Born into Care Mewn gofal o’u geni Temple of Peace, Cardiff 15 th October 2019 #BornIntoCare
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Born into Care
Mewn gofal o’u geniTemple of Peace, Cardiff
15th October 2019 #BornIntoCare
➢ Dr Bachar Alrouh, Lancaster University
➢ Professor Karen Broadhurst, Co-director of the Nuffield FJO data partnership and Principal Academic Advisor to the Nuffield FJO Governing Board
➢ Dr Linda Cusworth, Lancaster University
➢ Dr Lucy Griffiths, Swansea University
➢ Rhodri D. Johnson, Swansea University
➢ Ashley Akbari, Swansea University
➢ Professor David Ford, Co-director of the Nuffield FJO data partnership
Authors
2
Lancaster University (CFJ)
Prof Karen Broadhurst (PI)
Dr Linda Cusworth (Co-I / Research Fellow)
Dr Bachar Alrouh (Senior Research Associate)
Dr Stuart Bedston (Senior Research Associate)
Prof Judith Harwin (Socio-legal Studies)
Dr Stefanie Doebler (Lecturer)
Chris Millan (Project Officer)
Swansea University (Population Data Science)
Prof David Ford (Co-PI)
Dr Lucy Griffiths (Senior Research Officer)
Rhodri Johnson (Research Officer)
Ashley Akbari (Senior Research Manager)
Simon Thompson (Co-I / Chief Technical Officer)
Jon Smart (Co-I / SAIL Programme Manager)
Professor Kerina Jones (Co-I / Health Informatics)
The Nuffield FJO Data Partnership team
3
4
The Nuffield FJO Data Partnership team
➢ First picture of newborn babies and infants in care proceedings in Wales using full service population data
➢ Builds on work undertaken in England
➢ Speaks to current concerns & recommendations outlined in the Public Law Working Group (England and Wales)
➢ Some differences in available data and therefore, our methodology (England and Wales)
➢ First in a series of reports – which will used linked data in SAIL
➢ Policy emphasis on effective early intervention
➢ Little evidence of how care proceedings are conducted at, or soon after, birth
➢ Illuminate shortfalls
➢ Identify best practice
➢ Need for an understanding of trends over time and area variations
➢ Considerable practice innovation regarding ‘recurrent mothers’ (Reflect in Wales)
Introduction
5
➢ Children Act 1989
➢ UNCRC
➢ Social Services and Wellbeing Act (Wales) 2014
➢ All Wales Child Protection Procedures and local area guidelines
➢ Council of Europe “Borzova Report” 2015
➢ Timescales for the Child
Background and legal framework
6
Focus specifically on cases of newborns subject to s.31 care proceedings to:
➢ quantify the volume and proportion of newborn cases and incidence rates over time
➢ describe variation in incidence rates between Designated Family Judge (DFJ) areas and local authorities over time
➢ identify the number of newborn cases in which an older sibling had previously been subject to care proceedings (“subsequent infants”)
➢ quantify the proportions of newborns appearing in urgent/short-notice applications
➢ quantify the duration of care proceedings over time
➢ describe the pattern of legal orders made and trends over time
➢ provide a first view of the relationship between rates of care proceedings for newborns and levels of local authority deprivation
Objectives
7
➢ Cafcass Cymru data within SAIL databank
➢ 2011 to 2018
➢ Definitions
➢ Newborns – under 2 weeks
➢ Babies – under 4 weeks
➢ Infants – under 12 months
➢ Subsequent infants
➢ Limitations
➢ Administrative data
➢ Does not include s.76 ‘voluntary accommodation’
➢ Legal order data
Methodology
8
Age of children in care proceedings in Wales [2011 to 2018]
9
Less than 1 year, 30%
1 year, 8%
2 years, 7%
3 years, 6%4 years, 6%
5 years, 5%
6 years, 5%
7 years, 4%
8 years, 4%
9 years, 4%
10 years, 3%
11 years, 3%
12 years, 3%
13 years, 4%14 years, 3%
15 years, 3%16&17 years, 1%
Infants3,266
Under 2 weeks,
43%
2 to 3 weeks, 10%
4 to 12 weeks,
16%
13 to 25 weeks,
14%
26 to 38 weeks, 9%
39 to 52 weeks, 8%
Newborns1,399
10
,95
9 c
hild
ren
Number of newborns/infants in care proceedings in Wales
10
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
Under 2 weeks
2 to 3 weeks
4 to 12 weeks
13 to 25 weeks
26 to 38 weeks
39 to 52 weeks
Proportion of newborns/infants in care proceedings in Wales
11
40% 37% 39% 40% 38%48%
43%52%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
39 to 52 weeks
26 to 38 weeks
13 to 25 weeks
4 to 12 weeks
2 to 3 weeks
Under 2 weeks
29,000
30,000
31,000
32,000
33,000
34,000
35,000
36,000
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
Live
bir
ths
Rat
es o
f n
ewb
orn
s (u
nd
er 2
wee
ks o
ld)
sub
ject
to
S3
1
pro
ceed
ings
per
10
,00
0 li
ve b
irth
s
29,000
30,000
31,000
32,000
33,000
34,000
35,000
36,000
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
Live
bir
ths
Rat
es o
f n
ewb
orn
s (u
nd
er 2
wee
ks o
ld)
sub
ject
to
S3
1
pro
ceed
ings
per
10
,00
0 li
ve b
irth
s
Incidence rate – newborns in care proceedings per 10,000 births
12
Incidence rate – newborns in care proceedings per 10,000 live births, by DFJ area and year
13
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
Swansea and South West Wales
Cardiff and South East Wales
North Wales
Isle of Anglesey Denbighshire
Conwy
Gwynedd
Wrexham
Flintshire
Ceredigion
Powys
Pembrokeshire
Neath Port Talbot
Bridgend
Carmarthenshire
Swansea
Merthyr Tydfil
Blaenau Gwent
Monmouthshire
Torfaen
Vale of Glamorgan
Newport
Caerphilly
Rhondda Cynon Taf
Cardiff
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 35000 40000
Rat
e o
f n
ew b
orn
infa
nts
sta
rtin
g S3
1 p
roce
edin
gs
wit
hin
2 w
eeks
per
10
,00
0 li
ve b
irth
s
Live births
National rate
95% control limit
99.7% control limit
North Wales
Swansea and South West Wales
Cardiff and South East Wales
Incidence rate – newborn s.31 care proceedings per 10,000 live births, by DFJ area and local authority [2011 to 2018]
14
Isle of AngleseyDenbighshire
Conwy
Gwynedd
Wrexham
Flintshire
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 35000 40000
Rat
e o
f n
ew b
orn
infa
nts
sta
rtin
g S3
1 p
roce
edin
gs
wit
hin
2 w
eeks
per
10
,00
0 li
ve b
irth
s
Live births
Regional rate
95% control limit
99.7% control limit
Incidence rate – newborn s.31 care proceedings per 10,000 live births, by local authority [2011 to 2018] – North Wales
15
Incidence rate – newborn s.31 care proceedings per 10,000 live births, by local authority [2011 to 2018] – Cardiff and South East Wales
Merthyr Tydfil
Blaenau Gwent
Monmouthshire
Torfaen
Vale of Glamorgan
Newport
Caerphilly
Rhondda Cynon Taf
Cardiff
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 35000 40000
Rat
e o
f n
ew b
orn
infa
nts
sta
rtin
g S3
1 p
roce
edin
gs
wit
hin
2 w
eeks
per
10
,00
0 li
ve b
irth
s
Live births
Regional rate
95% control limit
99.7% control limit
16
Incidence rate – newborn s.31 care proceedings per 10,000 live births, by local authority [2011 to 2018] – Swansea and South West Wales
Ceredigion
Powys
Pembrokeshire
Neath Port Talbot
Bridgend
Carmarthenshire
Swansea
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 35000 40000
Rat
e o
f n
ew b
orn
infa
nts
sta
rtin
g S3
1 p
roce
edin
gs
wit
hin
2 w
eeks
per
10
,00
0 li
ve b
irth
s
Live births
Regional rate
95% control limit
99.7% control limit
17
Proportions of “subsequent infants”, by age-band
18
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
2016 2017 2018
Sub
seq
uen
t ch
ildre
n a
s a
pro
po
rtio
n o
f al
l ch
ildre
n in
th
e ag
e gr
ou
p
Under 2 weeks
2 to 3 weeks
4 to 12 weeks
13 to 52 weeks
Urgent / non-standard hearings [2015-2018]
19
52%
9%
39%
Newborns (under 2 weeks)
1 to 6 days
7 to 11 days
12 days or more
23%
14%63%
Older Infants (2 to 52 weeks)
1 to 6 days
7 to 11 days
12 days or more
22%
14%64%
Older Children (1 to 17 years)
1 to 6 days
7 to 11 days
12 days or more
Proportions of cases completing within 26 weeks, by age-band
20
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
Pro
po
rtio
n o
f ca
ses
com
ple
tin
g w
ith
in 2
6
wee
ks
Under 2 weeks 2 to 3 weeks 4 to 12 weeks 13 to 52 weeks
Legal order outcomes, by age-band [cases that completed 2012 to 2018]
21
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Under 2 weeks 2 to 3 weeks 4 to 12 weeks 13 to 52 weeks
Pro
po
rtio
n o
f ca
ses
wit
h in
fan
ts b
y le
gal
ord
er c
ateg
ory
, per
infa
nt
age
gro
up
With parents/ family members
In care
Placed for adoption
Legal order outcomes – all infants [cases that completed 2012 to 2018]
22
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
Pro
po
rtio
n o
f ca
ses
wit
h in
fan
ts
With parents/ family members
In care
Placed for adoption
Legal order outcomes – newborns [cases that completed 2012 to 2018]
23
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
Pro
po
rtio
n o
f ca
ses
wit
h n
ewb
ron
s
With parents/ family members
In care
Placed for adoption
Incidence rates - babies (under 4 weeks) in care proceedings per 10,000 live births [Wales & England]
5357
51 50 49
85
78
96
3135
4144
3840
48
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
Wales
England
24
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
20
10
20
11
20
12
20
13
20
14
20
15
20
16
20
17
20
18
With parents/family members
England
Wales
Legal order outcomes – all infants [Wales & England]
25
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
20
10
20
11
20
12
20
13
20
14
20
15
20
16
20
17
20
18
In care
Wales
England
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
20
10
20
11
20
12
20
13
20
14
20
15
20
16
20
17
20
18
Placed for adoption
Wales
England
Volumes, timing and urgency of newborn cases
➢ A greater focus is needed on pre-birth assessment and planning – if 30% of all children appearing in care proceedings are infants
➢ The practice of issuing care proceedings at birth also warrants closer scrutiny –given the high and increasing proportion of infant cases issued within 2 weeks of birth & the proportion of urgent/non-standard ICO hearings that feature newborns
“Subsequent infants”
➢ Firm endorsement of Reflect programme – given 49% of newborns are “subsequent infants”
➢ Query assessment of ‘new cases’ – particularly given shorter timeframe for proceedings
Policy and practice implications
26
DFJ and local authority variation
➢ Infants have an ‘unequal’ chance of being born into care – we know that a proportion of variance is attributed to deprivation based on published research – but other factors are at play
➢ To effectively inform policy and practice, further analysis needed of the interplay of geography, deprivation, need and service responses
Legal order usage
➢ Given the changing pattern of legal order usage over time in Wales and high number of newborns and infants recording care orders at close of proceedings, priority needs to be placed on understanding reasons for changing practice and implications for services and families
➢ Revisions to the Cafcass dataset are underway to improve accuracy of future analyses
Policy and Practice Implications
27
➢ What are your thoughts on the analysis presented this afternoon?
➢ Should we be concerned about family court or local authority variation?
➢ Can you comment on the challenges of issuing care proceedings at birth and the management of urgent/non-standard proceedings?
➢ Why do you think the family courts in Wales are making so many care orders for both newborns and infants at the close of care proceedings?
➢ What would you add to our analysis of the policy and practice implications?
Discussion questions
28
➢ What is top of your wish list, regarding services or policies that might reduce the current volume of infants in care proceedings?
➢ What questions do you want this research team – or other research teams to answer next?
➢ How do you want to be involved in the Nuffield Family Justice Observatory and Data Partnership going forward?
Looking Ahead
29
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