-
,e,bZlh&108 (MAEC – 108)
d`f"k vFkZ'kkL= (Agricultural Economics)
mÙkjk[k.M eqDr fo'ofo|ky;] rhuikuh ckbZ ikl jksM] VªkUliksVZ uxj
ds ikl] gY}kuh & 263139
Qksu ua- 05946 & 261122] 261123 VkWy Ýh ua- 18001804025
QSDl ua- 05946&264232] bZ&esy [email protected]
http://uou.ac.in
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Áks0 fxfjtk Álkn ik.Ms] Áks0 e/kqckyk] funs”kd lekt foKku
fo|k”kk[kk] vkpk;Z] vFkZ”kkL= foHkkx] mÙkjk[k.M eqDr fo”ofo|ky;]
bafnjk xkW/kh eqDr fo”ofo|ky;] gY}kuh] uSuhrky ubZ fnYyh
Áks0 ,e0 ds0 /kMksfy;k] Áks0 vkj0 lh0 feJ vkpk;Z] vFkZ”kkL=
foHkkx] funs”kd okf.kT; ,oa ÁcU/k fo|k”kk[kk] o/kZeku egkohj [kqyk
fo”ofo|ky;] fo”ks’k vkeaf=r lnL; dksVk] jktLFkku mÙkjk[k.M eqDr
fo”ofo|ky;] gY}kuh
Áks0 ,l0 ih0 frokjh] MkW0 vfersUæ flag vkpk;Z] vFkZ”kkL= foHkkx]
vFkZ”kkL= foHkkx MkW0 vkj0 ,e0 ,y0 vo/k fo”ofo|ky;] mÙkjk[k.M eqDr
fo”ofo|ky;] QStkckn m0 Á0 gY}kuh] uSuhrky
ikB~;Øe la;kstu ,oa laiknu MkW0 vfersUæ flag vFkZ”kkL=
foHkkx
mÙkjk[k.M eqDr fo”ofo|ky;] gY}kuh] uSuhrky
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bafnjk xk¡/kh jk’Vªh; tutkrh; fo”ofo|ky;] vejdaVd e-iz-
MkW- vfersUæ flag 4,8 vFkZ”kkL= foHkkx mÙkjk[k.M eqDr
fo”ofo|ky;] gY}kuh] uSuhrky
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MkW- lqjthr flag 13,14,15,16 vflLVsUV izksQslj] vFkZ”kkL=
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gfj}kj] mÙkjk[k.M
MkW- lkgc flag 26,27,28,29 vfLkLVsaV izksQslj] vFkZ”kkL= foHkkx]
ih-lh-ckxyk ih-th- dkyst] gkFkjl] m-ç-
laLdj.k% 2017 vkbZ-,l-ch-,u-% 978-93-84813-36-9 ÁfrfyI;kf/kdkj
¼dkWihjkbV½% @ mÙkjk[k.M eqDr fo”ofo|ky; Ádk'kd% dqy lfpo]
mÙkjk[k.M eqDr fo'ofo|ky;] gY}kuh] uSuhrky & 263139 email:
[email protected]
eqæd%
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bl lkexzh ds fdlh Hkh va”k dks mÙkjk[k.M eqDr fo”ofo|ky;] gY}kuh
dh fyf[kr vuqefr ds fcuk fdlh Hkh :i esa vFkok fefe;ksxzkQh pØeqæ.k
}kjk ;k vU;= iqu% çLrqr djus dh vuqefr ugha gSA
-
mÙkjk[k.M eqDr fo'ofo|ky;] gY}kuh
d`f"k vFkZ'kkL= (Agricultural Economics)
,e,bZlh & 108 (MAEC – 108)
fo"k;&lwph
[k.M& 1- ifjp; (Introduction) i`"B la[;k
bdkbZ& 1- d̀f’k vFkZ”kkL=% vk'k;] izd`fr vkSj {ks= 1&15
(Agricultural Economics: Meaning, Nature and Scope)
bdkbZ& 2- vkfFkZd fodkl esa d`f’k dk egRo vkSj
d̀f’k&m|ksx lEcU/k 16&29 (Importance of Agriculture in
Economic Development
and Agriculture-Industry Relation) bdkbZ& 3- d̀f’k {ks=&
vkdkj] òf) ,oa mRikndrk dh izòfÙk;k¡ 30&43
(Agricultural Sector- Size, Growth and Trends of
Productivity)
bdkbZ& 4- Hkkjr esa Hkwfe lq/kkj 44&57 (Land Reforms in
India)
[k.M& 2- lrr~ d`f"k ,oa [kk| lqj{kk i`"B la[;k (Sustainable
Agriculture and Food Security)
bdkbZ& 5- gfjr ØkfURk vkSj rduhdh ifjorZu 58&71 (Green
Revolution and Technical Change)
bdkbZ& 6- Hkkjrh; d̀f’k vkSj e”khuhdj.k 72&83 (Indian
Agriculture and Mechanization)
bdkbZ& 7- ck;ks rduhd ,oa vkxZsfxd d̀f’k 84&96 (Bio-Tech
and Organic Farming)
bdkbZ& 8- [kk| lqj{kk 97&107 (Food Security)
[k.M& 3- mRiknu Qyu] lEcU/k ,oa fu;e ì"B la[;k (Production
Function, Relationship and Rules)
bdkbZ& 9- d̀f’k mRiknu Qyu vkSj vkxr&fuxZr lEcU/k
108&122 (Agricultural Production Function and Input-Output
Relationship)
bdkbZ& 10- lk/ku&lk/ku lEcU/k 123&141 (Factor-Factor
Relationship)
bdkbZ& 11- mRikn&mRikn LkEcU/k 142&162
(Production-Production Relationship)
bdkbZ& 12- d̀f’k mRiknu fu;e% ifjorZu”khy vuqikr fu;e
163&186 ,oa iSekus ds ÁfrQy (Agricultural Production Rules: Law
of Variation Proportions
and Return of Scale)
-
[k.M& 4- d`f"k fodkl izk:Ik (Agricultural Development Model)
i`"B la[;k
bdkbZ& 13- ysfol dk d̀f’k fodkl izk:Ik 187&199 (Lewis’s
Agricultural Development Model)
bdkbZ& 14- QkbZ&jsful dk d`f’k fodkl izk:Ik 200&211
(Fei-Ranis Development Model)
bdkbZ& 15- feyj dk d`f’k fodkl izk:Ik 212&220 (Miller’s
Agricultural Development Model)
bdkbZ& 16- “kqV~t vkSj cksljst dk d̀f’k fodkl izk:Ik
221&237 (Schultz and Boserup Model of Agricultural
Development)
[k.M& 5- d`f"k ewY; uhfr vkSj foi.ku i`"B la[;k
(Agricultural Price Policy and Marketing)
bdkbZ& 17- d̀f’k ewY;& ykxr vkSj ewY; esa lEcU/k
238&254 (Agricultural Price- Cost and Price Relationship)
bdkbZ& 18- d̀f’k ewY; uhfr] ewY; vkSj ykxr vk;ksx dk Lo:Ik
,oa Hkwfedk 255&270 (Agricultural Price Policy, Nature and Role
of Commission
for Agricultural Costs and Prices)
bdkbZ& 19- d̀f’k ykHk vf/kdredj.k vkSj lkoZtfud forj.k
iz.kkyh 271&287 (Agricultural Profit Maximization and Public
Distribution System)
bdkbZ& 20- d̀f’k vfrjsd ,oa d`f’k foi.ku O;oLFkk 288&310
(Agricultural Surplus and Agricultural Marketing System)
[k.M& 6- d`f"k foÙk ,oa d`f"k izcU/ku ì"B la[;k
(Agricultural Finance and Agricultural Management)
bdkbZ& 21- d̀f’k foÙk ds izdkj] pqukSfr;k¡] lEHkkouk,a ,oa
j.kuhfr;k¡ 311&324 (Types, Challenges, Prospects and Strategies
of
Agricultural Finance)
bdkbZ& 22- lgdkjh foÙk iz.kkyh] ukckMZ vkSj oS|kukFk lfefr
325&340 (Co-operative Finance System, NABARD and
Vaidyanath Committee)
bdkbZ& 23- okf.kfT;d cSadksa dh Hkwfedk] xSj d`f’k xzkeh.k
foÙk laLFkku 341&353 (Role of Commercial Banks,
Non-Agricultural Rural
Finance Institute) bdkbZ& 24- d̀f’k izcU/ku& vo/kkj.kk]
{ks= vkSj fl)kUr 354&372
(Agricultural Management- Concepts, Areas and Theories)
bdkbZ& 25- d̀f’k izcU/ku dh orZeku izòfÙk;k¡ ,oa d`f’k
izcU/ku dh leL;k,a 373&389 (Current Trends and Problems of
Agricultural Management)
[k.M& 7- d`f"k vkSj cká {ks= (Agriculture and External
Sector) i`"B la[;k
bdkbZ& 26- d̀f’k oLrqvksa dk varjkZ’Vªh; O;kikj 390&402
(International Trade of Agricultural Commodities)
bdkbZ& 27- fo”o O;kikj laxBu dk Hkkjrh; d̀f’k ij izHkko
403&414 (Impact of World Trade Organization on Indian
Agriculture)
bdkbZ& 28- mnkjhdj.k dk ?kjsyw ,oa vURkjkZ’Vªh; d`f’k O;kikj
ij izHkko 415&426 (Impact of Liberalization on Domestic and
International Trade)
bdkbZ& 29- cgqjk’Vªh; fuxeksa Hkwfedk 427&438 (Role of
Multinational Corporations)
-
�� �� अथ�शा� ,e-,-bZ-lh- 108
mRrjk[k.M eqDr fo”ofo|ky; 1�
bdkbZ&1 d`f’k vFkZ”kkL= vk”k;] izd`fr vkSj {ks= bdkbZ lajpuk
1.1 izLrkouk
1.2 mn~ns';
1.3 d`f’k vFkZ”kkL= dk fodkl
1.4 d`f’k vFkZ”kkL= dk vk”k; ,oa ifjHkk’kk,¡
1.5 d`f"k vFkZ”kkL= dh izd`fr
1.6 d`f"k vFkZ”kkL= dk {ks=
1.7 d`f"k vFkZ”kkL= dk vyx v/;;u D;ksa \
1.8 d`f’k vFkZ”kkL= dk vU; lkekftd foKkuksa ds lkFk lEcU/k
1.9 egROk
1.10 lkjka'k
1.11 'kCnkoyh
1.12 vH;kl iz'uksa ds mÙkj
1.12 lUnHkZ lfgr xzUFk
1.13 mi;ksxh @ lgk;d xzUFk
1.14 fucU/kkRed iz'u
-
�� �� अथ�शा� ,e-,-bZ-lh- 108
mRrjk[k.M eqDr fo”ofo|ky; 2�
���� izLrkouk
d`f’k vFkZ”kkL= ls lEcfU/kr ;g izFke bdkbZ d`f’k vFkZ”kkL=
vk”k;] izd`fr vkSj {ks= gSATkSlk fd vki tkurs gS fd vc d`f’k
vFkZ”kkL= dk vyx ls v/;;u fd;k tkrk gS] D;ksafd d`f’k {ks= dh
leL;k,¡ vU; {ks=ksa tSls m|ksx] C;kikj rFkk O;olk; ls vyx gS A
vFkZ”kkL= esa ge v/;;u djrs gS fd dSls vius lhfer lk/kuksa ls
vlhfer vko”;drkvksa dh iwfrZ djsa ftlls fd ges vf/kdre lUrqf’V
izkIr gks A orZeku le; esaa d`f’k u dsoy Qly mxkus rd lhfer jgh gS]
cfYd ofudk rFkk Ik”kqikyu Hkh d`f’k {ks= esa vkrs gS A d`f’k
vFkZ”kkL= dk izkjEHk [ksr esa gksus okys mRiknu ds v/;;u ds :Ik esa
gqvk Fkk fdUrq le; ds lkFk&lkFk bldk {ks= C;kid gksrk pyk x;k A
d`f’k “kCn dk iz;ksx [kk|kUUk mRiknu ds fy, fd;k tkrk gS ftls [ksrh
ckM+h Hkh dgrs gSA d`f’k esa lHkh [kk| mRiknu fØ;k,¡] muds mRiknu]
izlaLdj.k] Qlyksa ds fy, [ksrksa dk forj.k ] foi.ku ,oa d`f’k lk[k
dk v/;;u fd;k tkrk gSA lHkh fØ;k, d`f’k vkxr dh rjg gS TkSls
,moZjd] lk[k] e”khujh] ifjogu] izlaLdj.k] laxzg.k] RkFkk lsok,
d`f’k vFkZ”kkL= esa v/;;u dk ,d vax gSA d`f’k vFkZ”kkL= esaa ge
vFkZ”kkL= ds fl)kUrksa dks d`f’k dh leL;kvksa dkss gy djus ds fy,
iz;ksx djrs gSA ge vius lhfer lk/kuksa dks vf/kdre d`f’k mRiknu ds
fy, iz;ksx djrs gS ftlls fd ge vf/kdre ykHk izkIr dj lds A ge
vFkZ”kkL= dh lgk;rk ls fofHkUUk mRiknu lk/kuksa dk bl izdkj ls ,d=
djrs gS fd vf/kdre mRiknu izzkIr fd;k tk lds A tc ge d`f’k ls
lEcfU/kr dksbZ fu.kZ; ysrs gS rks vFkZ”kkL= ds fl)kUrksa ls ges
lh[k feyrh gS fd budk iz;ksx fdl izdkj djs ftlls fd ges vf/kdre
d`f’k mRiknu izkIRk gksA
1.2 mnsn~”;
izLRkqr bdkbZ ds v/;;u ckn vki le>k ldsxs dh & 1- d`f’k
vFkZ”kkL= dk vk”k; ,oa ifjHkk’kk,a D;k gSA 2- d`f’k vFkZ”kkL= dh
izd`fr D;k gSA 3- d`f’k vFkZ”kkL= dk {ks= D;k gSA 4- d`f’k
vFkZ”kkL= dk vyx ls v/;;u D;ksa fd;k tkrk gSA 5- d`f’k vFkZ”kkL= dk
vU; lkekftd foKkuksa ds lkFk D;k lEcU/k gSA
-
�� �� अथ�शा� ,e-,-bZ-lh- 108
mRrjk[k.M eqDr fo”ofo|ky; 3�
1.3: d`f’k vFkZ”kkL= dk fodkl %
izkjfEHkd vFkZ”kkfL=;ksa ds fopkjksa esa d`f’k dk egRoiw.kZ
LFkku jgk gSA ;wjksi esa 19oh- “krkCnh ds vkS|ksxhdj.k ls iwoZ
dksbZ Hkh vFkZ”kkL=h d`f’k dk mYYks[k fd, fcuk vius fopkj izdV ugh
dj ldrk Fkk A tSlk fd CySd dk dguk gS fd d`f’k vFkZ”kkL=
fo”ks’khdj.k ds :Ik esa ftruk vFkZ”kkL= ls fodflr gqvk gS mruk gh
izkd`frd foKkuksa ,oa rduhdh ls Hkh] fo}kuksa }kjk ohloha “krkCnh
ds izkjEHk esa d`f’k ls lEcfU/kr iz”uksa ij /;ku tkus yxk Fkk A
1890 dh vkfFkZd eUnh us d`f’k dks cqjh rjg ls izHkkfor fd;k Fkk A
ml le; laxfBr lewgksa us QkeZ dh leL;ksa esa i;kZIr :fp yh A tks
izksQslj igys d`f’k jlk;u “kkL=] ,xzkukeh] gkVhZdYpj ,oa lkekU;
vFkZ”kkL= TkSls iz”uksa ij gh fopkj djrs Fks] os vc d`f’k vFkZ”kkL=
ds v/;;u dh vksj vfHkeq[k gq, A QkeZ izcU/k dk loZizFke izksQslj
,UMw;wck¡l dks fu;qDr fd;k x;k A os ml le; ,xzkukeh ds izksQslj Hkh
FksA Fkkel ,d-gUV (Thomas F. Hunt ) dks d`f’k dkyst ,oa d`f’k
iz;ksx lEcU/kh dk;ksZ dk lw=/kkj ekuk tkrk gSA fe- gUV ,d ,sls
d`f’k vFkZ”kkL=h Fks ftUgksaus [ksrh ckM+h ds HkkSfrd] tSfod ,oa
vkfFkZd igyqvksa dks igpkuk rFkk vPNs QkeZ izcU/k dh O;oLFkk dks
izksRlkfgr djus esa budh vko”;drk dks Lohdkj fd;k A fofy;e ts-
fLiyeSu ¼william I. Spillman ½ us 1920 esa la;qDr jkT; vesfjdk ds
d`f’k foHkkx esa QkeZ izcU/k dk dk;Z izkjEHk fd;k rFkk ,d QkeZ ij
[ksrh fdruh C;kid gksuh pkfg, rFkk QkeZ fdruk cM+k gksuk pkfg, vkfn
ckrkssa ij fopkj fd;k A d`f’k vFkZ”kkL= dk v/;;u loZizFke vesfjdk
ls gh izkjEHk gksrk gSA Fkkel fuDlu dkcZj us 1903 esa ,oa izksQslj
,p- lh- Vsyj ¼Prof. H.C Taylor½us d`f’k vFkZ”kkL= rFkk izks- tktZ
ykesu us xzkeh.k vFkZO;koLFkk ¼Rural Economy ½ dk ikB~;Øe izkjEHk
fd;k Vsyj us viuh iqLrd Agricultural Economies 1905 esa izdkf”kr dh
A izks- dkcZj dh jpuk Principals of Rural Eco nomics 1911 esa
izdk”k esa vk;h A izFke fo”o ;q) ds ckn C;kolkf;d [ksrh ckM+h dk
izlkj gqvk A
d`f’k vFkZ”kkL= ds jk’Vªh; C;wjks rFkk d`f’k dkystksa ds LVkQ us
lkekU; foØh dh leL;kvksa] dherksa] fons”kh izfr;ksfxrk] ;krk;kr]
mRiknu cktkj]
-
�� �� अथ�शा� ,e-,-bZ-lh- 108
mRrjk[k.M eqDr fo”ofo|ky; 4�
,oa lkaf[;dh; dh leL;kvksa dk v/;;u fd;k A 1920 ls QkeZ dher ,oa
vk; uhfr dh leL;kvksa us d`f’k vFkZ”kkfL=;ksa dk /;ku viuh vksj
vkdf’kZr fd;k A
C;kolkf;d d`f’k vFkZ”kkfL=;ksa dks mRiknu vFkZ”kkL= ¼Prduction
Economics ½] QkeZ izcU/k ¼Earm management ½]d`f’k foi.ku C;OkLFkk
¼Agricaltural Marketing ½ rFkk d`f’k uhfr ¼Agricaltural policy ½
esa oxhZd`r fd;k tk ldrk gSA bl izdkj d`f’k vFkZ”kkL= dh fofHkUUk
leL;kvksa us vFkZ”kkfL=;ksa dks fopkj ds fy, izsfjr fd;k gS] lkFk
gh orZeku esa ns”kks esaa rks d`f’k iw.kZr% oSKkfud gks x;h gSA
1.4- d`f’k vFkZ”kkL= dk vk”k; ,oa ifjHkk’kk,¡
d`f’k vFkZ”kkL= esa d`f’k rFkk fdlkuksa ls lEcfU/kr vkfFkZd
leL;kvksa dk v/;;u fd;k tkrk gSA vusd fo}kuksa us d`f’k vFkZ”kkL=
dh ifjHkk’kk vius&vius
-
�� �� अथ�शा� ,e-,-bZ-lh- 108
mRrjk[k.M eqDr fo”ofo|ky; 5�
izks- gkokMZ ds vuqlkj **d`f’k vFkZ”kkL= lkekU; vFkZ”kkL= ds
fu;eksa dks d`f’k dyk o O;kikj ij ykxw djus okyk “kkL= gSA**
According to Prof. Howard, “Agriculture Economics may be defined as
the
application of general economics to the crafts and business of
agriculture.”
izks- Vsyj ds vuqlkj] **d`f’k vFkZ”kkL= mu fl)kUrksa dk foospu
djrk gS tks d`’kd dh bu leL;kvksa D;k mRiknu fd;k tk; vkSj dSls
mRiknu fd;k tk,] D;k cspk tk, vkSj dSls cspk tk, dks “kkflr djrs gS
ftlls lEiw.kZ lekt ds fgr ds lkFk&lkFk fdlkuksa dks Hkh vf/kd
ls vf/kd ykHk gks A** According to Taylor, “Agricultural Economics
deals with the principles which
underlie for farmers problems of what to produce, how to produce
it, what to sell
and how to sell it, in order to secure the largest net profit
for himself consistent
with the best of society as a whole. ��
izks- ,l- ch- ds vuqlkj] ** d`f’k vFkZ”kkL= d`f’k ls lacaf/kr mu
fl}kUrksa ,oa lwrzksa dk v/;;u gS ftudh lgk;rk ls de le;kof/k esaa
gh mUUkr [ksrh djds le`) ,oa lq[ke; thou O;rhr fd;k tk ldrk gSA**
According to A. W. Ashby, “Agricultural Economics is an applied
science that is
methodical pursuit off knowledge of results, for the purpose of
stabilizing,
adopting or modifying them, if and when necessary of changing
their results.”
LuksM xzk¡l ,oa okykl ds vuqlkj] **d`f’k vFkZ”kkL= dks lkekftd
foKku dk ,d C;kogkfjd igyw ekuk tk ldrk gS ftlesa d`f’k lEcfU/kr
leL;kvksaa ds leLr igywvksa dh vkSj /;ku fn;k tkrk gSA** mijksDr
ifjHkk’kkvksa ls Li’V gS fd d`f’k vFkZ”kkL= og foKku gS ftlesa
vFkZ”kkL= ds fl)kUrksa dk iz;ksx d`f’k {ks= dh fofHkUUk leL;kvksa
dk lek/kku djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gS A d`f’k vFkZ”kkL= Ekwy :Ik ls
vFkZ”kkL= dh gh ,d “kk[kk gS A d`f’k vFkZ”kkL= esa d`f’k ls euq’;
dks /ku dekus vkSj mls O;; djus dh leLr fØ;kvksa ls mRiUUk
leL;kvksa dk v/;;u fd;k tkrk gS A d`f’k D;k gS \ yEcs le; rd d`f’k
Qlyksa ds mRiknu ls lEcfU/kr FkkA tSls&tSls vkfFkZd fodkl dh
izfØ;k vkxs o
-
�� �� अथ�शा� ,e-,-bZ-lh- 108
mRrjk[k.M eqDr fo”ofo|ky; 6�
le>s tkus yxs gSA dqN vU; d`f’k fØ;k,¡ tSls d`f’k vkxrksa dh
iwfrZ] cht] moZjd] _.k] chek] bR;kfn Hkh izLrkouk d`f’k C;olk; ds
Hkkx ekus tkrs gSA
1.5 d`f’k vFkZ”kkL= dh izd`fr
d`f’k vFkZ”kkL= esa lkekU; vFkZ”kkL= ds fl)kUrksa dk iz;ksx fd;k
tkrk gSA izFke iz”u tks lacaf/kr gS og d`f’k vFkZ”kkL= ds {ks= ls
gSA d`f’k vFkZ”kkL= ds vf/kdrj fl)kUr lkekU; vFkZ”kkL= ls fy, x;s
gS] rFkk d`f’k vFkZ”kkL= dh eq[; lk[kk,a lkekU; vFkZ”kkL= ds lekUk
gS] Yksfdu rc ;g iz”u mBrk gS fd ;fn lkekU; vFkZ”kkL= ds fl)kUr
d`f’k vFkZ”kkL= ds fl)kUr ls vyx ugh gS rks d`f’k vFkZ”kkL= dks vyx
ls v/;;u dh vko”;drk D;kssaa gSA bldk dkj.k ;g gS fd d`f’k
vFkZ”kkL= Eksa lkekU; vFkZ”kkL= ds fl)kUrksa dk iz;ksx izR;{k :Ik
ls ugh djrs gS] cfYd lkekU; vFkZ”kkL= ds fl)kUrksa esa lq/kkj djds]
d`f’k {ks= dh fo”ks’krkvksa rFkk fLFkfr;ksa ds vuqlkj bldk iz;ksx
djrs gSA 1- D;k d`f’k vFkZ”kkL= O;kogkfjd foKku gS
d`f’k vFkZ”kkL= O;kogkfjd foKku ds ukrs oLrq fLFkfr gekjss
lEeq[k j[krk gS A ;g dkj.k rFkk ifj.kkEk ds laca/k dks crkrk gS A
mRiknu ds {ks= esa ;g gesa crkrk gS fd fdlh Hkwfe ds VqdMs+ ij
T;ksa&T;ksa Je rFkk iw¡th dh bdkb;ka cko nsrk gS fd HkkSfrd
foKku rFkk vU; foKkuksa dk iz;ksx ,d fuf”pr fLFkfr esa fdl izdkj
fd;k tkrk gSA
-
�� �� अथ�शा� ,e-,-bZ-lh- 108
mRrjk[k.M eqDr fo”ofo|ky; 7�
2 d`f’k vFkZ”kkL= foKku rFkk dyk nksuksa gS %
tSlk fd crk;k tk pqdk gS fd d`f’k vFkZ”kkL= dks O;kogkfjd foKku
ugh dguk pkfg, cfYd ;g fo”kq) foKku dk ,d fo”ks’k :Ik gSA foKku dh
rjg d`f’k vFkZ”kkL= Hkh fofHkUUk vkfFkZd pjks ds chap dkj.k rFkk
ifj.kkEk laca/k fdl izdkj dk gSA ;fn ;g laca/k ik;k tkrk gS rks ge
bldk iz;ksx ge fofHkUUk vkfFkZd leL;kvksa ds lek/kku ds fy, djrs
gSA d`f’k vFkZ”kkL= ,d dyk Hkh gSA ;g gesa mu mik;ksa rFkk
fof/k;ksa dks crkrk gS ftUgsa viukdj d`f’k mRiknu dks c
-
�� �� अथ�शा� ,e-,-bZ-lh- 108
mRrjk[k.M eqDr fo”ofo|ky; 8�
C;f’VXkr rFkk lef’VXkr n`f’V ls Hkh o.kZu fd;k tkrk gSA d`f’k
vFkZ”kkL= ds vUrxZr d`f’k leL;k,a rFkk muds lek/kku ds mik;ksa dk
v/;;u fd;k tkrk gSA izks- dsl ds vuqlkj] **d`f’k vFkZ”kkL= ds
vUrxZr dk;Z izcU/k] foi.ku] lgdkfjrk] Hkw&/kkj.k i)fr;ka]
xzkeh.k d`f’k lk[k] d`f‘k uhfr] d`f’k ewY;ksa dk fo”ys’k.k rFkk
bfrgkl vkfn dks lfEEkfyr fd;k tkrk gSA d`f’k vFkZ”kkL= esa ge u
dsoy vkfFkZd rF;ksa dk gh v/;;u djrs gS] cfYd d`f’k leL;kvksa ds
lek/kku ds fy, O;kogkfjd lq>ko Hkh izLrqr djrs gSA vU; “kCnksa
esa ge dg ldrs gS fd d`f’k vFkZ”kkL= esa fdlku D;k iSnk djs] fdruk
iSnk djss] mls dgka rFkk fdlds }kjk csps] vk; dks c
-
�� �� अथ�शा� ,e-,-bZ-lh- 108
mRrjk[k.M eqDr fo”ofo|ky; 9�
dqN fuf”pr jhfr&fjokt d`f’k ls tqMs gq, gSA dqN esys rFkk
R;ksgkj Qlyksa dh cqvkbZ rFkk dVkbZ ds le; euk;s tkrs gSA bl izdkj
lkekftd jhfr &fjokt d`f’k mRiknu dks izHkkfor djrs gS] tcfd
vkS|ksfxd {ks= esa budk dksbZ izHkko ugh iM+rk gSA 2- vkRe fuHkZjrk
%& cgqr lh ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa d`’kd viuh vko”;drkvksa dh iwfrZ
djus ds fy, Qlyksa dk mRiknu djrk gSA cgqr lh fLFkfr;ksa esa og
ykHk dekus ds fy, Qlyksa dk mRiknu djrk gSA
3- la;qDr mRikn%& d`f’k esa cgqr lh oLRkq,a la;qDRk mRikn dk
mRiknu djrh gS A tSls xsgw¡ rFkk Hkw¡lk ;k ekal rFkk Åu bR;kfnA bl
izdkj dh oLrqvksa ds mRiknu ykxr dh x.kuk djuk dfBu gks tkrk gS]
tcfd m|ksxksa esa mRiknu ykxr dh x.kuk djuk vklku gksrk gSA
4- mRiknu ij de fu;a=.k %& d`f’k {ks= esa d`’kdksa dk mRiknu
dks c
-
�� �� अथ�शा� ,e-,-bZ-lh- 108
mRrjk[k.M eqDr fo”ofo|ky; 10�
dbZ ,sfrgkfld ?kVuk,a d`f’k dh n”kk dksa izHkkfor djrh gSA d`f’k
O;olk; dh lQyrk rFkk d`f’k O;olk; dh vlQyrk Hkh d`f’k dks izHkkfor
djrh gSA 1789 dh Ýkal ØkfUr d`f’k esa yxs gq, xjhc turk dh [kjkc
n”kk dk ifj.kke Fkk A ml le; d`f’k ,d eq[; O;olk; FkkA Bhd blh rjg
cgqr ls ?kVuk,a d`f’k dh vPNh rFkk cqjh n”kk dk ifj.kke Fkh A
vkfFkZd bfrgkl bfrgkl dh vkfFkZd Hkkx dk fgLlk gSA tSlk dh ge
bfrgkl esa jktuSfrd] HkkSxksfyd] vFkZ”kkL= bR;fn ?kVukvksa ds
fjdkMZ dk v/;;u djrs gSA blfy, vFkZ”kkL= rFkk bfrgkl dk
lkFk&lkFk v/;;u djrs gSA baXyS.M esa d`f’k ØkfUr gh vkS|ksfxd
ØkfUr dk eq[; dkj.k Fkhs] blfy, bfrgkl rFkk d`f’k vFkZ”kkL= dk cgqr
fudV dk lEcU/k gSA 2- d`f’k vFkZ”kkL= rFkk Hkwxksy d`f’k vFkZ”kkL=
esa ge ;g v/;;u djrs gS fd lhfer lk/kuksa ls fdl izdkj vf/kdre
mRiknu izkIr djsA d`f’k mRiknu eq[; :i ls HkkSxksfyd lalk/kuksa ij
fuHkZj djrk gSA moZjk Hkwfe] osgrj ty lalk/ku] taxy] [kfut lalk/ku
bR;kfn vFkZO;oLFkk dh mRikndrk dks izHkkfor djrs gSA ;fn gekjs ikl
vPNs lalk/ku gS rks ge vf/kd mRiknu izkIr dj ldrs gSA vkLVsªfy;k
esa vPNh HkkSxksfyd lalk/ku mldh vFkZO;oLFkk dks vuqdwy :i ls
izHkkfor djrh gSA ty lalk/kuksa dk osgrj iz;ksx vPNh vkfFkZd fLFkfr
ij fuHkZj djrh gS rFkk budk lkFk&lkFk v/;;u fd;k tkrk gSA
vkfFkZd Hkwxksy vFkZ”kkL= fo’k; dk ,d Hkkx gSA 3- d`f’k vFkZ”kkL=
rFkk lkaf[;dh; %
lkaf[;dh; d`f’k vFkZ”kkL= ds osgrj v/;;u esa lgk;rk gksrk gSA
fofHkUUk d`f’k vFkZO;oLFkkvksa dk lkaf[;dh; dh lgk;rk ls rqyuk djuk
vklku gksrk gSA d`f’k mRiknu] dk;Z{kerk] dher ;k vk; dks lkaf[;dh;
dh lgk;rk ls x.kuk dh tk ldrh gSA lkaf[;dh; vkdM+s fdlh {ks=
fo”ks’k ds fiNMkiu dks bafxr djrs gS rFkk bu vkdM+kss ds vk/kkj ij
vFkZ”kkL=h ml {ks= fo”ks’k dh leL;kvksa dks nwj djus ds fy,
lq>ko ns ldrs gSA lkaf[;dh; vkdM+s igys ls ykxw dh x;h
;kstukvksa dk ifj.kkEk tkuus ds fy, ykHknk;d gksrh gSA vkSlr]
lg&lEcU/k] ek/;] ekf/;dk] rFkk vU; lkaf[;dh; mik; fdlh
vFkZO;oLFkk dh vkfFkZd n”kk dks vPNs rjhds ls le>us esa lgk;d
gksrk gSA
-
�� �� अथ�शा� ,e-,-bZ-lh- 108
mRrjk[k.M eqDr fo”ofo|ky; 11�
blfy, d`f’k vFkZ”kkL= rFkk lkaf[;dh; dk ,d lkFk v/;;u vko”;d
gksrk gSA 4- d`f’k vFkZ”kkL= rFkk lekt”kkL=
lekt”kkL= ,d lekt dk v/;;u gS A lekt ds fofHkUUk vk;ke tSls
vkfFkZd] jktuSfrd ] /kkfeZd] dkuwuh bR;kfn lekt”kkL= esa v/;;u fd;s
tkrs gSA vFkZ”kkL= lekt”kkL= ds v/;;u dk ,d Hkkx gS A lkekftd rRo
vkfFkZd n”kk dks izHkkfor djrs gSA laxfBr ifjokj rFkk tkfr i)fr dk
VwVuk lekt”kkL= ds v/;;u dk fo’k; gS ] ysfdu ;s RkRo d`f’k RkFkk
vkS|ksfxd mRiknu dks izHkkfor djrs gS rFkk , Jfedksa dh dk;Z{kerk
rFkk xfr”khyrk dks Hkh izHkkfor djrs gSA nwljh rjQ vkfFkZd n”kk Hkh
lekt dks cgqr vf/kd izHkkfor djrk gSA ns”k dh lEiUUkrk rFkk osgrj
vkfFkZd n”kk dqN lkekftd cqjkb;ksa tSls pksjh] MdSrh bR;kfn dks nwj
djus esa lgk;d gksrs gSA dkyk cktkjh ;k LEkxfyax bR;kfn dks
vlkekftd cqjkbZ;ka ekuk tkrk gSA /kuh rFkk xjhc lekt esa lkekftd
i)fr fHkUUk&fHkUUk gks ldrh gSA vr% bu nkuksas fo’k;ksa dk
lkFk&lkFk v/;;u vko”;d gSA 5- d`f’k vFkZ”kkL= rFkk U;k;”kkL=
U;k;“kkL= dkuwuh iz.kkyh dk v/;;u gSA fofHkUUk dkuwu rFkk muds
iz;ksx dk v/;;u U;k;”kkL= esa fd;k tkrk gSA d`f’k vFkZ”kkL= dh lHkh
fØ;kvksa dks U;kf;d lhek ds vUrxZr dk;Z djuk vko”;d gksrk gSA
dkuwu ds fo:) dksbZ xfrfof/k vkfFkZd fØ;k ugh gks ldrh gSA
fofHkUUk dkuwu vFkZO;oLFkk dks vuqdwy :i ls izHkkfor fd;k gSA
[ksrksa dh pdcUnh Hkh tehu ds iz;ksx ds izHkkfor djrs gSA blh izdkj
tehu vf/kdkj rFkk d`’kd dkuwu bR;kfn Hkh d`f’k mRiknu rFkk
vFkZO;oLFkk dks izHkkfor djrs gSA fdlh ns”k dh cqjh vPNh vkfFkZd
fLFkfr Hkh ml ns”k U;kf;d i)fr dks izHkkfor djrh gSA fdlh ns”k dk
dkuwu ml ns”k dh lEiUUkrk rFkk vkfFkZd fLFkfr ij fuHkZj djrk gSA
blfy, ;g vko”;d gks tkrk gS fd bu nksuks fo’k;ksa dk lkFk&lkFk
v/;;u fd;k tk; A
1.9 egROk
vkt d`f’k vFkZ”kkL= dk fodkl gksus ds lkFk&lkFk d`f’k mRiknu
esa ubZ&ubZ laHkkouk,a iSnk gks x;h gSA d`f’k vFkZ”kkL=
fdlkuksa ds fy, bl u;s Kku dks vklku cukdj muesa izsj.kk dk lapkj
djrk gSA d`f’k vFkZ”kkL=] d`f’k
-
�� �� अथ�शा� ,e-,-bZ-lh- 108
mRrjk[k.M eqDr fo”ofo|ky; 12�
vuqla/kku rFkk rduhfd fodkl dks izksRlkgu nsrk gSA vUrjkZ’Vªh;
C;kikj esa d`f’k dk egRoiw.kZ LFkku gks tkus ds dkj.k d`f’k
mRiknksa dk C;OkfLFkr kSrs djus esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkk jgk
gSA
1.10 lkjka'k
d`f’k vFkZ”kkL= og foKku gS ftlesa vFkZ”kkL= ds fl)kUrksa dk
iz;ksx d`f’k {ks= dh fofHkUUk leL;kvksa dk lek/kku djus ds fy, fd;k
tkrk gS A d`f’k vFkZ”kkL= Ekwy :Ik ls vFkZ”kkL= dh gh ,d “kk[kk gS
A d`f’k vFkZ”kkL= esa euq’; /ku dekus vkSj mls O;; djus dh leLr
fØ;kvksa ls mRiUUk leL;kvksa dk v/;;u fd;k tkrk gS A d`f’k
vFkZ”kkL= O;kogkfjd foKku vkSj vkn”kZ foKku ds lkFk&lkFk dyk
Hkh gSA d`f’k iwjh vFkZO;oLFkk ds fy, egRoiw.kZ {ks= gksrk gSA
d`f’k {ks= dk fodkl nwljs {ks= ds fodkl ds fy, vko”;d gSA lkekU;
vFkZ”kkL= ds yxHkx lHkh ;U=ksa dk iz;ksx d`f’k vFkZ”kkL= esa gksrk
gSA mRiknu miHkksx] forj.k] foi.ku]foRRk] ;kstuk ,oa uhfr fuEkkZ.k
vkfn d`f’k vFkZ”kkL= dh eq[; “kk[kk,a gSA d`f’k {ks= dk ge C;f’VXkr
rFkk lef’VXkr n`f’V ls Hkh o.kZu fd;k tkrk gSA d`f’k vFkZ”kkL= ds
vUrxZr d`f’k leL;k,a rFkk muds lek/kku ds mik;ksa dk v/;;u fd;k
tkrk gSA d`f’k vFkZ”kkL= esa fdlku D;k iSnk djs] fdruk iSnk djss]
mls dgka rFkk fdlds }kjk csps] vk; dks c
-
�� �� अथ�शा� ,e-,-bZ-lh- 108
mRrjk[k.M eqDr fo”ofo|ky; 13�
¼4½ d`f’k mRiknu vf/kdrj tehu dh fLFkfr] vkdkj rFkk xq.k ij
vk/kkfjr ugha gksrk gSA ¼lR;@vlR;½ ¼5½ d`f’k vFkZ”kkL= ds vf/kdrj
fl)kUr lkekU; vFkZ”kkL= ls fy, x;s gS] rFkk d`f’k vFkZ”kkL= dh eq[;
Lkk[kk,a lkekU; vFkZ”kkL= ds leku gSA ¼lR;@vlR; ½ ¼6½ d`f’k
vFkZ”kkL= C;kogkfjd foKku vkSj vkn”kZ foKku ds lkFk&lkFk dyk
Hkh gS A ¼lR;@vlR;½ ¼7½ d`f’k vFkZ”kkL= dk v/;;u loZizFke vesfjdk
ls izkjEHk ugh gksrk gSA ¼lR;@vlR;½ mÙkj& ¼1½ lR; ¼2½ lR; ¼3½
vlR; ¼4½ vlR; ¼5½ lR; ¼6½ lR; ¼7½ vlR; vH;kl iz”uksa ds mRRkj % ¼c½
¼1½ Qlyks dk fodkl rFkk vU; fØ;k,a fdl&fdl n”kkvksa ls T;knk
izHkkfor gksrh gSA ¼2½ d`f’k esa mRiknu dk egRoiw.kZ lk/ku D;k
gksrk gSA ¼3½ fdlh Hkwfe ds VwdM+s ij T;ksa&T;ksa Je rFkk iw¡th
dh bdkb;k¡ c
-
�� �� अथ�शा� ,e-,-bZ-lh- 108
mRrjk[k.M eqDr fo”ofo|ky; 14�
2. S.S. china “Agricultural Economics and India Agriculture”
3. xkSjo nRRk ,oa ds-ih- ,e- lqUnje 66 **Hkkjrh;
vFkZC;oLFkk**
4. ,l- ds- feJ ,oa oh-ds- iqjh **Hkkjrh; vFkZC;oLFkk ** 5. C.P.
Dutt and B.M. Pugh, “Principles and Practices of Crop Production”
6. Naidu and Narsinham, “Economics of Indian Agriculture” Vol.
1
7. R.D. Tiwari, “Indian Agriculture”
8. J.P. Bhattacharjee, “Studies in Indian Agricultural
Economics”
9. Ramesh chand, S.S Raju and L.M. Pandey “Growth crisis in
Agriculture” EPW, June 30, 2007
1-14 mi;ksxh / lgk;d xzUFk % 1. Robbins L. (1946), “An essay on
the Nature and significance of Economic
Review” Ed. Londan, Macmillan company
�� Taylor, H.C. (1949), “Outlines ��� ���������� ��������
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�� �� अथ�शा� ,e-,-bZ-lh- 108
mRrjk[k.M eqDr fo”ofo|ky; 15�
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1.15: fucU/kkRed iz”u %
1- d`f’k vFkZ”kkL= dh /kkj.kk dks ifjHkkf’kr dhft, rFkk bldh
izd`fr vkSj {ks= dks Li’V dhft, A
2- d`f’k vFkZ”kkL= ds {ks= dh C;k[;k dhft, A 3- d`f’k vFkZ”kkL=
ds vyx v/;;u ds egRo dks crkb, A 4- d`f’k vFkZ”kkL= D;k gS \ d`f’k
vFkZ”kkL= dk vyx ls v/;;u D;ksa fd;k tkrk gSA
5- d`f’k vFkZ”kkL= dks ifjHkkf’kr dhft, A d`f’k vFkZ”kkL= lkekU;
vFkZ”kkL= ls fdl izdkj vyx gSA
6- d`f’k vFkZ”kkL= dks ifjHkkf’kr dhft, A vU; lkekftd foKku ds
lkFk bldk fdl izdkj dk lEcU/k gSA
7- d`f’k vFkZ”kkL= dh fo’k; lkexzh rF; bldh izd`fr dk o.kZu
dhft, 8- d`f’k vFkZ”kkL= dk fofHkUUk lkekftd foKkuksa ds lkFk D;k
lEcU/k gS] bldh foLr`r C;k[;k dhft, A
-
�� �� अथ�शा� ,e-,-bZ-lh- 108
mRrjk[k.M eqDr fo”ofo|ky; 16�
bdkbZ & 2 vkfFkZd fodkl esa d`f"k dk egRo vkSj d`f"k m|ksx
lEcU/k
bdkbZ lajpuk
2.1 izLrkouk
2.2 mn~ns';
2.3 vkfFkZd fodkl esa d`f"k fdl izdkj lgk;d gksrk gS
2.4 Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk esa d`f"k dk egRo
2.5 d`f"k rFkk m|ksx esa vUrj
2.6 d`f"k rFkk m|ksx ds chp vUrZlaca/k
2.7 vkS|ksfxd {ks= dk d`f"k {ks= dks va'knku
2.8 d`f"k {ks= dk vkS|ksfxd {ks= dks va'knku
2.9 lkjka'k
2.10 'kCnkoyh
2.11 vH;kl iz'uksa ds mÙkj
2.12 lUnHkZ lfgr xzUFk
2.13 mi;ksxh@lgk;d xzUFk
2.14 fucU/kkRed iz'u
-
�� �� अथ�शा� ,e-,-bZ-lh- 108
mRrjk[k.M eqDr fo”ofo|ky; 17�
2-1 izLrkouk
vki fiNys v/;k; esa d`f"k vFkZ'kkL= vk'k;] izd`fr vkSj {ks= ds
ckjs esa v/;;u dj pqds gSA bl v/;k; esa vki ^^vkfFkZd fodkl esa
d`f"k dk egRo vkSj d`f"k m|ksx lEcU/k** ds ckjs esa v/;;u djsxsaA
tSlk fd vki tkurs gS fdlh ns'k ds vkfFkZd fodkl esa d`f"k {ks= dh
egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk gksrh gSA Hkkjr vkt ds fodflr ns'kksa ls Hkh
iqjkuk ns'k gS] bldh d`f"k cgqr igys gh ifjiDork dh fLFkfr esa
igqWp pqdh Fkh vkSj ml le; ns'k esa d`f"k rFkk m|ksx esa lUrqyu
Fkk] ftlls fdlkuksa dh n'kk mruh [kjkc ugha Fkh ftruh dh vkt gSA
vaxsztksa ds vkus ds ckn d`f"k dh fLFkfr cgqr gh [kjkc gks x;h rFkk
d`f"k rFkk m|ksx esa tks lg;ksx Fkk og Hkh lekIr gks x;kA ysfdu
Lora=rk ds ckn fLFkfr esa dqN ifjorZu vk;k gS vkSj dqN fdlkuksa us
bls O;kolkf;d vk/kkj ij viuk;kA vxj ge fofHkUu ns'kksa ds vkfFkZd
fodkl ds bfrgkl dks ns[ks rks ;g irk pyrk gS fd fodflr ns'kksa ds
vkfFkZd le`f) esa d`f"k {ks= dh egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk jgh gS rFkk
fodkl'khy ns'kksa ds fy, bldh Hkwfedk vkSj vf/kd c
-
�� �� अथ�शा� ,e-,-bZ-lh- 108
mRrjk[k.M eqDr fo”ofo|ky; 18�
2-3 vkfFkZd fodkl esa d`f"k fdl izdkj lgk;d gksrk gS fdlh Hkh
vFkZO;oLFkk ds fodkl eas d`f"k dk cgqr egRoiw.kZ LFkku gksrk gSA
d`f"k vFkZO;oLFkk dh jh
-
�� �� अथ�शा� ,e-,-bZ-lh- 108
mRrjk[k.M eqDr fo”ofo|ky; 19�
6- fons'kh eqnzk dh izkfIr %& d`f"k iz/kku ns'kksa es
vkS|ksfxd oLrq,aW vUrjkZ"Vªh; cktkj esa izfr;ksfxrk ugha dj ikrh
gS] D;ksafd vkS|ksfxd oLrq,W ?kfV;k fdLe dh gksrh gSA vr% d`f"k
oLrq,W gh ,slh gS tks fd vUrZjk"Vªh; cktkj esa izfr;ksfxrk dk lkeuk
dj ldrh gS rFkk fons'kh eqnzk izkIr dj ldrh gSA
2-4 Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk esa d`f"k dk egRo fiNys dbZ n'kdksa ls
Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk esa d`f"k dk egRoiw.kZ LFkku cuk gqvk gSA 1-
jk"Vªh; vk; esa d`f"k dk fgLlk %& Hkkjr dh jk"Vªh; vk; esa
d`f"k dk egRoiw.kZ LFkku
jgk gSA 1950&51 esa ldy ?kjsyw mRikn ¼th-Mh-ih-½ esa d`f"k
dk fgLlk 56-5
izfr'kr FkkA tSls&tSls fodkl dh izfØ;k rst gqbZ] f}rh;d rFkk
rr̀h;d {ks=ksa ds fodkl ds dkj.k d`f"k dk fgLlk yxkrkj de gksrk x;k
vkSj ;g 2011&12 esa 13-3
izfr'kr fuEu Lrj ij igWqp x;kA vxj ge fodflr ns'kksa dks ns[ks
rks jk"Vªh; vk; esa fgLlk cgqr gh de gSA tSls vesfjdk rFkk baXyS.M
esa jk"Vªh; vk; esa d`f"k dk
fgLlk dsoy 2 izfr'kr gSA Ýkal esa ;g vuqikr 7 izfr'kr rFkk
vkLVªsfy;k esa 6 izfr'kr gSA bl izdkj ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd tSls
& tSls dksbZ ns'k fodkl djrk gS] jk"Vªh; vk; esa d`f"k dk fgLlk
de gksrk tkrk gSA
Rkkfydk & 1lk/ku ij ldy ?kjsyw mRikn ¼th-Mh-ih-½ esa d`f"k
{ks= dk Hkkx
o"kZ ¼1999&2000 dh dherksa ij½
ldy ?kjsyw mRikn ¼th-Mh-ih-½ esa d`f"k {ks= dk Hkkx
1950&51 56.5% 1970&71 45.9% 1990&91 34.0%
1999&2000 25.0% ¼2004&05 dh dherksa ij½
2008&09 15.7% 2009&10 14.7% 2010&11 14.5%
2011&12 13.9% 2012&13 13.8
2- jkstxkj dh n`f"V ls d`f"k dk egRo %& vYi fodflr ;k
fodkl'khy ns'kksa esa d`f"k
dh bruh vf/kd iz/kkurk gksrh gS fd dk;Zdkjh tula[;k dk cgqr
vf/kd Hkkx jkstxkj ds fy, bl ij vkfJr gksrk gSA mnkgj.kkFkZ ;g feJ
esa 42 izfr'kr] ckaXykns'k esa 50 izfr'kr] b.Mksusf'k;k esa 52
izfr'kr o phu esa 68 izfr'kr gSA
-
�� �� अथ�शा� ,e-,-bZ-lh- 108
mRrjk[k.M eqDr fo”ofo|ky; 20�
1951 esa dk;Zdkjh tula[;k dk yxHkx 70 izfr'kr d`f"k ,oa lEc)
fØ;kvksa esa dk;Zjr Fkk] ogh 2001 esa ;g fgLlk fxjdj 59 izfr'kr gks
x;kA vFkkZr~ 2001 esa d`f"k esa 23-5 djksM+ O;fDr;ksa dks jkstxkj
izkIr gSA 2005&06 esa d`f"k esa Je'kfDr dk 57 izfr'kr jkstxkj
izkIr djrk gS rFkk ldy ?kjsyw mRikn esa d`f"k {ks= dk fgLlk
2005&06 esa 21-7 izfr'kr FkhA bldk vFkZ gqvk fd d`f"k dk izfr
O;fDr ldy ?ksjyw mRikn xSj d`f"k O;olk; esa dke djus okys Jfedksa
dh rqyuk esa dsoy ikapok Hkkx gS vkSj blesa yxkrkj fxjkoV gksrh tk
jgh gSA d`f"k rFkk xSj d`f"k O;olk; esa dke djus okys Jfedksa dh
vkSlr vk; esa vUrj c
-
�� �� अथ�शा� ,e-,-bZ-lh- 108
mRrjk[k.M eqDr fo”ofo|ky; 21�
d`f"k }kjk phuh] pk;] lwrh oL= vkSj iVlu ouLifr rsy] [kk|
inkFkksZ] lkcqu rFkk vU; d`f"k ij vk/kkfjr m|ksxksa ds fy, dPpk eky
miyC/k djk;k tkrk gSA 5- vUrZjk"Vªh; O;kikj ds {ks= esa d`f"k dk
egRo %& vUrZjk"Vªh; O;kikj ds {ks= esa Hkh d`f"k dk cgqr vf/kd
egRo gSA cgqr vf/kd le; rd rhu d`f"k oLrqvksa ¼pk;] iVlu rFkk lwrh
oL=½ dk fu;kZr vk; esa fgLlk 50 izfr'kr ls vf/kd jgkA ;fn ge vU;
d`f"k oLrqvksa tSls dkQh] rEckdw] dktw] ouLifr rsy] phuh bR;kfn dks
Hkh 'kkfey dj fy;k tk; rks ;g 70 ls 75 izfr'kr rd igqWp tkrk gSA
df̀"k ij bruh vf/kd fuHkZjrk Hkkjr ds vYifodkl dks n'kkZrh gSA
fiNys nks n'kdksa ds nkSjku fu;kZr ds fofo/khdj.k ds dkj.k dqy
fu;kZr esa d`f"k dk fgLlk de gqvk gS vkSj ;g 2010&11 esa de
gksdj 9-9 izfr'kr gks x;k gSA 1991 esa vFkZO;oLFkk ds mnkjhdj.k ds
i'pkr~ d`f"k vk;kr esa o`f) gqbZ gS vkSj blesa [kk| rsyksa dk
fo'ks"k ;ksxnku gSA 6-iwath fuekZ.k esa lg;ksx %& tSlk fd vki
tkurs gS fd vkfFkZd fodkl ds fy, iwath fuekZ.k cgqr vf/kd vko';d
gSA Hkkjr esa d`f"k {ks= vFkZO;oLFkk dk ,d cM+k {ks= gSA vr% iwath
fuekZ.k esa bldk lg;ksx vko';d gSA ;fn ;g {ks= ,slk dj ikus esa
vlQy gksxk rks blls vkfFkZd fodkl dh izfØ;k vo:) gksxhA 7- xjhch
fuokj.k esa Hkwfedk %& Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk esa d`f"k dk fgLlk
vc ldy ?kjsyw mRikn dk 15 izfr'kr ls Hkh de gSA rFkk vHkh Hkh vk/ks
ls vf/kd Je'kfDr d`f"k {ks= esa dk;Zjr gSA blds vykok ,d vke vkneh
viuh vk; dk ,d cM+k Hkkx Hkkstu ij [kpZ djrk gSA D;ksafd d`f"k de
vk; okys o fu/kZu O;fDr;ksa dk thou vk/kkj gS rFkk [kk| lqj{kk dk
eq[; vL= gS] blfy, xjhch fuokj.k esa bldh Hkwfedk Lor% fl) gSA
2-5 d`f"k rFkk m|ksx esa vUrj fdlh Hkh O;olk; dh lQyrk lqfuf'pr
cukbZ x;h ;kstuk ds dk;kZUo;u ij fuHkZj djrh gSA ;kstuk Åij ls rks
vPNh fn[kkbZ nsrh gS ijUrq dbZ ckj O;olk; dh fo'ks"krk,W ;kstuk dks
ykxw djus ls igys th ifjfLFkfrvksa dks cny nsrh gSA d`f"k {ks= esa
fu.kZ; ysus okys vk/kkj Hkwr rRo m|ksxksa ls fHkUu gksrs gS ftudk
o.kZu vkxs fd;k x;k gSA 1- ekWx i{k%& ekWx i{k dks ns[ks rks
d`f"k oLrqvksa dh ekWx de ykspnkj gksrh gSA ;fn
[kk| oLrqvksa dh dherksa esa deh gksrh gS rks yksx mldh T;knk
ekWx ugha djrs gSA [kk| oLrqvksa dh ekWx thou ds fy, vko';d gS
ysfdu mudh dherksa ds de ;k T;knk gksus ij mudh ekWx ij T;knk
izHkko ugha iM+rk gSA ysfdu nwljh rjQ vkS|ksfxd oLrqvksa dh ekWx
T;knk ykspnkj gksrh gSA vkS|ksfxd oLrqvksa dh dherksa ds de gksus
ij yksx T;knk ls T;knk [kjhnuk pkgrs gSA
2- iwfrZ i{k%& d`f"k oLrqvksa dh iwfrZ Hkh de ykspnkj gksrh
gS] rFkk ;g izkd`frd n'kk ij fuHkZj djrh gSA d`f"k mRiknu dks T;knk
vkxrksa dk iz;ksx djds ;k _rqvksa ds
-
�� �� अथ�शा� ,e-,-bZ-lh- 108
mRrjk[k.M eqDr fo”ofo|ky; 22�
foijhr fLFkfr esa T;knk c
-
�� �� अथ�शा� ,e-,-bZ-lh- 108
mRrjk[k.M eqDr fo”ofo|ky; 23�
rFkk iwath dh vfrfjDr bdkbZ yxk;h tkrh gS rks mRiknu de vuqikr
dh nj ls c
-
�� �� अथ�शा� ,e-,-bZ-lh- 108
mRrjk[k.M eqDr fo”ofo|ky; 24�
2-7 vkS|ksfxd {ks= dk d`f"k {ks= dks va'knku dqN le; i'pkr~
d`f"k {ks= dh vkS|ksfxd {ks= ij fuHkZjrk c
-
�� �� अथ�शा� ,e-,-bZ-lh- 108
mRrjk[k.M eqDr fo”ofo|ky; 25�
1- m|ksxksa dks dPps eky dh vkiwfrZ%& m|ksxksa esa iz;ksx
gksus okyk dPpk eky d`f"k {ks= ls gh izkIr gksrk gSA tc d`f"k {ks=
dk fodkl gksrk gS rks vkS|ksfxd {ks= dk Hkh fodkl gksrk gS D;ksafd
vkS|ksfxd {ks= dks dPps eky dh vkiwfrZ vf/kd gksrh gSA
2- [kk|kUuksa dh vkiwfrZ%& tc [kk|kUu cktkj esa igqWprk gS
rks xSj d`f"k {ks= dks izkIr gSA
3- d`f"k rFkk fons'kh O;kikj%& ;|fi Lora=rk ds ckn Hkkjr
vukt dk vk;kr djrk Fkk] fQj Hkh ;gkW ls d`f"k vk/kkfjr m|ksxksa dks
d`f"k mRiknksa dk fu;kZr Hkh djrk jgk gSA bl izdkj ns'k dks vfuok;Z
fons'kh fofue; Hkh iznku djrk jgk gS ftldh otg ls iawthxr oLrqvksa
dk vk;kr fd;k tkrk gSA
4- vkS|ksfxd {ks= ds cktkj dk foLrkj%& d`f"k dk fodkl gksus
ij d"̀kdksa dh vk; esa o`f) gksrh gS ftldh otg ls bu d`"kdksa dh
vkS|ksfxd oLrqvksa dh ekax esa foLrkj gksrk gSA
5- xSj d`f"k {ks= dks Je rFkk iwath dh vkiwfrZ%& fodkl dh
izkjfEHkd voLFkk esa d`f"k {ks= gh Je rFkk iwath dk ,d ek= Jksr
gksrk gS blfy, bls vkS|ksfxd {ks= dk laj{kd Hkh dgk tkrk gSA bXyS.M
rFkk tkiku esa cgqr ls m|ksx fdlkuksa }kjk lq: fd, x;s FksA Hkkjr
esa Hkh lwrh oL= m|ksx vf/kdrj fdlkuksa }kjk lq: fd, x;s FksA
bl izdkj mijksDr dFku ls ;g fu"d"kZ fudyk tk ldrk gS fd d`f"k
{ks= dk fodkl gksus ls vkS|ksfxd {ks= dk fodkl gksrk gS vkSj
vkS|ksfxd {ks= dk fodkl gksus ls d`f"k {ks= dk fodkl gksrk gSA bl
izdkj nksuksa {ks=ksa dk fodkl gksuk pkfg,A ,d {ks= dh xfrghurk
nwljs {ks= dks Hkh xfrghu cuk nsrh gSA ifj.kke Lo:i lEiw.kZ
vFkZO;oLFkk dk fodkl :d tkrk gSA
vH;kl iz”u v- lR;@vlR;
1- fodkl'khy ns'kksa esa tula[;k cgqr vf/kd gksrh gSA ¼lR;@vlR;½
2- fodkl'khy ns'kksa esa izfr O;fDr okLrfod vk; cgqr gh de gksrh
gSA
¼lR;@vlR;½ 3- d`f"k rFkk m|ksx ,d nwljs ds iwjd ugha gSA
¼lR;@vlR;½ 4- vkfFkZd fodkl dh izkjfEHkd voLFkk esa tula[;k dk
vf/kdrj Hkkx d`f"k esa
dk;Zjr gksrk gSA ¼lR;@vlR;½ 5- tSls&tSls fodkl dh izfØ;k rst
gksrh gS oSls&oSls ns'k dh jk"Vªh; vk; esa d`f"k
dk fgLlk c
-
�� �� अथ�शा� ,e-,-bZ-lh- 108
mRrjk[k.M eqDr fo”ofo|ky; 26�
8- d`f"k oLrqvksa dh ekWx de ykspnkj gksrh gSA ¼lR;@vlR;½ 9-
vkS|ksfxd oLrqvksa dh ekWx T;knk ykspnkj gksrh gSA ¼lR;@vlR;½
10-ftl o"kZ tyok;q vuqdwy jgrk gS] ml o"kZ d`f"k mRiknu de gksrk
gSA
¼lR;@vlR;½ 11-d`f"k {ks= dk fodkl gksus ij d`"kdksa dh vk; esa
o`f) gksrh gSA ¼lR;@vlR;½ 12-d`f"k oLrqvksa dh iwfrZ de ykspnkj
gksrh gSA ¼lR;@vlR;½ 13-vkS|ksfxd oLrqvksa dh iwfrZ vf/kd ykspnkj
gksrh gSA ¼lR;@vlR;½
c- ,d “kCn esa mRrj nhft, 1- fdlh Hkh vFkZO;oLFkk dks eq[;r%
fdrus {ks=ksa esa ckVk tk ldrk gSA 2- izkFkfed {ks= esa fdudksa
'kkfey fd;k tkrk gSA 3- f}rh;d {ks= esa fdudksa 'kkfey fd;k tkrk
gSA 4- rr̀h;d {ks= esa fdudksa 'kkfey fd;k tkrk gSA 5- Hkkjr ds ldy
?ksjyw mRikn ¼th-Mh-ih-½ eas d`f"k dk fgLlk 1950&51 fdruk
FkkA 6- Hkkjr ds ldy ?ksjyw mRikn ¼th-Mh-ih-½ esa d`f"k dk fgLlk
2011&12 esa fdruk
FkkA 7- fodkl'khy ns'kksa esa dk;Zdkjh tula[;k dk cgqr vf/kd
Hkkx fdl ij fuHkZj
gksrk gSA 8- 2001 esa Hkkjr dh dk;Zdkjh tula[;k dk fdruk izfr'kr
d`f"k ,oa lEc)
fØ;kvksa esa dk;Zjr FkkA 9- Hkkjr dh dwy fu;kZr esa df̀"k dk
fgLlk 2010&11 esa fdruk FkkA
2-9 lkjka'k mijksDr bdkbZ ds v/;;u ds ckn ;g ckr Li"V gS fd fdlh
Hkh ns'k ds vkfFkZd fodkl esa d`f"k dk cgqr gh egRoiw.kZ LFkku
gksrk gSA d`f"k vFkZO;oLFkk dh jh
-
�� �� अथ�शा� ,e-,-bZ-lh- 108
mRrjk[k.M eqDr fo”ofo|ky; 27�
tula[;k ds ikl Ø;'kfDr ugha gksxh rFkk cktkj dk foLrkj Hkh ugha
gksrkA vr% ;g ckr Hkh lR; gS fd fcuk vkS|ksfxdj.k ds d`f"k fodkl
Hkh lEHko ugha gSA vr% d`f"k rFkk vkS|ksfxd {ks= dk lkFk&LkkFk
fodkl gksuk pkfg,A
2-10 “kCnkoyh vkfFkZd fodkl % vkfFkZd fodkl dh /kkj.kk] vkfFkZd
lao`f) dh /kkj.kk ls vf/kd C;kid gSA vkfFkZd lao`f) mRiknu dh o`f)
ls lEcfU/kr gS tcfd vkfFkZd fodkl lkekftd] vkfFkZd] xq.kkRed ,oa
ifjek.kkRed lHkh ifjorZuksa ls lEcfU/kr gSA tgka vkfFkZd laOk`f)
ifjek.kkRed ifjorZuksa ls lEcfU/kr gS rFkk vkfFkZd fodkl
ifjek.kkRed ,oa Xkq.kkRed nksuksa izdkj ds ifjorZuksa ls lEcfU/kr
gS vFkkZr jk’Vªh; mRikn rFkk lkFk gh thou dh xq.koÙkk esa lq/kkj A
vkfFkZd lao`f) % vkfFkZd lao`f) ls vfHkizk; fdlh le;kof/k esa fdlh
vFkZO;oLFkk esa gksus okyh okLrfod vk; dh o`f) ls gS A lkekU;r;k
;fn ldy jk’Vªh; mRikn] ldy ?kjsyw mRikn RkFkk izfrO;fDr vk; esa
o`f) gks jgh gS rks ge dgrs gS fd vkfFkZd lao`f) gks jgh gSA vkxr %
vkxr fdlh Hkh mRiknu izfØ;k esa mRiknu ds lk/ku gksrs gS tSls tehu]
Je] iw¡th rFkk m|eA fuxZr % fuxZr mRiknu izfØ;k esa lHkh mRiknu ds
lk/kuksa dk iz;ksx djus ds ckn mRikfnr vfUre oLrq,¡ rFkk lsok;s gSA
izkFkfed {ks= % izkFkfed {ks= esa eq[;r% d`f’k ¼okfudh ,oa
Ik”kqikyu ½] [kUku rFkk eNyh O;olk; dks “kkfey fd;k tkrk gSA f}rh;d
{ks= % f}rh;d {ks= esa lHkh izdkj ds m|ksx vkrs gSA r`rh;d {ks= %
r`rh;d {ks= esa lsok,a tSls cSafdx] ifjokgu] O;kikj bR;kfn dks
“kkfey fd;k tkrk gSA iw¡th fuekZ.k % O;fDr;ksa ,oa ?kjsyw {ks= dh
cprksa dks O;olkf;d {ks= esa fuos”k fd;k tkrk gSA ldy ?kjsyw mRikn
¼th- Mh-ih-½ % fdlh ns”k dh ?kjsyw lhek ds Hkhrj fLFkr fuoklh
mRiknd rFkk xSj fuoklh mRiknd bdkb;ksa }kjk mRikfnr vfUre oLrqvksa
rFkk lsokvksa ds dqy ewY; dk ;ksx gksrk gSA mRiknu % mRiknu dk
lEcU/k fdlh {ks= esa mRiknu dh dqy ek=k ls gS A mRikndrk % mRikndrk
dk lEcU/k Ikzfr bdkbZ Hkwfe esa dqy mRiknu ls gSA de ykspnkj ek¡x %
tc ,d oLrq dh ek¡x esa vkuqikfrd ifjorZu dher esa vkuqikfrd ifjorZu
dh vis{kk de gksrk gS rks bls de ykspnkj ek¡x dgrs gSA de ykspnkj
ek¡x % tc ,d oLrq dh ek¡x esa vkuqikfrd ifjorZu dher esa vkuqikfrd
ifjorZu dh vis{kk de gksrh gS] rks bls de ykspnkj ek¡x dgrs gSA
vf/kd ykspnkj ek¡x % tc ,d oLrq dh ek¡x esa vkuqikfrd ifjorZu dher
esa vkuqikfrd ifjorZu dh vis{kk T;knk gksrk gS rks bls vf/kd
ykspnkj ek¡x dgrs gSA
-
�� �� अथ�शा� ,e-,-bZ-lh- 108
mRrjk[k.M eqDr fo”ofo|ky; 28�
v/kkslajpuk % ,d ns”k dh vkUrfjd lqfo/kk tks fd C;olkf;d
fØ;kvksa dks lEHko cukrh gS tSls fd nwjlapkj] ifjogu] foRRkh;
laLFkk,] mtkZ iwfrZ bR;kfn lsok,a A ?kVrs izfrQy dk fu;e % ;fn
lk/kuksa dks ftl vuqikr esa c
-
�� �� अथ�शा� ,e-,-bZ-lh- 108
mRrjk[k.M eqDr fo”ofo|ky; 29�
4- Carl Eicher and Lawrence with (Ed.) Agriculture in Economic
Development�
5- R. cohen The Economics of Agriculture�
6- A.P. Thiralwal Growth and Development�
7- John W. Mellor The Economics of Agricultural Development�
2.14 fucU/kkRed iz'u
1- Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk esa d`f"k ds egRo dk mYys[k dhft,A 2-
d`f"k rFkk m|ksx dh iwjdrk dk mYys[k dhft,A 3- ,d fodklksUeq[k ns'k
esa vkfFkZd fodkl dh nj rhoz djus esa d`f"k tks Hkwfedk
fuHkkrh gS mldh foospuk dhft,A 4- d`f"k vkfFkZd fodkl dk batu
gSA bl dFku dh leh{kk dhft,A 5- ,d vFkZO;oLFkk ds fodkl esa d`f"k
ds egRo dk mYys[k dhft,A 6- d`f"k rFkk m|ksxksa esa vUrj Li"V
dhft,A 7- d`f"k rFkk m|ksx ds chp vUrZlaca/k dh C;k[;k dhft,A 8-
d`f"k {ks= dk vkS|ksfxd {ks= dks rFkk vkS|ksfxd {ks= dk d`f"k {ks=
dks va'knku dk
o.kZu dhft,A
-
�� �� अथ�शा� ,e-,-bZ-lh- 108
mRrjk[k.M eqDr fo”ofo|ky; 30�
bdkbZ & 3 d`f’k {ks= dk vkdkj] o`f) ,oa mRikndrk dh
izo`fRRk;ka
bdkbZ lajpuk 3.1 izLrkouk
3.2 mn~ns';
3.3 d`f’k {ks= ds vkdkj esa o`f) dh izo`fRRk
3.4 d`f’k mRiknu esa o`f) dh izo`fRRk
3.5 d`f’k mRikndrk esa o`f) dh izo`fRRk
3.6 os lk/ku ftu ij mRikndrk fuHkZj djrh gSA
3.7 d`f’k mRiknu ,oa mRikndrk ds de gksus ds dkj.k
3.8 d`f’k mRiknu ,oa mRikndrk dks c
-
�� �� अथ�शा� ,e-,-bZ-lh- 108
mRrjk[k.M eqDr fo”ofo|ky; 31�
3-1- izLrkouk
d`f’k vFkZ”kkL= ls lEcfU/kr ;g rr̀h; bdkbZ gS blds igys dh f}rh;
bdkbZ esas vki vkfFkZd fodkl esa d`f’k dk egRo vkSj d`f’k m|ksx
lEcU/k dh lkekU; tkudkjh izkIr dj pqds gSA
Hkkjr tSls fodkl“khy ns”k esa d`f’k gh thfodk dk eq[; Lkk/ku gSA
Hkkjr dh 65%
turk d`f’k ij fuHkZj gSA ysfdu Hkkjr esa [ksrks esa Qlyksa dh
iSnkokj ekulwu ij fuHkZj
gSA d`f’k dk yxHkx 60% {ks= o’kkZ ij fuHkZj gS blfy, Hkkjrh;
d`f’k dks *ekulwu dk
tqvk* dgk tkrk gSA Lorarzrk ls iwoZ d`f’k dh fLFkfr Bhsd ugh
FkhA fczfV”k “kkldks dh vkSifuosf”kd uhfr ds QyLo#i bl ns”k esa
d`f’k dk dksbZ fodkl ugha gqvk A mRiknu ,oa mRikndrk dk Lrj cgqr gh
de Fkk A ysfdu LorU=rk izkfIr ds Ik”pkr fo”ks’kdj gfjr ØkfUr ds ckn
dh vof/k ls d`f’k esa u;h rduhdh ds iz;ksx ls d`f’k mRiknu ,oa
mRikndrk esa dkQh o`f) gqbZ gSA 1965&66 rFkk 1966&67 esa
ns”k esa Hk;adj lw[kk iM+k vkSj Hkw[kejh ls cpus ds fy, 1 djksM+ 90
yk[k Vu [kk|kUuksa dk vk;r djuk iM+k A bl izdkj ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds
dkj.k d`f’k fodkl ;qfDr ij iquZfopkj djus dh t:jr eglwl dh x;h rFkk
d`f’k mRiknu o mRikndrk dks c
-
�� �� अथ�शा� ,e-,-bZ-lh- 108
mRrjk[k.M eqDr fo”ofo|ky; 32�
e”khujh bR;kfn d`f’k {ks= ds vkdkj ij gh fuHkZj djrk gSA
lkekU;r;k ;fn d`f’k {ks= dk vkdkj cM+k gS rks ge bls cM+s iSekus dh
[ksrh dgrs gS] ;fn vkdkj NksVk gS rks ge bls NksVs iSekus dh [ksrh
dgsxsaA
Rkkfydk-01 LorU=rk ds ckn eq[; Qlyksa ds {ksa=Qy esa o`f) ¼yk[k
gsDVsvj½
1945&50 1964&65 2008&09 ¼1½ lHkh [kk|kUUk ftles pkoy
xsgwa eksVs vukt nkys ¼2½ lHkh v[kk|kUUk ftles frygu xUuk #bZ
vkyw
990 300 100 390 200 230 50 16 30 2
1180 360 130 400 240 330 115 26 84 4
1238 456 277 283 230 433 277 44 45 16 lHkh Qlysa 1220 1510
1671
Lkzksr % Hkkjr ljdkj vkfFkZd leh{kk fofHkUUk vad LorU=rk ds ckn
d`f’k {ks= ds vkdj esa o`f) ds lkFk&lkFk izfr gsDVsvj mRiknu
esa o`f) ds ifj.kke Lo#i yxHkx lHkh Qlyksa ds dwy mRiknu esa o`f)
dh izof̀RRk ik;h x;h gS LorU=rk ds i”pkr eq[; Qlyksa ds {ks=Qy esa
o`f) dks uhps rkfydk esa fn[kk;k x;k gSA
vxj ge LorU=rk ds ckn ds vkdM+ks dks ns[ks rks lHkh Qlyksa ds
v/khu {ks=Qy esa o`f) gqbZ gS LorU=rk ds ckn dh vof/k esa vfrfjDr
Hkwfe ij Hkh [ksrh dh tkus yxh vkSj flpkbZ lqfo/kkvksa ds foLrkj ds
ifj.kke Lo#i catj Hkwfe ij Hkh [ksrh dh tkus yxh A dqN
ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa bls C;FkZ Hkwfe;ksa vkSj ou v/khu Hkwfe;ksa esa
Hkh c
-
�� �� अथ�शा� ,e-,-bZ-lh- 108
mRrjk[k.M eqDr fo”ofo|ky; 33�
v/khu {ks=Qy esa o`f) dk eq[; dkj.k u;h rduhd] moZjd bR;kfn dk
iz;ksx Fkk] ijUrq xsgw ds v/khu {ks=Qy esa ;g o`f) eksVs vuktksa
,oa nkyksa dh dher ij FkkA vxj mijksDr rkfydk dks ge ns[ks rks ;g
Li’V gksrk gS fd gfjr ØkfUr ds ckn dh vof/k esaa d`f’k {ks= ds
vkdkj esa o`f) cgqr gh de jgh gSA
3-4 d`f’k mRiknu esa o`f) dh izo`fRRk d`f’k mRiknu dks eq[; #i
ls nks Hkkxksa esa ck¡Vk tkrk gS& ¼1½ [kk|kUUk ¼2½ v[kk|kUUk
dwy mRiknu esa [kk|kUUkksa dk fgLlk nks frgkbZ ls FkksM+k de gSA
[kk|kUUkksa esa lcls egROkiw.kZ LFkku pkoy rFkk xsgw¡ dk gS] tcfd
v[kk|kUUkksa esa [kk| rsyksa dk egRoiw.kZ LFkku gSA dqy [kk|kUUkksa
dk mRiknu 1950&51 esa 508 yk[k Vu Fkk tks fd 2011&12 c
-
�� �� अथ�शा� ,e-,-bZ-lh- 108
mRrjk[k.M eqDr fo”ofo|ky; 34�
dikl dk mRiknu fofHkUUk ;kstukvksa esa yxkrkj c
-
�� �� अथ�शा� ,e-,-bZ-lh- 108
mRrjk[k.M eqDr fo”ofo|ky; 35�
d`f’k
-
�� �� अथ�शा� ,e-,-bZ-lh- 108
mRrjk[k.M eqDr fo”ofo|ky; 36�
• nkyksa dh mRikndrk esa cgqr gh de o`f) gqbZ gSAnkyksa dh
mRikndrk 1950&51 esa 441 fdyksxzke izfr gsDVsvj Fkh tks fd
2010&11 esa 689 fdyksxzke izfr gsDVvj gks x;hA
• nkyksa dk mRikndrk ?kjsyw mi;ksx dh vis{kk dkQh de gS] blfy,
ns”k dks cM+s iSekus ij nkyksa dk vk;kr djuk iM+rk gSA fryguksa dh
mRikndrk 1950&51 esa 481 fdyksxzke izfr gsDVsvj Fkh tks fd
2010&11 esa c
-
�� �� अथ�शा� ,e-,-bZ-lh- 108
mRrjk[k.M eqDr fo”ofo|ky; 37�
mijksDr rkfydk esa Hkkjr dh pkoy esa mRikndrk feJ dh rqyuk esa
,d frgkbZ ls Hkh de gS] tcfd phu rFkk tkiku dh rqyuk esa yxHkx
vk/kh gSA blh izdkj xsg¡w] eDdk] xUUkk rFkk ew¡xQyh dh mRikndrk Hkh
Hkkjr esa cgqr gh de gSA
3-6 os lk/ku ftu ij mRikndrk fuHkZj djrh gSS d`f’k dh mRikndrk
ftu egRoiw.kZ lk/kuksa ij fuHkZj djrh gS osa fuEu gS& ¼1½ tehu
dh moZjrk %& tehu ds dqN VqdM+ksa dh moZjrk nwljs dh rqyuk esa
T;knk gksrh gS] vr% T;knk moZjk tehu esa T;knk mRiknu djuk vklku
gksrk gSA ¼2½ [ksrh djus dh fof/k %& d`f’k dh mRikndrk [ksrh
djus dh fof/k ij Hkh fuHkZj djrh gSA [ksrh dh iqjkuh fof/k rFkk
iqjkuh rduhdh T;knk mRiknu izkIr djus ds jkLrs esa ck¡/kk gSA tcfd
[ksrh dh u;h fof/k vkSj rduhdh T;knk mRiknu rFkk mRikndrk izkIr
djus esa lgk;d gksrh gSA ¼3½ Qlyksa dh izd`fr %& dqN Qly fdlh
{ks= ds fy, mi;qDr gkssrh gS rks dqN Qly vU; {ks= ds fy,A ;fn
Qlyksa dks {ksrz dh mi;qDrdrk ds vk/kkj ij cks;k tk; rks blls
mRiknu ,oa mRikndrk dks c
-
�� �� अथ�शा� ,e-,-bZ-lh- 108
mRrjk[k.M eqDr fo”ofo|ky; 38�
¼aaA½ lkekU; dkj.k % ¼1½ mRiknd fuos”k esa deh % dqf’k {ks= esa
yksx de fuos”k djrs gS] D;ksafd d`f’k {ks= esa izfrQy dh nj vU;
{ks=ksa dh vis{kk cgqr de gksrh gSA vRk% fuos”k dks c
-
�� �� अथ�शा� ,e-,-bZ-lh- 108
mRrjk[k.M eqDr fo”ofo|ky; 39�
igy gksuh pkfg, A ;fn d`f’k fuos”k dh ek=k c
-
�� �� अथ�शा� ,e-,-bZ-lh- 108
mRrjk[k.M eqDr fo”ofo|ky; 40�
3- Hkwfe lq/kkjksa dk dk;kZUo;u %& Lora=Rkk ds ckn e/;LFkksa
ds mUewyu ds fy,] dk”rdkjksa dh n”kkvksa esas lq/kkj ds fy,] Hkwfe
ij vf/kdre lhek fu/kkZfjr djus ds fy, rFkk d`f’k ds iquxZBu ds fy,
dne mBk;sa x;s ysfdu lQyrk cgqr gh de fey ik;h gSA Hkwfe lq/kkj
dkuwuksa ds dkjxj dk;kZUo;u ds fy, ljdkj dks izHkkoh dne mBkus
pkfg, rkfd Hkwfe ml dk”rdkj dks fey lds tks ml ij okLro esa [ksrh
djrk gSA tc rd ,slk ugh gksxk rc rd Hkwfe esa fuos”k djus dh
izsj.kk ugh gksxh vkSj mRikndrk de jgsxhA
4- Hkwfe ij tula[;k ds ncko dks de djuk %&Hkwfe ij tula[;k
ds ncko dks de djus dh vko”;drk gSA vU; {ks=ksa esa jkstxkj c
-
�� �� अथ�शा� ,e-,-bZ-lh- 108
mRrjk[k.M eqDr fo”ofo|ky; 41�
3-9 egRo Hkkjrh; vFkZC;oLFkk esa d`f’k dk cgqr gh egRoiw.kZ
LFkku gSA d`f’k {ks= esa mRiknu ,oa mRikndrk c
-
�� �� अथ�शा� ,e-,-bZ-lh- 108
mRrjk[k.M eqDr fo”ofo|ky; 42�
vkfFkZd vkf/kD; % dwy mRiknu rFkk miHkksx dk vUrj A vkxr %
mRiknu fØ;k esa tks lk/ku iz;ksx gksrs gSA cM+s iSekus dh [ksrh %
tc [ksr ds cM+s vkdkj ij [ksrh dh tkrh gS] rks bls cM+s iSekus dh
[ksrh dgrs gSA NksVs iSekus dh [ksrh % tc [ksr ds NksVs vkdkj ij
[ksrh dh tkrh gS rks bls NksVs iSekus dh [ksrh dgrs gSA laLFkkxr
_.k % tc dksbZ _.k laLFkkxr lzksrks ls izkIr izkIr fd;k tkrk gS rks
bls laLFkkxr _.k dgrs gS] TkSls cSad bR;kfn ls izkIr _.k A Je xgu
[ksrh % tc d`f’k mRiknu fØ;k esa Je dk T;knk iz;ksx djrs gS rks bls
Je xgu [ksrh dgk¡ gSA Ik¡wth xgu [ksrh % tc d`f’k mRiknu fØ;k esa
i¡wth dk T;knk iz;ksx djrs gS] rks bls i¡wth xgu [ksrh dgrs gSA
3-12 vH;kl iz”uksa ds mRRkj
(A)
¼1½ Hkkjr esa dwy tula[;k dk fdruk fgLlk d`f’k ij fuHkZj gSA ¼2½
Hkkjr esa d`f’k dk yxHkx fdruk izfr”kr fgLlk o’kkZ ij fuHkZj gSA
¼3½ LorU=rk ds ckn d`f’k v/khu {ks=Qy esa fdl izdkj ifjorZu gqvk A
¼4½ LorU=rk ds ckn fdl Qly ds v/khu {ks=Qy esa lclsa vf/kd o`f)
gqbZ gSA ¼5½ dqy mRiknu esa [kk|kUUkksa dk fgLlk fdruk gS A ¼6½
gfjr ØkfUr ds ckn dh vof/k esa fdl [kk|kUUk ds mRikndrk esa lcls
vf/kd Ok`f) gqbZ gSA ¼7½ [kk|kUUkksa esa lcls egRoiw.kZ LFkku fdldk
gSA ¼8½ gfjr ØkfUr dh izfØ;k dc lq# gqbZ A ¼9½ v[kk|kUUkksa esa
lcls egRoiw.kZ LFkku fdldk gSA ¼10½ gfjr ØkfUr ds ckn dh vof/k esa
[kk|kUUkksa esa ifjorZu cuh D;k izo`fRRk jgh gSA ¼11½ Lora=Rkk ds
ckn dqy [kk|kUUkksa ds mRiknu esa yxHkx fdrus xquk o`f) gqbZ gSA
¼12½ fdl ;kstuk ds ckn dh vof/k dks gfjr ØkfUr dk dky dgk tkrk gSA
mRRkj %& ¼1½ 65 izfr”kr ¼2½ 60 izfr”kr ¼3½ o`f) gqbZ gSA ¼4½
vkyw esa ¼5½ nks frgkbZ ls FkksM+k de ¼6½ xsg¡w esa ¼7½ pkoy RkFkk
xsg¡w dk ¼8½ 1965&66 esa ¼9½ [kk| rsyksa dk ¼10½ o`f) gqbZ gSA
¼11½ 5 xquk ¼12½ rhljh ;kstuk
(B)
¼1½ Hkkjr TkSls fodkl“khy ns”kksa esa d`f’k gh thfodk dk eq[;
lk/ku gSA ¼lR; @vlR;½ ¼2½ gfjr ØkfUr ds ckn dh vof/k esa d`f’k
mRiknu ,oa mRikndrk esa o`f) gqbZ gSA ¼lR; @vlR;½ ¼3½ mRikndrk dk
vFkZ izfr bdkbZ Hkwfe esa dqy mRiknu ls gSA ¼lR; @vlR;½ ¼4½ Lora=rk
ds i”pkr d`f’k {ks= ds vkdkj esa fujarj fxjkoV vk;h gSA ¼lR;
@vlR;½
-
�� �� अथ�शा� ,e-,-bZ-lh- 108
mRrjk[k.M eqDr fo”ofo|ky; 43�
¼5½ vkyw dhs [ksrh ds v/khu {ks=Qy esa 1949&50 esa nks yk[k
gsDVs;j ls c
-
�� �� अथ�शा� ,e-,-bZ-lh- 108
mRrjk[k.M eqDr fo”ofo|ky; 44�
���� 4- �� म� ��� ����
+,-. /0123-
4.1 ��तावना
4.2 उ�ेय
4.3 भूिम �यव�था
4.4 89:; /?@
4.4.1. भूिम सधुार के उ�ेय
4.4.2. भूिम सधुार क� आवयकता
4.5 भूिम सधुार� का �व�प
4.5.1 जंमीदारी तथा म"य�थ� का उ#मलून
4.5.2 जोतो क� उ&चतम सीमा का िनधा(रण
4.5.2.1. उ&चतम जोत सीमा िनधा(रण के लाभ
4.5.3.2. उ&चतम जोत सीमा िनधा(रण से हािन
4.5.3. कातकारी �यव�था म+ सधुार
4.5.3.1. BC-3 ,- :3@;3
4.5.3.2. 89 -धारण क� सरु,ा
4.5.3.3 कातकार� का पुन-(हण
4.5.3.4 भूिमहीन कामगारो को भूिम �दा3 ,13-
4.5.4. कृिष का पुन(गठन
4.5.4.1. चकब#दी
4.5.4.2 भूिम के �ंबधन म+ सधुार
4.5.4.2 /E,-1F ,G :H
4.6 भूिम सधुार काय(3म� का आलोचना4मक मू5यांकन
4.6.1 भूिम सधुार काय(3म� का �भाव
4.6.2 भूिम सधुार काय(3म� क� किमयाँ
4.6.3 भूिम सधुार काय(3म� क� सफलता के िलए सझुाव
4.7 /-01-?
4.8 श;दावली
4.9 अ=यास �>� के उ?र
4.10 स#दभ( -#थ सचूी
4.11 /E-@, /उपयोगी पाठ्य साम-ी
4.12 िनबंधा4मक �>
-
�� �� अथ�शा� ,e-,-bZ-lh- 108
mRrjk[k.M eqDr fo”ofo|ky; 45�
4.1 ��तावना
fiNyh bdkbZ esa —f"k {ks= vkdkj] o`f) ,oa mRikndrk dh ço`fÙk;k¡
dk foLrkj ls v/;;u fd;kA bl bdkbZ esa ge Hkkjr esa Hkwfe lqèkkj dk
v/;;u djsaxsA bl bdkbZ esa vki izkphu dky esa dSlh Hkwfe O;oLFkk
Fkh ls tkudkjh izkIr djrs gq, LorU=rk&izkfIr ds le; Hkkjr esa
Hkwfe O;oLFkk dh tkudkjh izkIr djsxsaA Hkwfe lqèkkjksa dk Lo:i ds
vUrxZr taehnkjh rFkk eè;LFkksa dk mUewyu ]tksrks dh mPpre lhek dk
fuèkkZj.k vkSj dk'rdkjh O;oLFkk esa lqèkkj çfØ;k dk vè;;u djsxsaA
izLrqr bdkbZ ds v/;;u ls vki Hkwfe O;oLFkk ds çeq[k izdkj ] Hkwfe
lqèkkj ls D;k vk'k; ,oa blds vUrZxr D;k & D;k dne mBk;sa x;ss
vkSj Hkwfe lqèkkjksa dk Lo:i dh iw.kZ tkudkjh izkIr dj ldsxsaA
4.2 उे�य
bl bdkbZ ds v/;;u ds ckn vki fuEu mÌs”;ksa dh izkfIr esa lQy
gksaxs fd&
• Hkwfe O;oLFkk ds çeq[k izdkj dks tku ik;sxsaA
• Hkwfe lqèkkj ls D;k vk'k; ,oa blds vUrZxr D;k D;k & D;k
dne mBk;sa x;s bldks tku ldsxsaA
• Hkwfe lqèkkj izfdz;k viukus ds m}s'; ls voxr gks ldsxsaA
• Hkwfe lqèkkjksa dk Lo:i dh iw.kZ tkudkjh izkIr dj ldsxsaA
• dk'rdkjh O;oLFkk D;k D;k& D;k lqèkkj fd, x;sa A
• —f"k dk iquZxBu ls voxr gks ik;sxsaA
4-3 Hkwfe O;oLFkk izkphu Hkkjr esa xk¡o gh ns'k dh vkfFkZd ,oa
lkekftd xqByh Fkk vkSj bl xk¡o dh okLrfod O;oLFkk xzke leqnk; }kjk
dh tkrh Fkh tks iapk;rks ds }kjk fdlkuksa ds vf/kdkjkssa dks
iz'kkflr djrk Fkk vkSj ?kkl ds eSnkuksa] pjkxkgksa] rkykcksa rFkk
flapkbZ lk/kuksa ij viuk vizR;{k LokfeRo cuk;s j[krk FkkA bu
lkewfgd vf/kdkjksa dk fdlh }kjk ys'k&ek= vfrØe.k Hkh xzke lHkk
}kjk cqjk ekuk tkrk Fkk vkSj mls nafMr fd;k tkrk FkkA bl dky esa
Hkwfe ij vf/kdkj xzke leqnk; dk Fkk u fd jktk dk vkSj xzke leqnk;
gh Hkw&jktLo dk fu/kkZj.k rFkk ladyu djrk FkkA euq ds vuqlkj
fgUnw dky esa Hkw&jktLo esa jktk dk ijEijk vFkok :f
-
�� �� अथ�शा� ,e-,-bZ-lh- 108
mRrjk[k.M eqDr fo”ofo|ky; 46�
fd;k x;kA ;g O;oLFkk lu~ 1765 rd] tc 'kkg vkye us bZLV bafM;k
dEiuh dks nhokuh iznku ugha dj nh izpfyr FkhA bZLV bafM;k dEiuh us
Hkwfe&jktLo iz.kkyh dks n`
-
�� �� अथ�शा� ,e-,-bZ-lh- 108
mRrjk[k.M eqDr fo”ofo|ky; 47�
¼2½ vkfFkZd vlekurk dks lekIr djuk Fkk] ftlls lkekftd lekurk dks
izkIr dj yksd dY;k.kdkjh jkT; dh LFkkiuk gks ldsA ¼3½ d`f"k mRiknu
esa o`f) dj vkRe fuHkZjrk izkIr djukA ¼4½ xjhch mUewyu ,ao yksxks
esa lkekU; ekU;rk,¡ iznku djukA 4-4-2- Hkwfe lq/kkj dh vko';drk
Hkkjr esa Hkwfe lq/kkjksa dh vko';drk fuEu dkj.kksa ls eglwl dh xbZ
FkhA ¼1½ Lora=rk ds le; ns'k esa d`f"k inkFkksZ dh Hkkjh deh FkhA
vr% d`f"k mRiknu c
-
�� �� अथ�शा� ,e-,-bZ-lh- 108
mRrjk[k.M eqDr fo”ofo|ky; 48�
IV. Hkwfeghu dkedkjksa dks Hkwfe iznku djuk ¼4½ d`f"k dk
iquxZBu
I. pdcanh
II. Hkwfe ds izca/ku esa lq/kkj
III. lgdkjh d`f"k 4-5-1 taehnkjh rFkk e/;LFkksa dk mUewyu Hkwfe
lq/kkj O;oLFkk dk loZizeq[k dk;Z taehnkjh ;k e/;LFkksa dk mUewyu
FkkA mRrj izns'k taehnkjh mUewyu dkuwu dk ikyu djus esa vxz.kh jkT;
Fkk tgk¡ ,d fo/ks;d 7 twykbZ 1949dks izLrqr fd;k x;k tks 16 tuojh
1951 dks ikl gks x;kA Øe'k cEcbZ o gSnjkckn esa 1949&50] e0iz0
o vle esa 1951]iatkc] jktLFkku o mMhlk esa 1952 rFkk fgekpy dukZVd
o if'peh caxky esa 1954&55 esa vf/kfu;e ikfjr fd, x,A ns'k ds
yxHkx lHkh jkT;ksa esa taehnkj ]tkxhjnkj ,¡o uke.knkj tSls
e/;LFkksa ds Hkwfe vf/kdkjksa dks lekIr fd;k x;kA bu e/;LFkksa ds
ikl ns'k dh yxHkx 40 izfr'kr ls vf/kd d`f"k Hkwfe ij vf/kdkj FkkA
budh lekfIr ls ns'k ds yxHkx nks djksM+ ls vf/kd fdlkuksa dks ykHk
igq¡pk gS vkSj mUgsa Hkwfe esa LFkkbZ rFkk iSrd̀ vf/kdkj iznku fd;k
x;kA
4-5-2 tksrks dh mPpre lhek dk fu/kkZj.k
Hkwfe lq/kkj dk;ZØeksa dk izeq[k /;s; esa tksrks dh mPpre lhek
dk fu/kkZj.k FkkA bl dk;Z dks djus dh vko';d dk dkj.k izFke :i esa
Hkfo"; esa tksrksa ds vkdkj esa o`f) dks jksduk Fkk ,ao nwljk cM+h
tksrksa ds vfrfjDr Hkw&Hkkx dks ysdj mudks Hkwfeghuksa esa
forfjr dj lekftd U;k; djuk FkkA rkfydk 4-1 vf/kdre tksr dk vkdkj
gsDVs;j esa
jkT; )Qlyh flafpr Hkwfe
,d Qlyh flafpr Hkwfe
“kq’d Hkwfe {ks=
vkU/kz izns”k 4-05 ls 7-28 6-07 ls 10-93 14-16 ls 21-85
vklke 6-74 6-74 6-74
fcgkj 6-07 ls 7-28 10-12 12-14 ls 18-21
Xkqtjkr 4-05 ls 7-29 10-12 8-09 ls 21-85
gfj;k.kk 7-25 10-90 21-80
fgekpy izns”k 4-05 6-07 12-14 ls 28-33
tEew&d”ehj 3-60 ls 5-06 & 5-95 ls 9-20
dukZVd 4-05 ls 8-10 10-12 ls 12-14 21-85
dsjy 4-86 ls 6-07 4-86 ls 6-07 4-86 ls 6-07
-
�� �� अथ�शा� ,e-,-bZ-lh- 108
mRrjk[k.M eqDr fo”ofo|ky; 49�
Ek0iz0 7-28 10-93 21-85
Ekgkjk’Vª 7-28 10-93 21-85
Ekf.kiqj 5-00 5-00 6-00
mMhlk 4-05 6-07 12-14 ls 18-21
Ikatkc 7-00 11-00 20-50
jktLFkku 7-28 10-93 21-85 ls 70-82
rfeyukMq 4-86 12-14 24-28
flfDde 5-06 & 20-23
f=iqjk 4-00 4-00 12-00
m0iz0 7-30 10-95 18-25
Ika0caxky 5-00 5-00 7-00
dsUnz ds
funsZ”kkuqlkj¼1972esa½
4-05 ls 7-28 10-93 21-85
Lkzks= %&Agricultural Statistics at a Glance ,
2001,Directorate of Economics &
Statistics Dept. of Agril Cooperation Page 230
mPpre tksr lhek dk fu/kkZj.k dk vk/kkj fHkUu&fHkUu jkT;ksa
esa vyx&vyx ekuk x;kA mPpre tksrks dh d`f"k Hkwfe dks flafpr o
vflafpr esa ck¡Vk] iqu flafpr {kss= esa ,d Qlyh ,oa f}Qlyh esa
ck¡Vdj fofHkUu jkT;ksa esa tksrks dh vyx&vyx mPpre lhek,¡
fu'fpr dh xbZ tSlk rkfydk 4-1 esa fn;k x;k gSA ukxkyS.M+] es|ky;]
fetksje vkSj v:.kkpy izns'k esa Hkwfe ds lkeqnkf;d LokfeRo ds dkj.k
tksrks dh lhek fu/kkZfjr ugha dh xbZ 4-5-2-1- mPpre tksr lhek
fu/kkZj.k ds ykHk mPpre tksr lhek fu/kkZj.k ds fuEuor ykHk bafxr
gS&
1- mPpre tksr dh lhek fu/kkZj.k ls Hkwfe ds vleku forj.k dks
,df=r dj oafpr yksxksa esa ckaVk x;kA
2- Hkwfe vf/kdkj dh izkfIr ls jktuhfrd tkx`fr ,oa lektoknh
vFkZO;oLFkk ds fuekZ.k esa lcyrk izkIr gqbZA
3- e/; ,oa NksVh tksrks dh LFkkiuk ls yksxksa esa lekurk dk
okrkoj.k curk gS tks lgdkjh d`f"k dk vk/kkj curk gSA
4- e/; ,oa NksVs tksrs Je iz/kku gksrs gS tks e'khuhdj.k ij
vadq'k yxkdj jkstxkj esa o`f} dh |ksrd gSA
5- mPpre tksr dh lhek O;fDr ds ikl Hkwfe dh miyC/krk dks de djrk
gSA ftl dkj.k xgu d`f"k dks izksRlkgu feyrk gSA
6- mPpre tksr dh lhek dsUnzh;dj.k dh izo`fr dks grksRlkfgr djrh
gSA
-
�� �� अथ�शा� ,e-,-bZ-lh- 108
mRrjk[k.M eqDr fo”ofo|ky; 50�
7- mPpre tksr lhek dk lcls cM+k ykHk d`f"k Hkwfe ds viO;; dks
jksduk gS cM+h tksr esa dqN u dqN Hkwfe d`f"k dk;Z ls fojr jg tkrh
gS] tcfd NksVh tksr dh lEiw.kZ Hkwfe dk mi;ksx gks tkrk gSA
4-5-2-2 mPpre tksr lhek fu/kkZj.k ls gkfu mPpre tksr lhek
fu/kkZj.k ds foi{k esa tks rdZ fn, tkrs gS] os gh blds voxq.k ;k
gkfu gS] tks fuEuor gS%&
1- d`f"k dk o`gn :i esa mi;ksx u gks ikuk] ftl dkj.k e'khuhdj.k
vkSj mPp rduhdh Kku dk ykHk ugha fey ikrk gSA
2- 'kgjh {ks= esa Hkwfe dh mPpre lhek ugha gksuk vkSj d`f"k esa
Hkwfe dh mPpre lhek fo"kerk dks iSnk djrk gSA
3- Hkwfe dh moZjrk ,oa flapkbZ dh fHkUurk ds lkFk mldh dksfV Hkh
dbZ izdkj dh gS] bl dkj.k lHkh {ks=ksa esa d`f"k Hkwfe dh ,d lh
mPpre lhek fu/kkZj.k O;kogfjd :i esa lgh ugha gSA
4- ,slh vk'kk Fkh fd Hkwfeghu yksxks ds ,df=r Hkwfe dk forj.k dj
lkekftd U;k; dh LFkkiuk dh tk,xh] tcfd ,df=r Hkwfe dh ek= de ,oa
visf{kr yksxks dh vf/kd la[;k ds dkj.k mudh leL;k dk mfpr lek/kku
ugha fd;k tk ldk gSA tSlk rfydk 4-2 esa fn;k gSA
5- d`f"k ds vk/kqfudhdj.k NksVh tksr esa ugha fd;k tk ldrk
gSA
rfydk 4-2 jkT; orZeku rFkk Hkkoh
tksr dh lhek;sa ¼ ,dM½
Lkhek es vf/kd Hkqfe ftl ij ljdkj }kjk fu;a=.k fd;k x;k ¼gtkj
gsDVs;j ½
forfjr dh xbZ Hkwfe ¼gtkj gsDVs;j ½
vklke 24 27 0-4 fcgkj 20 ls 60 & & Xkqtjkr 19 ls 132 20
10 gfj;k.kk 27 ls 100 73 22 tEew&d”ehj 22-75 180 180 dsjy 12 ls
15 2 2 Ek0iz0 25 ls 75 34 7 rfeyukMq 12 ls 60 11 9 Ekgkjk’Vª 18 ls
126 152 47 mMhlk 20 ls 80 & & Ikatkc 27 ls 100 71 25
jktLFkku 27 ls 336 24 5 Ika0caxky 12-4 ls 17-3 354 140
-
�� �� अथ�शा� ,e-,-bZ-lh- 108
mRrjk[k.M eqDr fo”ofo|ky; 51�
4-5-3 dk'rdkjh O;oLFkk esa lq/kkj %& dk'rdkjh O;oLFkk esa
Hkwfe dk Lokeh Loa; d`f"k u dj vU; fdlkuksa dks iV`s ij nsrk FkkA
izfrQy esa fdjk;k ;k yxku ysrk FkkA iV`snkj fdlku Hkh dgha&dgha
vkxs bls vU; fdlkuksa dks iVs̀ ij ns nsrs FksA dk'rdkjks dk fuEu
Lo:i ml le; esa fn[kkbZ iM+rk FkkA LFkk;h dk'rdkj& LFkk;h
dk'rdkj og Fks ftUgsa Hkwfe ls csn[ky ughsa fd;k tk ldrk FkkA ijUrq
taehnkj ykxu esa o`f} dj ldrk FkkA ,sfPNd dk'rdkj& ;s dk'rdkj
Fks ftUgsa taehnkj dHkh Hkh Hkwfe ls csn[ky dj ldrk FkkA
midk'rdkj& dk'rdkj fdlku ftu fdlkuksa dks iV`s ij Hkwfe nsrs
Fks mUgs midk'rdkj dgrs FksA budh fLFkr vR;Ur n;uh; Fkh bUgs rks
dHkh&dHkh yxku mit dk nks frgkbZ rd nsuk gksrk FkkA dk'rdkjh
O;oLFkk esa lq/kkj dk eq[; mÌs';ksa dk'rdkjksa dks Hkwfe ij dkuwuh
:i esa LFkk;h vf/kdkj iznku djuk Fkk] lkFk gh chekj] viax] fo/kok
vleZFk vkSj lSfud vkfn tks Loa; [ksrh ugha dj ldrs gS iVs̀ ij iznku
djus dh NwV nsuk FkkA 'kks"k.kkRed dk;ksZ ij jksd gsrq taehnkjh
vf/kfu;e esaa dk'rdkjh O;oLFkk esa fuEu lq/kkj fd, x,& 4-5-3-1-
yxku dk fu;eu& yxku fu;eu dkuwu ykxw gksus ls iwoZ iV`snkj dqy
mit dk vk/ks ls vf/kd Hkkx Hkwfe Lokeh dks yxku ds :i esa nsrs FksA
izFke ;kstuk esa gh bl lUnHkZ esa fu;eu cuk;k x;k tks lkekU; rFkk
20 ls 25 izfr'kr ls vf/kd u gks tSlkfd rfydk esa fofHkUu jkT;ksa ds
lUnHkZ esa flafpr vkSj vflafpr ,oa 'kq"d Hkwfe ds fy;k bafxr gSA
4-5-3-2- Hkw&/kkj.k dh lqj{kk& dk'rdkjh O;oLFkk esa
egRoiw.kZ dk;Z iV`snkjksa dks iV`s dh lqj{kk iznku djus ds lUnHkZ
esa mBk;k x;kA cMs+ iSekus ij iV`snkjksa dh csn[kyh ij jksd yxkbZ
x;hA Hkwfe dh ,d U;wure lhek iV`snkjksa ds ikl vo'; jgus nh xbZA
dqN jkT;ksa esa iVs̀nkjksa dks vU;= Hkwfe fnykus dk mRrjnkf;Ro fn;k
x;kA 4-5-3-3 dk'rdkjksa dks Hkwfe dk LokfeRo rhu izdkj ls fn;k
x;k
1- tks dk'rdkj nwljksa dh Hkwfe tksr jgs Fks os Loa; dks Hkwfe
dk Lokeh ?kksf"kr dj fn, x,A buesa tehu ds ekfyd dks eqvkous nsus
dks dgk x;kA u nsus ij ljdkj us olwyh dk nkf;Ro fy;kA ;g
O;oLFkk& xqtjkr] egkjk"Vª] e/; izns'k vkSj jktLFkku esa dh
xbZA
2- ljdkj us Loa; Hkwfe dk eqvkotk ekfydksa dks iznku fd;k rFkk
dk'rdkjksa ls ckn esa fdLrksa esa fy;k x;kA ;g O;oLFkk fnYyh esa dh
xbZA
3- ljdkj us dk'rdkjksa ls lh/kk lEidZ cuk;k x;k vkSj mUgsa nks
fodYi fn, x;s izFke og Hkwfe dk iwjk ewY; nsdj LokfeRo ds vf/kdkj
dks izkIr djs f}rh; ljdkj dks yxku nsrs jgsaA bl izdkj dh O;oLFkk
dsjy ,oa m0iz0 esa dh xbZA
-
�� �� अथ�शा� ,e-,-bZ-lh- 108
mRrjk[k.M eqDr fo”ofo|ky; 52�
4-5-3-4 dk'rdkjksa dk iquxzZg.k& lHkh jkT;ksa esa dk'rdkjksa
dks Hkw&/kkj.k vf/kdkj iznku djus ds fy, dkuwu cuk, x,A blds
vUrxZr tks dk'rdkj 8&ls 10 o"kZ ls [ksrh dj jgs Fks mUgsa tehu
ij LokfeRo dk vf/kdkj fn;k x;kA yxHkx 1djksM+ 14 yk[k dk'rdkjksa
dks 1-5 djksM+ ,dM+ Hkwfe ij LokfeRo iznku fd;k x;kA 4-5-3-5
Hkwfeghu dkexkjks dks Hkwfe iznku djuk& mPpre lhek ds dkj.k
izkIr Hkwfe ,oa xzke&nku vkanksyu ds }kjk cM+s
Hkw&Lokfe;ksa ls izkIr Hkwfe dks Hkwfeghu Jfedksa esa forfjr
fd;k x;k rkfd Hkwfe lacU/kh vlekurk dks nwj fd;k tk ldsA 4-5-4-
d`f"k dk iquZxBu Hkwfe lq/kkj dk;ZØeksa ds vUrZxr d`f"k dk iquZxBu
fd;k x;k] blds fy, fuEufyf[kr mik; fd, x;sA 4-5-4-1 pdcUnh&
pdcUnh og izfØ;k gS ftlesa fdlku ds b/kj&m/kj fc[kjs gq, NksVh
Hkwfe ds cnys mlh fdLe Hkwfe ds fy, ,d LFkku ij iznku dj tkjh djuk
gSA pdcUnh nks izdkj dh gS& ¼1½ ,sfPNd pdcUnh& ;g yksxks dh
bPNk ij gS] cM+kSnk fj;klr }kjk 1921esa vkjEHk dh xbZA ¼2½ vfuok;Z
pdcUnh& ;g pdcUnh dkuwuh :i esa vfuok;Z :i ls ykxw dh tkrh gS]
bldh 'kq:vkr 1928 esa vkaf'kd pdcUnh ds :i esa e0 iz0 esa gqbZ FkhA
ukS jkT; vkU/kz izns'k] v:.kkpy] fetksje] ef.kiqj] es|ky;] f=iqjk]
ukxkyS.M+] rfeyukMq] o dsjy esa pdcUnh dkuwu ugh gS] ckfd lHkh
jkT;ksa esa pdcUnh dkuwuksa ds vUrZxr pdcUnh dh tk jgh gSA iatkc o
gfj;k.kk esa pdcUnh dk;Z iw.kZ gS] m0 iz0 esa Hkh 90 izfr'kr dk;Z
iwjk fd;k tk pqdk gSA 4-5-4-2 Hkwfe ds izac/ku esa lq/kkj&
Hkwfe lq/kkj dk;ZØe dh lQyrk Hkwfe fjdkMZ o nLrkostksa ds v|ru
cukus ls gh gSA bl lUnHkZ esa O;oLFkk gks jgh gSA leLr Hkwfe lq/kkj
dkuwuksa dks ukSaoh vuqlwph esa 'kkfey fd;k tk pqdk gSA dsUnzh;
vk;kstuk ds vUrZxr Hkwfe fjdkMksZ dk 12 oha ;kstuk ds vUr rd lHkh
ftyksa esa iw.kZr;k dEI;wVjhdj.k ds fy, dk;Z fd;k tk jgk gSA catj
Hkwfe dk mi;ksx] mUur iSnkokj okys chtksa dk iz;ksx] dhVuk'kd
nokb;ksa dk iz;ksx vkfn ds }kjk Hkwfe dk dq'ky izcU/k fd;k tk jgk
gSA 4-5-4-3 lgdkjh d`f"k& lgdkjh d`f"k dk vk'k; fdlkuksa ds
}kjk lgdkfjrk ds fl)kUrksa ds vk/kkj ij la;qDr :i ls d`f"k djuk]
tks gekjs xzke LojkT; dk voyEcu FkkA ns'k esa Hkwfe lq/kkjksa dk
vfUre y{; lgdkjh xzkeh.k vFkZO;oLFkk dh LFkkiuk djuk gSA blesa
NksVs&NksVs fdlku vkil esa feydj cM+h tksr ds lHkh ykHkksa dks
izkIr djrs gq, uohu rduhdh Kku ds vk/kkj ij xgu d`f"k djrs gSA ykHk
dk forj.k Hkwfe dh fgLlsnkjh ,oa ifjJe dks feykdj fd;k tkrk gSA
iapo"khZ; ;kstuk esa Hkwfe ds NksVs&NksVs VqdMks dks ns[krs gq,
lgdkjh [ksrh ij dkQh tksj fn;k tk jgk gSA lgdkjh [ksrh ds pkj :i
gks ldrs gS&
-
�� �� अथ�शा� ,e-,-bZ-lh- 108
mRrjk[k.M eqDr fo”ofo|ky; 53�
¼d½ dk'rdkj lgdkjh [ksrh ¼[k½ lkewfgd lgdkjh [ksrh ¼x½ mUur
lgdkjh [ksrh ¼?k½ la;qDr lgdkjh [ksrh
4-6 Hkwfe lq/kkj dk;ZØeksa dk vkykspukRed ewY;kadu vktknh feyus
ds ckn ls Hkwfe lq/kkj dk;ZØe ftuds vUrZxr taehnkjh mUewyu] tksrksa
dh mPpre lhek dk fu/kkZj.k] dk'rdkjh mUewyu] yxku dk fu;eu] lgdkjh
d`f"k] pdcUnh ,ao iVs̀ dh lqj{kk tSls dk;Z fd, x;s] ftuds vk/kkj ij
Hkwfe lq/kkj dk;ZØeksa dh iz'kalk Hkh dh tkrh gSA tSlkfd la;qDr
jk"Vª la| dh Hkwfe lEcU/kh fjiksVZ esa mYys[k gS fd]^^ Hkkjr esa
Hkwfe lq/kkj ds gky ds vf/kfu;e la[;kRed n`f"V ls lcls vf/kd
egRoiw.kZ gSA brus vf/kfu;e dgha Hkh ugha cuk, x, gSaA vf/kfu;e
yk[kksa] djksM+ksa d`"kdks ij izHkko Mkyrs gSa vkSj Hkwfe ds fo'kky
{ks=ksa dks vius nk;js esa lfEefyr djrs gSaA ysfdu ,slk gksus ij
Hkh Hkwfe lq/kkj dk;ZØeksa dh izxfr /kheh jgh gSA**izks0 nkUrokyk
dk er gS fd]** vc rd Hkkjr esa tks Hkwfe lq/kkj gq, gS ;k fudV
Hkfo"; esa gksus okys gSa os lHkh lgh fn'kk esa gS] ysfdu fØ;kUo;u
ds vHkko esa blds ifj.kke lUrks"ktud ugha jgs gSaA **Hkwfe lq/kkj
dk;ZØeksa dh dqN lQyrk jgh rks blh /kheh xfr ds :i esa dqN dfe;ka
Hkh bafxar gksrh gSA 4-6-1 Hkwfe lq/kkj dk;ZØeksa dk izHkko&
Hkwfe lq/kkj dk;ZØeksa dk ldkjkRed i{k ftls ge bu dk;ZØeksa dk
izHkko Hkh dg ldrs gS fuEuor jgsA vc [ksrh djus okys fdlku vkSj
ljdkj esa lh/kk lEcU/k LFkkfir gks x;kA Hkwfe dh ekyxqtkjh lh/ks
ljdkj ds ikl tek djrk gSA fdlkuksa dks Hkwfe ij LFkkbZ vf/kdkj
izkIr gks x;s ifj.kke ;g gqvk fd mit o`f}gsrq fdlkuksaa }kjk Hkwfe
ij LFkk;h lq/kkj dk;ZØe Hkh 'kq: fd, tkus yxsA taehnkjh izFkk ds
vUr gksus ls csxkjk o ukSdjh tSlh 'kks"k.k xfrfof/k;ksa ls fdlkuksa
dks eqfDr fey xbZA fdlkuksa dks Hkwfe dk LokfeRo feyk ftl dkj.k og
mlesa LFkkbZ lq/kkj ykxw dj vf/kd ifjJe djus yxsa QyLo:i d`f"k mit
esa o`f} gqbZA dk'rdkj ,oa taehnkj ,d gh Lrj ij vk x;s bls lekt esa
lerk dh Hkkouk dk fodkl gqvkA yksx vkil esa feydj lgdkfjrk ds
fl)kUrksa ds vuq:ilgdkjh d`f"k dks c
-
�� �� अथ�शा� ,e-,-bZ-lh- 108
mRrjk[k.M eqDr fo”ofo|ky; 54�
4-6-2 Hkwfe lq/kkj dk;ZØeksa dh dfe;k¡& Hkwfe lq/kkj dk;ZØe
cM+h gh rRijrk ls ykxw gq, ijUrq voyksddu djus ij buesa fuEua
dfe;k¡ bafxr gksrh gS& Hkwfe lq/kkj dk;ZØeksasa dk izHkkoh
fØ;kUo;u ugha gks ldkA izks0 xqUukj feMZy us viuh iqLrd ,f'k;u
MªkekW esa fy[kk gS fd **Hkwfe lq/kkj dkuwu ftl
-
�� �� अथ�शा� ,e-,-bZ-lh- 108
mRrjk[k.M eqDr fo”ofo|ky; 55�
¼v½ igyh ¼c½ ik¡poh ¼l½ ukSaoh ¼n½ naloh 3- fdl dk;Z dks Hkwfe
lq/kkj esa fxuk tk;sxk& ¼v½ moZjdksa dk iz;ksx ¼c½ ladj chtksa
dk iz;ksx ¼l½ pdcUnh ¼n½ flapkbZ esa o`f) 4- Hkwfe lq/kkj dk;ZØeksa
esa fuEu esa D;k 'kkfey gS& ¼v½ yxku dk fu;eu ¼c½ dk”r dh
lqj{kk iznku djuk ¼l½ nksukas ¼n½ nksuks ugha 5- pdcUnh dk;Z ls D;k
vk'k; gS \ ¼v½ Hkwfe lq/kkj ¼c½ lkekftd lq/kkj ¼l½ xzke lq/kkj ¼n½
uxj lq/kkjA
4.7 �����
bl bdkbZ ds v/;;u ls vki le> x;s gksaxs fd izkphu dky esa
Hkwfe ij vf/kdkj xzke leqnk; dk FkkA og ifjofrZr gksrk jgk vkSj
bZLV bafM;k dEiuh us Hkwfe&jktLo iz.kkyh dks n
-
�� �� अथ�शा� ,e-,-bZ-lh- 108
mRrjk[k.M eqDr fo”ofo|ky; 56�
tkuk pkfg,A Hkwfe lq/kkj dk;ZØeksa dk izpkj&izlkj ds lkFk
bldh izfØ;k dks Hkh ljy cuk;k tkuk pkfg,A
4.8 श�दावली
dk”rdkj & tks yksx fdlh nwljs dh Hkwfe ij Bsds ij d`f’k djrk
gSA ikjEifjd [ksrh &iqjkuh fof/k;ksa ij vk/kkfjr d`f’k djrk gSA
d`f’k dk O;olkf;dj.k & ykHk izkIrh ds mn~ns”;ksa ls d`f’k
djukA
4.9 अ�यास ��� के उ�र
vH;kl iz'u & 1 1- LorU=rk&izkfIr ds le; Hkkjr esa rhu
izdkj dh izeq[k Hkwfe O;oLFkk,¡ Fkh&¼1½
jS;rokMh] ¼2½ egkyokjh vkSj ¼3½ tehankjhA 2- izkphu Hkkjr esa
Hkwfe ij vf/kdkj xzke leqnk; dk FkkA 3- vdcj ds 'kklu dky esa jktk
VksMjey us Hkwfe dh Øec) foLrr̀ iSekb'k dh
FkhA 4- lu~ 1765 esa 'kkg vkye us bZLV bafM;k dEiuh dks fnokuh
iznku dh FkhA 5- jS;rokMh Hkwfe O;oLFkk esa d`f"k {ks= dk 40
izfr'kr izfr'kr Hkkx FkkA 6- lcls igys mRrj izns'k fy, dkuwu cuk;k
x;kA 7- Hkkjr esa Hkwfe lq/kkjksa dh vko';drk fuEu dkj.kksa ls
eglwl dh xbZ & d`f"k
mRiknu c
-
�� �� अथ�शा� ,e-,-bZ-lh- 108
mRrjk[k.M eqDr fo”ofo|ky; 57�
4- ik.Ms] �ो0 Jh/kj] vk/kqfud Hkkjr dk vkfFkZd bfrgkl]eksrhyky
cukjlhnkl]fnYyh A
5- lksuh vkj0 ,u0( ^^d`f’k vFkZ”kkL= ds eq[; fo’k; ** ( 2007(
fo”kky ifCyf”kax dEiuh] tkyU/kjA
6- ekFkqj ch0 ,y0( ¼2011½ ^^d`f’k vFkZ”kkL=^^( vtqZu ifCyf”kax
gkÅl] ubZ fnYyhA 7- xqIRk MkW0 f”ko Hkw’k.k^( ¼2010½ ^^ d`f’k
vFkZ”kkL= ^^( lkfgR; Hkou vkxjkA
4.11 ����� ��योगी पाठ्य साम�ी
1- jk/kk dey eq[kthZ% bdkukWfed izkWcyEl vkQ bfM+;kA
2- Taylor, H.C., (1949),5Outlines of Agricultural Economic�s,
MacMillan,
New Delhi.
3- Ghatak, S and K. Ingerscant (1984), 5Agriculture and
Economic
Development9; Select books,New Delhi.
4- Sadhu, A.N. and Amarjit Singh(2009),5Fundamentals
Agricultural
Economics9, Himalaya Publishing House, New Delhi.
5- Desai,R.G. (2009), 5Agricultural Economics9, Himalaya
Publishing House.
6- Dantawala, M.L. et al. (1991): 5Indian Agricultural
Development since
Independence9,Oxford& IBH, New Delhi.
7- Various Five Year Plan in Planning Commission of India.
4.12 िनबंधा,मक ��
1- Hkwfe lq/kkj dk D;k vk'k; gS \ vc rd Hkwfe lq/kkj dk;ZØeksa
dks dgk¡ rd lQyrk feyhA 2- Hkwfe lq/kkj dk;ZØeksa dh miyfC/k;ksa
,oa muds xzkeh.k fu/kZuksa ij iM+us okys izHkkoksa dk fooj.k nhft,A
3- Hkwfe lq/kkj dk;ZØeksa dk vkyksukRed o.kZu dhft,A 4- Hkkjr o"kZ
esa Hkwfe lq/kkj ds izeq[k m)s';ksa dk o.kZu dhft,A vc rd fofHkUu
Hkwfe lq/kkjksa ls dgk¡ rd bu m)s';ksa dh iwfrZ gqbZ gS \ 5- Hkwfe
lq/kkj dk ns'k ds vkfFkZd fodkl ls D;k lEcU/k gSA Hkwfe lq/kkj
dk;ZØeksa dh vko';drk ,oa egRo dh foospuk dhft,A 6- Hkwfe lq/kkj
dk;ZØeksa dh izHkkoh foospuk dhft,A budh lQyrk ds fy, mik;
lq>kb,A
-
�� �� अथ�शा� ,e-,-bZ-lh- 108
mRrjk[k.M eqDr fo”ofo|ky; ५८�
bdkbZ 5 & gfjr ØkfUr vkSj rduhdh ifjorZu
bdkbZ lajpuk 5-1 izLrkouk 5-2 mn~ns'; 5-3 gfjr ØkfUr dk vFkZ 5-4
gfjr ØkfUr dh miyfC/k;kW 5-5 gfjr ØkfUr ds ykHk 5-6 gfjr ØkfUr dh
dfe;kW vFkok leL;k;sa 5-7 gfjr ØkfUr dh lQyrk ds fy, lq>ko 5-8
d`f"k esa rduhfd ifjorZu dk vFkZ 5-8 -1 d`f"k rduhfd ds izdkj 5-9
lkjka'k 5-10 'kCnkoyh 5-11 vH;kl iz'uksa ds mRrj 5-12 lanHkZ xzaFk
lwph 5-13 mi;ksxh@lgk;d xzaFk 5-14 fucU/kkRed iz'u����
-
�� �� अथ�शा� ,e-,-bZ-lh- 108
mRrjk[k.M eqDr fo”ofo|ky; ५९�
5-1 izLrkouk ge tkurs gSa fd fdlh vFkZO;oLFkk ds fodkl ds fy,
lcls igys bldh d`f"k dk fodkl vko';d gSA ,d izxfr'khy d`f"k gh ,d
ns'k dks vkfFkZd fodkl ds iFk ij pyk ldrh gSA Hkkjr esa d`f"k {ks=
esa mRikndrk c ldasxsa fd gfjr ØkfUr dh eq[; miyfC/k;kW D;k gSA 3-
;g Hkh Kkr gks ldsxk fd gfjr ØkfUr ds ykHk o dfe;ka vFkok leL;k;sa
D;k gSaA 4- gfjr ØkfUr dh lQyrk ds fy, lq>ko nsus esa l{ke gks
ik;saxsA 5- ;g le> ldasxsa fd gfjr ØkfUr dks c
-
�� �� अथ�शा� ,e-,-bZ-lh- 108
mRrjk[k.M eqDr fo”ofo|ky; ६०�
Hkkjrh; d`f"k ds lanHkZ esa gfjr ØkfUr ls vk'k; NBs n'kd ds e/;
d`f"k mRiknu esa gqbZ ml Hkkjh o`f) ls gS tks FkksM+s ls le; esa
mUur'khy chtks] jlk;fud [kknksa ,oa uohu rduhdksa ds QyLo#i gqbZA
vU; 'kCnksa esa] gfjr ØkfUr Hkkjrh; d`f"k esa ykxw dh xbZ ml fodkl
fof/k dk ifj.kke gS tks 1960 ds n'kd esa ikjEifjd d`f"k dks
vk/kqfud rduhdh }kjk izfrLFkkfir fd;s tkus ds #i esa lkeus vkbZA
d`f"k esa rduhdh Kku dk vkfo"dkj] mUur fdLe ds chtksa dk iz;ksx]
flapkbZ lqfo/kkvksa dk fodkl] d`f"k {ks= esa mUur vkStkjksa ,oa
e'khuksa dk vf/kdkf/kd mi;ksx] d`f"k esa fo|qrhdj.k] d`f"k {ks= esa
_.k dk foLrkj] d`f"k f'k{kk esa foLrkj dk;ZØeksas ds lfEefyr
iz;klksa ds QyL#i; o"kZ 1966&67 ds mijkUr d`f"k mRiknu esa rhoz
xfr ls o`f) gqbZA mRiknu o`f) dh bl vlk/kj.k xfr nj dks d`f"k
oSKkfudksa] us gfjr ØkfUr dk uke ns fn;kA gfjr ØkfUr dk tUenkrk
ukscsy iqjLdkj fotsrk izks0 uksjeu ckWjyksx gSA Hkkjr esa gfjr
ØkfUr dks c
-
�� �� अथ�शा� ,e-,-bZ-lh- 108
mRrjk[k.M eqDr fo”ofo|ky; ६१�
lksuksjk%] ^iwlk yeh%] dY;kt lksuk^ vkSj ^lksukfydk^ tSlh ubZ
fdLesa fodflr dh xbZaA ysfdu ftu xsgWw dh fdLeksa us gfjr ØkfUr esa
;ksxnku fn;k os gSa& laxe
¼CPAN 3004½ eksrh ¼HD 1949½] tud ¼HD 1982½] vtqZu ¼HD 2009½]
dY;ku lksuk] lksukfydk ,oa HD 2329A vf/kd mit nsus okyh fdLeksa
ds chtksa dk mi;ksx c
-
�� �� अथ�शा� ,e-,-bZ-lh- 108
mRrjk[k.M eqDr fo”ofo|ky; ६२�
5- cgqQlyh dk;ZØe & cgqQlyh dk;ZØe dk mn~ns'; ,d gh Hkwfe ij
o"kZ esa ,d ls vf/kd Qly mxkdj mRiknu c
-
�� �� अथ�शा� ,e-,-bZ-lh- 108
mRrjk[k.M eqDr fo”ofo|ky; ६३�
12- detksj fdlku ds fy, fof'k"V dk;ZØe & detksj] NksVs o
lhekUr d`"kdksa ,oa [ksfrgj d`"kdksa dh lgk;rk ds fy, rhu ;kstuk,a
ykxw dha%&
¼d½ y?kq d`f"k fodkl ,tsUlh ¼[k½ lhekUr d`"kd ,oa d`f"k Jfed
fodkl ,tsUlh ¼x½ ,dhd`r 'kq"d Hkwfe d`f"k fodkl vkSj vc lefUor xzke
fodkl dk;ZØe ykxw
fd;k gSA
5-5 gfjr ØkfUr ds ykHk gfjr ØkfUr ds eq[; ykHk fuEu izdkj
gSa^& 1- [kk|kUu mRiknu esa o`f) & gfjr ØkfUr ;k ubZ df̀"k
jktuhfr dk igyk ykHk
gqvk gS d`f"k mRiknu esa o`f) gqbZ gS] fo'ks"k #i ls xsgWw]
cktjk] pkoy] eDdk] o Tokj nkyksa ds mRiknu esa vk'krhr o`f) gqbZA
blds ifj.kkeLo#i Hkkjr [kk|kUuksa esa vkRefuHkZj lk gks x;k gSA
izfr gsDVs;j mRiknu esa vk'krhr o`f) gqbZ gSA ns'k esa lHkh
[kk|kUuksa dk izfr gsDVs;j mRiknu 1950&51 esa 522 fd0xzke izfr
gsDVs;j Fkk tks c
-
�� �� अथ�शा� ,e-,-bZ-lh- 108
mRrjk[k.M eqDr fo”ofo|ky; ६४�
dh vksj yxsxkA okLro esa gfjr ØkfUr gksus ls [kk|kUkksa dk vk;kr
1978 ls 1980 rd iw.kZr% cUn dj fn;k x;k FkkA 2009&10 esa 85]
211 djksM+ #i;ks dk d`f"k inkFkksZa dk fu;kZr fd;k x;kA d`f"k
inkFkksZa dk fu;kZr dqy fu;kZr dk 9-9 izfr'kr FkkA bl izdkj fons'kh
eqnzk ds [kpZ esa cgqr cpr gks xbZ gSA
6- d`f"k ,oa vkS|ksfxd {ks= ds lEcU/kksa esa etcwrh & uohu
d`f"k rduhdh rFkk d`f"k ds vk/kqfudhdj.k us d`f"k rFkk m|ksx ds
ijLij lEcU/k dk svkSj Hkh vf/kd lqn
-
�� �� अथ�शा� ,e-,-bZ-lh- 108
mRrjk[k.M eqDr fo”ofo|ky; ६५�
lqfo/kkvksa ds miyC/k u gksus ds dkj.k] d`f"k esa izxfr u gqbZ
tcfd bu jkT;ksa ds ckdh fgLlksa esa d`f"k ds fodkl dh xfr cgqr
c
-
�� �� अथ�शा� ,e-,-bZ-lh- 108
mRrjk[k.M eqDr fo”ofo|ky; ६६�
ty] dk iz;ksx ¼V~;wcoSy }kjk½ vR;kf/kd c
-
�� �� अथ�शा� ,e-,-bZ-lh- 108
mRrjk[k.M eqDr fo”ofo|ky; ६७�
y/kq flapkbZ ifj;kstukvksa ds foLrkj o"kkZ ds ty dks bdV~Bk djds
¼Rain
Water harvesting½ [ksrksa dh flapkbZ fNM+dko iz.kkyh] ¼Sprinter
System½ }kjk dh tk,] rks blls ikuh] fctyh] Je lc esa cpr gksxhA
4- gfjr ØkfUr dk vU; Qlyksa ij QSyko & gfjr ØkfUr ds izHkko
{ks= esa xsgWw vkSj pkoy ds vfrfjDr nkyksa] dikl] iVlu] frygu] xUuk
vkfn ds u, chtksa dk fodkl djus dh vko';drk gSA ;fn bu Qlyksa ds
fy, ÅWph mRikndrk okys chtksa dk fodkl fd;k tk, rks d`f"k {ks= esa
lEiw.kZ ØkfUr vk tk,xh vkSj d`f"k esa vlUrqyu Hkh de gks tk,xkA
5- lhekUr o NksVs [ksrksa o NksVs fdlkuksa dks ykHk igqWpkuk
& tSlk fd ge tkurs gSa fd gfjr ØkfUr d vf/kdre ykHk cM+s fdlku
gh mBk ik;s gSa blfy, ;g vko';d gS fd%&
¼d½ NksVs&NksVs fdlkuksa dks lgdkjh [ksrh dks viukus ds fy,
izsfjr fd;k tk,A ¼[k½ Hkwfe lq/kkj dk;ZØeksa dks tYnh o izHkkoh
-
�� �� अथ�शा� ,e-,-bZ-lh- 108
mRrjk[k.M eqDr fo”ofo|ky; ६८�
vfr o`f"V vkfn dkj.kksa ls u"V gksus dh fLFkfr esa foRrh; lgk;rk
iznku djus gsrq izkjEHk dh xbZ gSA bl ;kstuk dk eq[; mn~ns';
fdlkuksa dks vfuf'prrk ds le; fo'okl fnykuk gSA
5-8 d`f"k esa rduhfd ifjorZu dk vFkZ mRiknu esa fofHkUu lk/ku
ftl izfØ;k }kjk vkil esa feydj mRiknu djrs gSa mls
mRiknu dh rduhfd dgrs gSaA d`f"k esa vkxrksa ¼Inputs½ dh
vko';Drk gksrh gSA
mnkgj.k ds fy, gesa xsgwW dk mRiknu djuk gS rks mlds fy, gesa
Hkwfe ¼Land½] cht
¼Seeds½] [kkn ¼Manure½] ty ¼Water½] ;a=ks ¼Implement½] 'kfDr
¼Energy½ dh vko';Drk gksrh gSA vU; 'kCnksa esa
Pw = f (L, S, M, W, I, E)
bl izdkj ge dg ldrs gsa fd ;gkW Pw ¼xsgWw dk mRiknu½] L
Hkwfe]
S cht] M [kkn] W¼ty½] E 'kfDr dk Qyu gSA 5-8-1 d`f"k rduhfd ds
izdkj d`f"k rduhfd nks izdkj dh gks ldrh gS%&
1- ns'kh rduhdh ¼Indigenous technique½ & bls ge ijEijkoknh
;k Je iz/kku rduhfd Hkh dg ldrs gSa Hkkjr esa lhekUr o NksVs
fdlkuksa ds }kjk vHkh Hkh bl rduhfd dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA bldh
eq[; fo'ks"krk,a bl izdkj gS%&
1- Qly mRiknu djus ds fy, fiNyh Qly ds mRiknu esa ls chtksa dk
iz;ksx fd;k trk gSA
2- flapkbZ ekulwu ij fuHkZj djrh gSA 3- 'kfDr ds eq[; lk/ku i'kq
FksA 4- ;a=ks ds #i esa gy] cSy] NksVs gkFkksa ls iz;ksx fd;s tkus
okys vkStkjksa dk iz;ksx
gksrk gSA
2- vk/kqfud rduhdh ¼Modern technique½ & bl rduhfd dks iawth
iz/kku rduhfd Hkh dgk tkrk gSA bl rduhfd dh eq[; fo'ks"krk,a bl
izdkj gSa%&
1- mUur fdLeksa ds chtksa tks d