assembly includes the caliper assembly, splash shield, brake pads, and brake rotor.

5. The three basic types of disc brake calipers include fixed, floating, and sliding designs.

6. A low-drag caliper requires the use of a quick-take-up master cylinder.



SUMMARY

7. Some disc brakes are equipped with integral parking brakes.

8. Brake pads can be attached using rivets, bonding, or integrally molded.

9. Typical semimetallic brake linings contain phenolic resin, graphite or carbon particles, steel fibers, ceramic and metal powders, plus other modifiers such as rubber scraps.

10. Other types of friction material include nonasbestos organic (NAO), nonasbestos synthetic (NAS), and carbon fiber-reinforced carbon (CFRC).

11. Lining edge codes identify the manufacturer and include two letters at the end, which identify the coefficient of friction of the material. The first letter indicates the coefficient when the lining is cold and the second indicates the coefficient when the lining is hot



REVIEW QUESTIONS

1. What are the advantages and disadvantages of disc brakes?

2. What parts are included in a typical disc brake?

3. How does a low-drag caliper work?

4. What mechanism is used to apply the parking brake on a vehicle equipped with rear disc brakes?

5. What do the abbreviations NAO, NAS, and CFRC mean?



CHAPTER QUIZ

1. What part causes the disc brake caliper piston to retract when the brakes are released?

a. Return (retracting) spring

b. The rotating rotor (disc) that pushes the piston back

c. The square-cut O-ring

d. The caliper bushings



CHAPTER QUIZ

2. Two technicians are discussing the reason that the brake fluid level in the master cylinder drops. Technician A says that it may be normal due to the wear of the disc brake pads. Technician B says that a low brake fluid level may indicate a hydraulic leak somewhere in the system. Which technician is correct?

a. Technician A only

b. Technician B only

c. Both Technicians A and B

d. Neither Technician A nor B



CHAPTER QUIZ

3. Two technicians are discussing a floating-type disc brake caliper. Technician A says that if the caliper slides are corroded, one pad may wear more than the other pad on the same wheel brake. Technician B says that if a caliper slide is corroded, reduced braking may occur. Which technician is correct?







CHAPTER QUIZ

4. Technician A says that disc brakes are self-adjusting and the brake pedal height should not become lower as the disc brake pads wear. Technician B says that as the disc brake pads wear, the level of brake fluid in the master cylinder reservoir drops. Which technician is correct?







CHAPTER QUIZ

5. Which type of disc brake caliper may require alignment for proper operation?

a. Sliding

b. Fixed

c. Floating

d. Single-piston



CHAPTER QUIZ

6. A quick-take-up master cylinder is required when what type of caliper design is used on a vehicle?

a. Fixed

b. Two-piston

c. Sliding

d. Low-drag



CHAPTER QUIZ

7. Technician A says that all vehicles equipped with rear disc brakes use a parking brake that is integrated in the caliper. Technician B says that all vehicles equipped with rear disc brakes use a small drum brake inside the rear rotor for a parking brake. Which technician is correct?







CHAPTER QUIZ

8. The brake pad edge code letters “FF” mean ________.

a. Brand name

b. Coefficient of friction rating

c. Quality factor

d. Noise level rating



CHAPTER QUIZ

9. Semimetallic brake pads are made by a process called ________.

a. Sintering

b. Melting

c. Grating

d. Composition



CHAPTER QUIZ

10.Technician A says that riveted disc brake pads are often quieter than bonded disc brake pads. Technician B says integrally molded disc brake pads are molded into holes in the steel backing of the pads. Which technician is correct?



