Brain Gate

BRAIN GATE SYSTEM

Submitted by

Anuj Kumar

1411981046

CSE- 3(1)

CONTENTS:

Introduction History Principle

behind BCI Types of BCI Implementation Applications Limitations Future Concerns Conclusion References

INTRODUCTION

It is a mind-to-movement system that allows a quadriplegic man to control a computer using his Thoughts.

The system is to help those who have lost control of their limbs, or other bodily functions, such as patients with spinal cord injury to operate various gadgets such as TV, computer ,lights, fan etc.

It monitors brain activity in the patient and converts the intention of the user into computer commands

This can be used to control a robot arm or a cursor on a screen

HistoryResearch on BCIs has been going on for more than 20 years, but from the mid-1990s there has been a dramatic increase in working experimental implants.

DEVELOPMENT

Company and Scientist:

Brain Gate is a brain implant system developed by the bio-tech company Cyber kinetics in 2003 in conjunction with the Department of Neuroscience at Brown University.

Nicholas Halsopulas

BCI Research On Animals

At first, rats were implanted with BCI . Signals recorded from the cerebral cortex of rat operateBCI to carry out the movement

Continued……Researchers at the University

of Pittsburgh had demonstrated

on a monkey that can feed itself

with a robotic arm simply by

using signals from its brain.

Principle behind BCI

This technology is based on to sense, transmit, analyze the language of neurons and translate it in to computer commands .It consist of a sensor that is implanted in the motor cortex of the brain and a device that analyses brain signals. The signals generated by brain are interpreted and translated into computer commands.It consists of a silicon array about the size of an Aspirin tablet that contains about 100 electrodes each thinner than a human hair.

Block Diagram

Preprocessing

Detection

Control

Bio Feedback

Signal by neurochip

Construction and Working

The components in this systemThe Neuro chip: A 4-millimeter square silicon chip studded with 100 hair-thin microelectrodes is embedded in the primary motor cortex the region of the brain responsible for controlling movement

The connector: When the user thinks “move cursor up and down”, the cortical neurons fire in a distinctive pattern: the signal is transmitted through the pedestal plug attached to the skull

The converter: The signal travels to a shoebox-sized amplifier mounted on the user’s wheelchair, where it’s converted to optical data and bounced by fiber-optic cable to a computer.

The computer: The computer translates brain activity and creates the communication output using custom decoding software.

WorkingThe Brain Gate neural interface device is a propriety brain-computer

interface that consist of an Inter neural signal sensor and External

Processors.

The sensor consists of a tiny chip containing 100 microscopic

electrodes that detect brain cell electrical activity.

The chip is implanted on the surface of brain in the motor cortex area

that controls movement.

Motor Cortex

Brain Gate uses a sensor that is implanted onto the motor cortex of the brain.

Working (Cont.)External Processors convert neural signals into an output signal under the users own control.

In the pilot version of the device, a cable connects the sensor to an external processor in a cart that contains computers.

The computers translate brain activity and create the communication output using custom decoding software.

INVASIVE Implanted directly into the brain during neurosurgery.

PARTIAL INVASIVE

Implanted inside the skull but rest outside the brain

NON INVASIVE Hat Allows Computer Control By thought..

How BCI Implements?A more difficult task is interpreting the brain signals for movement in someone who can't physically move his own arm. With a task like that, the subject must "train" to use the device.

With an implant in place, the subject would visualize closing his or her disabled hand. After many trials, the software can learn to recognize the signals associated with the thought of hand-closing.

Software connected to a robotic hand is programmed to receive the "close hand" signal and interpret it to mean that the robotic hand should close. At that point, when the subject thinks about closing the hand, the signals are sent and the robotic hand closes.

HOW INFORMATION IS TRANSMITTED?When a work is done through any part of body then a potential difference is created in the brain.

This potential difference is captured by the electrodes and is transmitted via fiber optic to the Digitizer(external processor).

• THE DIGITIZER CONVERTS THE SIGNAL INTO SOME 0’S AND 1’S AND THAT IS FEED INTO THE COMPUTER.

• THUS A NEW PATH FOR PROPAGATION OF BRAIN COMMANDS FROM THE BRAIN TO THE COMPUTER VIA BRAIN GATE ARE CREATED.

• NOW WHEN EXTERNAL DEVICES ARE CONNECTED TO THE COMPUTER ,THEN THEY WORK ACCORDING TO THE THOUGHT PRODUCED IN THE MOTOR CORTEX.

BCI ON HUMANOver a period of nine months, Mathew-Nagel(25-year-old man who had sustained a spinal cord injury leading to paralysis in all four limbs ) took part in 57 sessions. During which the implanted Brain Gate sensor recorded activity in his motor cortex region while he imagined moving his paralyzed limbs and then used that imagined motion for several computer-based tasks such as, moving a computer cursor to open e-mail,draw shapes and play simple video games.

APPLICATIONSTyping words by mind

A boon to the paralyzed

Controlling robots by thoughts alone

LimitationsAt present the biggest obstacle of BCI technology is the lack of sensor mode that provides safe, accurate, and strong access to brain signals.

It is very expensive.

Processing and Information transformation of data is very time taking.

Difficulty in adaptation and learning

Future implementation

CONCLUSION

The results of BCI are spectacular and almost unbelievable. BCI can help paralyzed people to move by controlling their own electric wheelchairs, to communicate by using e-mail and Internet-based phone systems, and to be independent by controlling items such as televisions and electrical appliances.Conclusively, BCI has proved to be a boon for paralyzed patients and all human being in future.

THANK YOU……..

Any questions????